The article systematically reviewed the research status of Chinese Clematis plants in germplasm resource investigation, cultivation and reproduction, pharmacology and garden applications, analyzed the regional representative distribution of Clematis germplasm resources due to different climatic conditions, and discussed the relationship between Clematis breeding and eco-geographical response. It was concluded that temperature control, light, appropriate amount of plant growth regulator and good culture medium were effective means to improve the breeding technology of Clematis, and the medicinal chemical composition, efficacy and landscaping forms of different species Clematis from the aspect of resource value utilization were further analyzed. It was suggested that the resources of Clematis with little development potential should be protected, and cross-breeding and utilization of the germplasm with good performance in the existing Clematis resources should be done.

In order to explore the potential advantages of ‘Chuanmai 614’, and better serve production and application, this study analyzed its yield performance. Using 3-year regional trial data, the yield, stability and adaptability of ‘Chuanmai 614’ were studied using the analysis method of multi-year and multi-point comparison test and the GGE biplot model. The results showed that the average yield of ‘Chuanmai 614’ was 6031.50 kg/hm², ranking second, with good stability and adaptability to multiple environments. In the production experiment, the average yield of ‘Chuanmai 614’ was 7031.55 kg/hm², which ranked the first, and there was an increase of 8.79% compared to the control. Among the GGE biplot model analysis, the ‘variety with highest yield in different places’ functional diagram indicated that ‘Chuanmai 614’ had high production and good adaptability in Dazhou, Neijiang, Nanbu, Shuangliu, and Zhongjiang; the functional diagram of ‘high yield and stable yield’ showed that among all the varieties, ‘Chuanmai 614’ had the highest yield and good stability. The GGE biplot chart with concentric circles indicated that ‘Chuanmai 614’ had good yield and stability. Overall, ‘Chuanmai 614’ is a new nutrient efficient variety with good yield and stability.

In order to study the impact of maximum residue limit standards for agricultural and veterinary drugs on China honey export trade, this article provides an overview of the current agricultural and veterinary drug residue limit regulations and standards in China, the European Union, the United States, Japan, and Australia, as well as the maximum residue limit standards in honey. It also compares and analyzes the relevant limit regulations and standards in China with the aforementioned countries and regions. As a result, China only has limited regulations on 6 pesticides and veterinary drugs in honey in national standards, whereas the European Union, Japan, Australia, and the United States have respectively established limits for 538, 79, 4, and 3 pesticides and veterinary drugs in their respective national standards and regulations. China industry standards have 13 MRL standards for pesticides and veterinary drugs, which have revised and supplemented the National Standard to some extent. However, compared with the standard systems of developed countries, standards for the limit of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in honey are relatively weak in China. Furthermore，There are differences in the types and quantities of MRL standards for agricultural and veterinary drugs in honey between China and other countries and regions such as the European Union, but China's standards are in line with its actual national conditions. In order to avoid the obstruction of honey export, we can refer to the standards of other countries and regions with China honey trade, and provide technical support for the revision of MRL standards for agricultural and veterinary drugs in China.

As universal power machinery in the field of green agriculture, the power transmission configuration of new energy & intelligent tractors (NI Tractors) simplifies the mechanical system. It makes easier for the machine to achieve digital control and possessing new characteristics of agricultural modernization. New energy intelligent tractors are more likely to promote the integration of facilities, agronomy, and agricultural machinery into a digital intelligent model, thereby creating comprehensive benefits for facility agriculture in desert and gobi. The new energy intelligent tractor industry can also drive the emerging industry chain of agricultural machinery chip manufacturing, permanent magnet synchronous motors, power batteries, and other fields, thus possessing the characteristics of modern and new quality productivity in agriculture. The process of independent development of new energy tractor technology in China is carried out at the same time as that of foreign countries, and some technologies have reached the level of parallel and leading. It is necessary to timely summarize the development characteristics of new energy intelligent tractor technology to help China agriculture achieve stable and far-reaching development. The study first introduces the definition, characteristics, and scenarios of new energy tractors, and discusses their significance for Chinese style development in areas such as dual carbon goals, green agriculture, overtaking on curves, industrial economy, and cultural heritage; secondly, it introduces the current situation of new energy tractor products at home and abroad, and explains the development trend of key technologies such as power management, drive systems, one source for multi use, and smart source electric connection; finally, the development vision and docking suggestions for new energy tractors are proposed. This article summarizes the future development trends of tractor energy greening, autonomous operation intelligence, and integration of facility farmland agricultural machinery, helping to construct a zero carbon agricultural machinery theoretical system and implement zero carbon agricultural machinery product technology, providing reference for the modernization of China's agricultural machinery development.

To breed the double-low (low erucic acid and low glucosinolates) rapeseed variety with the double-high of yield and oil-content, strong stress tolerance and wide adaptability, we used cytoplasmic male line 'Han 3A' as female parent to cross with the restorer line '475R', after selection and identification, we obtained a variety 'Hanyou 23' with high oil content and high yield and multi resistance in Brassica napus L. Its average yield in comparative experiment of new rapeseed varieties in the Yangtze River Basin (the upper, middle and lower reaches) for two consecutive years (2020-2022) was 3167.8 kg/hm², the erucic acid content was 0.105%, the glucosinolate content was 17.48 μmol/g, and the oil content was 47.57%. This variety had resistance to sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral diseases, strong cold resistance and good lodging resistance. The variety was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2024 with the registration number GPD rape (2024) 610234.‘Hanyou 23’was a hybrid Brassica napus variety with high yield and superior quality, strong stress tolerance, wide adaptability and suitability for agriculture mechanization. This paper provided the basis for its popularization and application by introducing the breeding process, characteristics and high-yield cultivation technology.

