To explore new approaches for the application of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms in agriculture, this study conducted a literature review and analysison the screening of cellulose degrading bacteria and the optimization of enzyme production in recent years, summarizing and analyzing four key aspects: strain types, enzyme production condition optimization, construction of composite microbial communities, and applications of these microbial communities in agriculture. The study outlines different screening strategies and advantages of various strains, analyzes the raw material types and strain specificity for optimizing cellulose-degrading enzyme production conditions, and discusses the necessity and significance of constructing composite microbial communities. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of cellulose-degrading microorganisms (or communities) in three areas: biofertilizers, crop residue utilization, and bioenergy. The study identifies current limitations, such as the limited variety of cellulases produced by single strains and the need for optimized enzyme production conditions in composite microbial communities. To address these issues, the study proposes focusing on enhancing the screening of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms, utilizing molecular biology techniques to construct gene banks for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, and studying their degradation mechanisms. These efforts aim to improve the efficiency of screening for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, reduce the waste of agricultural resources, and promote rapid agricultural development and resource recycling.

Burdock root is rich in numerous functional active substances and exhibits functions such as lowering blood glucose, exerting antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, regulating lipid metabolism, and modulating the intestinal flora. It is renowned as the ‘King of Vegetables’ and ‘Oriental Ginseng’. This study places emphasis on the types and physiological functions of active substances such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, dietary fibers, amino acids, fatty acids, volatile oils, lignans, phytosterols, and pentacyclic triterpenes in burdock root. It also summarizes the current status of the development and utilization of primary and advanced processing products of burdock root. On this basis, the development of the burdock root industry is prospected, with the aim of providing a reference for the application of burdock root in fields such as food, medicine, and the chemical industry, as well as for its high-quality industrialization.

To study the influence of rice field integrative cultivation on soil, this article summarized the research progress on integrated rice farming models both domestically and internationally in recent years, and compared them with rice monoculture. The effects of different modes of rice field integrative cultivation on the ecological environment of paddy soil were analyzed from five aspects: soil fertility, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, soil heavy metal and soil greenhouse gas emission. The results showed that compared to rice monoculture, integrated rice farming significantly improved soil quality, increased soil nutrients, optimized soil structure, promoted soil biodiversity, reduced heavy metal accumulation, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. These findings provided important references for agricultural production and demonstrate the potential of integrated rice farming models in promoting sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment protection.

The effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios on the yield and quality of Chinese chive were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational fertilization. The ‘3414’ fertilizer efficiency design was adopted. Three factors of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were set up, and four levels of each factor were 0, 112.5, 225 and 337.5 kg/hm², a total of 14 treatments. The tiller number, fresh weight per plant, yield and pyruvic acid were measured. By fitting the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer effect functions, the optimal application amount was determined. The results showed that the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers increased the tillering number, fresh weight per plant, and yield of Chinese chives. The effects of the three fertilizers on yield was in the order of N>P>K. N₁, P₁ and K₁ had the highest agricultural efficiency by 116.04, 73.22 and 61.75 kg/kg. N₂, P₂ and K₂ had the highest contribution rates of fertilizers by 44.34%, 27.76% and 25.43%. However, excessive application of N, P and K fertilizers had the lowest agricultural efficiency and contribution rate. N, P and K fertilizers could significantly affect the content of pyruvic acid. In high fertility soil, the optimal fertilization rates for N, P and K are 186.32, 183.98 and 179.58 kg/hm².

Hanzhong city is located on the north slope of the Bashan Mountain, the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, and in the demarcation zone of the north and south climate in China, it belongs to the north subtropical zone to the warm temperate zone, and is known as the "biological gene bank". There are abundant wild cherry variety resources in this area. Based on the survey and field investigation on the southern slope of Qin Mountains and the northern slope of Bashan (Guangwu Mountain), the results showed that there were 23 wild cherry varieties in this area, in the Qin Mountains and Bashan Mountains (600-1500 m), flowering time, petal color, fruit shape, taste, soluble solids content, the morphological diversity of seed shape, size and pollen grain shape was obvious. This investigation provides scientific basis for further exploring wild cherry variety resources, utilization and improvement of production varieties in Qinling-Bashan mountain area.

The aim was to explore the application effects of different water management measures in cadmium (Cd) moderately polluted farmland and ensure food safety production. In this experiment, five water management measures (conventional irrigation, whole growth period flooding, moist irrigation, periodic moist irrigation and twice field drying at tillering-heading stage) were adopted to carry out the indoor pot experiments. The experiment measured the growth status of rice, the Cd content in different parts of rice at various growth stages (tillering stage, booting stage, filling stage and maturity stage), and calculated the Cd enrichment and transport coefficients as well as changes in soil pH and organic matter. The results showed that the moist irrigation treatment increased the 1000-grain weight of rice by 8.64%, and significantly reduced the Cd content in the roots, stems and leaves of rice at tillering stage. Compared with conventional irrigation treatment, moist irrigation could significantly reduce the Cd content in mature rice grains, with a decrease of 78.83% (P<0.05), followed by the whole growth period flooding treatment (with a decrease of 39.69%). In addition, the whole growth period flooding and moist irrigation treatments mainly reduced the Cd content in rice by inhibiting the migration of Cd from stems and leaves to grains. Based on rice production and actual situation, it was recommended to use moist irrigation as a water management measure for rice planting in moderately Cd-contaminated farmland.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is widely present in animals, plants, and microbial cells and serves as a key precursor for tetrapyrrole compounds. It participates in the synthesis of essential metabolites such as heme, vitamin B₁₂, and chlorophyll, exhibiting diverse physiological functions. This paper summarized the biosynthesis pathway of 5-ALA and its transport mechanism across different cell types, analyzed the functions and regulatory mechanisms of important downstream metabolites derived from 5-ALA, and reviewed the current applications of 5-ALA in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. Furthermore, this paper highlighted existing challenges, including immaturity of biosynthesis technology and lack of standardized application protocols, and provided future research prospects to guide its potential applications in agriculture.

