To explore new approaches for the application of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms in agriculture, this study conducted a literature review and analysison the screening of cellulose degrading bacteria and the optimization of enzyme production in recent years, summarizing and analyzing four key aspects: strain types, enzyme production condition optimization, construction of composite microbial communities, and applications of these microbial communities in agriculture. The study outlines different screening strategies and advantages of various strains, analyzes the raw material types and strain specificity for optimizing cellulose-degrading enzyme production conditions, and discusses the necessity and significance of constructing composite microbial communities. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of cellulose-degrading microorganisms (or communities) in three areas: biofertilizers, crop residue utilization, and bioenergy. The study identifies current limitations, such as the limited variety of cellulases produced by single strains and the need for optimized enzyme production conditions in composite microbial communities. To address these issues, the study proposes focusing on enhancing the screening of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms, utilizing molecular biology techniques to construct gene banks for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, and studying their degradation mechanisms. These efforts aim to improve the efficiency of screening for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, reduce the waste of agricultural resources, and promote rapid agricultural development and resource recycling.

This study compared different methods and parameters for extracting earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme (EFE) from Eisenia fetida, analyzed the enzyme properties, and promoted the development and utilization of earthworm processing byproducts. The extraction process of EFE was studied by combining fibrin plate enzyme activity assay, dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The optimal extraction process was as follows: using dry earthworm powder as raw material, extract with 5 times the mass ratio of 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, centrifuge twice and combine the supernatants; precipitate the crude extract with 80% ammonium sulfate, concentrate with a membrane separation method with a pore size of 10k-200 kD, and limit the membrane circulation filtration to ≤50 min; freeze-dry without adding a protective agent. Under this extraction and drying process, the enzyme activity of the freeze-dried powder was 201.8 million U/g. Enzyme characterization studies revealed that the enzyme comprised six earthworm-specific proteins with molecular weights ranging from 24.7 kD to 26.3 kD. The optimal pH range for the enzyme solution is 7.2 to 8.0, with a relatively stable pH range of 7.4 to 8.8. The optimal temperature for the enzyme solution is below 50℃, and it remains stable below 60℃. After 80 days of storage at 4℃, the enzyme activity retention rate can reach 90%. The ammonium sulfate-freeze drying method can extract enzymatically stable lumbrokinase products from dried E. fetida powder. The experimental results provide a reference for the high utilization of earthworms.

In order to manage the polluted farmland coordinately and precisely, this paper identified the definition of polluted agriculture land and summarized the current status of Chinese polluted farmland according to the correlated researches, laws and so on at home and abroad. The current problems of partition management of heavy metal pollution in the agriculture land were analyzed through the pollution resource, assessment and transform respectively combining with the innate character of partition. A partition management and governance system that combines multidisciplinary perspectives, coordinates the characteristics of multiple elements, integrates the strengths of multiple subjects, and establishes different levels, standards and high applicability from the bottom up is proposed to improve the level of the management of heavy metals pollution on agricultural soil in China.

To study the influence of rice field integrative cultivation on soil, this article summarized the research progress on integrated rice farming models both domestically and internationally in recent years, and compared them with rice monoculture. The effects of different modes of rice field integrative cultivation on the ecological environment of paddy soil were analyzed from five aspects: soil fertility, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, soil heavy metal and soil greenhouse gas emission. The results showed that compared to rice monoculture, integrated rice farming significantly improved soil quality, increased soil nutrients, optimized soil structure, promoted soil biodiversity, reduced heavy metal accumulation, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. These findings provided important references for agricultural production and demonstrate the potential of integrated rice farming models in promoting sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment protection.

To study the impact of different underlying surfaces on meteorological elements and regional climate, as well as their climate effects, analysis of variance was adopted to compare meteorological elements of four different underlying surfaces, including shrimp paddy fields, lakes, rural areas, and cities. The significance and climate effects of each meteorological element difference were analyzed. The results showed that the degree of influence of four different underlying surfaces on various meteorological elements was as follows: wind speed > rainfall > maximum temperature > minimum temperature > humidity > average temperature. The order of the degree of influence of different underlying surfaces on wind speed and humidity was consistent as follows: lakes > shrimp rice fields > rural areas > cities. Lakes and shrimp rice fields have a cooling effect in summer and a warming effect in winter and spring. Shrimp rice fields have a greater cooling effect on the highest temperature than lakes, and lakes have a greater warming effect on the lowest temperature than shrimp rice fields. Shrimp rice fields have regulatory effects on wind, temperature, and humidity, and have good climatic and ecological benefits. This study provides scientific basis for protecting the environment and climate resources, and is of great significance for promoting the benign transformation of the ecological environment.

The aim was to explore the application effects of different water management measures in cadmium (Cd) moderately polluted farmland and ensure food safety production. In this experiment, five water management measures (conventional irrigation, whole growth period flooding, moist irrigation, periodic moist irrigation and twice field drying at tillering-heading stage) were adopted to carry out the indoor pot experiments. The experiment measured the growth status of rice, the Cd content in different parts of rice at various growth stages (tillering stage, booting stage, filling stage and maturity stage), and calculated the Cd enrichment and transport coefficients as well as changes in soil pH and organic matter. The results showed that the moist irrigation treatment increased the 1000-grain weight of rice by 8.64%, and significantly reduced the Cd content in the roots, stems and leaves of rice at tillering stage. Compared with conventional irrigation treatment, moist irrigation could significantly reduce the Cd content in mature rice grains, with a decrease of 78.83% (P<0.05), followed by the whole growth period flooding treatment (with a decrease of 39.69%). In addition, the whole growth period flooding and moist irrigation treatments mainly reduced the Cd content in rice by inhibiting the migration of Cd from stems and leaves to grains. Based on rice production and actual situation, it was recommended to use moist irrigation as a water management measure for rice planting in moderately Cd-contaminated farmland.