Using blueberry ‘Eureka’ as experimental material, the effects of five light quality treatment combinations on blueberry fruit quality were studied to provide theoretical basis for scientific production. The results showed that, compared with the control, the single fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameter, total anthocyanin and total flavonol content of treatment T2 (the light intensity is 28 μmol/(m²·s), and the spectrum is red: blue light=5:1, single power 27 W, length 1220 mm lamp is placed side by side at 30 cm at the top of blueberry plant) were the highest, which were higher than those of the control (no lamp tube), but the difference was not significant. The solid-acid ratio and sugar-acid ratio of treatment T₄ (the light intensity is 21 μmol/(m²·s) and the spectrum is red: blue light=1.4:1, single power 16 W, length 1080 mm lamp is placed side by side at the top 30 cm of blueberry plant) were significantly higher than those of the control, the content of total acid (citric acid, malic acid, shikimic acid) was significantly lower than that of the control, and the hardness and soluble solids content of treatment T₄ were the highest, higher than that of the control, but the difference was not significant. The total sugar content (glucose, fructose, sucrose) of treatment T₅ (The light intensity is 21 μmol/(m²·s), and the spectrum is red: blue light=1.4:1, single power 16 W, length 1080 mm, two rows side by side at the top 30 cm of the blueberry plant, and one row of lights at the bottom (along the blueberry basin). was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of the control. The comprehensive score of treatment T₄ was the highest. Treatment T₄ had the best effect on improving the fruit quality of blueberry, that is side by side at the distance from the 30 cm at the top of the blueberry plant, two rows of lamps with a light intensity of 21 μmol/(m²·s), and a spectrum of red light: blue light=1.4:1, single power 16 W, length 1080 mm.

To study the impact of different underlying surfaces on meteorological elements and regional climate, as well as their climate effects, analysis of variance was adopted to compare meteorological elements of four different underlying surfaces, including shrimp paddy fields, lakes, rural areas, and cities. The significance and climate effects of each meteorological element difference were analyzed. The results showed that the degree of influence of four different underlying surfaces on various meteorological elements was as follows: wind speed > rainfall > maximum temperature > minimum temperature > humidity > average temperature. The order of the degree of influence of different underlying surfaces on wind speed and humidity was consistent as follows: lakes > shrimp rice fields > rural areas > cities. Lakes and shrimp rice fields have a cooling effect in summer and a warming effect in winter and spring. Shrimp rice fields have a greater cooling effect on the highest temperature than lakes, and lakes have a greater warming effect on the lowest temperature than shrimp rice fields. Shrimp rice fields have regulatory effects on wind, temperature, and humidity, and have good climatic and ecological benefits. This study provides scientific basis for protecting the environment and climate resources, and is of great significance for promoting the benign transformation of the ecological environment.

In order to manage the polluted farmland coordinately and precisely, this paper identified the definition of polluted agriculture land and summarized the current status of Chinese polluted farmland according to the correlated researches, laws and so on at home and abroad. The current problems of partition management of heavy metal pollution in the agriculture land were analyzed through the pollution resource, assessment and transform respectively combining with the innate character of partition. A partition management and governance system that combines multidisciplinary perspectives, coordinates the characteristics of multiple elements, integrates the strengths of multiple subjects, and establishes different levels, standards and high applicability from the bottom up is proposed to improve the level of the management of heavy metals pollution on agricultural soil in China.

Determining the safety threshold of heavy metals in soil is an important measure to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products in China. By studying the accumulation and transportation characteristics of five heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) in different organs of corn and wheat in the cities of Jinchang, Zhangye and Baiyin in Gansu Province and establishing the relationship between the effective content of Cr, Cd, Pb, As, and Hg in soil and crop grains, this study identified the safety threshold of effective heavy metals in soil for corn and wheat systems. This study employed the method and principles of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and derived the safety threshold of effective heavy metals in soil for corn and wheat planting systems based on the cumulative probability distribution curve of the Logistic function distribution model. The results showed that the accumulation pattern of Cr, Cd, Pb, As and Hg in wheat plants was consistent, namely, roots>stems>grains, and similarly, the accumulation pattern of Cr, Pb, As and Hg in corn plants was roots>stems>grains, while the accumulation pattern of Cd was stems>roots>grains. Utilizing the Logistic function distribution model to fit the cumulative probability distribution curve based on the effective content of heavy metals, the safety thresholds of effective Cr, Cd, Pb, As and Hg in wheat soil were determined to be 0.019, 0.771, 35.294, 2.777 and 0.133 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the safety thresholds of effective Cr, Cd, Pb, As and Hg in corn soil were determined to be 0.296, 7.90, 52.363, 12.462 and 0.119 mg/kg, respectively. The results of this study indicate that estimating the safe threshold of effective heavy metal content based on the cumulative probability distribution curve method was scientific, providing a scientific basis and support for the safe planting and risk control of wheat and corn.

To explore new approaches for the application of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms in agriculture, this study conducted a literature review and analysison the screening of cellulose degrading bacteria and the optimization of enzyme production in recent years, summarizing and analyzing four key aspects: strain types, enzyme production condition optimization, construction of composite microbial communities, and applications of these microbial communities in agriculture. The study outlines different screening strategies and advantages of various strains, analyzes the raw material types and strain specificity for optimizing cellulose-degrading enzyme production conditions, and discusses the necessity and significance of constructing composite microbial communities. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of cellulose-degrading microorganisms (or communities) in three areas: biofertilizers, crop residue utilization, and bioenergy. The study identifies current limitations, such as the limited variety of cellulases produced by single strains and the need for optimized enzyme production conditions in composite microbial communities. To address these issues, the study proposes focusing on enhancing the screening of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms, utilizing molecular biology techniques to construct gene banks for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, and studying their degradation mechanisms. These efforts aim to improve the efficiency of screening for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, reduce the waste of agricultural resources, and promote rapid agricultural development and resource recycling.