This study explores the genetic basis and related functional genes of rice nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), highlighting the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and summarizing the pertinent genes. NUE traits are divided into physiological traits (such as nitrogen uptake) and agronomic traits (such as tiller number) to elucidate key genes beneficial for nitrogen absorption. In physiological traits, genes affecting the absorption of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- in rice are summarized. The absorption of NH₄⁺ in rice is primarily controlled by the AMT superfamily of proteins, whereas the proteins involved in NO₃^- transport mainly fall into two categories: NRT1 and NRT2, such as overexpression of genes like OsAMT1.1 and OsNRT1.1B can increase rice's nitrogen uptake. In agronomic traits, transcription factors such as GRF4 and NGR5 regulate the expression of nitrogen metabolism genes, promoting tiller development and grain growth, thus enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. These findings provide new genetic resources for rice breeding, promising the development of high NUE and environmentally friendly new varieties.

The paper aims to find out a scientific application model of livestock and poultry manure which is more suitable for growing over-wintering eggplant on lime concretion black soil in Tai’erzhuang District, and to realize the green, high-quality and efficient development of eggplant. The over-wintering eggplant planted on lime concretion black soil was taken as the experimental research object, the effects of pig manure and pure rice husk and chicken manure (0:2, 1:1, 2:0) on plant diameter, root system and yield of eggplant were compared. The results showed that the plant coarseness, root system and yield of eggplant treated with pure rice husk and chicken manure were the best, the diameter of main branch, fresh weight of root system, total number of root hairs and yield were 1.92 cm, 63.44 g, 130 bars and 392985 kg/hm², respectively; the application performance of pig manure, rice husk chicken manure and other proportions was moderate, the main branch diameter, root fresh weight, total root hair and yield were 1.90 cm, 61.56 g, 125 bars and 335670 kg/hm², respectively; the worst performing one was the application of pure pig manure, the main branch diameter, root fresh weight, total root hair and yield were 1.72 cm, 42.10 g, 86 bars and 331410 kg/hm², respectively. For the lime concretion black soil with heavy texture and bad structure, the application of rice shell and chicken manure could loosen the soil appropriately, improve the water, fertilizer, air and heat condition of eggplant root system, and provide a good environment for the growth of eggplant root system in overwintering stubble, thus make the eggplant plant become stout and the yield promotion.

This study investigates the growth of three new lily varieties in Yulin, Shaanxi, aiming to screen the lily varieties suitable for local cultivation. Lilium ‘Siberia’, ‘Frontera’ and ‘Trensor’ were cultivated from bulbs, and the phenological period, appearance, flowering traits, and bulb traits were observed and measured for comprehensive comparison. The results showed that the three introduced lily varieties presented normal growth and development in Yulin, with robust plants and good stress resistance, thus being suitable to be cultivated in Yulin. However, the three varieties exhibited differences in their traits. ‘Trensor’ outperformed ‘Siberia’ and ‘Frontera’ because of the tall plant, fast growth, long flowering stage, large stem diameter, large petals, large flower diameter, and large bulb and could be widely promoted for planting. ‘Frontera’ ranked second in terms of the plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. ‘Siberia’ had the lowest plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. Overall, the three introduced lily varieties demonstrated excellent comprehensive quality, with robust stems, dark green leaves, intact leaves and flowers, pure flower colors, and strong floral fragrance. They can be selected for expanded planting to enrich the cut flower lily market in Yulin and surrounding areas.

To improve the accuracy of forecasts of the full-bloom period of apricot blossoms in the Hami Oasis, which is the core of the best viewing period, and to provide a scientific basis for tourism management and visitor planning, we used 32-year apricot phenological records (1991-2022) together with concurrent surface meteorological observations. We analyzed the interannual variation in flowering dates, identified key meteorological drivers, and constructed and tested a forecasting model using principal component analysis. The results show that: (1) phenological characteristics: the mean first-flowering day-of-year (DOY) of apricot blossoms in the Hami Oasis is 92.4, corresponding to 2-3 April in common years and 1-2 April in leap years, with a range of 21 days between the earliest and latest first-flowering dates. The mean full-bloom DOY is 94.5, corresponding to 4-5 April in common years and 3-4 April in leap years, with a range of 22 days between the earliest and latest full-bloom dates. Both first-flowering and full-bloom dates exhibit a decadal advancing trend, with climatic tendency rates of -2.73 d per 10 years (r=-0.476, P<0.05) and -2.47 d per 10 years (r =-0.421, P<0.05), respectively. The temporal distribution of early versus late full-bloom dates shows a clear decadal pattern, with more early years occurring in the 21st century and more late years concentrating in the 1990s. (2) Meteorological controls: meteorological factors exert a significant influence on the optimal viewing period of apricot blossoms. The mean maximum air temperature in mid-January and early March; the mean, mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures in mid-to-late March and for March as a whole; the mean ground temperature in mid-to-late March and for March as a whole; as well as sunshine duration and ≥5℃ effective accumulated temperature in early March all show significant or highly significant negative correlations with the full-bloom date. In other words, higher values of these variables are associated with earlier full bloom. In contrast, mean relative humidity in March; precipitation in late January and in March; and the onset dates of ≥0℃, ≥3℃ and ≥5℃ temperatures exhibit significant or highly significant positive correlations with the full-bloom date, such that higher values or later onset dates correspond to later full bloom. (3) Model performance: based on 29 years of observations from 1991 to 2019, we developed a principal component analysis forecasting model (Y=94.828-4.634x, R²=0.680). The model was validated using data of 2020-2022, yielding satisfactory performance: the forecast accuracy for full-bloom dates within 0-2 days of the observed dates reached 62.07%, and the accuracy for a 3-day difference was 10.34%. This model can provide technical support for meteorological services targeting the optimal viewing period of apricot blossoms in the Hami Oasis.

To simplify the determination methods of pumpkin polysaccharide content in breeding process, the optimized experiments of phenol sulfuric acid method after hot water extraction of pumpkin polysaccharide were carried out. The detection wavelength and H₂SO₄ amount were determined by single factor experiment using 23S18 and other pumpkin flesh. The correlation of determination results between unpurified and purified polysaccharide content was clarified. The results showed that the wavelength of pumpkin polysaccharide determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method was 490nm, and the sample in reaction system included: 5% phenol: H₂SO₄ was 2:2:7. The regression equation was established as y=0.0061x+0.1476 (R²=0.9965) and the linear relationship was good when the absorbance was in the range of 0.084-3.684. There was a significant correlation between the unpurified and purified polysaccharide content. The polysaccharide contents of 53 pumpkin parents and combinations were determined and analyzed. Two parents (23S2 and 23S14) and two combinations (23FV26 and 23FV5) with high polysaccharide content of more than 100mg/g were selected for breeding. The efficient detection system for polysaccharides was simple to operate, wide in linear range, and the determination results are significantly related to the results of purified polysaccharide, which would improve the efficiency of pumpkin polysaccharide breeding.

