【Objective】This study aimed to develop novel glyphosate-resistant wheat germplasm using EMS mutagenesis to mitigate weed infestation in wheat fields. Resistant mutant plants were selected through field screening, and the mutation profiles of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene as well as optimal application conditions were characterized, offering a practical approach for breeding glyphosate-resistant wheat varieties.【Method】A mutant population was generated by treating newly germinated seeds of Zhenmai 9 with EMS mutagenesis. Resistant mutants were isolated through multiple rounds of glyphosate screening in the field across M₂ and M₃ generations. Promising lines, including GR1, GR19, and GR23, were identified via pedigree selection, combined with yield and resistance phenotype screening. Mutation sites in the EPSPS gene were detected by PCR amplification and sequencing, while expression levels of TaEPSPS-4A, TaEPSPS-7A, and TaEPSPS-7D were analyzed using RT-qPCR. Field trials involving different glyphosate doses and application growth stages were conducted to systematically evaluate herbicide efficacy and determine the appropriate dosage and timing for safe application.【Result】The resistance mutant frequency in the M₂ population was 6.53×10^-6. In the M₃ generation, 43 mutant plants exhibiting tolerance to 4× the recommended glyphosate dose were successfully obtained. Sequencing analysis revealed that resistant lines GR1 and GR19 harbored 5 and 3 mutation sites in TaEPSPS-7D, respectively, whereas GR23 carried 5 mutation sites in TaEPSPS-4A. Expression analysis indicated that glyphosate treatment significantly downregulated most homoeolog genes in the three mutation lines, irrespective of whether those genes carried resistance mutations. Field trials demonstrated 100% weed control efficacy across all glyphosate treatments, significantly superior to isoproturon. As the glyphosate doses increased, wheat seedling height and fresh weight showed a decreasing trend, but most differences with the untreated control were not significant, indicating no substantial adverse effects on growth. Yield analysis revealed that treatment with 1× and 2× doses did not cause significant yield reduction, whereas 4× and 8× doses led to significant reductions of 3.04% and 4.63%, respectively. Growth stage-specific trials further indicated that spraying a 2× dose of glyphosate from seedling to jointing stages had no significant impact on plant growth, but application at the booting stage significantly reduced plant height, fresh weight, and grain yield, resulting in a 6.48% yield loss.【Conclusion】The combination of EMS mutagenesis and field screening successfully generated new glyphosate-resistant wheat germplasm capable of withstanding 4× the recommended glyphosate dose. Multiple point mutations in the non-active center of the EPSPS enzyme confered enhanced glyphosate resistance without compromising yield. For practical application of such resistant varieties, the optimal weed control window is during wheat green-up (early March), using 41% glyphosate isopropylamine salt at 840-1 680 g ae·hm^-2, diluted in 450 L·hm^-2 of water, applied as foliar spray to weeds under rain-free conditions.

【Objective】Soil salinization severely constrains the sustainable development of rice production. The specific goals are to: comprehensively evaluate the salt tolerance of rice core germplasm accessions at the seedling stage, investigate the morphological and physiological characteristics of different rice subspecies under salt stress, clarify the associated variations in their responses, and summarize their adaptive strategies, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for screening and breeding salt-tolerant rice varieties.【Method】The salt tolerance score (STS), plant height, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and SPAD were measured for 276 rice core germplasm accessions after treatment using 125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl for 6 days. The relative values of each trait, except for STS and shoot fresh weight were calculated, along with the shoot water content (SWC). T-tests, significance analysis and correlation analysis were used to explore the morphological and physiological differences for salt stress responses among different rice subspecies. Principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear regression were applied to screen key indicators for salt tolerance. The D-value was calculated to identify typical salt-tolerant accessions and salt-sensitive accessions, which were used to elucidate the regulatory patterns and response strategies of salt stress in different subspecies of rice.【Result】Salt stress affected the growth of seedlings of the three subspecies of rice. Compared with japonica rice, indica rice and AUS exhibited milder inhibitory effects from salt stress, and AUS demonstrated greater phenotypic variation. The STS, relative seedling height (RSH), relative root length (RRL), relative root dry weight (RRDW), relative SPAD (RSPAD) and SWC among the three subspecies of rice accessions were not significantly different. However, the relative shoot dry weight (RSDW) of indica rice was significantly higher than that of japonica rice and AUS, and the salt tolerance of temperate japonica rice seedlings was significantly higher than that of tropical japonica rice and admixed japonica rice. Correlation patterns of the seven salt-tolerance-related traits varied between the three subspecies. Three principal components were extracted from japonica rice, indica rice and AUS, with cumulative contribution rates of 82.587%, 80.117%, and 88.700%, respectively. Based on this, the D-values for the comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance were calculated for each accession, and key parameters for salt tolerance were screened. It was found that RSDW is a common key indicator affecting the salt tolerance of rice seedlings, while RSH and RRDW are shared by japonica rice and AUS, and STS is the common key parameter for indica rice and AUS. In the three subspecies, high-D-value accessions and low-D-value accessions were selected to analyze root characteristics, ion balance, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and osmotic regulation substance content under salt stress. The root total number (RTN), root tip number (RN), total root length (TRL), and root surface area (RSA) of high-D-value accessions in the three subspecies were significantly higher than those of the three categories of low-D-value accessions. Among the three types of high-D-value accessions, the RTN and RN of indica rice were significantly higher than those of japonica rice and AUS. The root average diameter (RAD) of indica rice and AUS was significantly higher than that of japonica rice. AUS had significantly higher surface area and volume of roots in the 0.5-1 mm diameter range than japonica rice and indica rice, while japonica rice had significantly higher root volume in the 0-0.5 mm diameter range than indica rice and AUS. In terms of ion balance, the shoot Na⁺ content (SNC) of the three types of high-D-value accessions was significantly lower than that of the three types of low-D-value accessions. Among the three types of high-D-value groups, AUS had significantly lower SNC and shoot Na⁺/K⁺ (SNK) than that of japonica rice, japonica rice had significantly lower root Na⁺ content (RNC) than AUS, indica rice had significantly higher root K⁺ content (RKC) than AUS, and japonica rice and indica rice had significantly lower root Na⁺/K⁺ (RNK) than AUS. In terms of reactive oxygen species content, among the three categories of high-D-value accessions, the hydrogen peroxide content of japonica rice was significantly lower than that of indica rice and AUS. In terms of osmoregulatory substance content, among the three types of high-D-value accessions, the soluble sugar content of indica rice and AUS was significantly higher than that of japonica rice, and the proline content of indica rice was significantly higher than that of japonica rice.【Conclusion】Significant differences were observed in the morphological and physiological characteristics of rice germplasm accessions from different subspecies under salt stress. RSDW is a common key indicator affecting salt tolerance of rice seedlings. In response to salt stress, typical salt-tolerant germplasm from japonica, indica, and AUS developed distinct combinatorial profiles of regulatory modes, which varied in their emphasis on four key aspects: root morphological characteristics, ion homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and osmotic adjustment.