In order to improve the overall utilization efficiency of agricultural land in Hubei Province, the suitability of agricultural land in Hubei Province was analyzed and evaluated. 16 evaluation factors in five aspects, including topography, soil, environment, climate and social economy, were selected to evaluate the suitability of three types of agricultural land (cultivated land, forest land and orchard land) in Hubei Province. The 1km raster data was used as the evaluation unit, and the index weights were determined by AHP analytic hierarchy process and Delphi method, and five suitability grades of agricultural land were divided: suitable, relatively suitable, generally suitable, less suitable and unsuitable. The results showed that the suitable areas of cultivated land, orchard land and forest land were 15.3%, 11.6% and 9.0%, respectively, and the more suitable areas and suitable areas of the three types of agricultural land were basically concentrated in the Jianghan Plain and the north of Hubei Province, the area had sufficient light and heat, suitable environmental and soil conditions, suitable areas were included in the more suitable areas, and the areas with higher suitability were mainly concentrated in the east and south of Hubei Province, followed by the north and the west of Hubei Province. The above results can provide a reference for land use planning and agricultural land development in Hubei Province.

In order to collect crop germplasm resources in Nanyang and understand their current status, relying on the third national general survey and collection action on crop germplasm resources, crop germplasm resources investigation team of Nanyang visited 4 key agricultural counties, 75 townships, 1241 administrative villages from 2021 to 2023, and classified, organized, analyzed the collected germplasm resources. A total of 352 endangered, rare, and excellent crop germplasm resources were collected, including 98 food crops, 171 vegetables, 30 fruit trees, 28 cash crops, and 25 forage green manure, involving 131 species from 95 genera in 32 families, and 5 particularly rare and excellent crop resources were collected. The research results provide possibilities for the protection and innovation of crop germplasm resources in Nanyang City.

In order to explore the pollution status and health risks of heavy metals in rice grains in a county of southern Henan, 68 rice grain samples were collected in the area in September 2021. The contents of chromium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS-TQ) and direct mercury detection. The risk degree of heavy metals in rice was evaluated by single factor and Nemerowcomprehensive pollution index method, and the potential health risk of heavy metals from rice grains was evaluated by target hazard quotient (THQ) promoted by US EPA. The results showed that the average content of heavy metals in 68 rice grains did not exceed the Chinese Food Hygiene Standards, but the arsenic and cadmium contents in some samples exceeded the standards. The comprehensive pollution index (P_N) of heavy metals in rice grain was 0.49, which was safe. ADD of adults and children was higher than RfD, and hazard quotients (HQ) of As were 3.11 and 4.80, which indicated that there was a certain risk of arsenic content in rice grains. The total hazard index (HI) of heavy metals to the exposed population was greater than 1, indicating that the long-term consumption of the rice by local residents may cause adverse health effects. In summary, the rice grain samples in the research area have been contaminated with arsenic, posing certain health risks. The local government needs to strengthen dynamic monitoring of the rice planting process, pay attention to the changes in the form and effective state of arsenic, ensuring food security.

To investigate the favorable environmental conditions for the seed germination and seeding emergence of Angelica dahurica, and to address the practical issue of the low seedling rate of emergence of Angelica dahurica in field cultivation, the simple and effective methods to enhance the rate of emergence of Angelica dahurica seeds were explored. A two-factor split-plot design was employed under field conditions. The substrates with different ratios, such as peat soil, peat soil:garden soil, and peat soil:garden soil :perlite, as well as garden soil alone, were arranged in the main plots. Seed sowing treatments with no covering, and burial depths of 1 cm, 3 cm, and 5 cm were arranged in the sub-plots. The seed germination, seeding emergence, and growth conditions of Angelica dahurica were determined with different substrates and burial depths. The results indicated that there was a significant interaction effect between different substrates and burial depths. The seed emergence and seedling growth of Angelica dahurica were significantly impacted by the substrates with different ratios. The most suitable substrates were peat soil: garden soil at a 1:1 ratio and peat soil: garden soil: perlite at a 2:2:1 ratio. Furthermore, the effect of burial depth on seed emergence was significant, and the seeding rate of emergence was the highest at 1 cm depth. When cultivating Angelica dahurica in field conditions, a 1:1 mixture of peat soil and garden soil with a burial depth of 1 cm could serve as a simple and effective method to enhance seedling emergence, promote growth, and improve soil structure.

The aim was to explore the application effects of different water management measures in cadmium (Cd) moderately polluted farmland and ensure food safety production. In this experiment, five water management measures (conventional irrigation, whole growth period flooding, moist irrigation, periodic moist irrigation and twice field drying at tillering-heading stage) were adopted to carry out the indoor pot experiments. The experiment measured the growth status of rice, the Cd content in different parts of rice at various growth stages (tillering stage, booting stage, filling stage and maturity stage), and calculated the Cd enrichment and transport coefficients as well as changes in soil pH and organic matter. The results showed that the moist irrigation treatment increased the 1000-grain weight of rice by 8.64%, and significantly reduced the Cd content in the roots, stems and leaves of rice at tillering stage. Compared with conventional irrigation treatment, moist irrigation could significantly reduce the Cd content in mature rice grains, with a decrease of 78.83% (P<0.05), followed by the whole growth period flooding treatment (with a decrease of 39.69%). In addition, the whole growth period flooding and moist irrigation treatments mainly reduced the Cd content in rice by inhibiting the migration of Cd from stems and leaves to grains. Based on rice production and actual situation, it was recommended to use moist irrigation as a water management measure for rice planting in moderately Cd-contaminated farmland.

