To investigate the effects of sowing depth and seed coating on seedling growth, yield, and quality of summer soybean, using 'Baodou 10' as the test material, a field experiment was carried out with different sowing depth (3 cm D1, 5 cm D2, 7 cm D3, 9 cm D4), and seed coating (6.25% Metalaxyl-fluoxonil T1, 30%Thiamethoxam T2, 25% Thiamethoxam methylene fluoxonil T3,no seed coating CK) with the two-factor split-plot experiment design. The results showed that seedling percentage was increased as the sowing depth increased, and seedling percentage ofseed coating treatment was better than that of no seed coating (P<0.05). The seedling percentage of T2 was the highest with a value of 77.08%. The effect of sowing depth on plant height, root length, number of roots were difference, and plant height, root length, number of roots of seed coating treatment were better than that of no seed coating. The effects of sowing depth, seed coating, and sowing depth×seed coating on SPAD and Pn of the soybean leaf was significant, and the SPAD value of D2 and T2 were higher than that of others (P<0.05) in flowering stage and pod stage. The Pn of D2 in tested stage and the Pn of T2 in flowering stage and pod stage were much higher than that of others (P<0.05). Sowing depth, seed coating, and sowing depth×seed coating had a significant effect on yield and seeds per plant (P<0.05), the yield of D2T2 was the highest with a value of 4413.48 kg/hm2. The effects of sowing depth, seed coating, and sowing depth×seed coating on protein content, fat content, and isoflavone content of the soybean seed was significant (P<0.01), and the response of quality index to tested factors was difference. Sowing depth, seed coating, and sowing depth×seed coating had a significant effect on seedling growth, photosynthetic performance, and seed quality. Sowing depth (5 cm) and seed coating of 30% thiamethoxam could improve the growth, photosynthetic performance and yield components of soybean seedlings, and finally obtain higher yield and grain quality.
In order to comprehensively understand the production characteristics and application value of the national approved maize variety ‘Xundan 996’, the high yield, stability and adaptability of ‘Xundan 996’ were statistically analyzed by means of yield average, coefficient of variation, high stability coefficient, and regression coefficient using the data of the regional test and production test in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area from 2019 to 2020. The results showed that the average regional trial yield and production trial yield of ‘Xundan 996’ were 10431.8 kg/hm2 and 9904.5 kg/hm2, increasing by 3.6% and 4.6% compared with the control‘Zhengdan 958’, respectively. In the 2-year regional test, the coefficient of variation of yield was 16.73% and 12.91%, both lower than the control. The high stability coefficients were 78.29% and 82.21%, respectively, which were both higher than the control. The regression coefficients were 0.9440 and 0.9398, which were both less than 1 and lower than that of the control. The yield increase rates were 64.1% and 82.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the trial results indicate that ‘Xundan 996’ has good lodging resistance, disease resistance, and high temperature tolerance. Comprehensive analysis shows that ‘Xundan 996’ is a new maize variety with high and stable yield, wide adaptability, and strong stress resistance, which is suitable for large area planting in the summer maize area of Huang-Huai-Hai.
The aims are to develop green organic agriculture, promote organic planting models, vigorously advance sustainable development strategies, explore effective organic planting models, and study the cultivation of organic and conventional rice under the rotation mode of ‘rice + broad bean + rice’. The experiment adopted adjacent planting in the field, set up duplicate and control groups, and the detection of various indicators was determined according to the corresponding national standards. Based on the experimental results, the impact of different planting modes on the quality and economic benefits of rice in Yunnan was analyzed. The results showed that the cadmium and arsenic levels in the organic planting mode were lower than those of the conventional rice, and the contents of lead, chromium, and copper were all higher than those of the conventional rice. The organic+ mode had higher contents of other heavy metals except for cadmium, which was lower than that of the conventional rice. Through analysis of variance, P>0.05, the differences in various safety quality indicators between different treatments were not significant; the nutritional quality of rice was higher than that of conventional planting, except for dietary fiber, which was lower than that of conventional planting. All nutritional quality indicators of the organic+ mode were higher than those of conventional planting. The overall nutritional quality of the organic planting mode was higher than that of conventional planting. Organic planting could improve the nutritional quality of rice to a certain extent, but after analysis of variance, P>0.05, the difference was not significant; Organic planting had high initial production input costs and lower yields than conventional planting. However, the market price advantage of organic rice was obvious, and the final profit was 2.5 times that of conventional planting, with good economic benefits. By comparing the two different modes of conventional planting and organic planting, this study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for further optimizing the rice industry structure in Yunnan and improving the planting mode in some areas.