To promote the high quality development of the grassroots agricultural technology extension system, this paper combined the actual situation of grassroots agricultural technology extension work, sorted out the development status and the aspects to be improved of the grassroots agricultural technology extension system, and put forward targeted reform and construction strategies for the “1+N” grassroots agricultural technology extension system (where “1” referred to county-level experts and “N” referred to township technical backbones). At present, the grassroots agricultural technology extension work had achieved remarkable results: county-level institutions were fully equipped, extension methods had been upgraded towards diversification and informatization, and the “1+N” model had been gradually promoted, which effectively improved the grain quality and supply guarantee capacity. Meanwhile, there was still room for improvement in grassroots agricultural technology extension in terms of the adaptation of agricultural technology updating, the connection with farmers' diversified demands, and the optimization of the “1+N” coordination mechanism. Based on this, strategies such as optimizing the structure of the extension team, improving the coordinated linkage mechanism, building a diversified technical service platform, and promoting the targeted connection with differentiated demands were proposed from three dimensions: the construction of the “1+N” coordination mechanism, the updating of agricultural technology based on this model, and the connection with farmers' demands. This paper provided a reference for the reform of the grassroots agricultural technology extension system.

To promote the high quality development of county-level characteristic agriculture, this study took the white tea industry in Zongyang County of Anhui Province as the research object, systematically analyzed its development status and the aspects to be improved, and put forward targeted optimization paths. Relying on superior natural conditions, the white tea industry in the research area had become one of the local pillar industries, with an existing planting area of 2 600 hm². The comprehensive output value had stabilized at around 250 million yuan in the past three years, and the foundation for the large-scale and standardized development of the industry had been gradually consolidated. At that time, there was room for optimization in the industrial development in terms of industrial foundation, infrastructure, brand recognition and industrial chain. Based on this, targeted countermeasures were proposed from 4 dimensions: optimizing the industrial foundation by building regional industrial clusters, constructing a professional tea trading market, and strengthening financial support and enterprise integration; consolidating infrastructure by promoting the transformation of ecological tea gardens and the application of mechanization, and building an IoT-enabled smart tea garden and a “peace of mind code” traceability system; advancing in-depth brand construction by forging the national geographical indication public brand of “Zongyang White Tea” and expanding promotion channels through an online-offline integrated model; improving the industrial chain by deepening the intensive processing of white tea (extending to the fields of tea polyphenol extraction and tea food research and development) and promoting the integrated development of tea and tourism featuring “tea garden sightseeing + cultural experience + homestay economy”. This study provides a reference for the high quality development of the white tea industry in similar counties.

Based on investigations, this paper analyzes the advantages and current status of brand development in Liancheng's sweet potato dried product industry, identifies areas for improvement in the current brand-building process, and proposes corresponding brand-building strategies. The sweet potato dried product industry in the study area possesses foundational strengths in standardized planting and production, clustered processing operations, and diversified product categories. A brand system comprising 142 trademarks has been established, and the regional public brand “Liancheng Red-heart Sweet Potato Dried” has gradually gained influence. The investigation reveals that there is still considerable room for improvement in areas such as corporate brand awareness, the effectiveness of regional public branding, brand marketing strategies, and market supervision mechanisms. In response, the following brand-building strategies are proposed: conduct specialized training in brand building to enhance corporate understanding and planning capabilities for brand strategy and encourage companies to define clear brand positioning; establish a synergistic mechanism integrating “regional public brand + enterprise-owned brand”, set up a unified operating entity, build a standardized production system and a product quality traceability platform, introduce anti-counterfeiting labels, and strengthen standardized brand use and whole-process supervision; integrate online and offline channels to enhance brand exposure and recognition through industry exhibitions, local festivals, search engine optimization, live streaming on new media platforms, short video contests, and other methods, highlighting product characteristics and cultural value; simultaneously, improve market mechanisms that combine brand protection regulations and product quality supervision to ensure product quality and safeguard brand reputation. This study provides practical insights for brand building in the agricultural industries in Liancheng and similar regions.

