This study aims to investigate the effects of different irrigation methods and fertilizer treatments on the population dynamics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and yield of winter wheat. A field experiment was conducted during the 2017-2018 growing season by using the winter wheat variety 'Zimai 28'. The experiment employed a split-plot design, with the main plots consisting of two irrigation methods: traditional furrow irrigation and on-demand supplementary irrigation. The subplots included two fertilizer treatments, including conventional fertilization and reduced fertilization. Growth, development indicators and yield of winter wheat were measured. The results showed that compared with the conventional fertilization treatment, the combination of on-demand supplementary irrigation and reduced fertilization significantly increased the dry matter accumulation of grains and glumes plus rachis at maturity, with increases of 11.98% and 12.47%, respectively. It also enhanced the contribution rate of post-anthesis assimilated dry matter to grain, with an increase of 10.87%, which is conducive to yield formation and ultimately improves overall economic returns. It is recommended that in regions with natural environments and production conditions similar to those of this experiment, adopting on-demand supplementary irrigation and appropriately reducing fertilization levels is an effective approach to balancing yield and economic benefits.
This study explores the genetic basis and related functional genes of rice nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), highlighting the overuse of nitrogen fertilizers and summarizing the pertinent genes. NUE traits are divided into physiological traits (such as nitrogen uptake) and agronomic traits (such as tiller number) to elucidate key genes beneficial for nitrogen absorption. In physiological traits, genes affecting the absorption of NH4+ and NO3- in rice are summarized. The absorption of NH4+ in rice is primarily controlled by the AMT superfamily of proteins, whereas the proteins involved in NO3- transport mainly fall into two categories: NRT1 and NRT2, such as overexpression of genes like OsAMT1.1 and OsNRT1.1B can increase rice's nitrogen uptake. In agronomic traits, transcription factors such as GRF4 and NGR5 regulate the expression of nitrogen metabolism genes, promoting tiller development and grain growth, thus enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. These findings provide new genetic resources for rice breeding, promising the development of high NUE and environmentally friendly new varieties.
To reveal the characteristics and high-yield stability of the new wheat variety 'Jirumai 20', and to provide theoretical guidance for its promotion and cultivation management, variance analysis, high stability coefficient (HSC), and variety deviation degree were employed to analyze the data on yield, and the yield components, stability and adaptability of it from 2021-2023 regional trials in the North Huang-Huai Region irrigated land. The results showed that the yield of ' Jirumai 20 ' was significantly positively correlated with the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight (the correlation coefficients were 0.470 and 0.372, respectively, both reaching extremely significant levels). The HSC values of this variety in the two-year regional trials were 85.62% and 87.38%, The varietal superiority distance values were 2750.3 and 1080.4, showing an average reduction of 52.11% compared to the control. These results demonstrate that 'Jirumai 20' exhibits excellent yield stability, low superiority distance, and high potential for high, stable, and abundant yields, making it suitable for large-scale cultivation in irrigated land of the National Huang-Huai Winter Wheat Region.
This study aims to investigate the occurrence patterns of whiteflies in cotton fields in Shandong Province, to screen for highly effective and low-toxicity insecticides for controlling whiteflies in cotton, and to establish a scientific management strategy. Using a five-point diagonal sampling method, the population dynamics of whiteflies were systematically monitored across cotton fields with different planting dates to analyze its occurrence patterns. Five insecticides, including 17% flupyradifurone soluble concentrate (SL), were evaluated for efficacy against whiteflies in field trials conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for Pesticide Field Efficacy Trials. The field survey results from 2022 to 2023 showed that the occurrence pattern of whiteflies in cotton fields of the central Shandong region varied with planting dates. The initial occurrence was in late July, the peak was from early August to late September, and the highest peak occurred in late August, with whitefly activity continuing until the cotton leaves dropped during harvest. Field trials in 2024 showed that the flupyradifurone soluble solution was more effective in controlling whiteflies than other agents, followed by thiamethoxam. Additionally, lambda-cyhalothrin demonstrated a rapid effect against cotton whiteflies, and it is recommended to combine both agents for enhanced effectiveness. The control period for whiteflies in cotton fields of Shandong Province is from late July to mid-October. The preferred pesticide is flupyradifurone soluble solution, and the recommended dosage is 600 mL/hm2 of the 17% flupyradifurone soluble solution. The results provide a scientific reference for the chemical control of whiteflies in cotton fields in Shandong Province.
