Chitosan is a natural, safe, and cheap product of chitin deacetylation, which is widely used in industry production due to its own features. In this paper, the function and application of chitosan and its nanoparticles in seed treatment, soil remediation and increasing efficiency of fertilizer and pesticide synergy were reviewed. Chitosan can be used for seed treatment and soil amendment, promoting plant growth and inducing plant tolerance to abiotic and biological stresses. In recent years, chitosan has also been used to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles, as carriers of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and microelements, in order to achieve the purpose of reducing stockpiles and increasing efficiency, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. Finally, future research directions of chitosan and its nanoparticles in agriculture were prospected.

As the main matters of polyphenolic compounds in tea, catechins have free radical elimination, anti-aging, anti-radiation, weight loss, blood lipid reduction, cancer prevention and other active functions, accounting for 12%~24% of the tea. Due to the special variety and processing technology, the catechin content in Pu 'er tea is higher than other tea varieties, which shows excellent efficacy in terms of nutritional value and health care. This paper mainly describes the types of catechin, extraction measurement methods, content variations and efficacy researches of Pu 'er tea, so as to provide reference for the further development and utilization of functional catechin products in Pu' er tea.

In order to understand current status and hot issues of rural habitat environment at home and abroad, using CiteSpace literature analysis software, an analysis of those research literatures about rural habitat environment selected from 2002 to 2022 China Knowledge Network (CNKI) and Web of Science core collection database was carried out, and a knowledge map of rural habitat environment research at home and abroad was drawn. The results show that: (1) the number of publications abroad is more than that in China, and the research theories are richer; the cooperation network of research between authors abroad is closer than that in China, indicating more interdisciplinary exchanges; the main publishing institutions at home and abroad are concentrated in universities; the US and China are the main publishing countries. (2) The domestic researches mainly focus on the hard and soft environment of rural areas, including those topics around "rural revitalization", "new rural areas", "rural governance" and "rural development". While the researches abroad focus on the impact of rural habitat on villagers, the topics are mainly around "climate change", "mental health", "physical activity" and "infectious diseases". In the future, the combination of theory and practice in rural habitat research should be further strengthened, and both qualitative and quantitative research methods should be emphasized. Moreover, the depth and breadth of rural habitat research will be expanded based on a multidisciplinary perspective.

In order to systematically review the research progress and hot frontiers of rural infrastructure construction at home and abroad, 4609 papers collected from the core collection database of Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from 2000 to 2022 were used as data samples, and the visual analysis software CiteSpace and bibliometric research method were applied to analyze the research status, keyword clustering and emerging keyword of the rural infrastructure construction at home and abroad. The results showed that the overall trend of domestic and foreign publications was increasing, and foreign research was hotter than domestic research. Domestic research was more focused on economics, financial and other disciplines, while foreign research involved disciplines of environment, science, ecology, etc. There was less cooperation between domestic and foreign scholars, and domestic institutions had fewer project exchanges and research cooperation with each other compared with foreign research institutions. Foreign research keywords mainly focused on green infrastructure, rural health, rural electrification and sustainable livelihoods, while domestic research keywords mainly included rural revitalization, farmland water conservancy and rural economy, etc. At present, foreign research mainly focused on renewable energy and sustainable development, while domestic research focused on rural revitalization and rural e-commerce, etc. Finally, the future research prospects in the field of rural infrastructure construction in China were discussed, and the areas of sustainable rural infrastructure construction, green infrastructure construction and rural information infrastructure construction could be paid attention to in the follow-up research.

In the context of "dual carbon" goal, the scientific construction of evaluation methods and index systems for low-carbon villages in China has important pioneering significance for rural development and planning, and can also provide important support and basis for evaluating and quantifying rural low-carbon levels. Based on the rural energy construction and low-carbon/zero-carbon energy technology, further integrate the concepts of rural revitalization strategy, ecological civilization construction, rural living environment improvement and beautiful rural construction, scientifically set the evaluation object and scope, so as to build a low-carbon village index system. The weight of each index in the evaluation index system was determined by the analytic hierarchy method (AHP), the score was assigned, and the rationality of the low-carbon village evaluation system was verified using the Cronbach alpha coefficient method. Focusing on low-carbon energy use, energy saving, domestic waste treatment and resource utilization, and low-carbon village management in rural life, a total of 15 indicators of 4 standard layers are set up, highlighting the construction level of low-carbon technology application and energy efficiency improvement in village construction, fully considering China's regional differences, combining relevant national policies, standards, norms, etc., setting index data quantification and calculation evaluation benchmark values, and improving and establishing a low-carbon village evaluation system at multiple scales and dimensions. Through the reliability test of the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the reliability of the first-level indicators of China's low-carbon village index system was 0.850, 0.828, 0.833 and 0.805, respectively, and the reliability test results exceeded 0.80, indicating that the evaluation method and index system of China's low-carbon villages were reasonable and feasible.

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), also known as “Shipping fever”, is a generic term for respiratory system diseases, which includes pneumonia and bronchitis, caused by many kinds of bacteria, viruses and diverse physiological stresses, and occurs at high frequency among calves. BRDC is widely distributed around the world, causing huge economic losses to the global cattle farming industry. With the development of cattle industry in China, BRDC has been diagnosed at beef cattle farms and dairy farms in many provinces, and severely impeded the healthy development of cattle industry in China. Because of complex etiology and difficulty in treatment, it is crucial to develop accurate and fast diagnostic method for the prevention and control of BRDC. This review summarized research achievement about diagnostic techniques of BRDC for decades to provide reference for the prevention, control and in-depth research of this disease.