Taking the sericulture farmers in Dajie Town, Jingdong County, Yunnan Province as the research object, this paper conducts an empirical study based on the data of 312 survey questionnaires, using reliability and validity tests, descriptive statistics, and cross-analysis methods, and explores the constraints and optimization paths for the high quality development of sericulture industry. The reliability and validity tests indicate good internal consistency and reliability of the survey data, and the analysis factors have statistical validity. At present, the development of the sericulture industry in this region needs to focus on several key aspects, including the standardization of production technology, the expansion of market channels, the effectiveness of policy implementation, and the vertical extension of the industrial chain. In response, the following strategies are proposed: construct an “online + offline” dual-track training system to cultivate new professional sericulture farmers, introduce and promote high-quality varieties and green production technologies, and improve production efficiency and quality. Establish an information feedback mechanism, introduce supporting policies, and train young e-commerce talents. At the same time, tap into regional cultural resources to build characteristic brands and enhance influence. Improve industrial support policies, broaden funding channels, set up special funds, and establish a performance evaluation mechanism for fund use to ensure standardized and efficient use. Extend the industrial chain, support the construction of cocoon drying stations to solve the problem of fresh cocoon preservation, promote by-product development to increase added value, and realize benefit sharing through the “cooperative + farmer” model. The research results have important reference for the high-quality development of agricultural industries in similar regions.

To improve the quality of talent cultivation in the Forestry Technology major, this paper sorted out the current situation of fostering the craftsman spirit among the major's talents and put forward targeted practical paths in light of the actual development of the major. From 4 dimensions, namely curriculum system design, the cultivation and integrated management of teachers' craftsman spirit, school-enterprise collaborative education, and the guarantee system for cultivation, the paper identified the aspects with room for optimization and improvement in fostering the craftsman spirit for the major. On this basis, specific practical paths were constructed: first, promoting the reconstruction of the curriculum system, integrating the connotation of the craftsman spirit and industry standards, and innovating teaching and practical training models; second, building a teaching team with both the craftsman spirit and professional literacy, and strengthening the educational capacity through diversified learning, practical training and project-driven approaches; third, deepening the integration of industry and education, co-constructing “innovation and entrepreneurship + craftsman” bases, and improving the education model; fourth, improving the guarantee system, optimizing the evaluation, assessment and incentive mechanisms, and enhancing the integrated effect of teaching management and cultivation work. In terms of practical results, a total of 9 provincial, municipal and university-level teaching and research projects and 3 college students' innovation and entrepreneurship training programs were approved, 12 academic papers were published, and more than 300 students were guided in total, which improved the professional skills and vocational literacy of professional talents. This paper provided a reference for the talent cultivation of related majors.

To improve the quality of field practice teaching in Botany, this paper proposed a teaching strategy integrating plant identification APP with pre-designed taxonomic keys by teachers. Based on the pre-designed taxonomic keys compiled by teachers in combination with the characteristics of plants in the practice area, this strategy covered representative groups such as pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, and clarified key diagnostic features as well as differences between easily confused species. During the practice, through the integrated model of “preliminary identification by APP + accurate verification by taxonomic key”, students were guided to cross-compare species characteristics. Meanwhile, practical activities such as self-made taxonomic keys, specimen preparation, and plant photography were supplemented to construct a multi-dimensional teaching system. The results of the pilot application in 2024 showed that the accuracy of students' plant identification was significantly improved, and their abilities in knowledge application and problem-solving were effectively transformed. The achievement degree of the course objectives of Biological Field Practice for the 2023 grade reached 0.84, an increase of 0.04 compared with the 2022 grade; the average score of field practice report (botany section) was 87.3 points, 4.46 points higher than that of the 2022 grade, indicating that the teaching effect of field practice was significantly optimized. This paper provided a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

To cultivate high quality talents, this paper based on the concept of OBE and centered on the development of students' abilities, explored the teaching practice of plant-related courses, and constructed a teaching model of “plant-classroom-farm” and a teaching framework of “theory-practice-innovation”. Taking plant pot culture as the practical carrier, the reform realized the transformation of teaching from knowledge-oriented to ability-oriented by reconstructing textbook contents, innovating teaching methods through multi-sensory interaction and collaboration, integrating solar term culture and ideological and political elements, building an open practical platform with school-enterprise linkage, and establishing a multi-dimensional process evaluation system covering classroom observation, performance assessment, interactive learning design and precise teaching intervention. Specifically, classroom observation focused on students' participation and practical operation records; performance assessment quantified students' abilities through specimen production, ecological journal writing and other activities; interactive learning design promoted the cultivation of higher-order thinking by virtue of collaborative discussion; and precise teaching intervention optimized teaching strategies through graded assessment and other means. Practice showed that students' participation in classroom interaction was greatly improved, the passing rate of theoretical examinations was increased by 10-15 percentage points, and their practical abilities, scientific research and teaching abilities as well as comprehensive qualities were enhanced simultaneously. In the past three years, students have won more than 10 awards in various competitions, and the employment rate of graduates has remained stable at over 85%. The two-way transformation of teaching and research capabilities and scientific research achievements was achieved, more than 10 educational reform and scientific research projects at all levels were approved, and the number of published papers increased significantly. This paper provided a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

To improve the scientific research and innovation capabilities of postgraduates majoring in Food Science and Engineering, this paper analyzed the current cultivation status of postgraduates in this major. Combined with the actual operation of the large-scale instrument sharing platform, a teaching reform system for large-scale instruments and equipment was systematically constructed and innovated from 3 dimensions: the design of teaching content, the innovation of teaching process and the construction of communication platform. Adhering to the principles of comprehensiveness, practicality and forward-looking, the teaching content included the offering of the optional course “Food Instrumental Analysis”, which covered the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of high-utilization large-scale instruments in modules according to scientific research needs. A diversified teaching model of “independent preview – theoretical teaching – on-machine experiment – assessment and authorization – scientific research application” was constructed for the teaching process, with the implementation of a hierarchical training strategy and the improvement of the assessment and authorization mechanism. An online “instrument communication and discussion” platform was built to gather the resources of teachers, students and technical experts, forming a positive cycle of scientific research mutual assistance. The practical results showed that this reform system effectively improved postgraduates' operational skills of large-scale instruments and their abilities in data interpretation and analysis. In the past year, 23 postgraduates obtained the approval of provincial-level scientific research and practical innovation projects, 43 scientific research papers were published and 26 invention patents were applied for (13 authorized) relying on the instrument platform, and the scientific research and innovation capabilities of postgraduates were significantly enhanced. This paper could provide a reference for similar universities to carry out the reform of postgraduate practical teaching.