Burdock root is rich in numerous functional active substances and exhibits functions such as lowering blood glucose, exerting antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, regulating lipid metabolism, and modulating the intestinal flora. It is renowned as the ‘King of Vegetables’ and ‘Oriental Ginseng’. This study places emphasis on the types and physiological functions of active substances such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, dietary fibers, amino acids, fatty acids, volatile oils, lignans, phytosterols, and pentacyclic triterpenes in burdock root. It also summarizes the current status of the development and utilization of primary and advanced processing products of burdock root. On this basis, the development of the burdock root industry is prospected, with the aim of providing a reference for the application of burdock root in fields such as food, medicine, and the chemical industry, as well as for its high-quality industrialization.

The high-quality utilization of health preservation resources in leisure agriculture is key to promote the merging development of leisure agriculture and health industry. Establishing an evaluation system for health preservation resources in leisure agriculture, quantitatively evaluating the quality of health preservation resources in leisure agriculture projects, is conducive to identifying the resource advantages of expanding health preservation functions in leisure agriculture, and evaluating the potential for the development of healthy leisure agriculture industry. This study classified and analyzed the health preservation resources of leisure agriculture projects in Jiangsu, and used the analytic hierarchy process to screen and determine evaluation index factors. A leisure agriculture health preservation resource evaluation model was constructed with five elements including natural resources, environmental quality, landscape resources, health preservation food and lodging, health preservation products and facilities, and 19 factor layers. The health preservation diet, forest, health preservation accommodation, water body, and hot springs had higher weight values in the factor layer. 40 representative leisure agriculture bases in Jiangsu Province were evaluated and scored, the overall quality of health preservation resources in Jiangsu's leisure agriculture was found to be good. Environmental quality was relatively better, followed by health preservation food and lodging resources, while the potential for health preservation product resources was the greatest. Based on the existing problems in the utilization of health preservation resources in Jiangsu's leisure agriculture, development suggestions were proposed in three aspects, namely, government guidance and creating a platform, think-tank planning and scientific research support, and enterprise leadership and collaboration with farmers.

Algae-derived biostimulants is widely distributed and environmentally friendly, which contains various mineral elements and organic active substances. It can not only be directly applied in crop cultivation, but also combined with fertilizer to produce seaweed fertilizer, which has broad market prospects. In order to improve the extraction efficiency of algal-derived biostimulants, accelerate the development of seaweed fertilizer production process, and promote the high-quality development of the seaweed fertilizer market, a review was conducted on the research progress related to the extraction and addition processes of algal-derived biostimulants. Firstly, the sources and active ingredients of algae-derived biostimulants were summarized. Secondly, the applications of algae-derived biostimulants in promoting plant growth, resisting stress and improving soil ecological environment were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of physical, chemical and biological extraction methods of algal derived biostimulants were introduced, and an efficient compound extraction process was proposed. Then, the application methods of algal-derived biostimulants in urea-based high tower compound fertilizer, nitro-based high tower compound fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer and organic fertilizer were discussed. Finally, the development of the seaweed fertilizer industry was discussed and suggestions were put forward. At present, the seaweed fertilizer product market price is high, with poor production quality, and low market share. It is suggested to control the production cost of seaweed fertilizer through promoting technological innovation, optimize the seaweed fertilizer market environment through strengthening market supervision, and increase product promotion efforts through innovating technological services.

The study aims to master the natural precipitation patterns, water consumption and demand patterns of major crops, regional crop layout, and farmland water resource regulation in the Xing'an League region, which are important tasks for agricultural production and research. This study utilized meteorological data from the Zhalaite Banner National Science and Technology Demonstration Park in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia, and used the FAO Penman Monteith formula and water balance method to investigate the water consumption patterns of major crops such as semi-arid corn, peanuts, and foxtail millet in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia. Research indicated that among several major crops, soybean had the highest field water consumption and significant water deficit throughout their entire growth period, followed by corn. Peanuts and foxtail millet consumed less water in the field, resulting in relatively low water deficit. From the perspective of water use efficiency, the priority planting order of crops in the region should be corn > millet > peanut > soybean. From the perspective of water economy benefits, the order of priority crops planted in the region should be peanut > corn > foxtail millet > soybean; the priority crops for irrigation were peanut > foxtail millet > corn > soybean. Soybean planting should adopt the intercropping mode of corn and soybean, which had relatively high water use efficiency and water economic benefits. This study provides suggestions and recommendations for effectively adjusting regional crop layout and regulating agricultural water resources.

In order to accurately evaluate the harvest maturity of blueberries and ensure fruit quality, the experiment selected six blueberry cultivars: ‘Northland’, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Draper’, ‘Reka’, ‘Duke’, and ‘Blue gold’ as test materials, and used near-infrared spectroscopy to establish regression model to determine the relationship between soluble solids, titratable acids, hardness, anthocyanins, vitamin C, and absorbance difference index (I_AD value). Research had found that with fruit maturity increase, the titratable acid and hardness of blueberries significantly decreased, while the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins generally showed an upward trend. The I_AD value of blueberries showed a highly significant positive correlation with anthocyanins (r=0.90, p≤0.01) and a significant negative correlation with hardness (r=-0.82, p≤0.01). Additionally, there was a positive correlation with vitamin C and soluble solids, and a negative correlation with titratable acid. Regression equations were derived to describe the changes in the I_AD value based on the five quality indicators, demonstrating that the I_AD value can reflect the fruit maturity. The recommended harvest standards for the six main cultivars are as follows. The I_AD values of ‘Northland’ and ‘Lanjin’ are 1.9-2.0, the I_AD values of ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Draper’ are approximately 1.8, and the I_AD values of ‘Reka’ and ‘Duke’ are 1.7-1.8.