To accurately estimate the surface soil organic carbon (SOC) density and carbon storage in Fengning County, and to determine their spatial distribution and influencing factors, this study utilized 283 surface soil samples collected in 2022. Geostatistical methods and ArcGIS technology were employed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of surface SOC, and regional overlay analysis was conducted to identify key factors influencing SOC density. The results indicated that: (1) in 2022, the surface SOC density in Fengning County ranged from 1759.26 to 7810.87 t/km², with an average value of 3631.41 t/km², and a total carbon storage of 32.75 Mt; (2) among the townships, Wudaoying Township had the highest average surface SOC density at 5507.58 t/km², while Datanzhen had the largest surface SOC storage at 2.98 Mt; (3) surface SOC density showed an increasing trend with elevation, with higher densities observed in the western region and the northeastern edge of the plateau. Across different land use types, the order of surface SOC density from high to low was: grassland > forest land > tidal flats > dryland > bare land > construction land. In terms of soil types, purple soils and grey-brown soils exhibited significantly higher SOC densities compared to other soil types. The study concluded that surface SOC density was influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, and enhancing SOC content required a comprehensive consideration of topography, soil types, and land use practices.

To study the water balance during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province based on the meteorological data and crop coefficients in Liaoning Province from 1963 to 2022, the SIMETAW model and climate diagnostic analysis methods were used to analyze the precipitation, water demand patterns, and water satisfaction status during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province. The impact of regional climate change on maize water demand was revealed, and the spatio-temporal evolution of effective precipitation and water demand during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province was studied. The research results showed that the effective precipitation during the whole growth period reached 481.6 mm. Among them, it was 347.4 mm in the west, 514.9 mm in the central and southern parts, and 636.8 mm in the east. The average water demand during the whole growth period of maize was 521 mm, showing no significant downward trend. The average coupling degree between precipitation and water demand during the whole growth period of maize was 0.715, that is, precipitation met 71.5% of the water demand, and the average water shortage was 28.5%. The guarantee rate of the coupling degree λ > 0.8 in the western region was only 28.3%. The maximum value of the coupling degree appeared in the east of Liaoning Province, followed by the central and southern parts of Liaoning Province, and the minimum value appeared in the west of Liaoning Province. The highest value of the coupling degree appeared during the flowering and pollination period, followed by the trumpet stage, and the lowest value appeared in the early growth stage and the maturity stage. In recent years, the coupling degree between precipitation and water demand in the early growth stage of maize has shown a significant upward trend. The coupling degree between precipitation and water demand in the early growth stage of maize is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of drought, especially in the western part of Liaoning Province where water resources are scarce.

Heavy metal contamination of soil affects soil and crop quality and poses a threat to human health. Traditional phytoremediation techniques face challenges such as prolonged remediation cycles, poor adaptability, and the complexity of pollution, thus making it crucial to explore the mechanisms of removal, decomposition, and detoxification through enhanced phytoremediation technologies in heavy metal-contaminated soils. By collecting literature on intensive phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils, we concisely described techniques such as genetic engineering, the application of plant growth regulators, microbial synergistic remediation, and the addition of chelating agents, focusing on how these techniques enhance plant tolerance to heavy metal ions and affect their transport within the plant. This paper proposed that future agricultural production should focus more on understanding the molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory networks of plants, as well as the demand and uptake capacity of different plants for specific nutrients. Additionally, it suggested exploring more in situ bioresistance resources and combinatorial modes, enriching the symbiotic systems of bacteria and plants within contamination ranges, optimizing the dosage of chelating agents, and prioritizing biodegradable chelating agents or developing environmentally friendly substitutes. These efforts aimed to provide a theoretical and practical basis for utilizing enhanced phytoremediation technologies to address soil heavy metal contamination.

Through the 2022 Hebei Province Farmland Quality Evaluation Project, data from farmland quality monitoring points in eight counties of the Ningjinbo-Daluze low plain area were summarized and analyzed to evaluate the quality of farmland and soil nutrient status in the region. Using the grid method to evenly arrange sample evaluation units, the five-point method was adopted to collect cultivated soil samples from the surface layer (0-20 cm), and laboratory tests were conducted according to the soil testing series standards. Referring to the National Farmland Quality Grade Evaluation Index System of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the weight of the indicators was determined. For numerical indicators of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, the membership degree was determined by establishing functional relationships. For other conceptual indicators, the Delphi method expert scoring was used to give the membership degree, and the cumulative method was used to calculate the comprehensive index of arable land quality to obtain the arable land quality grade. The results showed that the average quality grade of cultivated land in the area was 3.51, with the main cultivated land grades being third and fourth grade. The third grade cultivated land was the main body, with an area of 140191 hm², accounting for 49.44% of the total cultivated land area in the area. The overall level of nutrients in the cultivated land in this area was relatively high, all of which were above level three. Nutrients were evenly distributed within the region, and the maximum values of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium appeared around the ancient Daluze marsh land. By analyzing the factors affecting the quality evaluation of cultivated land, such as irrigation guarantee, the texture and configuration of the plow layer, and the reserve of organic matter content, measures and suggestions for maintaining the quality level of cultivated land in the region were proposed, providing reference for soil nutrient monitoring, improving cultivated land quality, protecting ecological balance, and maintaining sustainable agricultural development in other low plain areas in Hebei Province.