This study compared different methods and parameters for extracting earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme (EFE) from Eisenia fetida, analyzed the enzyme properties, and promoted the development and utilization of earthworm processing byproducts. The extraction process of EFE was studied by combining fibrin plate enzyme activity assay, dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The optimal extraction process was as follows: using dry earthworm powder as raw material, extract with 5 times the mass ratio of 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer, centrifuge twice and combine the supernatants; precipitate the crude extract with 80% ammonium sulfate, concentrate with a membrane separation method with a pore size of 10k-200 kD, and limit the membrane circulation filtration to ≤50 min; freeze-dry without adding a protective agent. Under this extraction and drying process, the enzyme activity of the freeze-dried powder was 201.8 million U/g. Enzyme characterization studies revealed that the enzyme comprised six earthworm-specific proteins with molecular weights ranging from 24.7 kD to 26.3 kD. The optimal pH range for the enzyme solution is 7.2 to 8.0, with a relatively stable pH range of 7.4 to 8.8. The optimal temperature for the enzyme solution is below 50℃, and it remains stable below 60℃. After 80 days of storage at 4℃, the enzyme activity retention rate can reach 90%. The ammonium sulfate-freeze drying method can extract enzymatically stable lumbrokinase products from dried E. fetida powder. The experimental results provide a reference for the high utilization of earthworms.

The high-quality utilization of health preservation resources in leisure agriculture is key to promote the merging development of leisure agriculture and health industry. Establishing an evaluation system for health preservation resources in leisure agriculture, quantitatively evaluating the quality of health preservation resources in leisure agriculture projects, is conducive to identifying the resource advantages of expanding health preservation functions in leisure agriculture, and evaluating the potential for the development of healthy leisure agriculture industry. This study classified and analyzed the health preservation resources of leisure agriculture projects in Jiangsu, and used the analytic hierarchy process to screen and determine evaluation index factors. A leisure agriculture health preservation resource evaluation model was constructed with five elements including natural resources, environmental quality, landscape resources, health preservation food and lodging, health preservation products and facilities, and 19 factor layers. The health preservation diet, forest, health preservation accommodation, water body, and hot springs had higher weight values in the factor layer. 40 representative leisure agriculture bases in Jiangsu Province were evaluated and scored, the overall quality of health preservation resources in Jiangsu's leisure agriculture was found to be good. Environmental quality was relatively better, followed by health preservation food and lodging resources, while the potential for health preservation product resources was the greatest. Based on the existing problems in the utilization of health preservation resources in Jiangsu's leisure agriculture, development suggestions were proposed in three aspects, namely, government guidance and creating a platform, think-tank planning and scientific research support, and enterprise leadership and collaboration with farmers.

Kadsura coccinea has various values such as medicinal, edible, and ornamental uses, and is commonly cultivated in southern regions, but there has no reports on the introduction of K. coccinea in northern regions. To promote the introduction and cultivation of K. coccinea in central Shandong region, this article summarized the current status of domestic wild K. coccinea resource domestication, the breeding of superior varieties, and research on cultivation techniques. Through analysis of soil, moisture, light, temperature, and climatic adaptability, the feasibility of cultivating K. coccinea in central Shandong region was theoretically possible. It was proposed that the application of ecological cultivation model could theoretically achieve the introduction and cultivation of K. coccinea in the central Shandong region. To address the issue of sustainable industrial development after the introduction of K. coccinea, it is necessary to select varieties suitable for cultivation in the central Shandong region and promote cultivation techniques; to explore sales channels for K. coccinea to expand its medicinal, edible, and ornamental markets; and to strengthen the development and utilization of K. coccinea derivatives to enhance the added value of raw materials and industrial benefits.

Algae-derived biostimulants is widely distributed and environmentally friendly, which contains various mineral elements and organic active substances. It can not only be directly applied in crop cultivation, but also combined with fertilizer to produce seaweed fertilizer, which has broad market prospects. In order to improve the extraction efficiency of algal-derived biostimulants, accelerate the development of seaweed fertilizer production process, and promote the high-quality development of the seaweed fertilizer market, a review was conducted on the research progress related to the extraction and addition processes of algal-derived biostimulants. Firstly, the sources and active ingredients of algae-derived biostimulants were summarized. Secondly, the applications of algae-derived biostimulants in promoting plant growth, resisting stress and improving soil ecological environment were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of physical, chemical and biological extraction methods of algal derived biostimulants were introduced, and an efficient compound extraction process was proposed. Then, the application methods of algal-derived biostimulants in urea-based high tower compound fertilizer, nitro-based high tower compound fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer and organic fertilizer were discussed. Finally, the development of the seaweed fertilizer industry was discussed and suggestions were put forward. At present, the seaweed fertilizer product market price is high, with poor production quality, and low market share. It is suggested to control the production cost of seaweed fertilizer through promoting technological innovation, optimize the seaweed fertilizer market environment through strengthening market supervision, and increase product promotion efforts through innovating technological services.

