Cultivated land serves as the material foundation for human survival and development. The construction of high-standard farmland is a crucial measure to enhance grain production capacity and ensure national food security. The evaluation of cultivated land quality grades is an important means to improve land management and protection intensity. This study employs the concept of fuzzy mathematics, utilizing methods such as the membership function method and expert experience method to standardize the evaluation factors. It investigates and evaluates the quality of cultivated land before and after the high-standard farmland construction project in four townships of Yuanping City in 2021. The results showed that the content of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium in the project area increased by 7.45%, 9.59% and 6.48%, respectively. The average grade of cultivated land quality after construction was 5.73, which was 0.54 higher than that before construction. To a certain extent, the high-standard farmland construction project has enhanced the quality level of cultivated land and the grain production capacity in Yuanping City.
In the context of China’s rapid economic development and rapid urbanization, the problem of soil heavy metal pollution becomes more and more serious, and the potential impact on plant growth and ecosystem health has aroused widespread concern in academia. As the main food crop in China, the safe production of wheat is very important to national food security. In this study, the pollution status of farmland soil and the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in various organs of winter wheat at maturity in the rural-urban area of Anyang City were analyzed by field investigation and indoor analysis. The results showed that the contents of Cd, Cr and Pb in farmland soil were 0.87, 8.29 and 16.21 mg/kg, respectively. The single factor pollution indexes of Cd, Cr and Pb were 1.45, 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. The total accumulation of heavy metals Cd, Cr and Pb in wheat plants was 0.75, 29.61 and 7.08 mg/kg, respectively. There were differences in the absorption and transport capacity of different heavy metals in wheat plants. In wheat plants, the enrichment ability of roots to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, and the enrichment ability of grains was relatively weak. The transport capacity of stems to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, followed by leaves and shells, and the transport capacity of grains was the weakest. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the absorption, accumulation and transport of different heavy metals in wheat plants, which affected the overall response of wheat to heavy metals. The overall pollution status of farmland soil in the rural-urban area remained at a good level, and no obvious heavy metal pollution was found.
To explore the efficiency of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers in rice, this experiment set up four treatments of fertilization: conventional fertilization, Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer, Sirte slow-release fertilizer, and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer. The rice yield and soil chemical properties were measured in each plot, and the effects of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers on reduction and efficiency of rice fertilizer, soil fertility and determination of soil chemical properties were evaluated using combination of the analysis of soil enzyme activity and microorganism indicators. The results showed that when fertilizer nutrients quantity decreased by 13%, the theoretical yield of rice was consistent with the actual yield, with Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment>Sirte slow-release fertilizer treatment>conventional fertilization treatment>Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer treatment; under the application of slow (controlled) release fertilizer in rice, the cost-saving and fertilizer reduction effect of Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were the better; the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium content of rice grains and straw treated with Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were relatively higher. Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment had the best effect on improving various chemical and biological characteristics of soil. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the application of Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer had the best effect.
This study aimed to investigate the impact of different organic fertilizer applications on the economic traits and yield of crops under the rice-oilseed rape rotation model, exploring the optimal rate of organic fertilizer application and providing scientific basis for application in oilseed rape cultivation. Field trials were conducted from 2019 to 2022 at the Heng’an Agricultural and Forestry Professional Cooperative in Yinqiao Town, Dali City. Rice cultivation was treated with 7500 kg/hm2 of solid organic fertilizer and 600 kg/hm2 of liquid organic fertilizer. Four treatments of organic fertilizer applications for oilseed rape cultivation were set up, including no fertilizer (A), 7500 kg/hm2 of solid organic fertilizer + 1890 kg/hm2 of liquid organic fertilizer (B), 15000 kg/hm2 of solid organic fertilizer + 1890 kg/hm2 of liquid organic fertilizer (C), 22500 kg/hm2 of solid organic fertilizer + 1890 kg/hm2 of liquid organic fertilizer (D). The results showed that: (1) the average values of the main economic traits of oilseed rape increased with the quantity of organic fertilizer application. (2) Over two years, the average yields of oilseed rape in treatments A to D was 922.40, 2352.35, 2830.5 and 3237.40 kg/hm2, respectively, demonstrating that oilseed rape yield also increased with the application of organic fertilizer. This study concluded that increasing application of organic fertilizer enhanced oilseed rape yield and economic traits. Considering the factors such as yield and cost, the optimal application rate of organic fertilizer was proposed as followed: 15000 kg/hm2 of solid organic fertilizer and 1890 kg/hm2 of liquid organic fertilizer. This study provides a scientific guidance and theoretical basis for organic fertilizer application in cultivation of oilseed rape.