To explore the natural variations in regulating the maize kernel development and to assist in the genetic improvement of maize yield traits, in this study, 150 maize inbred lines with rich genetic variations were selected as materials for investigation. Combining 34,342 SNP markers and three models, a genome-wide association analysis was conducted on five grain-related traits. The results revealed that a total of 18 independent loci were significantly associated with the target traits, with each locus accounting for 12.24% to 15.41% of the phenotypic variations. Additionally, significant epistatic interactions were identified among four pairs of SNPs associated with kernel length, collectively explaining 5.32% of the phenotypic variations. By integrating the dynamic transcriptome data of kernel development in the B73 inbred line and functional annotations of genes, 19 candidate genes were predicted and classified into four categories: 6 enzymes, 3 ribosomal proteins, 1 transcription factor, and 9 other proteins. These candidate genes provide new genetic resources for deciphering the molecular mechanisms of maize kernel development and enhancing maize kernel size and yield. Through this research, we have not only uncovered the natural variations that regulate the development of corn kernels but also provided new genetic resources for the genetic improvement of corn yield traits. These findings are expected to bring new breakthroughs in corn breeding efforts, enhance corn production, and thereby better meet human needs for food.

The vegetable industry is important for rural industrial revitalization, and its high-quality development is an important support for the Chinese path to agricultural modernization. Based on the new development concept, we selected indicators from the five dimensions of "innovation, coordination, greenness, openness and sharing" to construct an evaluation system for the high-quality development of vegetable industry. Additionally, an empirical model was constructed to analyze the influencing factors with a data sample of almost all provinces in China (except Tibet) from 2015-2020. The results showed that: (1) the level of high-quality development of China's vegetable industry in the 13th Five-Year Plan period had gradually increased, with the indices of sharing, innovation, green and coordination dimensions all increasing to different degrees, while the openness dimension had slightly declined. (2) Shandong and Jiangsu were in the high level of quality development of vegetable industry, 7 provinces such as Hebei and Henan were in the middle and high level, and over 20 provinces were in the middle and below level. (3) In terms of production areas, the order from large to small was the Huanghuaihai and Bohai rim region > Yangtze River region > Northeast region > Northwest region > South China region > Southwest region. (4) Regional economic development, industrial upgrading and agriculture-related loans had significant positive impacts on the high-quality development of vegetable industry, while agricultural insurance had a negative impact, and digital economy and environmental regulation had different significant impacts on their dimensional levels. It is recommended to optimize the layout of the vegetable industry, unblock the distribution channels of products, promote moderate scale operation, and increase industrial and security efforts.

Vicia faba is an important food resource for human and livestock, and China is the largest producer around the world. Bruchus rufimanus Boheman is the most important pest of V. faba, with infestation rates of 3%-100%, which causes significant economic losses. Semiochemical is a kind of chemical substance released by creature which causes behavior modification or physiological reaction of other biological organisms. It is vital in insect feeding, seeking mate, orienting host and laying eggs. Here, we present a comprehensive review of B. rufimanus from distribution, morphological feature, life cycle, developmental strategy and chemical ecology based on published domestic and foreign research. Emphasis is placed on semiochemical application prospect in integrated pest management, which provides a new perspective to green prevention and control technology of B. rufimanus.

Seizing the opportunity of the digital economy era in the new period and accelerating the process of valorization of data elements are of great significance for the high-quality development of agriculture. The article used the panel data of 16 cities in Shandong Province’s from 2015 to 2021, to accurately calculate the level of the digital economy and the degree of quality development of agriculture of Shandong Province and the 16 cities under its jurisdiction. The results show that, the level of the digital economy and quality development of agriculture has been steadily improved, but the regional differences are obvious, and the gap is relatively large; the agricultural quality development in Shandong Province has been significantly promoted by the digital economy, and the promotion effect is better in the areas with good marketization and urbanization; the digital economy empowers high-quality agricultural development by enhancing the potential of talent resource development and regional innovation and development vitality; there is a threshold effect in the impact of Shandong Province's digital economy on high-quality agricultural development. Based on this, the article proposes countermeasures and suggestions to improve the level of digital infrastructure construction in agriculture and rural areas, enhance the penetration of digital economy in all aspects of the agricultural industry chain, and improve the ability of farmers to apply digital technology.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is recognized for its rapid, non-invasive technology in medium and small-scale near-earth sensing. It has been widely applied in soil property analysis due to its considerable data richness, high resolution and excellent spatial continuity. This article presented a comprehensive review of the principles underlying GPR’s use in soil property detection, elaborated on forward simulation methods and the prevalent soil dielectric models in use. It summarized the current advancements in applying GPR technology for assessing various soil properties, including moisture content, texture, stratification, compaction, and salinity. Additionally, the paper discussed the challenges and limitations in the field applications: the influence factors of field detection were complex, and the data interpretation was complex and subjective, most of the researches only stayed in the qualitative or semi-quantitative stage. Concluding perspective, the article pointed out that with ongoing advancements in signal processing and theoretical research, GPR held significant potential for future innovations in soil characteristic exploration. This work aimed to serve as a valuable resource for ongoing and future studies on the application of GPR in soil property investigation.