High-intensity land conversion and persistent land use activities exert dual effects on soil development, which can significantly influence pedodiversity. We first reviewed the influences of various types of land use on the source of parent materials, microclimate, microrelief, vegetation cover, management practices and soil age. Then based on our systematical analyses of the effects of land use change on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, we summarized the effects of land conversions on soil genetic, morphological, and diagnostic characteristics. We also comprehensively evaluated soil type evolution trends in different classification categories in response to land conversions. Finally, we proposed three research priorities: (1) an overall understanding of the effect of diverse land use activities on the soil properties and formation processes; (2) deep exploration of dynamic soil genetic responses to land cover conversions and modifications; (3) and development of new technologies for exact and high-efficiency identification of soil type change with land use change.

Design of climate quality evaluation index for Liangzhou crown pear, the method of climate quality certification of fruit quality were discussed in this paper, which provided technical support for local high quality pear climate quality certification. Using the meteorological observation data and fruit quality observation data from selected test sites from 2016 to 2022, the meteorological factors with obvious biological significance to the fruit quality of crown pear were identified through correlation analysis. Through these sensitive meteorological factors, the entropy weight method was used to establish the relationship matrix, evaluation set and weight set, and the climate evaluation index of crown pear quality. The results showed: (1)the optimum temperature indexes of the local crown pear during its growth stage were 10-16℃ at flowering stage, 12-18℃ at fruiting stage, 15-25℃ from young fruit maturity to maturity stage, and the effective precipitation was ≥0.1 mm. (2)The main meteorological factors affecting the quality of crown pear were the meteorological factors during the ripening stage and the nutrient accumulation period. (3)The meteorological evaluation of crown pear was to remove the disastrous weather effects from the suitable climatic conditions, and the evaluation results were divided into three grades: excellent, good and general. (4)Taking the observation data of crown pear in the experimental base in 2022 as an example, the fruit quality was comprehensively evaluated, and the maturity evaluation score was 86.865, which belonged to the excellent product. The comprehensive meteorological evaluation method in this paper not only differs from the existing qualitative model in module construction, but also highlights innovation in data analysis and standard establishment, which is suitable for the quantitative evaluation of the climate quality of local crown pear.

To study the influence of rice field integrative cultivation on soil, this article summarized the research progress on integrated rice farming models both domestically and internationally in recent years, and compared them with rice monoculture. The effects of different modes of rice field integrative cultivation on the ecological environment of paddy soil were analyzed from five aspects: soil fertility, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, soil heavy metal and soil greenhouse gas emission. The results showed that compared to rice monoculture, integrated rice farming significantly improved soil quality, increased soil nutrients, optimized soil structure, promoted soil biodiversity, reduced heavy metal accumulation, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. These findings provided important references for agricultural production and demonstrate the potential of integrated rice farming models in promoting sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment protection.

Burdock root is rich in numerous functional active substances and exhibits functions such as lowering blood glucose, exerting antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, regulating lipid metabolism, and modulating the intestinal flora. It is renowned as the ‘King of Vegetables’ and ‘Oriental Ginseng’. This study places emphasis on the types and physiological functions of active substances such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, dietary fibers, amino acids, fatty acids, volatile oils, lignans, phytosterols, and pentacyclic triterpenes in burdock root. It also summarizes the current status of the development and utilization of primary and advanced processing products of burdock root. On this basis, the development of the burdock root industry is prospected, with the aim of providing a reference for the application of burdock root in fields such as food, medicine, and the chemical industry, as well as for its high-quality industrialization.

To analyze the correlation between plant species diversity and sampling area in different types of artificial lawn ecosystems, this study used a nested sampling method to track and investigate the plant species diversity of six commonly used artificial lawn ecosystems in China constructed by six different turf grasses. Two experimental treatments of manually removing weeds (MRW) and maintaining natural state (MNS) were set, and the changing patterns of plant species diversity with the increasing sampling area were analyzed. The results showed that the plant species diversity in the six different types of lawn ecosystems treated with MRW was significantly lower than that in the MNS experimental research plot, and the difference between these two experimental treatments became gradually greater as the sampling area increased, indicating that MRW management measures had a significant effect on maintaining the singularity of plant species and the evenness of plant growth in various types of lawn ecosystems. Both plant species diversity in the unit area and change rate of plant species diversity with the increased sampling area gradually decreased with the increase of construction years, indicating that the material cycle and energy flow inside the ecosystems tended to be stable, and the plant species composition and the functional structure of lawn ecosystems both were in the dynamic equilibrium states with the development and succession of lawn ecosystems. However, the maintenance mechanisms of this dynamic equilibrium state were different in the two experimental treatments of MRW and MNS, the former was that the regular artificial impurity removal management measure inhibited weed invasion and growth, while the latter was that the dominant plant species suppressed the growth and reproduction of the other types of plant species. The research results indicated that although various management measures had a strong intervention intensity on the lawn ecosystems, they still could not completely eliminate the continuous invasion and interference of various weeds; in the early stage of lawn construction, the ecosystem was unstable, and the frequency and intensity of management measures such as MRW should be increased; entering the mid- to late-stage, as the species composition and structural function of the lawn ecosystem tended to stabilize with the increase of construction years, the degree of manual intervention could be appropriately reduced, and the mutual constraint between the various components of the ecosystem could be fully utilized to manage the lawn for improving the quality of the lawn and reducing the amount of manual labor.