The aim is to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on the yield and its constituent factors of ‘Chaoyou 1000’, and clarify the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer management and the yield increase mechanism of rice with high yield. Eight kinds of nitrogen fertilizer management treatments, including N0 (no fertilization), N1 (7:3), N2 (6:4), N3 (5:5), N4 (4:6), N5 (3:7), N6 (2:8) and N7(0:10), were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on rice yield and yield components, leaf area index and dry matter with N3 as the control. The results showed that the backward movement of nitrogen fertilizer increased the effective spike number, grain number per spike and nitrogen fertilizer agronomic efficiency, but had little effect on 1000-grain weight and seed setting rate. Under N6, the yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were the highest, and the leaf area index reached the maximum value at the full heading stage. With the increase of nitrogen fertilizer backward migration at the critical leaf age, jointing stage and full heading stage of effective tillering, the leaf area index first increased, then decreased and then increased. The dry matter accumulation from full heading stage to maturity stage, the population growth rate increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer backward migration, and the harvest index gradually increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer backward migration. When the total amount of nitrogen application (pure nitrogen) was 420 kg/hm2, the basic seedling was 28.95×104/hm2, and the transplanting density was 11.5 cm×30 cm, the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was basal tiller: panicle fertilizer = 2:8, which was the most conducive to high yield.
To understand the characteristics of citrus orchard soil acidification in western Zhejiang for providing reference for citrus orchard acid soil improvement and sustainable development, 26 citrus orchards in western Zhejiang were selected for soil investigation. The composition of soil exchangeable acids, acid buffering capacity and their relationship with soil properties were analyzed. The applicability of five lime demand estimation methods, namely SMP buffer method, exchangeable acid neutralization estimation method, calcium hydroxide mixed titration method, calcium chloride exchange calcium hydroxide neutralization titration method and estimation method based on soil physical and chemical properties, were evaluated with reference to the lime demand determined by soil lime adding cultivation method. The results showed that the soil pH of the investigated orchard was pH 3.11-6.52, and 88.5% of the soil pH was lower than the suitable growth range of citrus (pH 5.0-6.5). The soil pH (pH 4.80) developed from purple sandstone was higher than that of other parent materials, followed by the soil developed from diluvium (pH 4.41), river alluvium (pH 4.36), quartz sandstone (pH 4.24) and acid rock (pH 4.23). The content of exchangeable acid in the soils was 0.05-6.66 cmol/kg, and the content of hydrolytic acid was 2.24-16.05 cmol/kg. The content of potential acids in the soils developed from purple sandstone, river alluvium and diluvium were relatively low. Soil acid buffer capacity was significantly positively correlated with free iron oxide content, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable calcium, total base ions, and base saturation (P<0.05), and negatively correlated with soil exchangeable Al3+content (P<0.05). Among them, soil exchangeable calcium and free iron oxide contributed the most to soil acid buffer capacity. Soil developed from purple sandstone had higher exchangeable calcium and free iron oxide content, so the buffer capacity was higher. With the increase of garden age, the contents of active acid and potential acid increased, while exchangeable base and soil acid buffer capacity decreased. The results with different estimation methods of lime demand showed that SMP method was more accurate in estimating the soil with higher lime demand, and the calcium hydroxide mixed titration method had the highest linear correlation with the results of incubation experiments. These two methods were relatively suitable for the estimation of soil lime demand of orange orchards in western Zhejiang.
To accurately estimate the surface soil organic carbon (SOC) density and carbon storage in Fengning County, and to determine their spatial distribution and influencing factors, this study utilized 283 surface soil samples collected in 2022. Geostatistical methods and ArcGIS technology were employed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of surface SOC, and regional overlay analysis was conducted to identify key factors influencing SOC density. The results indicated that: (1) in 2022, the surface SOC density in Fengning County ranged from 1759.26 to 7810.87 t/km2, with an average value of 3631.41 t/km2, and a total carbon storage of 32.75 Mt; (2) among the townships, Wudaoying Township had the highest average surface SOC density at 5507.58 t/km2, while Datanzhen had the largest surface SOC storage at 2.98 Mt; (3) surface SOC density showed an increasing trend with elevation, with higher densities observed in the western region and the northeastern edge of the plateau. Across different land use types, the order of surface SOC density from high to low was: grassland > forest land > tidal flats > dryland > bare land > construction land. In terms of soil types, purple soils and grey-brown soils exhibited significantly higher SOC densities compared to other soil types. The study concluded that surface SOC density was influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, and enhancing SOC content required a comprehensive consideration of topography, soil types, and land use practices.