The use of grass control methods to explore ecological weed control techniques in tobacco fields is studied, with the aim of seeking new green prevention and control paths for weed control in tobacco fields. In this study, ryegrass, clover, lemongrass, peanut, horseshoe clover and other grass were selected for the experiment. Through the field plot experiment, the grass control effect of each treatment was investigated 20 and 60 days after the grass became turf, and the effects of each treatment on tobacco plant height, leaf number, leaf length and leaf width were investigated before tobacco topping. The results showed that ryegrass had the best control effect, with fast turf formation speed, over 90% control effect, and a long control time; the treatment of clover and thatch followed, while peanut and horseshoe clover were relatively poor, but they also had a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of weeds. The plant height, leaf length, and leaf width of tobacco treated with ryegrass, thatch grass, and clover grass were higher than those treated with tillage and natural grass, and there was a highly significant difference in leaf width. Ryegrass, clover, and thatch can be selected for ecological grass control in tobacco production.
In order to investigate the insecticidal and fertilizer efficiency of roasted sesame seeds in Chinese chive production, 37.5, 75, 150 kg/hm2 of roasted white sesame seeds were applied respectively in the Chinese chive field, with 75 kg/hm2 organic fertilizer and 75 kg/hm2 phoxim granules as controls. The results showed that the three doses of sesame seeds which were basal applied all had control effects of no less than 90.9% on Bradysia odoriphaga in the sowing year of Chinese chive; in the second year, the control effect of 37.5 kg/hm2 dosage was 42.3%, higher than phoxim granules. As the increase of the amount of sesame seeds to 75, 150 kg/hm2, although the percentage of damaged plants increased, compared with the effects of strengthening seedlings, promoting growth and increasing yield, the stress of B. odoriphaga could be negligible. There were no significant differences in ground temperature at the 10 cm of Chinese chive roots among treatments. In conclusion, the basal application of 37.5 kg/hm2 sesame seeds effectively controls the damage of B. odoriphaga and has significant effects on promoting the growth and quality of Chinese chive. When increasing the amount of sesame seeds, the growth of Chinese chive improves, and the harm of B. odoriphaga can be negligible. The principle of insect prevention is not the variation of the ground temperature.
The study aimed to clarify the host fitness and potential damage of the major invasive insect of Spodoptera frugiperda to different crops besides maize, providing a scientific basis for damage risk assessment of host shift and the population monitoring of the pest. The effects of individual development, survival rate and fecundity of S. frugiperda fed on different crops of pepper, tomato, sugarcane, coix and ginger were determined indoors, and then were compared and analyzed with maize as the control. Furthermore, fitness of S. frugiperda on various crops was evaluated based on the population growth trend index (I). The results showed that the adaptability of S. frugiperda on different crops was declined significantly compared with the preferable host of maize. The effects of five different crops on S. frugiperda mainly manifested as the developmental duration prolonged, survival rate reduced, pupal weight and the adults emergence rate declined, the shorter longevity of adults, less average eggs laid per female and lower egg hatching rate. Pepper exhibited the most adverse impact on S. frugiperda, such as the larval duration, larval survival rate, pupal weight and female longevity of the pest fed on pepper were 37.40 d, 18.52%, 0.1130 g and 5.25 d, respectively, while those on maize were 16.52 d, 92.59%, 0.2178 g and 11.74 d, respectively. The results showed that S. frugiperda feeding on pepper could not finish its life cycle. Although the S. frugiperda could develop normally and completed its whole life cycle fed on tomato, sugarcane, coix and ginger, but the relative fitness wasonly 0.023, 0.107, 0.112 and 0.130, respectively. The population growth trend index (I) of S. frugiperda feeding on maize was 226.38. In conclusion, maize is the most preferable host for S. frugiperda. The crops of tomato, sugarcane, coix and ginger are not the suitable hosts for population reproduction of S. frugiperda. However, S. frugiperdas till can complete its life cycle by feeding on its young leaves, indicating its potential hazard risk, and the risk of pepper is minimal.