This paper aims to summarize and scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of existing fluoride reduction measures, providing validation and reference for further research on fluoride reduction strategies. This paper employed a combination of literature analysis, field investigations, and experimental validation to systematically assess the feasibility and effectiveness of various fluoride reduction measures at different stages, including tea tree cultivation, tea leaf harvesting, raw tea production, brick tea production, and tea consumption. Through systematic analysis and experimental validation, it was found that selecting low-fluoride tea tree varieties during cultivation and controlling the harvest time during tea leaf collection effectively reduced the fluoride content at the source. The water washing process during brick tea production was able to lower the fluoride content in the tea leaves to some extent. Additionally, adopting scientifically recommended tea-drinking practices reduced the fluoride intake from brick tea. Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite were identified as safe and effective fluoride adsorption materials. However, fluoride reduction effects were not significant when improving tea garden environments, using water blanching techniques, or adding fluoride-reducing materials during the pile fermentation process. Research on fluoride reduction measures in brick tea needs to further enhance the scientific evaluation process, improve the feasibility of practical applications, and fully consider the impact of these measures on the quality and safety of brick tea.

This study aims to assess the ecological status of cultivated land in Hebei Province and identify associated issues, with the objective of providing recommendations to enhance the ecological security of cultivated land in the region. The methodology employed involved the systematic analysis of annual changes in key driving factors and primary obstacles. The evaluation index system of cultivated land ecological security in Hebei Province was established based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model. This system was used to systematically assess the dynamic changes of cultivated land ecological security in the province during the period from 2011 to 2020. The analysis also utilized the obstacle degree model to identify and analyze the primary factors hindering the enhancement of the cultivated land ecological security index in Hebei Province. The results indicated that (1) the comprehensive level of cultivated land ecological security in Hebei Province from 2011 to 2020 increased from the ‘critical security’ level to the ‘safer’ level, manifesting a sustained positive trajectory; (2) the cultivated land ecological security of Hebei Province was divided into two distinct phases: 2011-2017 and 2017-2020. The security index exhibited a decline in the first stage due to the impacts of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and agricultural films, while it increased in the second stage due to the transformation of agriculture to a higher level of green development; (3) the primary impediments from 2011 to 2020 had undergone a shift, transitioning from the ratio of effective irrigated area, proportion of primary industry, and the intensity of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural film utilization per unit of cultivated land to the land reclamation rate, population density, urbanization level, and the proportion of primary industry. Consequently, a series of recommendations have been proposed to enhance the cultivated land ecological security. These recommendations encompass the development of green agriculture, augmented investment in cultivated land, population control measures, the refinement of the cultivated land protection system, and the promotion of public awareness regarding cultivated land protection.

This study aimed to explore an ideal plant type model for high light efficiency rice cultivation in Yunnan Province, thereby promoting rice yields. The experiment utilized low light efficiency rice varieties, namely 'Chujing 27' (HP1), 'Taiwan Upland Rice' (HP2), 'AZUCENA' (HP3), and 'B3619C-7B-8-1-4' (HP4), as well as high light efficiency rice varieties, specifically 'Denong 205' (HP5), 'Dianjingyou 1' (HP6), 'Diantun' 502 (HP7), 'Yunda 107' (HP8), and 'Dianrui 449' (HP9), as experimental materials to investigate rice variety plant type patterns. A single-factor randomized block design was employed, with 9 rice varieties constituting the treatments and 4 replicates per treatment. Rice planting, water, and fertilizer management were conducted according to conventional rice cultivation methods, and relevant agronomic traits for high light efficiency were measured at maturity. The results indicated that the ideal plant type pattern of high light efficiency varieties in Yunnan Province exhibited the following characteristics: a plant height ranging from 90 to 110 cm; a panicle length of 22.0 to 25.3 cm; the number of secondary branches of 25.1 to 31.1; a flag leaf base angle of 10.5 to 17.1°, a flag leaf opening angle of 11.7 to 17.4°, a flag leaf length of 18.7 to 31.1 cm, and a flag leaf width of 1.4 to 1.8 cm. This experiment has elucidated the ideal plant type pattern for high light efficiency rice in Yunnan, thus providing a theoretical foundation for breeding such rice varieties.

In response to the pressing challenges of land resource scarcity, climate change, and environmental pollution, this study designs an AIoT-based smart soilless cultivation system that integrates soilless cultivation with modern information technology. The system aims to overcome the limitations of traditional agriculture and promote the development of agricultural automation, intelligence, and precision management. This system incorporates Internet of Things (IoT) sensing, computer vision, big data analytics, and machine learning technologies. It employs multi-source heterogeneous data fusion to analyze crop growth conditions, utilizes artificial intelligence algorithms for intelligent greenhouse environment regulation, and enables remote visual monitoring through web and mobile interfaces. The entire system is highly integrated in terms of hardware and software on the Jetson nano platform, offering excellent parallel computing capabilities and scalability. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the manually managed control group, vegetables under the intelligent regulation exhibited a 15.4% shorter growth cycle, a 17.0% increase in plant height, a 26.7% increase in leaf count, and a 27.4% improvement in plant weight. Additionally, the remote control interface proved to be convenient and efficient, validating the system's outstanding performance in promoting the modernization of soilless agricultural cultivation. This system provides robust technical support for the development of precision agriculture and has the potential to drive modern agriculture towards sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly development.

To investigate the variations in summer heat resources across Heilongjiang Province under the new climate state (1991-2020) and their impacts on the growth period and yield of cold-region rice, this study utilized 30-year datasets encompassing climatic observation records, rice phenological monitoring data, and yield statistics from 10 agro-meteorological experimental stations. Employing the linear trend rate method, linear regression analysis, and the Hodrick-Prescott (HP) filter, we analyzed the change characteristics of key thermal factors in summer, including ≥10℃ active accumulated temperature, mean temperature, and maximum/minimum temperatures, and their associations with rice phenological progression and yield components. The results showed that the summer heat resources in Heilongjiang Province from 1991 to 2020 had shown a significant upward trend. The tendency rate of active accumulated temperature of ≥10℃ was 36.89℃/10 a, and the increase in the minimum temperature was the largest, at 0.30℃/10 a. The increases in average temperature and maximum temperature were 0.15℃/10 a and 0.14℃/10 a respectively. From the perspective of the growing season dates, the heading date of rice showed a highly significant trend of advancing (with a tendency rate of -4.8 days per 10 years, P<0.01), while the milk-ripe stage and the maturity stage fluctuated relatively less. In terms of the length of the growing season, the heading stage, the milk stage and the reproductive growth period all showed a highly significant trend of extension (P<0.01). Over the past 30 years, the actual yield, trend yield, and meteorological yield of rice in Heilongjiang Province all exhibited a consistent increasing trend, with linear tendency rates of 804 kg per decade, 775 kg per decade, and 29 kg per decade, respectively. Among the thermal factors, mean temperature showed a highly significant correlation with the heading stage (P<0.01), while minimum temperature was highly significantly correlated with both the heading stage and milk-ripe stage (P<0.01). For every 1℃ increase in the mean temperature anomaly, the meteorological yield of rice increased by 110.87 kg per hectare. This study demonstrates that the enhancement of summer thermal resources under the new climate state (1991-2020) serves as the core climatic driver for the prolonged growth period and increased yield of cold-region rice. These findings provide a scientific basis for the efficient utilization of climatic resources and the optimization of variety distribution for cold-region rice cultivation.