The study aims to master the natural precipitation patterns, water consumption and demand patterns of major crops, regional crop layout, and farmland water resource regulation in the Xing'an League region, which are important tasks for agricultural production and research. This study utilized meteorological data from the Zhalaite Banner National Science and Technology Demonstration Park in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia, and used the FAO Penman Monteith formula and water balance method to investigate the water consumption patterns of major crops such as semi-arid corn, peanuts, and foxtail millet in Xing'an League, Inner Mongolia. Research indicated that among several major crops, soybean had the highest field water consumption and significant water deficit throughout their entire growth period, followed by corn. Peanuts and foxtail millet consumed less water in the field, resulting in relatively low water deficit. From the perspective of water use efficiency, the priority planting order of crops in the region should be corn > millet > peanut > soybean. From the perspective of water economy benefits, the order of priority crops planted in the region should be peanut > corn > foxtail millet > soybean; the priority crops for irrigation were peanut > foxtail millet > corn > soybean. Soybean planting should adopt the intercropping mode of corn and soybean, which had relatively high water use efficiency and water economic benefits. This study provides suggestions and recommendations for effectively adjusting regional crop layout and regulating agricultural water resources.

In order to increase the reproduction coefficient of fig (Ficus carica) plants, meet the demand for promoting excellent varieties of figs, and effectively establish an in vitro rapid propagation system for fig plants, this review focused on the progress in research on the fast breeding technology of fig plants. It summarized the construction process of in vitro rapid propagation system, including the establishment of explant cultures, the induction and differentiation of callus tissue and adventitious buds, proliferation culture, and rooting culture. The issues of contamination, browning, and vitrification encountered during the in vitro rapid propagation of fig plants were analyzed, along with targeted measures to address these problems. Additionally, prospects for its rapid propagation and application had been provided, to provide a reference for the establishment of a tissue culture system for fig plants and its further utilization.

To investigate the synergistic effect of side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization and silicon plus zinc fertilizer on the yield and the lodging resistance of rice, traditional fertilization and side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization were carried out using ‘South japonica 9108’ as material, with four treatments including silicon fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, silicon plus zinc fertilizer and no fertilizer, respectively. The number of stems and tillers, the physical characteristics of culm, the lodging resistance, the yield were studied under different treatments. The results showed that: (1) compared with traditional fertilization, side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization could increase the number of stems and tillers, the number of effective panicle, the yield, the stem width, and enhance the lodging resistance significantly. (2) Applying side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization with silicon fertilizer could reduce the basal inter node length, enhance the bending resistance and reduce the lodging coefficient; applying side deep nitrogen reduction fertilization with silicon plus zinc fertilizer had the best tillering ability, the most big number of effective panicle, the strongest culm and the highest yield. (3) Under fertilization methods, applying silicon plus zinc fertilizer could promote the growth of rice effectively, and reach the biggest number of effective panicle, but the effect of other traits on rice was more complicated, the superposition effect could not be achieved.

To simplify the determination methods of pumpkin polysaccharide content in breeding process, the optimized experiments of phenol sulfuric acid method after hot water extraction of pumpkin polysaccharide were carried out. The detection wavelength and H₂SO₄ amount were determined by single factor experiment using 23S18 and other pumpkin flesh. The correlation of determination results between unpurified and purified polysaccharide content was clarified. The results showed that the wavelength of pumpkin polysaccharide determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method was 490nm, and the sample in reaction system included: 5% phenol: H₂SO₄ was 2:2:7. The regression equation was established as y=0.0061x+0.1476 (R²=0.9965) and the linear relationship was good when the absorbance was in the range of 0.084-3.684. There was a significant correlation between the unpurified and purified polysaccharide content. The polysaccharide contents of 53 pumpkin parents and combinations were determined and analyzed. Two parents (23S2 and 23S14) and two combinations (23FV26 and 23FV5) with high polysaccharide content of more than 100mg/g were selected for breeding. The efficient detection system for polysaccharides was simple to operate, wide in linear range, and the determination results are significantly related to the results of purified polysaccharide, which would improve the efficiency of pumpkin polysaccharide breeding.

Hanzhong city is located on the north slope of the Bashan Mountain, the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, and in the demarcation zone of the north and south climate in China, it belongs to the north subtropical zone to the warm temperate zone, and is known as the "biological gene bank". There are abundant wild cherry variety resources in this area. Based on the survey and field investigation on the southern slope of Qin Mountains and the northern slope of Bashan (Guangwu Mountain), the results showed that there were 23 wild cherry varieties in this area, in the Qin Mountains and Bashan Mountains (600-1500 m), flowering time, petal color, fruit shape, taste, soluble solids content, the morphological diversity of seed shape, size and pollen grain shape was obvious. This investigation provides scientific basis for further exploring wild cherry variety resources, utilization and improvement of production varieties in Qinling-Bashan mountain area.

To study the water balance during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province based on the meteorological data and crop coefficients in Liaoning Province from 1963 to 2022, the SIMETAW model and climate diagnostic analysis methods were used to analyze the precipitation, water demand patterns, and water satisfaction status during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province. The impact of regional climate change on maize water demand was revealed, and the spatio-temporal evolution of effective precipitation and water demand during the maize growing season in Liaoning Province was studied. The research results showed that the effective precipitation during the whole growth period reached 481.6 mm. Among them, it was 347.4 mm in the west, 514.9 mm in the central and southern parts, and 636.8 mm in the east. The average water demand during the whole growth period of maize was 521 mm, showing no significant downward trend. The average coupling degree between precipitation and water demand during the whole growth period of maize was 0.715, that is, precipitation met 71.5% of the water demand, and the average water shortage was 28.5%. The guarantee rate of the coupling degree λ > 0.8 in the western region was only 28.3%. The maximum value of the coupling degree appeared in the east of Liaoning Province, followed by the central and southern parts of Liaoning Province, and the minimum value appeared in the west of Liaoning Province. The highest value of the coupling degree appeared during the flowering and pollination period, followed by the trumpet stage, and the lowest value appeared in the early growth stage and the maturity stage. In recent years, the coupling degree between precipitation and water demand in the early growth stage of maize has shown a significant upward trend. The coupling degree between precipitation and water demand in the early growth stage of maize is relatively low. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of drought, especially in the western part of Liaoning Province where water resources are scarce.