As the strategy for rural revitalization is progressively implemented, rural areas are confronted with numerous challenges in disaster prevention, reduction and relief, especially frequent emergencies and relatively weak response and self-rescue capabilities. This study aims to analyze the problems of insufficient emergency science popularization ability and low science popularization efficiency in current rural emergency management in China, and explore corresponding solutions. This research has found that improving the emergency scientific literacy of rural residents is the fundamental way to enhance their ability to respond to emergencies. And proposes a series of targeted suggestions based on the specific situation of rural areas and the characteristics of residents, including strengthening the construction of emergency science popularization teams in rural areas as a key measure, establishing a demand oriented science popularization concept to guide practice, innovating emergency science popularization methods as the main approach, optimizing and enriching emergency science popularization resources as a guarantee and support. The aim is to strengthen the residents' preventive awareness and scientific response capabilities through emergency science education, so as to provide strong support for China's emergency management and disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.

In order to explore the effective way to realize the protection of livestock and poultry genetic resources in China, the current situation of the protection of livestock and poultry genetic resources was systematically sorted out, and the realistic difficulties faced by the protection were deeply analyzed. The results show that, at present, the number of protected varieties has been increasing, regulations and policies have been improved, protected areas, seed conservation farms and gene banks have begun to take shape, and the quality of the workforce has been improved. However, it is also faced with the dilemma of not digging deep into the characteristics of resources, and the disconnection between protection and exploitation; the weak support of regulations and policies, and the lack of linkage in the management system; the obsolete facilities in the protected areas, conservation farms and gene banks, and the outdated protection technology; the insufficient financial support, and the single channel of investment. Based on this, the following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: strengthen the depth mining of resources, improve the level of development and utilization; establish and improve laws and regulations, integrate departmental management resources; strengthen the guidance of fiscal funds and establish a diversified investment and financing system; continue to promote the development and construction of seed conservation farms, protected areas and gene banks.

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of interplanting silage maize in summer in alfalfa field in Huang-Huai-Hai region, in order to improve the forage productivity of alfalfa field and to explore a new planting pattern for efficient forage planting. In our study, silage maize was interplanted in two-cutting alfalfa field, which was the third year of sowing in Huang-Huai-Hai region. After interplanted silage maize in alfalfa field, the forage productivity, its influence on weeds and economic benefits before and after interplanting were studied. Compared with monoculture alfalfa, interplanting silage maize significantly increased the total forage yield, land equivalent ratio and total economic benefit of alfalfa field. Interplanting silage maize with alfalfa can effectively reduce the species of weeds and inhibit the growth of weeds in alfalfa field in high temperature and high humidity season in summer. This study provides a theoretical basis for interplanting silage maize in alfalfa field in summer in Huang-Huai-Hai region, and puts forward an efficient planting and application pattern of alfalfa planting.

The integration of water and fertilizer has been developed rapidly in the field of agricultural fertilization in recent years, which is an important way to improve crop fertilizer efficiency. Bibliometrics method was used to analyze the literature related to the integration of water and fertilizer. Based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructur (CNKI) database, literature related to integration of water and fertilizer from 2010 to 2023 was collected as the research object, while the number of literature, age distribution, journal distribution, publication institution distribution, author information, research content and hot topics in the core database of CNKI were objectively and systematically analyzed. The results showed that from 2010 to 2023, a total of 216 articles related to the integration of water and fertilizer were published in China. The earliest literature on the integration of water and fertilizer was published in 2010, and the number of published articles fluctuated with the increase of years. In terms of published papers, authors, publishing institutions, etc., papers on integration of water and fertilizer were mainly published in agriculture and forestry and other related professional journals. The publishing institution was focused on institutions of higher learning and research institutes in Beijing, Shandong and Ningxia, which had strong water and fertilizer research strength and academic background. At present, the core authors in the field of integrated water and fertilizer had not formed a stable group and the number of personnel was relatively small. According to the research content, water and fertilizer integration technology focused on the output, internet of things, control system and drip irrigation. The results objectively reflected the domestic research trends of integration of water and fertilizer from 2010 to 2023, which provided supporting data for researchers in this field.

The development from neutral (pH 6.5-7.5) to acidic (pH 4.5-5.5) is the key stage of soil acidification, so the buffering capacity of soil to acid in the range of pH 4.5-6.5 will directly affect the rate of soil acidification. In the study, 48 representative paddy soil samples were collected from plain areas of Zhejiang Province, and the acid buffering performance and its main influencing factors of the soils in the key pH stage of acidification were characterized. The results showed that the acid buffer capacity of the paddy soils, the amount of acid needed to reduce the pH value by one unit, ranged from 8.34-41.22 mmol/(kg·pH), with an average of 23.38 mmol/(kg·pH). The capacity decreased in the order of soils in river-net plain>soils in coastal plain>soils in river valley plain. The acid buffer capacity of the paddy soils in the river-net plain and coastal plain was 1.60 and 1.17 times of that in river valley plain, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that soil clay content and CEC were the main factors affecting soil acid buffer capacity, and the lack of clay content was the main inducement of soil rapid acidification in the plain area. Low-clay soil is the focus of farmland acidification prevention in the plain area.