To analyze the correlation between plant species diversity and sampling area in different types of artificial lawn ecosystems, this study used a nested sampling method to track and investigate the plant species diversity of six commonly used artificial lawn ecosystems in China constructed by six different turf grasses. Two experimental treatments of manually removing weeds (MRW) and maintaining natural state (MNS) were set, and the changing patterns of plant species diversity with the increasing sampling area were analyzed. The results showed that the plant species diversity in the six different types of lawn ecosystems treated with MRW was significantly lower than that in the MNS experimental research plot, and the difference between these two experimental treatments became gradually greater as the sampling area increased, indicating that MRW management measures had a significant effect on maintaining the singularity of plant species and the evenness of plant growth in various types of lawn ecosystems. Both plant species diversity in the unit area and change rate of plant species diversity with the increased sampling area gradually decreased with the increase of construction years, indicating that the material cycle and energy flow inside the ecosystems tended to be stable, and the plant species composition and the functional structure of lawn ecosystems both were in the dynamic equilibrium states with the development and succession of lawn ecosystems. However, the maintenance mechanisms of this dynamic equilibrium state were different in the two experimental treatments of MRW and MNS, the former was that the regular artificial impurity removal management measure inhibited weed invasion and growth, while the latter was that the dominant plant species suppressed the growth and reproduction of the other types of plant species. The research results indicated that although various management measures had a strong intervention intensity on the lawn ecosystems, they still could not completely eliminate the continuous invasion and interference of various weeds; in the early stage of lawn construction, the ecosystem was unstable, and the frequency and intensity of management measures such as MRW should be increased; entering the mid- to late-stage, as the species composition and structural function of the lawn ecosystem tended to stabilize with the increase of construction years, the degree of manual intervention could be appropriately reduced, and the mutual constraint between the various components of the ecosystem could be fully utilized to manage the lawn for improving the quality of the lawn and reducing the amount of manual labor.

The effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios on the yield and quality of Chinese chive were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational fertilization. The ‘3414’ fertilizer efficiency design was adopted. Three factors of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were set up, and four levels of each factor were 0, 112.5, 225 and 337.5 kg/hm², a total of 14 treatments. The tiller number, fresh weight per plant, yield and pyruvic acid were measured. By fitting the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer effect functions, the optimal application amount was determined. The results showed that the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers increased the tillering number, fresh weight per plant, and yield of Chinese chives. The effects of the three fertilizers on yield was in the order of N>P>K. N₁, P₁ and K₁ had the highest agricultural efficiency by 116.04, 73.22 and 61.75 kg/kg. N₂, P₂ and K₂ had the highest contribution rates of fertilizers by 44.34%, 27.76% and 25.43%. However, excessive application of N, P and K fertilizers had the lowest agricultural efficiency and contribution rate. N, P and K fertilizers could significantly affect the content of pyruvic acid. In high fertility soil, the optimal fertilization rates for N, P and K are 186.32, 183.98 and 179.58 kg/hm².

As the basis for plant growth, soil quality directly determines the success or failure of landscaping in urban areas. To understand the impact of conditioners on soil quality, we selected typical relocation site soil as the research object, and studied the impact on physical and chemical properties of the soil under different conditioners, different application methods and different time. The results showed that after applying different conditioners, each conditioner could effectively reduce the pH and increase the EC value of the relocated soil within a period of time, while the organic matter and total nitrogen of the soil had a tendency of decreasing to a certain extent, among which the decrease of Fe-S treatment was the most significant, while other treatments were not obvious; the impact of each conditioner on soil physical properties did not demonstrate clear improvement, which was mainly observed in the reduction of total soil porosity, non-capillary porosity and capillary porosity, increase of soil bulk density, decrease of soil infiltration rate, maximum water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity. And among these treatments, M-S showed relatively poorer results; each treatment reduced the seed germination index, but the difference was not obvious, and the Fe-I treatment had poorer results than other treatments. The application of conditioner can improve the chemical properties of the soil in urban relocation site to a certain extent, but it is not obvious to improve the physical properties of the soil. Therefore, to achieve the desired effect of improving both the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it is suggested that the conditioner should be mixed with organic amendment materials.

To investigate the synergistic effect of side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization and silicon plus zinc fertilizer on the yield and the lodging resistance of rice, traditional fertilization and side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization were carried out using ‘South japonica 9108’ as material, with four treatments including silicon fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, silicon plus zinc fertilizer and no fertilizer, respectively. The number of stems and tillers, the physical characteristics of culm, the lodging resistance, the yield were studied under different treatments. The results showed that: (1) compared with traditional fertilization, side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization could increase the number of stems and tillers, the number of effective panicle, the yield, the stem width, and enhance the lodging resistance significantly. (2) Applying side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization with silicon fertilizer could reduce the basal inter node length, enhance the bending resistance and reduce the lodging coefficient; applying side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization with silicon plus zinc fertilizer had the best tillering ability, the most big number of effective panicle, the strongest culm and the highest yield. (3) Under fertilization methods, applying silicon plus zinc fertilizer could promote the growth of rice effectively, and reach the biggest number of effective panicle, but the effect of other traits on rice was more complicated, the superposition effect could not be achieved.

In order to comprehensively understand the production characteristics and application value of the national approved maize variety ‘Xundan 996’, the high yield, stability and adaptability of ‘Xundan 996’ were statistically analyzed by means of yield average, coefficient of variation, high stability coefficient, and regression coefficient using the data of the regional test and production test in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the average regional trial yield and production trial yield of ‘Xundan 996’ were 10431.8 kg/hm² and 9904.5 kg/hm², increasing by 3.6% and 4.6% compared with the control‘Zhengdan 958’, respectively. In the 2-year regional test, the coefficient of variation of yield was 16.73% and 12.91%, both lower than the control. The high stability coefficients were 78.29% and 82.21%, respectively, which were both higher than the control. The regression coefficients were 0.9440 and 0.9398, which were both less than 1 and lower than that of the control. The yield increase rates were 64.1% and 82.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the trial results indicate that ‘Xundan 996’ has good lodging resistance, disease resistance, and high temperature tolerance. Comprehensive analysis shows that ‘Xundan 996’ is a new maize variety with high and stable yield, wide adaptability, and strong stress resistance, which is suitable for large area planting in the summer maize area of Huang-Huai-Hai.