The research aims to design a heat load that meets the requirements of cigar tobacco leaf drying process, screen suitable heat loads for the capacity of the drying room, and lay the foundation for the construction of cigar tobacco leaf drying rooms and the development of products with independent intellectual property rights. Building Simulation Analysis Software (DEST) was used to simulate and predict the thermal load of the enclosure structure of the drying room during the drying season. Based on the predicted results, the corresponding power was selected to verify the cigar and tobacco leaf drying. The validation results of air drying showed that the total heat load of the air drying room was the sum of the heat loss of the maintenance structure of the air drying room and the heat loss of the air drying room's dehumidification. The maximum value of the total heat load was 13.39 kW. The average heat load per kilogram of fresh tobacco leaves is 13.39 w / kg, which can be used for the heat load of cigar drying room under the condition of tobacco loading.

In order to accurately evaluate the harvest maturity of blueberries and ensure fruit quality, the experiment selected six blueberry cultivars: ‘Northland’, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Draper’, ‘Reka’, ‘Duke’, and ‘Blue gold’ as test materials, and used near-infrared spectroscopy to establish regression model to determine the relationship between soluble solids, titratable acids, hardness, anthocyanins, vitamin C, and absorbance difference index (I_AD value). Research had found that with fruit maturity increase, the titratable acid and hardness of blueberries significantly decreased, while the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins generally showed an upward trend. The I_AD value of blueberries showed a highly significant positive correlation with anthocyanins (r=0.90, p≤0.01) and a significant negative correlation with hardness (r=-0.82, p≤0.01). Additionally, there was a positive correlation with vitamin C and soluble solids, and a negative correlation with titratable acid. Regression equations were derived to describe the changes in the I_AD value based on the five quality indicators, demonstrating that the I_AD value can reflect the fruit maturity. The recommended harvest standards for the six main cultivars are as follows. The I_AD values of ‘Northland’ and ‘Lanjin’ are 1.9-2.0, the I_AD values of ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Draper’ are approximately 1.8, and the I_AD values of ‘Reka’ and ‘Duke’ are 1.7-1.8.

As the basis for plant growth, soil quality directly determines the success or failure of landscaping in urban areas. To understand the impact of conditioners on soil quality, we selected typical relocation site soil as the research object, and studied the impact on physical and chemical properties of the soil under different conditioners, different application methods and different time. The results showed that after applying different conditioners, each conditioner could effectively reduce the pH and increase the EC value of the relocated soil within a period of time, while the organic matter and total nitrogen of the soil had a tendency of decreasing to a certain extent, among which the decrease of Fe-S treatment was the most significant, while other treatments were not obvious; the impact of each conditioner on soil physical properties did not demonstrate clear improvement, which was mainly observed in the reduction of total soil porosity, non-capillary porosity and capillary porosity, increase of soil bulk density, decrease of soil infiltration rate, maximum water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity. And among these treatments, M-S showed relatively poorer results; each treatment reduced the seed germination index, but the difference was not obvious, and the Fe-I treatment had poorer results than other treatments. The application of conditioner can improve the chemical properties of the soil in urban relocation site to a certain extent, but it is not obvious to improve the physical properties of the soil. Therefore, to achieve the desired effect of improving both the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it is suggested that the conditioner should be mixed with organic amendment materials.

The effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios on the yield and quality of Chinese chive were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational fertilization. The ‘3414’ fertilizer efficiency design was adopted. Three factors of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were set up, and four levels of each factor were 0, 112.5, 225 and 337.5 kg/hm², a total of 14 treatments. The tiller number, fresh weight per plant, yield and pyruvic acid were measured. By fitting the yield and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer effect functions, the optimal application amount was determined. The results showed that the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers increased the tillering number, fresh weight per plant, and yield of Chinese chives. The effects of the three fertilizers on yield was in the order of N>P>K. N₁, P₁ and K₁ had the highest agricultural efficiency by 116.04, 73.22 and 61.75 kg/kg. N₂, P₂ and K₂ had the highest contribution rates of fertilizers by 44.34%, 27.76% and 25.43%. However, excessive application of N, P and K fertilizers had the lowest agricultural efficiency and contribution rate. N, P and K fertilizers could significantly affect the content of pyruvic acid. In high fertility soil, the optimal fertilization rates for N, P and K are 186.32, 183.98 and 179.58 kg/hm².

This study explores the genetic basis and related functional genes of rice nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), highlighting the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and summarizing the pertinent genes. NUE traits are divided into physiological traits (such as nitrogen uptake) and agronomic traits (such as tiller number) to elucidate key genes beneficial for nitrogen absorption. In physiological traits, genes affecting the absorption of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- in rice are summarized. The absorption of NH₄⁺ in rice is primarily controlled by the AMT superfamily of proteins, whereas the proteins involved in NO₃^- transport mainly fall into two categories: NRT1 and NRT2, such as overexpression of genes like OsAMT1.1 and OsNRT1.1B can increase rice's nitrogen uptake. In agronomic traits, transcription factors such as GRF4 and NGR5 regulate the expression of nitrogen metabolism genes, promoting tiller development and grain growth, thus enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. These findings provide new genetic resources for rice breeding, promising the development of high NUE and environmentally friendly new varieties.