To clarify the flowering characteristics and the impact of breeding systems on Bougainvillea glabra 'Mrs. Eva', so as to promote its hybrid breeding and garden application, field observation method was adopted to investigate its flowering phenology, as well as the dynamic process of flowering and morphological characteristics of its flowers. FDA staining method and liquid culture medium method were used to determine its pollen viability and in vitro germination rate. The breeding system was determined through a combination of morphological observation, aniline blue staining method, and field hybridization experiments. The results showed that: (1) the floral tube structure of B. glabra 'Mrs. Eva' was unique, cylindrical with upper part wrinkled and both ends swollen, which hamper most insect pollination. (2) The pollen grains of B. glabra 'Mrs Eva' were round or elliptical in shape, with reticulate patterns; the total pollen count per flower was 1375, and the suitable temperature for pollen germination was 28℃; the pollen exhibits group germination effect. (3) The ratio of pollen quantity to ovule was 11000, and the hybridization index was 4. Based on the results of field bagging and artificial pollination experiments, it can be concluded that the main breeding system of B. glabra 'Mrs. Eva' is cross-pollination type and requires pollinators. The research results are of certain significance for resource utilization and germplasm innovation of B. glabra ‘Mrs. Eva’.

In order to master the quality and safety of edible fungi, the levels of 62 kinds of pesticide residues in edible fungi sold in Beijing from 2021 to 2022 were screened, the pesticide residues of insecticides and fungicides in 6 common edible fungi were evaluated by food safety index method, and the risk of chronic and acute dietary intake of 19 pesticides were also evaluated. The results showed that the IFS values of 15 insecticides and 4 fungicides detected in edible fungi and the average food safety index values of 6 edible fungi were all less than 100. The pesticide residues detected had little influence on the edible fungi, and the six edible fungi were in a good state of safety, the risk of chronic dietary intake and the risk of acute dietary intake of 19 detected pesticide residues in edible fungi were both lower than 100%, and the risk of both chronic and acute dietary intake were lower. However, the risk values of dietary intakes of two pesticides, cyromazine and emamectin benzoate, were relatively high among the 19 pesticides detected. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of the use of cyromazine and emamectin benzoate in edible fungi to ensure the quality and safety of edible fungi products.

The aim of this research is to select high-efficiency, low-toxicity and safe insecticides for the control of Apolygus lucorum, and to provide basic data and scientific basis for the scientific prevention and control of A. lucorum. The laboratory toxicity and field control effect of different insecticides on A. lucorum were studied. In this study, the laboratory toxicity and field control effect of thiamethoxam, abamectin, matrine, rotenone and osthole on A. lucorum were determined by food dipping method and field spraying method. The results of laboratory toxicity test showed that the toxicity of five insecticides to A. lucorum increased with the increase of insecticide concentration. The order of toxicity to A. lucorum was thiamethoxam > abamectin > matrine > rotenone > osthole. The results of field control test showed that 300 mg/L thiamethoxam and 600 mg/L thiamethoxam had the best control effect after 3 days of application in mung bean field, and the field control effect had reached more than 75%. After 7 days of application in mung bean field, the control effect of 600 mg/L thiamethoxam was the best, followed by 300 mg/L thiamethoxam and 1000 mg/L avermectin, and the field control effect was more than 70%. The field control effect of 1600 mg/L matrine was 58.94%, and the field control effect of 1600 mg/L rotenone and 1600 mg/L osthole was about 50%. It was found that five insecticides had certain field control effects on A. lucorum, among which thiamethoxam and abamectin had better control effect on A. lucorum, and they were recommended to be utilized in the field.

In order to optimize the process of pan-fire and second-drying of single-bud flat green tea and reduce its bitterness of taste, a single factor test was carried out with the taste score of sensory quality, bitter taste of tea soup and dry tea color as evaluation indexes. On this basis, orthogonal experiments were carried out with the taste score of sensory evaluation, phenol-ammonia ratio, soluble sugar content, catechin total and catechin astringency index as evaluation indexes. The results showed that the optimum pan-fire conditions were the water content of 74%, pan-fire temperature of 320℃, pan-fire time of 8 min; and the optimum second-drying conditions were the water content of 15%, second-drying temperature of 80℃, second-drying time of 40 min. Compared with single-bud flat green tea processed by traditional technology, the taste score of sensory evaluation of single-bud flat green tea processed by optimized technology increased by 4 points, the phenol-ammonia ratio decreased by 0.222, the soluble sugar content increased by 1.376%, the total catechin increased by 5.7%, and the bitterness index decreased by 1.12. The result provides theoretical support for the formulation of standard technology of flat green tea.

In order to explore the allelopathy between millet and giant foxtail growth, the effects of different concentrations of water extracts on foxtail millet seed germination and seedling growth were studied by using‘Jinxuan 6’and ‘Setaria viridis’ as experimental materials. The results showed that different concentrations of water extracts have‘low promotion and high inhibition’on seed germination and seedling growth. Compared with the control, the emergence rate was decreased by 13.888%, and the allelopathic index was -0.139 under the treatment of original solution. The comprehensive indexes of root length, bud length, fresh weight and dry weight were -0.070 and -0.034 under the treatment of original solution and 10 times diluted solution, which showed allelopathic inhibition, meanwhile the total length, leaf area, chlorophyll content and SOD of plant were lower than those of the control. The emergence rate was increased by 33.333% and 11.117% under the treatment of 50 and 100 times diluted solution, and the comprehensive indexes of root length, bud length, fresh weight and dry weight were 0.275 and 0.153, which showed allelopathic promotion. Among them, the 50 times diluted solution had the strongest promotion, the total length, leaf area, chlorophyll content and SOD of plant were significantly different from the control. The millet field is often accompanied by a large number of giant foxtail, the results will provide a theoretical basis for removing the giant foxtail at the seedling stage.