Hanzhong city is located on the north slope of the Bashan Mountain, the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, and in the demarcation zone of the north and south climate in China, it belongs to the north subtropical zone to the warm temperate zone, and is known as the "biological gene bank". There are abundant wild cherry variety resources in this area. Based on the survey and field investigation on the southern slope of Qin Mountains and the northern slope of Bashan (Guangwu Mountain), the results showed that there were 23 wild cherry varieties in this area, in the Qin Mountains and Bashan Mountains (600-1500 m), flowering time, petal color, fruit shape, taste, soluble solids content, the morphological diversity of seed shape, size and pollen grain shape was obvious. This investigation provides scientific basis for further exploring wild cherry variety resources, utilization and improvement of production varieties in Qinling-Bashan mountain area.

To simplify the determination methods of pumpkin polysaccharide content in breeding process, the optimized experiments of phenol sulfuric acid method after hot water extraction of pumpkin polysaccharide were carried out. The detection wavelength and H₂SO₄ amount were determined by single factor experiment using 23S18 and other pumpkin flesh. The correlation of determination results between unpurified and purified polysaccharide content was clarified. The results showed that the wavelength of pumpkin polysaccharide determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method was 490nm, and the sample in reaction system included: 5% phenol: H₂SO₄ was 2:2:7. The regression equation was established as y=0.0061x+0.1476 (R²=0.9965) and the linear relationship was good when the absorbance was in the range of 0.084-3.684. There was a significant correlation between the unpurified and purified polysaccharide content. The polysaccharide contents of 53 pumpkin parents and combinations were determined and analyzed. Two parents (23S2 and 23S14) and two combinations (23FV26 and 23FV5) with high polysaccharide content of more than 100mg/g were selected for breeding. The efficient detection system for polysaccharides was simple to operate, wide in linear range, and the determination results are significantly related to the results of purified polysaccharide, which would improve the efficiency of pumpkin polysaccharide breeding.

This study explores the genetic basis and related functional genes of rice nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), highlighting the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and summarizing the pertinent genes. NUE traits are divided into physiological traits (such as nitrogen uptake) and agronomic traits (such as tiller number) to elucidate key genes beneficial for nitrogen absorption. In physiological traits, genes affecting the absorption of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- in rice are summarized. The absorption of NH₄⁺ in rice is primarily controlled by the AMT superfamily of proteins, whereas the proteins involved in NO₃^- transport mainly fall into two categories: NRT1 and NRT2, such as overexpression of genes like OsAMT1.1 and OsNRT1.1B can increase rice's nitrogen uptake. In agronomic traits, transcription factors such as GRF4 and NGR5 regulate the expression of nitrogen metabolism genes, promoting tiller development and grain growth, thus enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. These findings provide new genetic resources for rice breeding, promising the development of high NUE and environmentally friendly new varieties.

This paper described the research progress of biocontrol microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) and their main mechanisms for the biocontrol of microbial plant pathogens. Meanwhile, this paper also briefly described the symptoms, pathogenesis, and influencing factors of tobacco black shank disease. Based on the current progress of biocontrol microorganisms to prevent and control tobacco black shank disease, this paper suggested future research directions such as broadening the screening scope of biocontrol microorganisms, delving into the molecular mechanisms of biocontrol microorganisms, utilizing genetic engineering technology to enhance biocontrol microorganisms. Moreover, the possibility of combining biocontrol microorganisms with new materials such as nanomaterials was discussed in order to achieve better prevention and control effects.

To study the water balance during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province based on the meteorological data and crop coefficients in Liaoning Province from 1963 to 2022, the SIMETAW model and climate diagnostic analysis methods were used to analyze the precipitation, water demand patterns, and water satisfaction status during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province. The impact of regional climate change on maize water demand was revealed, and the spatio-temporal evolution of effective precipitation and water demand during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province was studied. The research results showed that the effective precipitation during the whole growth period reached 481.6 mm. Among them, it was 347.4 mm in the west, 514.9 mm in the central and southern parts, and 636.8 mm in the east. The average water demand during the whole growth period of maize was 521 mm, showing no significant downward trend. The average coupling degree between precipitation and water demand during the whole growth period of maize was 0.715, that is, precipitation met 71.5% of the water demand, and the average water shortage was 28.5%. The guarantee rate of the coupling degree λ > 0.8 in the western region was only 28.3%. The maximum value of the coupling degree appeared in the east of Liaoning Province, followed by the central and southern parts of Liaoning Province, and the minimum value appeared in the west of Liaoning Province. The highest value of the coupling degree appeared during the flowering and pollination period, followed by the trumpet stage, and the lowest value appeared in the early growth stage and the maturity stage. In recent years, the coupling degree between precipitation and water demand in the early growth stage of maize has shown a significant upward trend. The coupling degree between precipitation and water demand in the early growth stage of maize is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of drought, especially in the western part of Liaoning Province where water resources are scarce.

The aims were to study the growth and development law of Yutai rice under different accumulated temperature conditions, and to explore the influence of sunshine hours and temperature in different growth stages on the yield factors of Yutai rice, and to provide agricultural meteorological service basis for optimal planting of rice in Yutai area. A Logistic growth model was constructed based on the growth index data of Yutai rice from 2017 to 2022 and meteorological factors such as accumulated temperature during growth period. By using statistical methods such as correlation analysis and regression analysis, the influence of light and temperature in different growth stages on rice yield factors was analyzed, and the prediction model of yield factors was established accordingly. The results showed that the overall accuracy of Logistic model was high in the simulation of rice growth and development in Yutai, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the simulated value and the measured value was between 0.591 and 5.100, the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (nRMSE) was between 0.087 and 0.107, and the R² between the simulated value and the measured value was between 0.970 and 0.996. The number of sunshine hours in tillering, jointing, booting and grain filling maturity of rice was significantly correlated with yield, and the accumulated temperature in heading and grain filling maturity was significantly correlated with yield. The prediction model of rice yield and grain number per ear was established by multiple linear regression method, which was verified by historical band and histogram. The prediction model has high accuracy.