This paper described the research progress of biocontrol microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) and their main mechanisms for the biocontrol of microbial plant pathogens. Meanwhile, this paper also briefly described the symptoms, pathogenesis, and influencing factors of tobacco black shank disease. Based on the current progress of biocontrol microorganisms to prevent and control tobacco black shank disease, this paper suggested future research directions such as broadening the screening scope of biocontrol microorganisms, delving into the molecular mechanisms of biocontrol microorganisms, utilizing genetic engineering technology to enhance biocontrol microorganisms. Moreover, the possibility of combining biocontrol microorganisms with new materials such as nanomaterials was discussed in order to achieve better prevention and control effects.
To provide scientific reference for soil quality evaluation and agricultural green development in China, this study used bibliometric methods to conduct quantitatively analysis, screened the hotspots and frontiers of soil quality evaluation based on minimum data set (MDS), and summarized the current methods and indicators used to select the MDS in soil quality research. By searching relevant literatures on CNKI and Web of Science from 1991 to 2022, we collected and screened 310 MDS. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct co-occurrence analysis of the annual number of publications, countries/regions, institutions, journals, and to perform burst words and clusters analysis on keywords. Over the past 31 years, the publications in this field have gradually increased and remain in a phase of rapid development. China is the country with the largest number of publications. The journals with the largest number of publications are Acta Ecologica Sinica, Chinese Journal of Soil Science, and Ecological Indicators, respectively. The main research hotspots were the impact of agricultural management on soil quality, soil degradation and remediation, soil quality response to climate change, MDS screening methods and model construction, respectively. In the early stage, MDS in soil quality evaluation mainly used physical and chemical indicators, but with the development of soil health, the use of biological indicators has gradually increased. So the number of publications will be still in a rapid growth stage in the next period of time, and developing countries will play an important role in the globe. The core indicators are SOM/SOC, pH, TN, AP and BD, respectively. In future, research on MDS should focus on the building of soil health quality evaluation framework system, which combines static evaluation and dynamic monitoring in different scales and comprehensively reflects soil functions based on big data. The MDS and evaluation system corresponding to soil quality change under the background of climate change should be discussed, and evaluation model and optimal MDS (OMDS) should be constructed to accurately reflect soil quality change rules.
In order to manage the polluted farmland coordinately and precisely, this paper identified the definition of polluted agriculture land and summarized the current status of Chinese polluted farmland according to the correlated researches, laws and so on at home and abroad. The current problems of partition management of heavy metal pollution in the agriculture land were analyzed through the pollution resource, assessment and transform respectively combining with the innate character of partition. A partition management and governance system that combines multidisciplinary perspectives, coordinates the characteristics of multiple elements, integrates the strengths of multiple subjects, and establishes different levels, standards and high applicability from the bottom up is proposed to improve the level of the management of heavy metals pollution on agricultural soil in China.
Algae-derived biostimulants is widely distributed and environmentally friendly, which contains various mineral elements and organic active substances. It can not only be directly applied in crop cultivation, but also combined with fertilizer to produce seaweed fertilizer, which has broad market prospects. In order to improve the extraction efficiency of algal-derived biostimulants, accelerate the development of seaweed fertilizer production process, and promote the high-quality development of the seaweed fertilizer market, a review was conducted on the research progress related to the extraction and addition processes of algal-derived biostimulants. Firstly, the sources and active ingredients of algae-derived biostimulants were summarized. Secondly, the applications of algae-derived biostimulants in promoting plant growth, resisting stress and improving soil ecological environment were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of physical, chemical and biological extraction methods of algal derived biostimulants were introduced, and an efficient compound extraction process was proposed. Then, the application methods of algal-derived biostimulants in urea-based high tower compound fertilizer, nitro-based high tower compound fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer and organic fertilizer were discussed. Finally, the development of the seaweed fertilizer industry was discussed and suggestions were put forward. At present, the seaweed fertilizer product market price is high, with poor production quality, and low market share. It is suggested to control the production cost of seaweed fertilizer through promoting technological innovation, optimize the seaweed fertilizer market environment through strengthening market supervision, and increase product promotion efforts through innovating technological services.