Citrus is the largest category of fruit in China, which is widely planted and has many cultivars for fresh fruit market. To extend shelf life, promote intensive processing, improve enterprise’s benefit, current research progresses related to fruit storage and processing have been reviewed. At first, new preservation technologies applied in Citrus fruits’ storage were summarized. Subsequently, innovation technologies for processing products and by-products utilization were discussed. Finally, functional components in Citrus with potential application in pharmaceutical industry were also reviewed. Therefore, depending on different cultivars in production areas, fruit sorting system after post-harvest are recommended for orange and lemon varieties. Meanwhile, the non-thermal processing technology and enzymatic digestion for de-peeling is utilized for tradition processing products, such as sweet orange and tangerine. Functional components in Citrus will be extracted and prepared to medicinal and edible food. In conclusion, new technology for storage and processing are used in Citrus to extendindustry chain, which significantly boost industry development in future.

The aim was to investigate the dynamic changes in filament vitality and seed setting of different maize inbred lines. This study used maize inbred lines ‘Xun 696’, ‘Xun 573’, ‘Xun 503’, ‘Zheng 58’ and ‘Chang 7-2’ as experimental materials to measure relevant indicators such as daily filament length and quantity, filament setting rates and ear traits at different days. The results showed that the daily filament length and filament setting rate of different inbred lines increased first and then decreased; the peak of the daily spinning length of the flower silk was on the 2^nd to 3^rd day of spinning; the peak setting rate was on the 3^rd to 5^th day of silk spinning. The daily filament amount showed a ‘fast-slow’ growth pattern, with a rapid growth from the 1^st to the 3^rd days. The total amount of ‘Xun 696’ filament was the smallest, and the total amount of ‘Chang 7-2’ filament was the largest. On the 8^th day after pollination, the fertilization rate and total fruiting rate of small flowers were higher than that on the 5^th day, with ‘Zheng 58’ having the highest fertilization rate and ‘Xun 696’ having the highest total fruiting rate. The fruiting rate of silk at different days of age in ‘Xun 696’, ‘Xun 573’, and ‘Xun 503’ was significantly or extreme significantly positively correlated with various traits of their panicles, daily silk production, and silk production length. The research results provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the active time of the filaments of inbred lines, mastering the optimal pollination period, improving the seed setting and seed production yield of inbred lines.

Huanglongbing disease is a devastating disease of citrus industry in the world. Diseased seedlings, scions and field diseased plants are the primary infection sources of the disease. The establishment of a set of ultra-sensitive detection method for pathogen is important for the early warning and prevention of Huanglongbing disease. In this study, specific primers were designed according to the 16S rDNA gene sequence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, and a detection method based on droplet digital PCR technology was explored and established, and the sensitivity and detection accuracy of the method was evaluated. The test results showed that the microdroplet digital PCR detection method for Huanglongbing disease established in this study had strong specificity and high sensitivity, and its detection sensitivity was 10 times that of fluorescence quantitative PCR. The microdroplet digital PCR detection technology established in this study provides a new method for the early detection of Huanglongbing disease in citrus seedlings.

Anthocyanin, as a natural bioactive substance, is widely used in the livestock and poultry breeding industry. This article reviews the current research progress on anthocyanins and discusses their application in livestock and poultry breeding from the perspective of green breeding and their important role in improving breeding benefits. The promotion of feed additives such as anthocyanins will become an important trend in the future livestock and poultry breeding industry, contributing to the industry's sustainable development.

In order to clarify the effects of planting density on the grain filling characteristics, dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components of different maize varieties, in this study, the medium-high yield maize varieties ‘Yongyou 1573’ and ‘Yongyou 1593’ were used as experimental materials in 2021-2022, and three densities of 60000, 75000, 90000 plants/hm2 were set. The results showed that under different planting densities, the 100-grain weight showed a "fast increase-slow increase" rising trend, and the grain filling rate showed a single peak curve of "first increase and then decrease", and the peak filling appeared about 22 days after pollination. Increasing the planting density significantly reduced the theoretical maximum 100-grain weight (a), the maximum grain filling rate (Rmax), the average grain filling rate (Rmean) and the grain weight (Wmax) when the grain filling reached the maximum rate, and the yield per plant was significantly positively correlated with the 100-grain weight, the number of grains per ear, Wmax, Rmax and Rmean. After pollination, the dry matter accumulation of plants decreased with the increase of density, and the decrease of high density was more significant. The proportion of vegetative organs of plants in the early stage of filling was relatively large. The proportion of each organ of plants in the middle and late stage of filling was in the order of grain>stem sheath>leaf>ear axis>bract, and the contribution rate of stem sheath dry weight to grain yield was the largest. Increasing planting density reduced the ear length, ear diameter, grain number per ear and yield per plant of different maize varieties, and increased the bald tip length. The yield per unit area was the highest at the density of 75000 plants/hm2. There were differences among varieties. The 100-grain weight of ‘Yongyou 1573’ was less than that of ‘Yongyou 1593’, and the grain number per ear and yield per unit area were greater than the latter, indicating that the 100-grain weight and grain number per ear jointly affected the yield per unit area. This study provides theoretical basis for the selection of optimum planting density and the improvement of corn yield, and also has theoretical guiding significance for the realization of high efficiency and yield increase of summer corn in northern Henan.