This study investigates the growth of three new lily varieties in Yulin, Shaanxi, aiming to screen the lily varieties suitable for local cultivation. Lilium ‘Siberia’, ‘Frontera’ and ‘Trensor’ were cultivated from bulbs, and the phenological period, appearance, flowering traits, and bulb traits were observed and measured for comprehensive comparison. The results showed that the three introduced lily varieties presented normal growth and development in Yulin, with robust plants and good stress resistance, thus being suitable to be cultivated in Yulin. However, the three varieties exhibited differences in their traits. ‘Trensor’ outperformed ‘Siberia’ and ‘Frontera’ because of the tall plant, fast growth, long flowering stage, large stem diameter, large petals, large flower diameter, and large bulb and could be widely promoted for planting. ‘Frontera’ ranked second in terms of the plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. ‘Siberia’ had the lowest plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. Overall, the three introduced lily varieties demonstrated excellent comprehensive quality, with robust stems, dark green leaves, intact leaves and flowers, pure flower colors, and strong floral fragrance. They can be selected for expanded planting to enrich the cut flower lily market in Yulin and surrounding areas.

This paper aims to summarize and scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of existing fluoride reduction measures, providing validation and reference for further research on fluoride reduction strategies. This paper employed a combination of literature analysis, field investigations, and experimental validation to systematically assess the feasibility and effectiveness of various fluoride reduction measures at different stages, including tea tree cultivation, tea leaf harvesting, raw tea production, brick tea production, and tea consumption. Through systematic analysis and experimental validation, it was found that selecting low-fluoride tea tree varieties during cultivation and controlling the harvest time during tea leaf collection effectively reduced the fluoride content at the source. The water washing process during brick tea production was able to lower the fluoride content in the tea leaves to some extent. Additionally, adopting scientifically recommended tea-drinking practices reduced the fluoride intake from brick tea. Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite were identified as safe and effective fluoride adsorption materials. However, fluoride reduction effects were not significant when improving tea garden environments, using water blanching techniques, or adding fluoride-reducing materials during the pile fermentation process. Research on fluoride reduction measures in brick tea needs to further enhance the scientific evaluation process, improve the feasibility of practical applications, and fully consider the impact of these measures on the quality and safety of brick tea.

To study the characteristics of pedogenesis and types attribution of soils in Yongnian District of Handan City, the 3^rd National Soil Survey was carried out in the district in 2022. A total of 616 surface soil samples and 20 soil profiles were collected, 6 typical soil profiles were selected as the study subjects, and the position of each soil body in the Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy (CST) was determined through the analysis of soil profile morphological characteristics and physical and chemical properties. According to the classification search results of CST, it was found that the diagnostic layers in the test profile included ochric epipedon, cambic horizon, and argic horizon, and the diagnostic features included redoxic features, calcaric property, lithologic characters, soil temperature regimes, and soil moisture regimes. In CST, the studied soils were belonged to 3 orders of primosols, argosols, and cambosols, 4 suborders, 4 groups and 4 subgroups; meanwhile, 5 soil families and 6 soil series (Zhaili series, Jiyao series, etc.) were established of the selected soil profiles. The reference between pedogenesis and system classification of 6 soils profiles was conducted from high and base taxon. It provides a precedent for carrying out the soil survey and soil system classification work in Handan City.

This study aims to assess the ecological status of cultivated land in Hebei Province and identify associated issues, with the objective of providing recommendations to enhance the ecological security of cultivated land in the region. The methodology employed involved the systematic analysis of annual changes in key driving factors and primary obstacles. The evaluation index system of cultivated land ecological security in Hebei Province was established based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model. This system was used to systematically assess the dynamic changes of cultivated land ecological security in the province during the period from 2011 to 2020. The analysis also utilized the obstacle degree model to identify and analyze the primary factors hindering the enhancement of the cultivated land ecological security index in Hebei Province. The results indicated that (1) the comprehensive level of cultivated land ecological security in Hebei Province from 2011 to 2020 increased from the ‘critical security’ level to the ‘safer’ level, manifesting a sustained positive trajectory; (2) the cultivated land ecological security of Hebei Province was divided into two distinct phases: 2011-2017 and 2017-2020. The security index exhibited a decline in the first stage due to the impacts of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and agricultural films, while it increased in the second stage due to the transformation of agriculture to a higher level of green development; (3) the primary impediments from 2011 to 2020 had undergone a shift, transitioning from the ratio of effective irrigated area, proportion of primary industry, and the intensity of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural film utilization per unit of cultivated land to the land reclamation rate, population density, urbanization level, and the proportion of primary industry. Consequently, a series of recommendations have been proposed to enhance the cultivated land ecological security. These recommendations encompass the development of green agriculture, augmented investment in cultivated land, population control measures, the refinement of the cultivated land protection system, and the promotion of public awareness regarding cultivated land protection.

To accurately estimate the surface soil organic carbon (SOC) density and carbon storage in Fengning County, and to determine their spatial distribution and influencing factors, this study utilized 283 surface soil samples collected in 2022. Geostatistical methods and ArcGIS technology were employed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of surface SOC, and regional overlay analysis was conducted to identify key factors influencing SOC density. The results indicated that: (1) in 2022, the surface SOC density in Fengning County ranged from 1759.26 to 7810.87 t/km², with an average value of 3631.41 t/km², and a total carbon storage of 32.75 Mt; (2) among the townships, Wudaoying Township had the highest average surface SOC density at 5507.58 t/km², while Datanzhen had the largest surface SOC storage at 2.98 Mt; (3) surface SOC density showed an increasing trend with elevation, with higher densities observed in the western region and the northeastern edge of the plateau. Across different land use types, the order of surface SOC density from high to low was: grassland > forest land > tidal flats > dryland > bare land > construction land. In terms of soil types, purple soils and grey-brown soils exhibited significantly higher SOC densities compared to other soil types. The study concluded that surface SOC density was influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, and enhancing SOC content required a comprehensive consideration of topography, soil types, and land use practices.