In order to screen for Huai'an Medicinal Celery (HY) strains that are more suitable for cultivation in the Huai'an region and have excellent comprehensive quality, ‘HY-1’, ‘HY-2’, ‘HY-3’ and ‘HY-4’ were used as experimental materials to compare agronomic traits, photosynthetic characteristics and nutritional quality using significant difference analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that ‘HY-3’ was dominant in the four lines except for leaflet width, plant height and spread degree. The most obvious advantages were the number of leaflet (172.67 per plant) and plant weight (256.60 g/per plant). Among the four lines, ‘HY-3’ had the highest net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency, while ‘HY-4’ had the highest transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration. Leaflet chlorophyll content (42.13 SPAD), apigenin (1.55 mg/g in leaflet, 0.88 mg/g in petiole) and luteolin (1.77 mg/g in leaflet, 0.28 mg/g in petiole) of ‘HY-3’ were the highest among the 4 lines, and lignin content was relatively high (12.82 mg/g in leaflet, 10.17 mg/g in petiole). The correlation analysis showed that the leaflet length and leaflet width were positively correlated, and the contents of apigenin and luteolin were positively correlated in the 4 ‘HY’ lines. In summary, the ‘HY-3’ has better agronomic traits, photosynthetic capacity, water utilization rate and nutritional quality, and has higher adaptability to stress and high yield potential.

In order to explore the differences in color value, SPAD value and quality of cured tobacco leaves with different maturity levels, the color parameters, SPAD values, conventional chemical composition and sensory quality in different sections of the tobacco leaves of three ripening levels were studied using the middle and upper tobacco leaves of ‘Yunyan 87’ as materials. The results showed that with the increase of the harvesting maturity of the middle and upper tobacco leaves, the L^*, a^* and b^* values of tobacco leaves gradually increased, the SPAD values gradually decreased, and the uniformity of leaf color deteriorated. The color value and SPAD value of different sections of the same tobacco leaf were different, and the color value of the section near the tip of the leaf was larger and the SPAD value was smaller. The color value of the lower section (C area) of the middle tobacco leaves and the upper section (D area) of the upper tobacco leaves was similar to the overall mean value of the leaves, and the SPAD value of the upper section (D area) of the middle and upper tobacco leaves was similar to the overall mean value of the leaves. From the perspective of the quality of cured tobacco leaves, with the improvement of maturity, the quality of tobacco leaves first increased and then decreased; the middle tobacco leaves were roasted when the yellow-green area of the leaf surface was about 60% and the main vein became white about 1/2, while the upper tobacco leaves were roasted when the yellow-green area of the leaf surface was about 80% and the main vein became white about 2/3, the comprehensive quality of the cured tobacco leaves was relatively good. In addition, the color parameters L^*, a^* and b^* of tobacco leaves were negatively correlated with SPAD values, and the color parameters and SPAD values were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with some conventional chemical composition indexes of tobacco leaves.

In order to analyze the contribution factors and spatial pattern of tea production increase in China, based on the tea planting area, yield, and unit yield data of Chinese provinces from 1991 to 2022, the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) model was used to analyze from national, regional, and provincial levels. The results showed that: (1) in terms of growth quantity, the scale of tea production in China continued to expand from 1991 to 2022, and both tea garden area and tea production showed a sustained growth trend. Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou, the top three regions in terms of tea planting area growth, contributed 47.73% of the total growth of tea planting area. Sichuan, Hubei, Fujian, and Yunnan, the top four regions in terms of tea production growth, contributed 59.53% of the total growth of tea production. The southwest tea region was the leading area for increasing tea production in China. (2) In terms of growth rate, the provinces with lower than the national average growth rate are Zhejiang, Anhui, Chongqing, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong; and the provinces with above the national average growth rate are Yunnan, Hubei, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shandong. The southwest tea region is considered as the "rapid production increase" level, while the Jiangbei tea region is at the "speeding production increase" level. (3) The contribution of tea planting area in southwest tea area is the most obvious, and the contribution of tea yield per unit area in south China tea area is the most significant. There are 16 provinces in China that contribute more to tea planting area, and only 3 provinces contribute more to tea yield per unit area. The provinces that make a significant contribution to the increase of tea planting area include Guizhou, Shandong, Gansu, Jiangsu and Xizang. The province that makes a significant contribution to the increase of unit yield is only Hainan. In order to improve the national tea production capacity and growth potential, we should strengthen the construction of tea production base, deepen the deep processing of tea, and enhance the efficiency of tea brand.

In this study, data on yield and quality of Zhaotong apples were obtained from China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) full text database and Web of Science database (WOS), a linear model was established by fitting a regression model using least squares estimation in order to study the effects of climatic factors on yield and quality of Zhaotong apples. The coefficient of determination of annual rainfall was low for yield and soluble solids content, and was high for titratable acid and water contents. Mean annual temperature had lower coefficients of determination for single fruit weight, titratable acid content and fruit shape index, and had higher coefficients of determination for yield and soluble sugar content. In the Zhaotong apple growing area, the increase of annual rainfall and mean temperature decreased apple quality, while the increase of mean annual maximum temperature increased apple yield, and the increase of mean annual minimum temperature increased single fruit weight. Taking into account the current climatic factors and future trends, it is recommended to plant varieties tolerant to high temperatures and to irrigate 2-3 times from autumn to spring. In breeding and production management, it is recommended to focus on the selection of varieties with extended cold periods and late flowering and working out production programs.