To improve the efficiency of water quality monitoring and management, this paper systematically analyzed the application status of digital technologies in the field of water quality monitoring and the key links that needed special attention, explored the implementation paths of digital empowerment for water quality monitoring, and elaborated on the effectiveness of practical applications in combination with actual cases. At present, there was still room for optimization in conventional monitoring processes, data sharing, technology integration and other aspects. Based on this, this paper proposed digital empowerment paths from 3 dimensions: the data acquisition layer, the data processing layer and the data analysis layer. The data acquisition layer guaranteed the quality of data sources by optimizing sensor selection, layout strategies, communication technologies and data preprocessing. The data processing layer improved the efficiency of data processing and the accuracy of water quality anomaly monitoring through algorithm optimization and the construction of machine learning and deep learning models. Relying on intelligent identification, trend prediction and data visualization technologies, the data analysis layer provided data support for water quality management. The application practices of the “digital mulan river” model and the “electronic river chief” system showed that the digital water quality monitoring system could realize real-time whole-process monitoring, intelligent judgment and efficient regulation of water quality, effectively improve the level of water quality management and reduce the cost of pollution control. This paper provided a reference for digital empowerment of water quality monitoring in similar regions.

This article analyzes the characteristics of forest pest and disease occurrences, the methods for identifying pests and diseases, as well as the key image detection technologies commonly used in machine learning and deep learning methods. It also elaborates on the combined application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and image detection technology. Forest pests and diseases have diverse types and are difficult to control, posing certain threats to the stability of the forest ecosystem. Currently, the identification technologies for forestry pests and diseases can be classified into three categories. There are significant differences in the technical characteristics and application efficiency among these methods: the identification approach based on professional experience relies on on-site investigation and judgment by experts, which has the drawbacks of being time-consuming, labor-intensive, and having a high degree of subjectivity. The recognition method based on machine learning achieves disease discrimination by training the model algorithm. It significantly improves the detection efficiency compared to manual recognition, but is limited by the subjective limitations of the features extracted by humans. The identification method based on deep learning relies on deep neural networks to autonomously extract image features, possessing higher detection accuracy and scene adaptability. By integrating machine learning models and image recognition technologies, it is possible to efficiently analyze the characteristic information of pests and diseases, achieving automatic identification of pests and diseases. The key technical system for forestry pest and disease image recognition mainly covers 3 methods image preprocessing, image segmentation, and network model selection. The integrated application of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photography and pest and disease image detection technology can precisely extract key features such as color changes of tree crowns in forest coverage images. It also has the advantage of high resolution and can accurately determine the invasion process of pests and diseases. This technology has been widely adopted in the dynamic monitoring of forestry pests and diseases. This article provides a reference for improving the accuracy of forest pest and disease image detection.

Adenylate kinase (AK) plays a crucial role in nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism. To explore the molecular characteristics and tissue distribution of the ak1 gene in Larimichthys crocea, the complete coding sequence (CDS) of the ak1 gene was cloned from Larimichthys crocea in this study. Bioinformatics software was employed to analyze its sequence features and evolutionary characteristics, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the distribution of the ak1 gene in various tissues of Larimichthys crocea, such as muscle and heart. The results showed that the CDS of the ak1 gene in large yellow croaker was 582 bp in length, encoding 193 amino acids with a relative molecular weight of 21.24 kDa. It contained 1 O-glycosylation site and 15 phosphorylation sites. The AK1 protein had a typical ADK domain, existed as a monomer, and consisted of 9 α-helices and 5 β-sheets. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Ak1 of Larimichthys crocea had the closest genetic relationship with that of Dicentrarchus labrax. The expression level of the ak1 gene in muscle tissue was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P<0.05), followed by heart and skin tissues. This study provides a reference for elucidating the role of the ak1 gene in energy metabolism of Larimichthys crocea.

This article analyzed the current situation of resource utilization of landscaping waste in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, as well as the aspects that need improvement in the processing of landscaping waste, and proposed targeted strategies. The landscaping waste disposal in the study area mainly adopts 2 treatment methods: crushing and fermentation, which have derived 3 application directions: fuel, organic substrate, and organic covering material. The treatment of landscaping waste faces certain challenges in terms of safeguard measures, the capacity for absorbing derivative products. Based on this, it was proposed to actively promote technologies such as the production of biochar, increase investment in the power stations, and implement incentive measures such as price subsidies; leveraging the technical research advantages of universities and research institutions to strengthen technological innovation, and establishing a comprehensive platform and information management platform integrating technology transfer and technological research; strengthening publicity and guidance to enhance public environmental awareness. This article provides a reference for promoting the resource utilization and sustainable development of landscaping waste in the study area.