In order to comprehensively understand the production characteristics and application value of the national approved maize variety ‘Xundan 996’, the high yield, stability and adaptability of ‘Xundan 996’ were statistically analyzed by means of yield average, coefficient of variation, high stability coefficient, and regression coefficient using the data of the regional test and production test in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the average regional trial yield and production trial yield of ‘Xundan 996’ were 10431.8 kg/hm² and 9904.5 kg/hm², increasing by 3.6% and 4.6% compared with the control‘Zhengdan 958’, respectively. In the 2-year regional test, the coefficient of variation of yield was 16.73% and 12.91%, both lower than the control. The high stability coefficients were 78.29% and 82.21%, respectively, which were both higher than the control. The regression coefficients were 0.9440 and 0.9398, which were both less than 1 and lower than that of the control. The yield increase rates were 64.1% and 82.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the trial results indicate that ‘Xundan 996’ has good lodging resistance, disease resistance, and high temperature tolerance. Comprehensive analysis shows that ‘Xundan 996’ is a new maize variety with high and stable yield, wide adaptability, and strong stress resistance, which is suitable for large area planting in the summer maize area of Huang-Huai-Hai.

The aims were to study the growth and development law of Yutai rice under different accumulated temperature conditions, and to explore the influence of sunshine hours and temperature in different growth stages on the yield factors of Yutai rice, and to provide agricultural meteorological service basis for optimal planting of rice in Yutai area. A Logistic growth model was constructed based on the growth index data of Yutai rice from 2017 to 2022 and meteorological factors such as accumulated temperature during growth period. By using statistical methods such as correlation analysis and regression analysis, the influence of light and temperature in different growth stages on rice yield factors was analyzed, and the prediction model of yield factors was established accordingly. The results showed that the overall accuracy of Logistic model was high in the simulation of rice growth and development in Yutai, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the simulated value and the measured value was between 0.591 and 5.100, the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (nRMSE) was between 0.087 and 0.107, and the R² between the simulated value and the measured value was between 0.970 and 0.996. The number of sunshine hours in tillering, jointing, booting and grain filling maturity of rice was significantly correlated with yield, and the accumulated temperature in heading and grain filling maturity was significantly correlated with yield. The prediction model of rice yield and grain number per ear was established by multiple linear regression method, which was verified by historical band and histogram. The prediction model has high accuracy.

This study aims to assess the ecological status of cultivated land in Hebei Province and identify associated issues, with the objective of providing recommendations to enhance the ecological security of cultivated land in the region. The methodology employed involved the systematic analysis of annual changes in key driving factors and primary obstacles. The evaluation index system of cultivated land ecological security in Hebei Province was established based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model. This system was used to systematically assess the dynamic changes of cultivated land ecological security in the province during the period from 2011 to 2020. The analysis also utilized the obstacle degree model to identify and analyze the primary factors hindering the enhancement of the cultivated land ecological security index in Hebei Province. The results indicated that (1) the comprehensive level of cultivated land ecological security in Hebei Province from 2011 to 2020 increased from the ‘critical security’ level to the ‘safer’ level, manifesting a sustained positive trajectory; (2) the cultivated land ecological security of Hebei Province was divided into two distinct phases: 2011-2017 and 2017-2020. The security index exhibited a decline in the first stage due to the impacts of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and agricultural films, while it increased in the second stage due to the transformation of agriculture to a higher level of green development; (3) the primary impediments from 2011 to 2020 had undergone a shift, transitioning from the ratio of effective irrigated area, proportion of primary industry, and the intensity of chemical fertilizer, pesticide, and agricultural film utilization per unit of cultivated land to the land reclamation rate, population density, urbanization level, and the proportion of primary industry. Consequently, a series of recommendations have been proposed to enhance the cultivated land ecological security. These recommendations encompass the development of green agriculture, augmented investment in cultivated land, population control measures, the refinement of the cultivated land protection system, and the promotion of public awareness regarding cultivated land protection.

This paper aims to summarize and scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of existing fluoride reduction measures, providing validation and reference for further research on fluoride reduction strategies. This paper employed a combination of literature analysis, field investigations, and experimental validation to systematically assess the feasibility and effectiveness of various fluoride reduction measures at different stages, including tea tree cultivation, tea leaf harvesting, raw tea production, brick tea production, and tea consumption. Through systematic analysis and experimental validation, it was found that selecting low-fluoride tea tree varieties during cultivation and controlling the harvest time during tea leaf collection effectively reduced the fluoride content at the source. The water washing process during brick tea production was able to lower the fluoride content in the tea leaves to some extent. Additionally, adopting scientifically recommended tea-drinking practices reduced the fluoride intake from brick tea. Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite were identified as safe and effective fluoride adsorption materials. However, fluoride reduction effects were not significant when improving tea garden environments, using water blanching techniques, or adding fluoride-reducing materials during the pile fermentation process. Research on fluoride reduction measures in brick tea needs to further enhance the scientific evaluation process, improve the feasibility of practical applications, and fully consider the impact of these measures on the quality and safety of brick tea.

In order to understand the effect of phosphorus and potassium reduction in vegetable fields rich in phosphorus and potassium, the plots with 378 mg/kg available P and 614 mg/kg available K were selected to carry out nine different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium reduction treatments for three consecutive crops. The results showed that reducing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could reduce the contents of the corresponding nutrient elements in vegetables. Reducing the input of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could effectively reduce the levels of available phosphorus and available potassium in soil. No or less application of phosphorus and potassium had no obvious effect on vegetable yield, but no application of nitrogen could significantly reduce vegetable yield. The vegetable yield of organic fertilizer replacing phosphate and potassium fertilizer was higher than that of conventional fertilization. Nitrogen was the main nutrient element that restricted the growth of vegetables. No or less application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the short term could effectively reduce the accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in soil and reduce the risk of phosphorus loss while keeping the yield from decreasing.