To investigate the impact of organic fertilizer on soil quality, as well as apple crop yield and quality, a study was conducted utilizing soil testing and formula fertilization. Organic fertilizer was substituted for chemical fertilizer at varying proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%. The study examined the effects of these treatments on soil nutrients, apple orchard yield, and fruit quality. The results indicated that employing soil testing fertilizer formulas and partially replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer led to a significant increase in apple yield. The combined application of organic fertilizers also enhanced the firmness of apple fruits, resulting in an increase in hardness ranging from 2.27% to 2.90% compared to the control group (T1). Notably, there were no significant changes in total phosphorus and potassium levels in the fruit. Furthermore, as the amount of organic fertilizer applied increased, both the soil organic matter and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content also rose. Specifically, organic matter content ranged from 20.2 to 25.7 g/kg, while alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content varied from 74.7 to 96.7 mg/kg. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between apple yield and soil organic matter, as well as available phosphorus content. Additionally, fruit firmness was found to correlate with pH and organic matter levels. Therefore, substituting a portion of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer can enhance soil nutrient levels, such as organic matter, thereby improving apple yield and quality.
This study investigated the spatial variability of soil nutrients and evaluated various spatial interpolation methods in Minhe County, Qinghai Province. This study employed GIS spatial analysis and geostatistical methods to analyze the spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK). The research aimed to determine the most suitable spatial interpolation method for each nutrient. The results showed that moderate spatial variability for all nutrients, with AK exhibiting the highest variation at 55.5%, while other nutrients ranged from 34.5% to 54.8%. Spatial distribution patterns revealed higher concentrations of soil organic matter and TN in the northwest decreasing towards the southwest. AP displayed a more uniform distribution, whereas AK was highest in the central region, gradually declining northward. Interpolation accuracy assessments indicated that the common Kriging method was optimal for SOM, AP, and AK, while the radial basis function method proved most accurate for TN. These findings provided valuable insights into the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in Minhe County and offer guidance for selecting appropriate interpolation methods in similar regions.
To investigate the effects of bacterial fertilizer and amino water-soluble fertilizer combined application on rhizosphere soil and growth of tobacco plants under the condition of chemical fertilizer control, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer on tobacco plant growth, rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, bacterial community structure and diversity under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, with conventional fertilization as control (A0B1). The results showed that compared with A0B1, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer showed various effects. (1) The contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available P and the activity of catalase and urease in rhizosphere soil increased, and the activity of nitrate reductase decreased. (2) The diversity and relative abundance of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were increased, the relative abundance of specific bacteria, fungi and dominant bacteria (Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes) increased, and the relative abundance of dominant bacteria (Actinobacteria and Entorrhizomycota) decreased. (3) Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH was the key environmental factor positively correlated with the abundance of bacterial and fungal communities, and available P was negatively which correlated with the relative abundance of bacterial communities. (4) This combined application method promoted the growth and development of tobacco and leaf opening. In general, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, the application of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino soluble fertilizer can improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient level, improve the rhizosphere micro-ecological environment, and promote the growth and development of tobacco plants, the overall effect of bacterial fertilizer+75.0 g/hm2 amino water-soluble fertilizer treatment(A1B3) is better.
In order to identify the species and dominant population structure of weeds in cherry orchard in Ili River Valley Area, this study adopted the inverted "W"-shaped nine-point sampling method to investigate the weed species in April and July 2022. The results showed that there were 37 species of weeds, belonging to 17 families and 34 genera, among which 4 species (10.8%) were grasses and 33 species (89.2%) were broad-leaved weeds. Among the broad-leaved weeds, Asteraceae had the most species, with 11 species accounting for 28.9% of the total species, and Leguminosae had 4 species, accounting for 10.8%. There were 18 species of perennial weeds, accounting for 39.4%; 15 species of overyear weeds, accounting for 40.54%; 4 annual weeds, accounting for 10.81%. There are 4 kinds of common weeds and 25 kinds of dominant weeds in the local cherry orchard. The main dominant weeds include 8 species such as Conyza canadensis, Cirsium arvense var. integrifolium, Setaria viridis, Chenopodium album, Eleusine indica, Amaranthus retroflexus, Sonchus oleraceus, Taraxacum mongolicum. Based on the results of investigation, this study proposed a comprehensive grass control strategy of "spring prevention, summer treatment and autumn control". Green ecological control measures such as covering with materials, artificial grass planting and natural grass growth can be adopted to control the weeds in the cherry orchard of this area.