Studying the relationship between cultivated land quality and landscape patterns can provide a scientific basis for strengthening the protection and enhancement of national cultivated land quality. Using 2022 cultivated land quality data in Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province, the study comprehensively analyzed the overall cultivated land quality situation in Yingtan based on the cultivated land quality evaluation. Landscape pattern indices such as patch area, percent of landscape, edge density, patch density, landscape shape index, mean patch size, landscape division index, contagion index, and Shannon’s diversity index were selected to calculate in Fragstats 4.2 software, and then cultivated land area weighted average national natural level index, cultivated land area weighted average national use level index and cultivated land area weighted average national economic level index were correlated with the selected cultivated landscape pattern indices, respectively. It was concluded that the cultivated land quality national natural level index was significantly and negatively correlated with the edge density of cultivated land, with a correlation coefficient of -0.393 (P<0.01); the cultivated land quality national use level index was significantly and positively correlated with the mean patch size of cultivated land and the Shannon’s diversity index, with correlation coefficients of 0.343 (P<0.01) and 0.416 (P<0.01), respectively; the cultivated land quality national economic level index was significantly and negatively correlated with the edge density of cultivated land, with a correlation coefficient of -0.381 (P<0.01). Thus, there was a clear correlation between some of the landscape pattern indices and cultivated land quality, which could reflect to some extent the correlation between cultivated land quality and landscape pattern indices within the region. The results of the study can provide scientific references for the improvement and protection of cultivated land quality from the perspective of landscape pattern, and also have certain practical significance for the national level decision-making on the optimization of regional spatial layout of cultivated land.

In order to find out the acid adjusting method for growing blueberries in neutral soil in Yuxi City, six treatments were designed for ‘jewel’ blueberries, L1 (organic fertilizer for blueberries 1 kg/plant+ soil improvement of acidic substrate 10 L/plant+ sulfur powder 100 g/plant), L2 (organic fertilizer for blueberries 1 kg/plant+ soil improvement of acidic substrate 10 L/plant), L3 (peat 10 L/plant+ sulfur powder 100 g/plant), L4 (peat 10 L/plant+ sulfur powder 200 g/plant), L5 (soil improvement of acidic substrate 10 L/plant+ sulfur powder 100 g/plant), L6 (soil improvement of acidic substrate 10 L/plant+ sulfur powder 200 g/plant). The effects of different acid-regulating materials on rhizosphere pH, growth index and nutrient absorption of blueberry were studied in neutral soil in greenhouse. The results showed that on the neutral soil with pH 6.94, different acid-adjusting materials had significant effects on soil pH, blueberry growth and nutrient absorption. Rhizosphere soil pH at harvest was 5.05 and 5.00 for L1 and L6, 5.23 for L4 and 5.31 for L5, 5.64 for L3 and 6.25 for L2. The order of growth indexes such as plant height, branch number and shade width, fresh fruit weight per plant and fresh leaf weight was L1>L6>L4>L5>L3>L2. Therefore, when L1 or L6 treatment is applied on neutral soil, the pH of rhizosphere soil during the whole growth period is maintained between 4.28 and 5.05, which is most conducive to the normal growth of blueberries. The methods provide effective technical support for planting blueberries in neutral soil.

Saline soil has limited plant growth due to its high alkalinity, poor air permeability, poor water permeability, easy surface hardening, low nutrient content, and harmful salt content. However, the national food security strategy requires greater efforts to “request food from saline soil land”. A large number of studies had proved that the appropriate concentration of wood vinegar could effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of saline soil, thereby increasing its productivity of saline soil. The article listed the physical and chemical properties and component contents of different types of wood vinegar, described the range of application concentrations of wood vinegar, and summarized the changes in soil physics, chemistry, microorganisms, enzyme activities, and plant growth after wood vinegar was applied to saline-alkali soil, so as to provide a theoretical reference for the application of wood vinegar in saline soil.

Persistent high temperature and drought occurred in Guanzhong of Shaanxi Province in summer of 2022, causing serious impacts on the growth and development of crops such as maize, apple and kiwifruit. To study the mechanisms of the occurrence of heat and drought, observations from 46 automatic meteorological stations in Guanzhong area, and ERA-5 hourly and monthly mean reanalysis data were used to study the characteristics and causes of atmospheric circulation during the main high temperature periods. The results showed that (1) the main high temperature periods were mid-late June and early-mid August, with moderate to severe drought in most parts of Guanzhong. (2) Both high-temperature periods were characterised by strong sinking currents, but the causes were different. In June, strong sinking movements were maintained by anomalous pre-ridge negative vorticity advective, while in August, the superposition of the subtropical high and South Asian high caused the positive climate state anomalies and strong sinking movements over Shaanxi. (3) The strong northwesterly airflow in June and the abnormally westerly and strong subtropical high in August weakened the southerly airflow and blocked the source of water vapour, both showing positive anomalies of water vapour flux dispersion, which were not conducive to the occurrence of precipitation. (4) High temperatures and drought had an impact on the yield and quality of food and cash crops. It was recommended that effective measures should be taken before high temperatures to lower field temperatures, replenish plant water, enhance plant transpiration and reduce the degree of crop heat stress.

In order to comprehensively evaluate the genotype and the interaction of genotype and environment of sweet potato in regional test, the GGE biplot was used to analyze the fresh yield of group 2 of high-quality starch strains in regional test of sweet potato in Fujian from 2020 to 2021. The results showed that: ‘Quanshu 26’ had the best yield performance and had strong adaptability in Zhangpu, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Putian, Sanming, and Nanping in 2020. ‘Longshu 39’ had high and stable yield, which was the ideal variety of the regional test. In 2021, ‘Jinshu 43’ had the best yield and stability, making it an ideal variety of the regional test. ‘Hongjinshu 2’ had high yield and strong regional adaptability in Ningde, Longyan, Sanming, and Fuzhou. In addition, the Sanming pilot had high discrimination and representativeness in the two-year regional test, and it was an ideal pilot environments. The GGE biplot can intuitively evaluate the yield characteristics of the test strains and the representativeness of the pilots, providing a simple and effective analytical method for objectively evaluating the high and stable yield of sweet potato strains.