To investigate the effects of bacterial fertilizer and amino water-soluble fertilizer combined application on rhizosphere soil and growth of tobacco plants under the condition of chemical fertilizer control, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer on tobacco plant growth, rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, bacterial community structure and diversity under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, with conventional fertilization as control (A0B1). The results showed that compared with A0B1, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer showed various effects. (1) The contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available P and the activity of catalase and urease in rhizosphere soil increased, and the activity of nitrate reductase decreased. (2) The diversity and relative abundance of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were increased, the relative abundance of specific bacteria, fungi and dominant bacteria (Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes) increased, and the relative abundance of dominant bacteria (Actinobacteria and Entorrhizomycota) decreased. (3) Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH was the key environmental factor positively correlated with the abundance of bacterial and fungal communities, and available P was negatively which correlated with the relative abundance of bacterial communities. (4) This combined application method promoted the growth and development of tobacco and leaf opening. In general, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, the application of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino soluble fertilizer can improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient level, improve the rhizosphere micro-ecological environment, and promote the growth and development of tobacco plants, the overall effect of bacterial fertilizer+75.0 g/hm² amino water-soluble fertilizer treatment(A1B3) is better.

Brassica rapa var. chinensis and Brassica rapa var. glabra were employed as experimental materials, with the sampling methods such as aggregation index, m^*-m regression analysis and Taylor’s power law, and the spatial distribution pattern and characteristic of clubroot disease under greenhouse cultivation were analyzed, and the sampling techniques were studied to further improve the investigation and prediction ability of the disease. The result showed that the disease developed severe when the test area was closer to the center of the greenhouse, and relatively light when it was near the edge in the two crops. Test of aggregation index showed that the main trends of clubroot disease were fitted to uniform distribution under the condition of heavy occurrence, but aggregation distribution would also occur in the lower occurrence area. Regression analysis of m^*-m and Taylor’s power law indicated that the individual colony was the basal component of the spatial distribution of clubroot disease and they attracted each other slightly. The distribution pattern of individual colony tended to be uniform distribution, and this trend was increased with the increasing disease grade of individual plant in the two crops. On the basis of the above analysis, the optimal theoretical sampling model and sequential sampling model of clubroot disease in the two crops were presented. This study results were helpful to improve efficiency in the investigation and sampling of clubroot disease, and it provided evidence for early-forecast and prevention decision.

The purpose of this study is to make rational use of agricultural climate resources, carry out the climate suitable zoning of seabuckthorn planting in Aheqi, and arrange the planting area of seabuckthorn scientifically. Base on the historical meteorological data of 25 national meteorological stations in Aheqi County and its surrounding areas from 1991 to 2024, the climatic regionalization index of seabuckthorn planting in Aheqi County was determined by using ≥10°C accumulated temperature, frost-free period statistical method, grid mathematical model of spatial distribution of climatic elements and their changes, and agricultural climatic regionalization method. By using ArcGIS technology, the seabuckthorn planting area was divided into four areas : the most suitable area, the suitable area, the sub-suitable area and the unsuitable area. The research shows that the most suitable areas for planting sea buckthorn are in the middle and eastern part of the county, and the central and southern plains of the southern valley. The suitable areas are in the middle and eastern part of the county and the southern plain of the valley at an altitude of 1900-2100 m and 2200-2400 m. The sub-suitable planting areas are in the county valley plain and the valley hilly low mountain belt. The unsuitable areas are distributed in the middle and high mountain areas in the western, northern and southern mountainous areas of the county.

The paper aims to investigate the effects of bumblebee pollination on the quality and economic benefits of fresh tomatoes. This study took the fresh tomato variety ‘Jingcai 8’ as the research object. Through relevant investigations, data analysis, and economic benefit calculations, the effects of bumblebee pollination and hormone dipping on fresh tomatoes overwintering cultivated in greenhouse were studied. The research results showed that bee pollination increased the fruit setting rate, single fruit weight, and total yield of fresh tomatoes. The rate of malformed fruits decreased by 78.05%, the number of single fruits increased by 91.52%, the total sugar content increased by 17.44%, the soluble solids increased by 7.89%, the sugar acid ratio increased by 14.07%, tomato sales revenue increased by 8.06%, cost savings were 11550 yuan/hm², efficiency increased by 38910 yuan/hm², and total benefits increased by 12.49%. In addition to economic benefits, bee pollination reduced the use of hormones and pesticides, which had good ecological benefits. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of bee pollination technology in the production of fresh tomatoes.

To understand the characteristics of citrus orchard soil acidification in western Zhejiang for providing reference for citrus orchard acid soil improvement and sustainable development, 26 citrus orchards in western Zhejiang were selected for soil investigation. The composition of soil exchangeable acids, acid buffering capacity and their relationship with soil properties were analyzed. The applicability of five lime demand estimation methods, namely SMP buffer method, exchangeable acid neutralization estimation method, calcium hydroxide mixed titration method, calcium chloride exchange calcium hydroxide neutralization titration method and estimation method based on soil physical and chemical properties, were evaluated with reference to the lime demand determined by soil lime adding cultivation method. The results showed that the soil pH of the investigated orchard was pH 3.11-6.52, and 88.5% of the soil pH was lower than the suitable growth range of citrus (pH 5.0-6.5). The soil pH (pH 4.80) developed from purple sandstone was higher than that of other parent materials, followed by the soil developed from diluvium (pH 4.41), river alluvium (pH 4.36), quartz sandstone (pH 4.24) and acid rock (pH 4.23). The content of exchangeable acid in the soils was 0.05-6.66 cmol/kg, and the content of hydrolytic acid was 2.24-16.05 cmol/kg. The content of potential acids in the soils developed from purple sandstone, river alluvium and diluvium were relatively low. Soil acid buffer capacity was significantly positively correlated with free iron oxide content, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable calcium, total base ions, and base saturation (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with soil exchangeable Al³⁺content (P<0.05). Among them, soil exchangeable calcium and free iron oxide contributed the most to soil acid buffer capacity. Soil developed from purple sandstone had higher exchangeable calcium and free iron oxide content, so the buffer capacity was higher. With the increase of garden age, the contents of active acid and potential acid increased, while exchangeable base and soil acid buffer capacity decreased. The results with different estimation methods of lime demand showed that SMP method was more accurate in estimating the soil with higher lime demand, and the calcium hydroxide mixed titration method had the highest linear correlation with the results of incubation experiments. These two methods were relatively suitable for the estimation of soil lime demand of orange orchards in western Zhejiang.