To study the effects of pinching methods for apical lateral shoot on the fruit quality of grapes, seven-year-old mature ‘Summer Black’ grape were used as experimental materials to explore the effects of main shoot and lateral shoot pruning on fruit quality. The experimental design was that after the main shoot exceeded the third wire, 2-3 leaves were left for topping, and 2 lateral shoots were retained. The lateral shoot above the fruit cluster was topped with 5 leaves left, and the apical lateral shoots were topped with 2, 4, 6, and 8 leaves left respectively. In addition, a non-topping (CK) was used as control, with a total of 5 treatments. The results showed that compared with the control group, the treatments of topping with different numbers of leaves left on the apical lateral shoots significantly increased the fruit cluster weight, soluble solids, soluble reducing sugars, and total anthocyanin content in the peel. Among them, the treatments of topping with 4 or 8 leaves left were better in terms of fruit sensory scores and phenolic substance content, and topping with 4 leaves left was more conducive to sugar accumulation. For the Changji region in Xinjiang, the recommended pruning strategy for ‘Summer Black’ grape is as follows: retain 2 lateral shoots on the main shoot, leave 2-3 leaves for topping after the main shoot exceeds the third wire, leave 5 leaves for topping on the lateral shoot above the fruit cluster, leave 4 leaves for topping on the apical lateral shoot, remove the rest of the lateral shoots, and let the secondary lateral shoots grow freely.
In order to clarify the population characteristics of Apis cerana cerana in Yuexi County and Jingxian County of Anhui Province, and accurately reveal its population differentiation in Anhui Province, this study carried out relevant experiments. Twenty honeybee colonies were sampled from each region (15 adult worker bees per colony). Thirty-eight morphological traits were measured using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using SPSS23.0, including variance, cluster, discriminant, factor, and correlation analyses. Significant morphological differentiation was observed between the two populations (P<0.05). Twelve key morphological indices including hind-leg, tergum, and forewing width，exhibited positive correlations with latitude, altitude, and mean annual rainfall. Conversely, pigmentation indices showed a negative correlation with altitude. Principal sources of morphological variation were identified as hind-leg length (accounting for 11.69% of total variance), scutellum pigmentation (6.21%), width of the pubescent band on tergum (5.38%), and forewing length and width (4.82%). Cluster analysis revealed that the samples from the two counties independently grouped into two distinct clusters. Apis cerana cerana exhibits significant morphological diversity between Yuexi and Jingxian. The high-altitude environment of Yuexi appears to select for larger body size and darker pigmentation. Significant geographical differentiation exists between the populations, providing a foundation for classifying geographical populations of Apis cerana cerana within Anhui Province.
The meteorological condition is an important factor affecting the growth and production of hairy crabs. The climatic quality index are determined by analyzing the key growth period and the key meteorological factors affecting the production of hairy crabs, combined with daily meteorological data from the Xinghua National Meteorological Station from 1991 to 2023. Using principal component analysis method, the weights of the climatic quality index are determined. The climatic quality evaluation model is established by using the weighted summation method, and the climatic quality index is calculated and graded to carry out the climatic quality assessment. The results show that simulative results of the climatic quality evaluation model based on the climatic quality index can quantitatively reflect the impact of meteorological conditions on the quality of hairy crabs. Compared with the specification grade of hairy crabs in the same period, the climatic quality evaluation results are highly consistent with quality of hairy crabs which further verifies the reliability of the climate quality evaluation model. The study provides technical support for climate quality certification of hairy crabs in Xinghua.
The study aims to efficiently promote climate quality certification for agricultural products and enhance the social recognition of climate quality certification for agricultural products. Taking the hybrid citrus ‘Ehime 38’ from Jingyan County in 2023 as an example, by establishing a climate quality model for hybrid citrus and using meteorological data such as temperature, sunshine, and precipitation from the Jingyan National Basic Meteorological Station, the climate quality scores of Jingyan over the years were calculated and compared with those of previous years. The climate quality score of hybrid citrus in Jingyan County in 2023 is the second highest in history since 2011, which is very conducive to producing high-quality hybrid citrus. In promoting the certification of climate quality of agricultural products, the model of ‘promotion before certification’ can be adopted, which can quickly increase its own popularity and influence, attract consumers to choose agricultural products with climate quality certification, and thus driving farmers to actively participate in climate quality certification for agricultural products, effectively promoting the application of climate quality certification for agricultural products.
Through a bibliometric analysis of literature on the development of smart agriculture in China, this study aims to understand the publication status, research hotspots, emerging trends, and development directions within this field. Based on data collected from CNKI, the study retrieved and analyzed 94 articles published over the past five years (2019-2023) in core journals indexed in NU, CSSCI, and CSCD under the theme of "smart agriculture development." The results revealed the following: (1) publications on smart agriculture began to surge in 2019, reaching a peak in 2021; (2) universities and research institutions served as the primary centers for research on smart agriculture development; (3) most Chinese scholars focused their research on aspects such as development logic, development models, strategic frameworks, bidirectional mechanisms, and optimization paths within smart agriculture development; (4) the majority of research achievements in this field had been supported by project funding. Research on smart agriculture development is currently in a growth phase, with universities and research institutes contributing the largest volume of publications. In future, the development of smart agriculture should be explored from more novel perspectives in alignment with national strategic requirements.