To investigate the effect of adding phosphorus and magnesium to trigger struvite crystallization reaction in the edible mushroom residue composting system on composting efficiency, thereby promoting the resource utilization of mushroom residues, this study established 2 treatments: a control group and an experimental group. The control group was supplemented with edible mushroom residue, EM bacteria, and urea, while the experimental group was supplemented with edible mushroom residue, EM bacteria, urea, magnesium chloride, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. During the fermentation process, parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of the compost were monitored. The results showed that there was little difference in temperature changes between the experimental and control groups. In the early stage of composting, the pH of the control group was higher than that of the experimental group, but it gradually converged in the later stage. The electrical conductivity of the experimental group was consistently higher than that of the control group throughout the composting cycle, though both remained within safe limits. The total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen contents in the experimental group were all higher than those in the control group. At the end of composting, the total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content in the experimental group were 2.58, 13.02, and 1.83 times higher than those in the control group, respectively. In conclusion, the struvite crystallization reaction can significantly reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss in mushroom residue composting and effectively improve the quality of the compost. This study provides a reference for the resource utilization of mushroom residues.

To investigate the differences in metabolic components of cigarettes, type Ⅰcigarettes (100HHL96, 100HTXC, 100HTXX, 100TY, 100ZH) and type Ⅱ cigarettes (10DQM, 10HJY, 10XSD, 35FRW, 35HEH) were used as materials. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were employed to analyze the metabolic components of the two types of cigarette products, and metabolomic methods were used for heterogeneity analysis. The results showed that a total of 785 metabolic substances were identified across the 10 cigarette samples, with ketones (15%), esters and lipid molecules (10%), and terpenes (10%) ranking in the top three categories by structure, and ketones, alkaloids, and indoles ranking in the top three categories by content. In the comparison of two types of cigarette products, 28 metabolites such as dimethyldodecylamine and L-pyroglutamic acid, and dihydrocelastryl diacetate showed significant differentiation. In type Ⅰ cigarettes, 11 metabolites such as dimethyldodecylamine, L-pyroglutamic acid, and 5-hydroxymaltol were upregulated, while 17 metabolites such as dihydroquercetin diacetate, ethyl palmitate, and ethyl octadecanoate were downregulated. The main components affecting aroma, such as mesmin, methyl palmitate, and maltol, showed significant heterogeneity between the two types of cigarettes. This study provides a reference for improving cigarette processing technology and product quality.

This article summarized and analyzed the main factors affecting the formation of flavor compounds in black tea from 3 aspects: tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology. In terms of tea varieties, the genetic characteristics of different tea plant cultivars were found to shape the specific aroma profiles and flavor styles of black tea. Regarding the growing environment, altitude influenced tea plant metabolism through diurnal temperature variations, with black tea grown at higher altitudes（above 800 m）generally exhibiting superior flavor. Light quality and photoperiod, were shown to activate specific enzyme systems, promoting the synthesis of theaflavins and the formation of aroma precursors such as esters. Soil pH（optimal range 4.5-5.5）, nutrients（e.g., potassium, phosphorus, magnesium）, and microbial communities jointly regulated root development and secondary metabolism in tea plants, directly affecting the content and ratio of flavor compounds such as tea polyphenols. In terms of processing techniques, key processing techniques such as withering, rolling, fermentation, and drying are used to synergistically regulate the flavor compounds of black tea. Optimal combination of suitable process parameters （e.g., withering moisture loss rate of 60%-65%, rolling duration of 40-60 min, fermentation temperature of 25 ℃）was found to improve the color, aroma, taste, and storage performance of the tea infusion. The synergistic effect of tea tree variety, planting environment, and processing technology helps to stabilize and improve the flavor compounds of black tea, thereby enhancing its quality.

This paper summarized the physicochemical characteristics of 3 forms of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium, nitrate, and amide nitrogen fertilizers), the effects of nitrogen fertilizer forms on crop physiology and yield, as well as the selection of nitrogen fertilizers based on their properties and effects. The 3 forms of nitrogen fertilizers differ in chemical properties and nutrient release rates, leading to varying impacts on crops. Ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is easily adsorbed by soil colloids, providing long-lasting effects, making it suitable for paddy fields and low-temperature conditions. However, it is prone to volatilization in alkaline environments, and excessive long-term application can lead to soil acidification. Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer acts rapidly, making it suitable for alkaline soils, and can be directly involved in plant nitrogen metabolism, though it is easily lost with water. Amide nitrogen fertilizer, primarily urea, has a high nitrogen content and offers diverse application methods, but it is prone to volatilization under high temperature and humidity conditions. Different forms of nitrogen fertilizers have varying effects on crop root systems, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, yield, and quality, and crop preferences for them vary by variety. Rational nitrogen fertilizer application requires selecting the appropriate fertilizer based on soil properties, crop variety characteristics, and growth stages. This approach plays a positive role in improving crop yield and quality, reducing environmental pollution, and ensuring sustainable agricultural development. This paper provides a reference for scientifically selecting nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural production practices, improving fertilizer efficiency, and achieving high quality and high yield crop production.