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the research status and future directions in the field of leisure agriculture, this paper took the relevant literature published in the CSSCI journals and Peking University core journals collected by CNKI from 2012 to 2023 as the data sources, and used CiteSpace software to analyze the dynamic trends of collaborating authors, collaborating institutions, research trends, and publication volume in this field. The results indicate that the majority of authors have rich connections among themselves, but some teams still have limited network connections. The research institutions are still mainly universities, and their connections withindustries are not close enough. The research topics focus on "rural tourism", "models", "industrial upgrading", etc., mainly focusing on 12 themes including leisure agriculture strategies, rural tourism, influencing factors, development difficulties, industrial integration, low-carbon transformation, and key areas. The related research shows the development trend from macro to micro, and from single discipline extension to interdisciplinary intersection. Future research can delve deeper into the diversity of research teams, the expansion of research content, and the innovation of research contexts. The conclusions can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization.

To screen the suitable sowing date and planting density combination for ‘Xinmai 58’, a two factor split field experiment was conducted in the National Agricultural High Tech Zone Demonstration Park in Dancheng County, Henan Province from 2023 to 2024, with the sowing dates (October 17, October 25, November 1, November 8) being the main area and the sowing amounts (150 kg/hm², 187.5 kg/hm², 225 kg/hm²) being the sub area, to explore the effects of different sowing dates and planting densities on the growth stage, population at different stages, dry matter accumulation, plant height, yield, and yield of ‘Xinmai 58’. The results indicate that: as the sowing periodis postponed, all growth stages are delayed, but the growth period is shortened, and the impact of planting density on the growth period is relatively small. The impact of different sowing periods on the population at different stages is relatively small, and sowing amountis the main factor affecting the population. The effects of different treatments on dry matter weight and yield are inconsistent. Late sowing affects dry matter accumulation, but increasing sowing amount can compensate for the loss of yield. The main factor affecting the number of spikes is sowing amount, and sowing date has a significant impact on the number of grains per ear, thousand grain weight, and plant height. Different treatments and their interactions result in significant differences in yield. The suitable sowing period for ‘Xinmai 58’ is from October 17th to 25th, with a suitable sowing amount of 187.5 kg/hm². If the sowing period is too late,, increasing the sowing amount appropriately can improve the yield level.

In order to investigate the response of yield and quality of spring maize to changes in moisture and heat, a sowing experiment was carried out in Xifeng, Gansu Province. The characteristics of growth, development, yield and quality of spring maize under different sowing dates were analyzed. The results showed that with the delay of sowing date, the length of development period of spring maize shortened, timely early sowing could make full use of climate resources to increase the process of material accumulation; leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield components changed greatly in different sowing dates, and were closely related to the matching degree of hydrothermal resources; the growth rate of dry matter weight had the characteristics of slow-fast-slow, the growth rate before seven-leaf stage was slow, accelerated from jointing to milk-ripening, and decreased after milk-ripening, there was a significant difference in dry matter quality between tasseling-milk ripe, milk ripe-mature; the effect of sowing date on essential amino acids, semi-essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids, protein, fat and crude fiber of spring maize was not obvious. The study found that meteorological factors have a direct impact on the quality of maize. According to the climate year type, the suitable sowing date of maize is selected, so that the grain filling period is under superior light and heat conditions, and the effects of frost and drought can be avoided. Maize can achieve high yield. The normal or more precipitation in March to early April in spring is suitable for early sowing, and the most suitable sowing period is April 20-25. The less precipitation in March to early April in spring is suitable for late sowing, and the most suitable sowing period is April 25-May 5. The study provides a reference for dryland maize in the northwest Loess Plateau to cope with climate change.

With the improvement of the ability to resist dominant disasters, unnoticeable natural hazards have gradually evolved into a key factor affecting the continuous and balanced increase of crop yield in China. Understanding the mechanisms, characteristics and countermeasures to the unnoticeable natural hazards could provide important theoretical and technological supports to the implement strategies for hazard alleviation. This paper reviews the types of the main unnoticeable natural hazards on maize production, and points out the diversity and complexity of them. The study explores the impact of unnoticeable natural hazards on maize growth and development, revealing that these hazards significantly inhibit photosynthesis, delay growth stages, and reduce pollination and seed-setting rates. Additionally, they impede plant growth and lead to poor kernel development, ultimately compromising both maize yield and quality. Specifically, drought and high temperatures exacerbate water stress, while waterlogging and prolonged overcast/rainy conditions cause root hypoxia and insufficient light energy, respectively. Furthermore, low-temperature chilling injury slows growth and increases physiological disorders. Collectively, these factors lead to yield reduction and diminish farmer income. According to the specific characteristics of different types of unnoticeable natural hazards, the technical measures for preventing or reducing the agricultural unnoticeable natural hazards were put forward, aiming at providing reference for high and stable yield of maize. Through scientific management and countermeasures, the adverse effects on maize production can be effectively mitigated, and both yield and quality can be enhanced.

To reveal the characteristics and high-yield stability of the new wheat variety 'Jirumai 20', and to provide theoretical guidance for its promotion and cultivation management, variance analysis, high stability coefficient (HSC), and variety deviation degree were employed to analyze the data on yield, and the yield components, stability and adaptability of it from 2021-2023 regional trials in the North Huang-Huai Region irrigated land. The results showed that the yield of ' Jirumai 20 ' was significantly positively correlated with the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight (the correlation coefficients were 0.470 and 0.372, respectively, both reaching extremely significant levels). The HSC values of this variety in the two-year regional trials were 85.62% and 87.38%, The varietal superiority distance values were 2750.3 and 1080.4, showing an average reduction of 52.11% compared to the control. These results demonstrate that 'Jirumai 20' exhibits excellent yield stability, low superiority distance, and high potential for high, stable, and abundant yields, making it suitable for large-scale cultivation in irrigated land of the National Huang-Huai Winter Wheat Region.