The aim of this study is to analyze the water supply and demand of peanut in eastern Hebei Province, in order to provide a scientific basis for the development of reasonable irrigation strategies. Based on the data from 16 national meteorological stations and Zunhua Agro-meteorological Station in the region, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of water supply and demand of peanut in eastern Hebei Province from 1973 to 2022 were analyzed by using the Penman-Monteith formula and the segmented single-valued average crop coefficient method. The results showed that over the past 50 years, the mean values of effective precipitation and precipitation coupling degree of peanut in eastern Hebei Province in the whole growth period were 312.3 mm and 0.63, respectively, showing a decreasing trend (P<0.1); the mean value of water requirement was 462.9 mm, with a non-significant increasing trend; and the interannual variability of effective precipitation was greater than that of water requirement. The interannual trend of physical quantity in each growth stage was consistent with that of the whole growth period, but none of them was significant, and the interannual variability was significantly greater in the seedling stage and flower-needle stage than in the pod-setting stage and full-fruiting stage. The comparison of water supply and demand in different growth stages revealed that the precipitation coupling degree ranged from 0.08 to 0.97, and the order of their mean values was: full-fruiting stage > pod-setting stage > seedling stage > flower-needle stage. The spatial distribution of the precipitation coupling degree of peanut in eastern Hebei Province was lower in the south than in the north at the full-fruiting stage, and lower in the southwest than in the northeast part of the region at the other growth stages and the whole growth period, the high value area was mainly concentrated in the urban area of Qinhuangdao and the northern mountainous area of Qinhuangdao, while the low value area was located in Caofeidian and around the urban area of Tangshan. The probability of peanut drought in eastern Hebei Province showed an increasing trend; especially the increase of drought risk during flower-needle stage was more significant. Among the major peanut-producing counties in the region, the probability of drought occurrence was higher in Fengrun and Fengnan.

The aims are to develop green organic agriculture, promote organic planting models, vigorously advance sustainable development strategies, explore effective organic planting models, and study the cultivation of organic and conventional rice under the rotation mode of ‘rice + broad bean + rice’. The experiment adopted adjacent planting in the field, set up duplicate and control groups, and the detection of various indicators was determined according to the corresponding national standards. Based on the experimental results, the impact of different planting modes on the quality and economic benefits of rice in Yunnan was analyzed. The results showed that the cadmium and arsenic levels in the organic planting mode were lower than those of the conventional rice, and the contents of lead, chromium, and copper were all higher than those of the conventional rice. The organic⁺ mode had higher contents of other heavy metals except for cadmium, which was lower than that of the conventional rice. Through analysis of variance, P>0.05, the differences in various safety quality indicators between different treatments were not significant; the nutritional quality of rice was higher than that of conventional planting, except for dietary fiber, which was lower than that of conventional planting. All nutritional quality indicators of the organic+ mode were higher than those of conventional planting. The overall nutritional quality of the organic planting mode was higher than that of conventional planting. Organic planting could improve the nutritional quality of rice to a certain extent, but after analysis of variance, P>0.05, the difference was not significant; Organic planting had high initial production input costs and lower yields than conventional planting. However, the market price advantage of organic rice was obvious, and the final profit was 2.5 times that of conventional planting, with good economic benefits. By comparing the two different modes of conventional planting and organic planting, this study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for further optimizing the rice industry structure in Yunnan and improving the planting mode in some areas.

To provide scientific reference for soil quality evaluation and agricultural green development in China, this study used bibliometric methods to conduct quantitatively analysis, screened the hotspots and frontiers of soil quality evaluation based on minimum data set (MDS), and summarized the current methods and indicators used to select the MDS in soil quality research. By searching relevant literatures on CNKI and Web of Science from 1991 to 2022, we collected and screened 310 MDS. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct co-occurrence analysis of the annual number of publications, countries/regions, institutions, journals, and to perform burst words and clusters analysis on keywords. Over the past 31 years, the publications in this field have gradually increased and remain in a phase of rapid development. China is the country with the largest number of publications. The journals with the largest number of publications are Acta Ecologica Sinica, Chinese Journal of Soil Science, and Ecological Indicators, respectively. The main research hotspots were the impact of agricultural management on soil quality, soil degradation and remediation, soil quality response to climate change, MDS screening methods and model construction, respectively. In the early stage, MDS in soil quality evaluation mainly used physical and chemical indicators, but with the development of soil health, the use of biological indicators has gradually increased. So the number of publications will be still in a rapid growth stage in the next period of time, and developing countries will play an important role in the globe. The core indicators are SOM/SOC, pH, TN, AP and BD, respectively. In future, research on MDS should focus on the building of soil health quality evaluation framework system, which combines static evaluation and dynamic monitoring in different scales and comprehensively reflects soil functions based on big data. The MDS and evaluation system corresponding to soil quality change under the background of climate change should be discussed, and evaluation model and optimal MDS (OMDS) should be constructed to accurately reflect soil quality change rules.

Heavy metal contamination of soil affects soil and crop quality and poses a threat to human health. Traditional phytoremediation techniques face challenges such as prolonged remediation cycles, poor adaptability, and the complexity of pollution, thus making it crucial to explore the mechanisms of removal, decomposition, and detoxification through enhanced phytoremediation technologies in heavy metal-contaminated soils. By collecting literature on intensive phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils, we concisely described techniques such as genetic engineering, the application of plant growth regulators, microbial synergistic remediation, and the addition of chelating agents, focusing on how these techniques enhance plant tolerance to heavy metal ions and affect their transport within the plant. This paper proposed that future agricultural production should focus more on understanding the molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory networks of plants, as well as the demand and uptake capacity of different plants for specific nutrients. Additionally, it suggested exploring more in situ bioresistance resources and combinatorial modes, enriching the symbiotic systems of bacteria and plants within contamination ranges, optimizing the dosage of chelating agents, and prioritizing biodegradable chelating agents or developing environmentally friendly substitutes. These efforts aimed to provide a theoretical and practical basis for utilizing enhanced phytoremediation technologies to address soil heavy metal contamination.