Liangxing 77 was used as the test wheat cultivar, and the field efficacy trials were conducted in Yinma Town (A), Fuchun Town (B) and Yanshi Town (C) of Juancheng County, Shandong Province. 4 treatments were set up, including 40% carbendazim SC at 1 875 g/hm⊃2; (T1), 430 g/L tebuconazole SC at 450 g/hm⊃2; (T2), 25% phenamacril SC at 2 400 g/hm⊃2; (T3), and water control (CK), with the first and second pesticide applications carried out on April 25 and 29, 2022, respectively, followed by investigations of the incidence of diseased spikes, control efficacy against diseased spikes, disease index, and control efficacy based on disease index for each treatment; strains were isolated, collected and identified from sites A, B and C in 2023 and 2024, and after activation, the tested strains were inoculated onto drug-free potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (control plates) and drug-containing PDA medium (treatment plates) to determine the resistance frequency for evaluating the resistance level of Fusarium graminearum; the results showed that across the three test sites, the incidence of diseased spikes and disease index of all chemical treatments followed the order of T1 > T2 > T3, whereas the control efficacy against diseased spikes and that based on disease index showed the opposite order of T3 > T2 > T1; the resistance frequency of the pathogen causing wheat Fusarium head blight to carbendazim exceeded 50% in sites A and C (except for site C in 2024), that to tebuconazole was relatively high in site A, while the overall resistance frequency to phenamacril was low; correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between the pathogen resistance level and the field control efficacy of the fungicides, and this study provides a theoretical basis for the sustainable control of wheat Fusarium head blight, recommending the rotation of fungicides with high efficacy and low resistance risk as well as the strengthening of resistance monitoring and rational application of fungicides with emerging resistance trends.

To understand the species and occurrence of forest diseases and insect pests in Chongming District, Shanghai, this study adopted the methods of route survey and fixed-point investigation to investigate the species of forest diseases and insect pests, host plants, and damage levels.The results showed that there were 14 main forest disease species in the area. Among them, 8 species (57.14%) were at damage level Ⅱ, 4 species (28.57%) were at damage level Ⅲ, and 2 species (14.29%) were at damage level Ⅰ. The investigation of insect pests found that there were 44 main forest insect pest species belonging to 24 families and 7 orders. Lepidoptera (6 families, 18 species), Coleoptera (5 families, 12 species), and Hemiptera (7 families, 8 species) were the dominant groups. There were 7 newly introduced pest species, mainly distributed in Coleoptera (5 species) and Hemiptera (2 species). There were 12 pest species that caused relatively serious damage to forest plants, including 7 species of Lepidoptera (Micromelalopha sieversi, Clostera anachoreta, Parasa lepida, Cnidocampa flavescens,Latoia consocia,Thosea sinensis, Ascotis selenaria), 3 species of Coleoptera (Anoplophora chinensis, Ochyromera ligustri,Euwallacea fornicatus), 1 species of Hymenoptera (Mesoneura rufonota) and 1 species of Hemiptera (Phenacoccus solenopsis). These pests mainly damage the leaves and branches of forest trees. Overall, there were many species of forest diseases and insect pests in the study area, but the species that could cause serious damage were only distributed in a few families. Based on the occurrence of forest diseases and insect pests in this area, it is proposed to adhere to the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive control”, strengthen the monitoring and early warning of diseases and insect pests, and comprehensively adopt strategies of agricultural control, biological control, physical control and chemical control. This study provides a reference for the control of main forest diseases and insect pests, and the protection and management of forest resources in this area.

This article took the landscaping project of the industrial technology research center in Zhongshan City industrial park of Guangdong Province as a practical case, systematically reviewed and analyzed the current application status of landscape plants in this area, extracted the core application points, and explored the construction of a complete and systematic application strategy for landscape plants throughout the entire process. Currently, there is a problem of homogeneity in the artificial landscape of park landscaping plants, and the plant planting planning lacks systematic coordination. The maintenance management system also needs to be further improved. Based on the local coastal geographical environment characteristics and the overall requirements of urban renewal construction, a full-chain application technology path for park landscaping plants covering plant screening and configuration, planting construction, and maintenance management was constructed. In the plant selection and configuration stage, a comprehensive quantitative assessment index system covering growth adaptability, landscape value, and planting and maintenance difficulty was established. According to local conditions, a landscape configuration mode combining trees, shrubs, and grasses, with a focus on native plants, was adopted. In the planting construction stage, soil improvement was carried out, and the detailed planting process including the factory delivery of trees, safe transportation, and scientific construction was streamlined. In the plant maintenance and management stage, a maintenance mechanism with different grades and priorities was established, and the maintenance standards for different plant types and growth stages were clearly defined. In response to the high incidence of typhoon disasters in coastal areas, a comprehensive typhoon response plan was formulated to ensure the long-term stability of the garden landscape to the greatest extent. By integrating the technical key points of each stage, a systematic and all-round garden plant application strategy was formed, and a natural ecological and economically efficient garden landscape environment was constructed. This article provides practical references for the application of garden plants in industrial parks during urban renewal construction.

To explore the efficacy and application potential of microbial agents in expressway slope ecological restoration, this study took the slopes along the Ji-Tai expressway as the research object. In the spring of 2023, microbial inoculants were mixed with the seeds of 12 suitable plant species, including Lespedeza bicolor, Amorpha fruticosa, and Ailanthus altissima. In October 2024, sample method was used to systematically investigate the plant community structure and record the species composition and spatial distribution in the expressway slope microbial treatment area. Meanwhile, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), plant height and stem diameter of the superior species were measured. The effect of microbial agent on vegetation restoration was evaluated by calculating coverage and statistical analysis (mean ± standard deviation). The results showed that a total of 18 plant species were recorded in the study area, among which only 3 species sown artificially were observed, namely Lespedeza bicolor, Amorpha fruticosa, and Ailanthus altissima. The average vegetation coverage rate reached (96.7±0.53)%, and the proportion of naturally distributed species in the vegetation community composition was 83.3%, which was the main contributor to the coverage rate. Their rapid colonization might be closely related to the improved soil microenvironment by the inoculant. This case reveals the promoting effect of microbial agents on expressway slope vegetation restoration. It is suggested to optimize the application strategy of microbial agents by screening stress-resistant species and prolonging the observation period, so as to provide a reference for expressway slope ecological restoration.