The paper aims to seek a reasonable ratio of organic and chemical fertilizers application for cigar tobacco production, so as to improve the quality of cigar tobacco. This study was carried out in Suijiang County, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province. Using ‘Yunxue No.39’ as the material, the effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers proportionally on the appearance quality, agronomic traits, yield and quality and chemical intrinsic quality of cigar tobacco leaves were studied. The results indicated that the replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can effectively enhance the color, oil content, and quality of modulated cigar tobacco leaves; the height of the cigar tobacco plants, stem circumference, leaf area, and leaf area coefficient initially increased with the amount of organic fertilizer substitution, followed by a subsequent decline. Notably, substituting 40% of the chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer significantly improved the agronomic traits; the yield and output value of cigar tobacco leaves increased with the reduction of inorganic fertilizers; compared with the conventional application of fertilizers, utilizing organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers by 20%, 40% and 60% resulted in yield increases of 1.83%, 8.2% and 4.57%, respectively. Correspondingly, the output value increased by 5.09%, 13.6% and 7.45%, respectively, significantly increasing the economic benefits; with the increase of proportion of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer, the total sugar, total nitrogen, water-soluble chlorine, potassium oxide, K/Cl ratio, reducing sugar to total vegetative base ratio, and total nitrogen to total plant base ratio of cigar tobacco progressively aligned with those of high-quality domestic and foreign cigar filler leaves. Notably, the most significant improvements were observed when 40% of the chemical fertilizer was substituted with organic fertilizer. This practice not only enhances the quality of tobacco leaves but also boosts the economic benefits associated with tobacco cultivation. In summary, using organic fertilizer to replace 40% chemical fertilizer in cigar tobacco cultivation can effectively improve the quality and increase the economic benefits of tobacco.
The aims were to study the effects of carbon-based organic fertilizer on the composition and stability of soil aggregates, and to determine the application effect of carbon-based organic fertilizer in the improvement and cultivation of red soil for tobacco growing and flue-cured tobacco production. Taking the typical tobacco-growing red soil in Panxi area of Sichuan Province as the research object, field experiments were conducted. The effects of control (CK), application of biochar (T2), application of cow manure (T3), 50% cow manure combined with 50% biochar (T4) and 70% cow manure combined with 30% biochar (T5) on soil aggregate composition and stability were determined. The results showed that with the growth period of flue-cured tobacco, the aggregate stability of red soil increased first and then decreased from <0.053 mm to 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm, and the 0.25-2 mm was the main concentration. In the mature stage of flue-cured tobacco, the aggregate content of 0.25-2 mm in the topsoil (0-20 cm) treated by T4 and T5 increased by 1.99-4.19 percentage points compared with T2 and T3, and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates increased by 4.41%-19.67%. Aggregate content greater than 0.25 mm (R0.25) was increased by 4.67-17.57 percentage points. Redundancy analysis showed that soil organic matter content was positively correlated with aggregates of 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm, which was the main factor affecting the particle size distribution and stability of aggregates in red soil. Carbon-based organic fertilizer could increase the content of organic matter in tobacco-growing red soil, promote the formation of large aggregates, and improve the stability of aggregates.
This study investigates the growth of three new lily varieties in Yulin, Shaanxi, aiming to screen the lily varieties suitable for local cultivation. Lilium ‘Siberia’, ‘Frontera’ and ‘Trensor’ were cultivated from bulbs, and the phenological period, appearance, flowering traits, and bulb traits were observed and measured for comprehensive comparison. The results showed that the three introduced lily varieties presented normal growth and development in Yulin, with robust plants and good stress resistance, thus being suitable to be cultivated in Yulin. However, the three varieties exhibited differences in their traits. ‘Trensor’ outperformed ‘Siberia’ and ‘Frontera’ because of the tall plant, fast growth, long flowering stage, large stem diameter, large petals, large flower diameter, and large bulb and could be widely promoted for planting. ‘Frontera’ ranked second in terms of the plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. ‘Siberia’ had the lowest plant height, stem diameter, petal length and width, and bulb weight. Overall, the three introduced lily varieties demonstrated excellent comprehensive quality, with robust stems, dark green leaves, intact leaves and flowers, pure flower colors, and strong floral fragrance. They can be selected for expanded planting to enrich the cut flower lily market in Yulin and surrounding areas.