Through the 2022 Hebei Province Farmland Quality Evaluation Project, data from farmland quality monitoring points in eight counties of the Ningjinbo-Daluze low plain area were summarized and analyzed to evaluate the quality of farmland and soil nutrient status in the region. Using the grid method to evenly arrange sample evaluation units, the five-point method was adopted to collect cultivated soil samples from the surface layer (0-20 cm), and laboratory tests were conducted according to the soil testing series standards. Referring to the National Farmland Quality Grade Evaluation Index System of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the weight of the indicators was determined. For numerical indicators of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium, the membership degree was determined by establishing functional relationships. For other conceptual indicators, the Delphi method expert scoring was used to give the membership degree, and the cumulative method was used to calculate the comprehensive index of arable land quality to obtain the arable land quality grade. The results showed that the average quality grade of cultivated land in the area was 3.51, with the main cultivated land grades being third and fourth grade. The third grade cultivated land was the main body, with an area of 140191 hm², accounting for 49.44% of the total cultivated land area in the area. The overall level of nutrients in the cultivated land in this area was relatively high, all of which were above level three. Nutrients were evenly distributed within the region, and the maximum values of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium appeared around the ancient Daluze marsh land. By analyzing the factors affecting the quality evaluation of cultivated land, such as irrigation guarantee, the texture and configuration of the plow layer, and the reserve of organic matter content, measures and suggestions for maintaining the quality level of cultivated land in the region were proposed, providing reference for soil nutrient monitoring, improving cultivated land quality, protecting ecological balance, and maintaining sustainable agricultural development in other low plain areas in Hebei Province.

This study aimed to explore an ideal plant type model for high light efficiency rice cultivation in Yunnan Province, thereby promoting rice yields. The experiment utilized low light efficiency rice varieties, namely 'Chujing 27' (HP1), 'Taiwan Upland Rice' (HP2), 'AZUCENA' (HP3), and 'B3619C-7B-8-1-4' (HP4), as well as high light efficiency rice varieties, specifically 'Denong 205' (HP5), 'Dianjingyou 1' (HP6), 'Diantun' 502 (HP7), 'Yunda 107' (HP8), and 'Dianrui 449' (HP9), as experimental materials to investigate rice variety plant type patterns. A single-factor randomized block design was employed, with 9 rice varieties constituting the treatments and 4 replicates per treatment. Rice planting, water, and fertilizer management were conducted according to conventional rice cultivation methods, and relevant agronomic traits for high light efficiency were measured at maturity. The results indicated that the ideal plant type pattern of high light efficiency varieties in Yunnan Province exhibited the following characteristics: a plant height ranging from 90 to 110 cm; a panicle length of 22.0 to 25.3 cm; the number of secondary branches of 25.1 to 31.1; a flag leaf base angle of 10.5 to 17.1°, a flag leaf opening angle of 11.7 to 17.4°, a flag leaf length of 18.7 to 31.1 cm, and a flag leaf width of 1.4 to 1.8 cm. This experiment has elucidated the ideal plant type pattern for high light efficiency rice in Yunnan, thus providing a theoretical foundation for breeding such rice varieties.

In response to the pressing challenges of land resource scarcity, climate change, and environmental pollution, this study designs an AIoT-based smart soilless cultivation system that integrates soilless cultivation with modern information technology. The system aims to overcome the limitations of traditional agriculture and promote the development of agricultural automation, intelligence, and precision management. This system incorporates Internet of Things (IoT) sensing, computer vision, big data analytics, and machine learning technologies. It employs multi-source heterogeneous data fusion to analyze crop growth conditions, utilizes artificial intelligence algorithms for intelligent greenhouse environment regulation, and enables remote visual monitoring through web and mobile interfaces. The entire system is highly integrated in terms of hardware and software on the Jetson nano platform, offering excellent parallel computing capabilities and scalability. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the manually managed control group, vegetables under the intelligent regulation exhibited a 15.4% shorter growth cycle, a 17.0% increase in plant height, a 26.7% increase in leaf count, and a 27.4% improvement in plant weight. Additionally, the remote control interface proved to be convenient and efficient, validating the system's outstanding performance in promoting the modernization of soilless agricultural cultivation. This system provides robust technical support for the development of precision agriculture and has the potential to drive modern agriculture towards sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly development.

In order to screen for Huai'an Medicinal Celery (HY) strains that are more suitable for cultivation in the Huai'an region and have excellent comprehensive quality, ‘HY-1’, ‘HY-2’, ‘HY-3’ and ‘HY-4’ were used as experimental materials to compare agronomic traits, photosynthetic characteristics and nutritional quality using significant difference analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that ‘HY-3’ was dominant in the four lines except for leaflet width, plant height and spread degree. The most obvious advantages were the number of leaflet (172.67 per plant) and plant weight (256.60 g/per plant). Among the four lines, ‘HY-3’ had the highest net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency, while ‘HY-4’ had the highest transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration. Leaflet chlorophyll content (42.13 SPAD), apigenin (1.55 mg/g in leaflet, 0.88 mg/g in petiole) and luteolin (1.77 mg/g in leaflet, 0.28 mg/g in petiole) of ‘HY-3’ were the highest among the 4 lines, and lignin content was relatively high (12.82 mg/g in leaflet, 10.17 mg/g in petiole). The correlation analysis showed that the leaflet length and leaflet width were positively correlated, and the contents of apigenin and luteolin were positively correlated in the 4 ‘HY’ lines. In summary, the ‘HY-3’ has better agronomic traits, photosynthetic capacity, water utilization rate and nutritional quality, and has higher adaptability to stress and high yield potential.