Under the condition of dry cultivation, the potato variety ‘Villas’ was used as the material, and the plant growth regulators were sprayed on the leaves at different plant height periods during the flowering stage. The effects of polyazole mepiquat chloride and uniconazol on the growth characteristics, agronomic traits and yield of potato at different plant height periods were compared. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between yield and plant height, and the correlation index was -0.8935. Spraying plant growth regulators at different plant heights had a very significant effect on increasing yield. When the plant height was about 60 cm, the effect of foliar spraying of polyazole mepiquat chloride was the best, and the yield of ‘Villas’ was the highest, which was 22.79% higher than that of the control. Spraying plant growth regulators on leaves promotes plant height dwarfing and tuber yield increasing. In field production, it is of practical guiding significance for producers to clarify how many centimeters of plant height are treated with chemicals, in order to provide basic data for chemical regulation of potato variety ‘Villas’ planting.

To explain the effect of Zenia insignis litter on soil fertility and its mechanism, the relationship between soil fertility and physicochemical properties of different plant litter and soil were studied through the relative determination and correlation analysis. From August 2022 to September 2023, the main distribution points of Zenia insignis plantation were selected as the investigation and research plots in Yizhou District and surrounding counties and districts of Hechi City, Guangxi. The results showed that: (1) from the perspective of basic soil physical and chemical characteristics, the soil fertility of Pteroceltis tatarinowii and Zenia insignis plots was better than that of Cinnamomum burmanni. (2) From the perspective of decomposition rate of litter, the order of decomposition rate of different plant litter was Pteroceltis tatarinowii > Zenia insignis > Cinnamomum burmanni. (3) The organic matter content in litter had a significant positive correlation with the total phosphorus and available phosphorus content in soil, and a highly significant negative correlation with the C/P in soil. The total phosphorus content and C/P in litter were significantly positively correlated and negatively correlated with C/N in soil, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between C/N in litter and C/P in soil. The N/P of litter was significantly positively correlated with the total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen content in the soil, while the other measured indexes of litter were not significantly correlated with the physical and chemical indexes of soil. From this, it could be seen that the physical and chemical characteristics of litter had an important impact on soil fertility changes. Planting Zenia insignis could improve the fertility level of soil in karst areas to a certain extent through the litter. The research aims to provide theoretical support for vegetation restoration in karst areas and the protection of rare wild plants unique to China, as well as to prevent the deterioration of the ecological environment.

In order to explore a new cultivation substrate and a simplified cultivation method for Coprinus comatus, using the conventional formula as the control, 30% waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. was added instead of bran as the experiment formula, and the C. comatus was cultivated by simplified cultivation method. The mycelium growth, fruiting body yield, raw material cost and nutritional ingredient of C. comatus were analyzed. The results showed that the mycelium characters, fruiting body yield and characters of C. comatus cultivated with the experiment formula were not significantly different from control, and the cost of cultivation raw materials was reduced by 29%. The contents of protein, total amino acids, flavonoids, fat and ash were lower than those of the control. The waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. can be used as substrate materials to provide nitrogen source and partial carbon source for the growth of C. comatus. The simplified cultivation method of C. comatus can be effectively simplify the cultivation process and reduce the cost of raw materials.

In order to explore the high-quality development path of agriculture adapting to climate change in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, this paper analyzed the characteristics of resource endowment utilization based on methods such as literature analysis, mathematical statistics, and multi-scenario emission simulation, in Ningxia. The results showed that the air temperature presented a significant rising trend, the total precipitation presented a decreasing trend, the drought trend was obvious, and the light resources generally presented a decreasing trend from north to south, in Ningxia. Over the past 20 years, the sown area of grain crops in Ningxia had shown a highly significant decreasing trend. The sown area of maize had increased by 57.0%, with an average increase of 101000 hectares every 10 years. In the next 30 years, the number of days from sowing to ripening would gradually increase from north to south, and the interdecadal trend would be decreasing. Under the influence of climate change, agricultural production will face the declining coupling degree of arable land with climate and water resources, and the pressure of grain production will be increasing in the future, in Ningxia. On this basis, this study puts forward suggestions on how to adapt to climate change and promote high-quality development of agriculture, based on the characteristics of resource endowment. It proposed to adjust the crop planting industrial layout in Ningxia to promote the planting structure in response to climate change in a coordinated manner. And it is also proposed facilitating the establishment of an overall efficiency improvement system for agricultural scientific and technological innovation in-depth exploration of the impact laws and adaptation mechanisms of climate change, aiming to provide decision-making references for the high-quality development of agriculture in Ningxia and offer suggestions for building a strong agricultural country.

To clarify the impact of novel urea on yield and the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer in summer maize, and to provide theoretical basis and technical support for its large-scale promotion and application, treatments were set as followed: no nitrogen fertilizer application (T₁), local farmers’ habitual fertilization (T₂, N 216 kg/hm²), conventional optimized fertilization (T₃, N 210 kg/hm²), controlled release urea and humic acid urea in a 1:1 ratio (T₄, N 210 kg/hm²), controlled release urea and humic acid urea in a 1:1 ratio with a 10% reduction of N for each (T₅, N 168 kg/hm²), controlled release urea (T₆, N 210 kg/hm²), and controlled release urea with a 20% reduction of nitrogen (T₇, N 168 kg/hm²). The effects of different fertilization treatments on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization, and soil available nitrogen of summer maize were studied. The results showed that the yield of summer maize from T₃ to T₇ increased by 13.89% to 18.04% compared to T₁, with T₅ showing the largest increase. Compared with T₁ and T₂, T₃ to T₇ all increased the aboveground nitrogen accumulation and soil available nitrogen content during the mature stage of summer maize, and T₅ showed significant differences in aboveground nitrogen accumulation compared to T₁ and T₂ (P<0.05). In addition, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of T₅ was as high as 60.22%, and the nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity was 74.56 kg/kg. In conclusion, optimizing nitrogen application can promote the increase of summer maize yield. Under the experimental conditions, the 1:1 combination of controlled release urea and humic acid urea with a 10% reduction of nitrogen for each can be promoted and applied in the high-yield area of summer maize in northern Henan Province.