In order to determine the effects of drought and rehydration on dry matter accumulation and distribution in various organs and grain yield of winter wheat, ‘Jimai 22’ was selected as the research object, and 100%(CK), 80%(T₁), 50%(T₂), 25%(T₃) and 0%(T₄) of the normal water supply (75 mm) were irrigated at jointing stage (April 2), and rewatered at the flowering stage (April 26) until the soil relative humidity reached 90 %. The dry matter mass and total dry matter mass of each organ of the plant in the two growth stages were measured, as well as the final yield of each treatment. The results showed that dry matter allocation ratio of winter wheat leaves decreased under drought stress at jointing stage, dry matter allocation ratio of stem and ear increased, dry matter allocation ratio of leaf sheath did not change much, and dry matter allocation ratio of all organs recovered to the same level as control after rehydration. The total dry matter weight of winter wheat treated with T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ decreased by 11.3%, 16.0%, 24.2% and 35.0% compared with CK, and the dry matter weight per spike decreased by 15.7%, 20.0%, 26.6% and 32.0%. The pre-flowering dry matter transport and transport rate of leaves were significantly decreased, while the pre-flowering dry matter transport rate of leaf sheath and stem was significantly increased. Compared with the control, the yield of winter wheat under T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ treatments decreased by 16.2%, 24.4%, 29.4% and 33.0%, the number of grains per spike decreased by 9.9%, 11.6%, 20.0% and 23.3%, and the sterile spike rate increased by 6.2, 7.5, 9.6 and 8.1 percentage points, respectively. It had little effect on 1000-grain weight and spikelet number. In conclusion, drought at jointing stage leads to dry matter distribution to storage organs such as stems and panicle, and the total dry matter weight and panicle dry matter weight decreased significantly after rehydration, and the greater the degree of drought stress, the greater the range of change. Drought stress at jointing stage resulted in the decrease of panicle number, the increase of sterile panicle rate and the decrease of yield.

In order to analyze the geographical distribution and influencing factors of Opisthopappus in China, MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software were used to predict the potential suitable distribution areas of Opisthopappus in China. The results showed as follows: Opisthopappus was mainly distributed in the junction of Henan, Hebei and Shanxi Provinces. The distribution range of the suitable area was 31.5°-40.5°N and 112.5°-120.3°E. The total area of suitable area was 218600 km². Six environmental variables including the average temperature in the coldest quarter, annual precipitation, the ratio of diurnal and annual temperature differences, the standard deviation of seasonal temperature changes, the lowest temperature in the coldest month and the average temperature in the driest season, were the main factors affecting the distribution of Opisthopappus. The AUC value of MaxEnt model was 0.994, indicating that the prediction result of the model was excellent. Under the future climate scenario change, the potential suitable area of Opisthopappus is gradually reduced, so relevant departments should pay great attention to it and take effective protection measures actively.

The yield, quality, and marketing time of fresh maize directly affect its economic benefits, and the sowing date determines the maturity of fresh maize, and has an impact on the formation of yield traits. Fresh maize ‘SD902’ was used in this experiment to analyze and evaluate the yield and ear traits of different sowing dates in summer (July 15^th, July 20^th, and July 25^th). The results showed that when the sowing date was delayed from July 15^th to July 20^th, the ear length and ear diameter increased by 5.92% and 4.32%, respectively. The dry weight of bracts, ear cores, grains, and number of grains per ear increased by 25.55%, 39.37%, 23.33%, and 10.71%, respectively. The length of bald tip and the number of rows per spike was decreased by 25.56% and 0.32% respectively. But when the sowing date was delayed to July 25^th, although some ear traits showed a downward trend, there was no significant difference. In conclusion, during the summer cultivation process of fresh maize, different sowing dates had significant impacts on the ear length, ear diameter, bracts, ear core, and grain dry weight of fresh maize ear traits. The appropriate sowing date could achieve high yield by increasing ear diameter and grain number.

The dairy cattle industry is one of the important agricultural sectors in China. However, with its rapid development, the problem of large-scale discharge of livestock waste has become increasingly severe. How to handle dairy manure harmlessly has become one of the urgent problems to be solved. This article introduces the progress of composite microbial agents in the treatment of cow manure. Composite microbial agents can effectively degrade organic matter and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in cow manure, reduce the emission of harmful gases, while recycling nutrients as fertilizers and cow bedding materials, with the advantages of low cost and simple operation. The application effect of composite microbial agents is influenced by many factors, including the type of microbial agent, environmental conditions, and exogenous additives, and the quality of composting is the main indicator for evaluating the application effect of composite microbial agents. Adjustments and optimizations need to be made according to different situations in practice. The study of cow manure problems is of great significance for alleviating rural livestock and poultry pollution, improving the utilization rate of manure resources, and realizing sustainable development of animal husbandry. As a new method of organic matter treatment, efficient composite microbial agent application technology has broad application prospects in the field of cow manure treatment. Further research and exploration on its application effect in practical production is necessary. By integrating with other technical means, it can facilitate the transition towards more sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly practices in dairy manure treatment.