The paper aims to find out a scientific application model of livestock and poultry manure which is more suitable for growing over-wintering eggplant on lime concretion black soil in Tai’erzhuang District, and to realize the green, high-quality and efficient development of eggplant. The over-wintering eggplant planted on lime concretion black soil was taken as the experimental research object, the effects of pig manure and pure rice husk and chicken manure (0:2, 1:1, 2:0) on plant diameter, root system and yield of eggplant were compared. The results showed that the plant coarseness, root system and yield of eggplant treated with pure rice husk and chicken manure were the best, the diameter of main branch, fresh weight of root system, total number of root hairs and yield were 1.92 cm, 63.44 g, 130 bars and 392985 kg/hm2, respectively; the application performance of pig manure, rice husk chicken manure and other proportions was moderate, the main branch diameter, root fresh weight, total root hair and yield were 1.90 cm, 61.56 g, 125 bars and 335670 kg/hm2, respectively; the worst performing one was the application of pure pig manure, the main branch diameter, root fresh weight, total root hair and yield were 1.72 cm, 42.10 g, 86 bars and 331410 kg/hm2, respectively. For the lime concretion black soil with heavy texture and bad structure, the application of rice shell and chicken manure could loosen the soil appropriately, improve the water, fertilizer, air and heat condition of eggplant root system, and provide a good environment for the growth of eggplant root system in overwintering stubble, thus make the eggplant plant become stout and the yield promotion.
In order to explore the differences in color value, SPAD value and quality of cured tobacco leaves with different maturity levels, the color parameters, SPAD values, conventional chemical composition and sensory quality in different sections of the tobacco leaves of three ripening levels were studied using the middle and upper tobacco leaves of ‘Yunyan 87’ as materials. The results showed that with the increase of the harvesting maturity of the middle and upper tobacco leaves, the L*, a* and b* values of tobacco leaves gradually increased, the SPAD values gradually decreased, and the uniformity of leaf color deteriorated. The color value and SPAD value of different sections of the same tobacco leaf were different, and the color value of the section near the tip of the leaf was larger and the SPAD value was smaller. The color value of the lower section (C area) of the middle tobacco leaves and the upper section (D area) of the upper tobacco leaves was similar to the overall mean value of the leaves, and the SPAD value of the upper section (D area) of the middle and upper tobacco leaves was similar to the overall mean value of the leaves. From the perspective of the quality of cured tobacco leaves, with the improvement of maturity, the quality of tobacco leaves first increased and then decreased; the middle tobacco leaves were roasted when the yellow-green area of the leaf surface was about 60% and the main vein became white about 1/2, while the upper tobacco leaves were roasted when the yellow-green area of the leaf surface was about 80% and the main vein became white about 2/3, the comprehensive quality of the cured tobacco leaves was relatively good. In addition, the color parameters L*, a* and b* of tobacco leaves were negatively correlated with SPAD values, and the color parameters and SPAD values were significantly or extremely significantly correlated with some conventional chemical composition indexes of tobacco leaves.
This study aims to identify the characteristic components of carbon dioxide injury in fresh-cut broccoli and establish a foundation for early warning and precise control of CO2 concentration, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of air conditioning and preservation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the trend of volatile components produced by broccoli under dynamic controlled atmosphere storage. The results indicated that fresh-cut broccoli sustained injury when stored at 0°C with 4% O2 and 3% or higher CO2 concentration, with the injury phenotype being off-odor. The contents of propionic acid specifically increased under injured conditions, displaying a significantly different trend compared to hypoxic conditions. Thus, propionic acid can be used as a characteristic component of carbon dioxide injury in fresh-cut broccoli.
In order to analyze the contribution factors and spatial pattern of tea production increase in China, based on the tea planting area, yield, and unit yield data of Chinese provinces from 1991 to 2022, the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) model was used to analyze from national, regional, and provincial levels. The results showed that: (1) in terms of growth quantity, the scale of tea production in China continued to expand from 1991 to 2022, and both tea garden area and tea production showed a sustained growth trend. Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou, the top three regions in terms of tea planting area growth, contributed 47.73% of the total growth of tea planting area. Sichuan, Hubei, Fujian, and Yunnan, the top four regions in terms of tea production growth, contributed 59.53% of the total growth of tea production. The southwest tea region was the leading area for increasing tea production in China. (2) In terms of growth rate, the provinces with lower than the national average growth rate are Zhejiang, Anhui, Chongqing, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Guangdong; and the provinces with above the national average growth rate are Yunnan, Hubei, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shandong. The southwest tea region is considered as the "rapid production increase" level, while the Jiangbei tea region is at the "speeding production increase" level. (3) The contribution of tea planting area in southwest tea area is the most obvious, and the contribution of tea yield per unit area in south China tea area is the most significant. There are 16 provinces in China that contribute more to tea planting area, and only 3 provinces contribute more to tea yield per unit area. The provinces that make a significant contribution to the increase of tea planting area include Guizhou, Shandong, Gansu, Jiangsu and Xizang. The province that makes a significant contribution to the increase of unit yield is only Hainan. In order to improve the national tea production capacity and growth potential, we should strengthen the construction of tea production base, deepen the deep processing of tea, and enhance the efficiency of tea brand.