This study focused on the Wujiang River Basin, a typical karst region, and utilized China Land Cover Dataset (CLCD) and ERA5-Land meteorological data from 1990 to 2023. By integrating methods such as rate of change intensity analysis, GIS spatial analysis, and linear regression, the research systematically examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of impervious surface expansion, precipitation, and temperature in the area, and reveals the correlations between them. The results indicated that: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the impervious surface area in the study region increased from 149.71 km⊃2; to 751.05 km⊃2;, representing a growth rate of 402%, with an average annual expansion rate of 20.04 km⊃2;/a. The expansion process followed a spatial distribution pattern of prioritized development in the lower reaches and gradient advancement in the middle and upper reaches. (2) The study area experienced significant climate change. The average annual precipitation from 1990 to 1999 ranged from 1 672.62 mm to 1 967.77 mm, showing a downward trend during 2000-2009 and an initial increase followed by a decrease from 2010 to 2023. Summer precipitation was relatively concentrated, with June to August being the peak period. Drought risk was more prominent in the middle and lower reaches. The annual temperature showed a fluctuating upward trend. Spring temperatures remained generally stable, while summer warming was notable. June to August was a period of sustained high temperatures. The warming rates across different regions vary between 0.01 and 0.03 ℃/a. (3) Correlation analysis showed that the annual impervious surface ratio was negatively correlated with precipitation and positively correlated with temperature. With every 1% increase in the annual impervious surface ratio, the annual precipitation decreased by 276.05 mm and the annual average temperature rose by 0.81 ℃. In summer, precipitation decreases by 189.58 mm and the temperature rises by 3.49 ℃. In August, precipitation decreased by 45.08 mm and the temperature rose by 1.27 ℃. The findings of this study provide a reference for ecological protection, agricultural production, and sustainable development in the Wujiang River Basin.

To investigate the application performance of Andrographis paniculata compound in the adjuvant treatment of bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease, this study selected 40 cattle suffering from bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease from a large-scale farm as research subjects and analyzed their clinical symptoms and pathological changes; all diseased cattle received basic western medicine treatment (5% glucose saline injection, vitamin C, etc.), and on this basis, 20 of them were additionally treated with the Androgysraphis paniculata compound (composed of Andrographis paniculata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Coptis chinensis, etc.), followed by a comparative analysis of the recovery and disappearance time of clinical symptoms and the incidence of adverse reactions in all diseased cattle. In the present study, the main clinical manifestations of the diseased cattle included listlessness, inappetence, and persistent hyperthermia generally ranging from 40 to 42 ℃, inflammation, ulceration and erosion of the ocular, nasal and oral mucosa with salivation and purulent discharge, as well as clinical signs such as nasal obstruction, cough and abdominal respiration; the pathological changes were edema, hemorrhage, erosion and ulceration of the digestive tract mucosa with fibrinous necrotic pseudomembranes covering the mucosal surface, and microscopic examination revealed epithelial degeneration and necrosis, crypt destruction, congestion and edema of the lamina propria accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration, and granulation tissue hyperplasia at the ulcer sites. After treatment with only 5% glucose saline injection, vitamin C and other western medicines, 8 cattle were cured, 6 showed symptomatic remission, and 6 had no response or aggravated conditions, the recovery time of various symptoms ranged from 3.32 to 4.36 days, 3 cattle presented fatigue and 1 had hemorrhage; after adjuvant treatment with the Andrographis paniculata compound, 13 cattle were cured, 5 achieved symptomatic remission, and 2 showed no response or deterioration, the recovery time of various symptoms was 2.46 to 3.82 days, and only 1 case of hemorrhage was observed. The preliminary clinical efficacy indicates that the Andrographis paniculata compound adjuvant therapy used in this study has certain potential therapeutic effects on bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease in practice, and subsequent research needs to further expand the sample size, optimize the treatment protocol, and improve relevant clinical data to verify its application feasibility.

Based on a case of power outage failure in the environmental control system at a large‑scale broiler farm in Shangnan County, Shaanxi Province, on March 5, 2025, methods such as on-site investigation, personnel interviews and laboratory tests were adopted. It analyzed the incidence of diseased chickens, epidemiological history, pathological characteristics, infection status of viruses including highly pathogenic avian influenza, as well as changes in environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity inside the chicken house, thus revealing the impact of the system failure on the chicken house environment and broiler health. The results showed that a total of 10 800 broilers died in this case, with a mortality rate of 72%. The mortality rates of chickens in the bottom, middle and upper layers of cages were 9.5%, 100% and 100% respectively. The power outage lasted for 123 minutes. This flock of broilers had no history of highly pathogenic avian influenza, newcastle disease or other related diseases, and the feeding and management procedures, as well as the sources of feed and drinking water, were all normal. Anatomical findings indicated that the skin, combs and wattles of the affected chickens appeared cyanotic; the tracheas were congested, hemorrhagic and filled with mucus; the lungs and livers suffered from severe congestion and edema; the intestinal mucosa was congested and the intestinal walls became thin. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR test results showed that the nucleic acid detection results of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and newcastle disease virus were both negative. Data from the environmental controller demonstrated that after the power outage, the temperature and humidity inside the house increased significantly, the oxygen concentration decreased continuously, and the ammonia concentration accumulated rapidly at the same time. Comprehensive analysis showed that the influence of infectious diseases and poisoning factors could be ruled out for this case. The power outage failure of the environmental control system and the consequent chain physiological and environmental stress were the main causes of the case. Based on the research results, multi-level risk prevention and control strategies can be put forward from the dimensions of technical protection and personnel management, including installing backup power supply systems, adding independent alarm devices, and establishing on-duty or remote monitoring systems. These measures are expected to construct a comprehensive risk management system and provide a reference for improving the safe production level of large-scale broiler farming.