In order to study the supporting cultivation measures of the new flue-cured tobacco variety ‘NC297’ in Chuxiong tobacco-growing area, and determine the suitable planting density and number of leaves left, the orthogonal test with three levels of planting density and number of leaves left of flue-cured tobacco ‘NC297’ was designed. The results showed that the density of 13800 plants/hm² and 18 leaves per plant had the largest plant height, leaf length and leaf width. The disease index of black shank, bacterial wilt, climate spot and common mosaic disease were significantly lower in the medium to low density treatment group than in the high-density control group. Net photosynthetic rate, CO₂ concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of low density treatment all were at a high level. The planting density of 15100 plants/hm² and 20 leaves per plant showed the best appearance quality, followed by the treatment with the density of 13800 plants/hm² and 18 leaves per plant. The density of 13800 plants/hm² and 18 leaves per plant treatment had significantly higher average prices and the highest proportion of medium to high quality tobacco, and high yield. The output value was only second to the treatment with planting density of 16600 plants/hm² and 18 leaves per plant. The treatment with a density of 13800 plants/hm² and 18 leaves had the most coordinated chemical composition and the highest total score. According to the results of this experiment, the suitable planting density of flue-cured tobacco ‘NC297’ in Chuxiong tobacco area is 13800 plants/hm², and the suitable number of leaves left for topping is 18 per plant.

In order to explore the regional adaptability of millet varieties and provide reference for the breeding of new millet varieties, ‘Yugu 18’, ‘Yugu 31’, ‘Yugu 32’, ‘Yugu 35’, ‘Yugu 38’ and ‘Yugu 42’ were selected as test materials. The adaptability and sensitivity to light and temperature of 6 varieties were analyzed by coefficient of variation, coefficient of high stability, regression coefficient and relative sensitivity to light and temperature.The agronomic characters of different varieties in different districts were analyzed statistically, and the variation coefficients of different characters among different districts were compared. The results showed that all 6 millet varieties could adapt to 2 or more different ecological regions, especially‘Yugu 18’ showed high yield, stable yield and wide adaptability in 4 different ecological regions. The growth period of the 6 varieties was longer in the early maturing group of northwest spring millet area, the panicle weight, grain weight per panicle and 1000-grain weight were higher in the early maturing group of northwest spring millet area and the middle and late maturing groups of northwest spring millet area, and the panicle length was longer in the northeast spring millet area. There was no obvious trend in yield, plant height and grain emergence rate. The coefficient of variation of agronomic traits was the smallest with 1000-grain weight and the largest at heading stage. Taking Xiagu district as reference, the sensitivity of ‘Yugu 18’ was the weakest in different district groups. ‘Yugu 18’ showed the characteristics of high yield, stable yield and wide adaptability in 4 different ecological regions.

The aim was to solve the problem of the improper fertilization measures in agricultural production in Hanzhong City, which led to the imbalance of the supply capacity of soil trace elements in some places, and restricted the increase of rice, corn and other grain crops. In this study, 6142 soil samples were collected from 11 counties and districts in Hanzhong. The content and distribution of available zinc in soil were analyzed by DTPA extraction atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the available zinc content of soil in Hanzhong City was mainly distributed between 0.51-1.0 mg/kg and 1.01-1.5 mg/kg, accounting for 34.80% and 30.80% of the total amount. Soil samples with available zinc content less than 1.5 mg/kg accounted for 78.3% of the total amount, that is, 78.3% of the available zinc content of soil in Hanzhong was below the middle level, and 47.4% of the available zinc content of soil was at a low and very low level. The average effective zinc content in the soil of rice and corn producing areas was 1.11 mg/kg, with 1.15 mg/kg in rice cultivation areas and 1.07 mg/kg in corn cultivation areas. The effective zinc content in the soil of rice cultivation areas was higher than that of corn cultivation areas, slightly higher than the average value. The content of available zinc in soil was negatively correlated with soil pH, soil organic matter and available phosphorus. To sum up, available zinc in cultivated soil in Hanzhong could generally meet the needs of crop growth, but in some zinc deficient areas, it was recommended to strengthen the application of zinc fertilizer and manure to reduce the impact of zinc deficiency in soil on crops.

In order to discuss resistance level and field occurrence of rice bakanae disease in the south of Heilongjiang, and screen rice bakanae disease resistant varieties, incidence rate of 60 conventional japonica rice in field were investigated and analyzed, adopting artificial inoculation method. The results indicated that: different rice varieties had different degrees of infestation in the field. The incidence of rice bakanae disease ranged from 0.8% to 39.9%, the average incidence was 14.6%. One rice variety with high resistance and 26 resistant rice varieties were screened out, the resistant varieties accounted for 73.3%, the overall resistance ratio was 11:4. There were differences in rice varieties resistance to rice bakanae disease in southern Heilongjiang Province, resistant varieties should be encouraged to plant to prevent the occurrence of disease in rice production. This study provides some basis for green disease control and rice bakanae disease resistance breeding.

This paper mainly describes the occurrence, causes and prevention and control technology of ginger plague and continuous cropping obstacles, briefly describes the relationship between ginger plague and continuous cropping obstacles, summarizes the research progress of ginger plague and continuous cropping obstacles from the aspects of ginger plague, pathogenic bacteria, control status and technology, and summarizes the effective prevention and control methods of ginger plague and continuous cropping obstacles by improving soil, rotating cultivation and soil fumigation. It is pointed out that there are few researches on pathogenic bacteria, accumulation of self-toxic substances in ginger and rhizosphere microorganisms at present, and relevant suggestions are proposed, in order to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of ginger plague, slow down the obstacles of continuous cropping, and promote the development of ginger industry and sustainable production.