To explore the effects of different plant growth regulators, concentrations and treatment time on rooting of A. trifoliata cuttings, using the A. trifoliata introduced in Three Gorges Botanical Garden as test material, the orthogonal experiment design and the subordination function were used to comprehensively evaluate the rooting indexes. The results showed that the adventitious root formation of A. trifoliata belonged to the bark rooting, and the number of adventitious from node and internode accounted for 26.4% and 73.6% of the total number of adventitious roots, respectively. The effects of three factors on rooting were ranked as treatment time> plant growth regulator types> concentrations. Among the three treatment times (2, 4 and 6 h), the rooting effect of 4 h treatment had the best effectiveness; among the three plant growth regulators, IBA+ NAA (1:1) showed the best performance; and there were no significant difference among plant growth regulator concentrations (50, 150 and 250 mg/L). Among the 10 treatment combinations, 250 mg/L IBA+ 250 mg/L NAA for 2 h had the highest average subordinate function value and best rooting effect. This research provided scientific basis for propagation superior variety of A. trifoliata.
To alleviate the effect of extreme high temperature in melon plastic greenhouse on pollinating bee colony in summer, honeybee colony was treated with beehive protective cover, the egg, larva, capped brood, quantity, pollen consumption and the proportion of bee carrying pollen were analyzed. The results showed that the highest temperature in the hive was 43.3℃ in the control group and 40.1℃ in the treatment group, which lasted for 8.5 h above 35℃ in the two groups, and for 5 h above 40℃ in the control group. The percentage of the capped brood reduction in the control group was higher than that in the treatment group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The number of eggs in the control group decreased, while the number of eggs in the treatment group increased. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The increase rate of larva in the treatment group was 3.94 times that in the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). The reduction ratio of bee quantity in the control group [(49.83±0.17) %] was significantly higher than that in the treatment group [(27.22±1.47) %] (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in pollen consumption rate between control group and treatment group (P>0.05). Within one day, the number of bees carrying pollen in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group. The ratio of carrying pollen bees to homing bees in the treatment group [(23.29±3.03) %] was significantly higher than that in the control group [(7.21±1.04) %] (P<0.01). Therefore, the beehive protective cover can reduce and maintain the internal temperature of the bee colony, alleviate the adverse effect of environmental temperature change on the colony offspring, reduce the loss and the adjustment activities of the nest temperature of the bee colony, which is beneficial to the bee’s attendance for collecting pollen.
The aim of this study is to analyze the water supply and demand of peanut in eastern Hebei Province, in order to provide a scientific basis for the development of reasonable irrigation strategies. Based on the data from 16 national meteorological stations and Zunhua Agro-meteorological Station in the region, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of water supply and demand of peanut in eastern Hebei Province from 1973 to 2022 were analyzed by using the Penman-Monteith formula and the segmented single-valued average crop coefficient method. The results showed that over the past 50 years, the mean values of effective precipitation and precipitation coupling degree of peanut in eastern Hebei Province in the whole growth period were 312.3 mm and 0.63, respectively, showing a decreasing trend (P<0.1); the mean value of water requirement was 462.9 mm, with a non-significant increasing trend; and the interannual variability of effective precipitation was greater than that of water requirement. The interannual trend of physical quantity in each growth stage was consistent with that of the whole growth period, but none of them was significant, and the interannual variability was significantly greater in the seedling stage and flower-needle stage than in the pod-setting stage and full-fruiting stage. The comparison of water supply and demand in different growth stages revealed that the precipitation coupling degree ranged from 0.08 to 0.97, and the order of their mean values was: full-fruiting stage > pod-setting stage > seedling stage > flower-needle stage. The spatial distribution of the precipitation coupling degree of peanut in eastern Hebei Province was lower in the south than in the north at the full-fruiting stage, and lower in the southwest than in the northeast part of the region at the other growth stages and the whole growth period, the high value area was mainly concentrated in the urban area of Qinhuangdao and the northern mountainous area of Qinhuangdao, while the low value area was located in Caofeidian and around the urban area of Tangshan. The probability of peanut drought in eastern Hebei Province showed an increasing trend; especially the increase of drought risk during flower-needle stage was more significant. Among the major peanut-producing counties in the region, the probability of drought occurrence was higher in Fengrun and Fengnan.