To improve the quality of artificially cultivated licorice, a pot experiment was conducted at Yulin University using Ural licorice as the experimental material to analyze and evaluate its biomass, physiological and biochemical indicators, and root anatomical structure after adding exogenous silicon under drought stress. The results showed that the addition of exogenous silicon significantly increased the accumulation of dry matter in licorice under drought stress; the synthesis of glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrrhizinwas significantly promoted; under drought stress, exogenous silicon addition increased root dry weight from 0.93 g/plant to 1.31 g/plant; the synthesis and accumulation of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acidwere promoted, malondialdehyde contentwas reduced, leaf proline content and root soluble sugar contentwere increased, and xylem area/cross-sectional area and phloem/anatomical cross-sectional areawere increased; The addition of exogenous silicon significantly increased the hydraulic conductivity of licorice plants by 39.15% and 302% under two different soil moisture conditions, and the hydraulic conductivity and root injury volume of licorice plants were significantly positively correlated with licorice yield. The addition of exogenous silicon under drought stress improved the quality of licorice, promoted the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites, enhanced root water absorption efficiency and overall hydraulic conductivity, and participated in the formation of root tissues under stress, thereby increasing licorice yield.

The study aimed to clarify the host fitness and potential damage of the major invasive insect of Spodoptera frugiperda to different crops besides maize, providing a scientific basis for damage risk assessment of host shift and the population monitoring of the pest. The effects of individual development, survival rate and fecundity of S. frugiperda fed on different crops of pepper, tomato, sugarcane, coix and ginger were determined indoors, and then were compared and analyzed with maize as the control. Furthermore, fitness of S. frugiperda on various crops was evaluated based on the population growth trend index (I). The results showed that the adaptability of S. frugiperda on different crops was declined significantly compared with the preferable host of maize. The effects of five different crops on S. frugiperda mainly manifested as the developmental duration prolonged, survival rate reduced, pupal weight and the adults emergence rate declined, the shorter longevity of adults, less average eggs laid per female and lower egg hatching rate. Pepper exhibited the most adverse impact on S. frugiperda, such as the larval duration, larval survival rate, pupal weight and female longevity of the pest fed on pepper were 37.40 d, 18.52%, 0.1130 g and 5.25 d, respectively, while those on maize were 16.52 d, 92.59%, 0.2178 g and 11.74 d, respectively. The results showed that S. frugiperda feeding on pepper could not finish its life cycle. Although the S. frugiperda could develop normally and completed its whole life cycle fed on tomato, sugarcane, coix and ginger, but the relative fitness wasonly 0.023, 0.107, 0.112 and 0.130, respectively. The population growth trend index (I) of S. frugiperda feeding on maize was 226.38. In conclusion, maize is the most preferable host for S. frugiperda. The crops of tomato, sugarcane, coix and ginger are not the suitable hosts for population reproduction of S. frugiperda. However, S. frugiperdas till can complete its life cycle by feeding on its young leaves, indicating its potential hazard risk, and the risk of pepper is minimal.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is widely present in animals, plants, and microbial cells and serves as a key precursor for tetrapyrrole compounds. It participates in the synthesis of essential metabolites such as heme, vitamin B₁₂, and chlorophyll, exhibiting diverse physiological functions. This paper summarized the biosynthesis pathway of 5-ALA and its transport mechanism across different cell types, analyzed the functions and regulatory mechanisms of important downstream metabolites derived from 5-ALA, and reviewed the current applications of 5-ALA in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. Furthermore, this paper highlighted existing challenges, including immaturity of biosynthesis technology and lack of standardized application protocols, and provided future research prospects to guide its potential applications in agriculture.

Brassica rapa var. chinensis and Brassica rapa var. glabra were employed as experimental materials, with the sampling methods such as aggregation index, m^*-m regression analysis and Taylor’s power law, and the spatial distribution pattern and characteristic of clubroot disease under greenhouse cultivation were analyzed, and the sampling techniques were studied to further improve the investigation and prediction ability of the disease. The result showed that the disease developed severe when the test area was closer to the center of the greenhouse, and relatively light when it was near the edge in the two crops. Test of aggregation index showed that the main trends of clubroot disease were fitted to uniform distribution under the condition of heavy occurrence, but aggregation distribution would also occur in the lower occurrence area. Regression analysis of m^*-m and Taylor’s power law indicated that the individual colony was the basal component of the spatial distribution of clubroot disease and they attracted each other slightly. The distribution pattern of individual colony tended to be uniform distribution, and this trend was increased with the increasing disease grade of individual plant in the two crops. On the basis of the above analysis, the optimal theoretical sampling model and sequential sampling model of clubroot disease in the two crops were presented. This study results were helpful to improve efficiency in the investigation and sampling of clubroot disease, and it provided evidence for early-forecast and prevention decision.

To explore the effects of different plant growth regulators, concentrations and treatment time on rooting of A. trifoliata cuttings, using the A. trifoliata introduced in Three Gorges Botanical Garden as test material, the orthogonal experiment design and the subordination function were used to comprehensively evaluate the rooting indexes. The results showed that the adventitious root formation of A. trifoliata belonged to the bark rooting, and the number of adventitious from node and internode accounted for 26.4% and 73.6% of the total number of adventitious roots, respectively. The effects of three factors on rooting were ranked as treatment time> plant growth regulator types> concentrations. Among the three treatment times (2, 4 and 6 h), the rooting effect of 4 h treatment had the best effectiveness; among the three plant growth regulators, IBA+ NAA (1:1) showed the best performance; and there were no significant difference among plant growth regulator concentrations (50, 150 and 250 mg/L). Among the 10 treatment combinations, 250 mg/L IBA+ 250 mg/L NAA for 2 h had the highest average subordinate function value and best rooting effect. This research provided scientific basis for propagation superior variety of A. trifoliata.