Based on the clinical cases of common postpartum diseases of cows in the farms of Shuanglong Town, Hanbin District, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, this paper systematically sorts out the traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation types of common postpartum diseases of cows, and elaborates in detail on the clinical symptoms, pathogenic causes and syndrome differentiation and treatment schemes of each type. Based on syndrome differentiation of etiology and pathology, it is classified into 4 types: exogenous wind-heat and high fever injuring body fluid type, liver qi stagnation and postnatal agalactia type, cold-dampness complicated with deficiency of both qi and blood type, and exogenous wind-cold and internal injury of yin-cold type. The exogenous wind-heat and high fever injuring body fluid type is more prevalent in high-temperature seasons, induced by damp-heat stimulation and improper feeding, and characterized by tachypnea, mental excitement and elevated body surface temperature, which is treated with a modified prescription of Radix isatidis, Lonicerae japonicae flos, Radix scutellariae, Radix ophiopogonis and Rhizoma pinelliae decoction. The liver qi stagnation and postnatal agalactia type arises from inadequate postpartum nursing and insufficient nutritional supply, with hypogalactia as the core symptom, and is managed with a modified prescription of Radix bupleuri, Radix paeoniae alba, Pericarpium citri, Radix angelicae sinensis and Radix ophiopogonis decoction. The cold-dampness complicated with deficiency of both qi and blood type mostly affects elderly cows, associated with cold-damp invasion and qi-blood deficiency, and is prone to concurrent postpartum paralysis, which is cured with a modified prescription of Huangqi Yimu shenghua decoction. The exogenous wind-cold and internal injury by yin-cold type has a high incidence during seasonal transitions, triggered by wind-cold stimulation, and presents with symptoms such as rhinorrhea, cough with deficient dyspnea and sparse clear sputum, and is treated with a prescription of Herba ephedrae, Ramulus cinnamomi cassiae, Rhizoma et radix notopterygii, Radix saposhnikoviae, Cortex cinnamomi cassiae and Radix aconiti lateralis preparata decoction. This paper provides a reference for the application of syndrome differentiation and treatment in veterinary clinical practice for cow postpartum diseases.

Combined with the actual planting conditions and practical production experience of strawberry in Northern Anhui Province, this paper summarized the key technologies for its early maturing and high yield from the aspects of variety selection and seedling treatment, soil management, field planting and hormonal growth regulation, environmental control, plant regulation, as well as disease and pest prevention and control strategies. The specific techniques are as follows: selecting strawberry varieties (Hongyan, Miaoxiang No.7) with characteristics of early maturing, high yield, low temperature tolerance, shade tolerance and high humidity resistance; using virus-free first-generation seedlings (with fresh weight ≥ 25 g, plant height ≥ 20 cm, plump terminal buds and no pests or diseases); transplanting the seedlings into nutrient pots for a 10-day heeling-in treatment, followed by a 20-day low-temperature cold storage treatment, during which natural light or LED supplementary lighting in the storage should be rationally applied; conducting solar thermal disinfection or chemical disinfection on the soil before planting, and implementing reasonable crop rotation in the planting area to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles; performing root dipping treatment with 24% Jinggangmycin A 1 000-fold dilution solution combined with 25% prochloraz 500-fold dilution solution prior to field planting, and carrying out field planting from August 15 to 20; spraying an appropriate amount of 15% paclobutrazol (PP₃₃₃) wettable powder 20 days after field planting to control plant growth; reasonably regulating temperature, humidity, light intensity and fertilizer application during the growth period, and conducting the removal of old, weak and diseased leaves as well as stolons, flower and fruit thinning, and pollination on the plants; following the plant protection principle of prevention first and integrated control in the process of pest and disease management, and adopting a combination of physical, biological and chemical control methods. This study provides a reference for the quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of the strawberry industry and the high quality development of regional characteristic agriculture in Northern Anhui Province and similar regions.

This article summarized the ultra-high ridge cultivation technology for greenhouse strawberries from aspects such as the selection and management of production bases, facilities and equipment, substrate selection and disinfection, variety selection and production seedling transplantation, field management, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage transportation. The production base should be selected on a site with convenient transportation, far away from pollution sources and with suitable soil physical and chemical properties. A separate irrigation and drainage management system should be established, and regular environmental condition monitoring should be conducted for newly established production bases. Choose good quality solar greenhouses or asymmetrical plastic double-layer greenhouses, and establish ultra-high ridge and drip irrigation equipment. Using a cultivation medium composed of peat, coconut coir and perlite in a 3∶2∶2 (by volume) ratio, it is advisable to conduct in-situ disinfection of the old medium in June or July. High yield and high quality varieties with strong disease resistance and stress tolerance, such as Dayeningyu, Suizhu, are selected and planted in a “character” pattern. Field management is carried out according to the temperature, light, water and fertilizer requirements of strawberries at different growth stages. Agricultural control, physical control and biological control are adopted for strawberries pest and disease prevention, chemical control follows the “dual prevention” principle for pesticide application, and precisely controls the safe interval period for pesticides. When harvesting, attention should be paid to the maturity of the strawberries, and they should be refrigerated and transported. This article provides a reference for the application and promotion of ultra-high ridge cultivation of strawberries.

To clarify the growth characteristics and stress adaptation rules of Cucumis melo seedlings, this paper reviewed the impact of high temperature stress on the physiological growth of Cucumis melo seedlings, and proposed strategies for promoting vigorous seedling cultivation. High temperature stress inhibits the germination of Cucumis melo seeds and the growth of seedlings by inducing the production of abscisic acid. It also reduces the photosynthetic indicators such as net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, weakens the plant's antioxidant capacity, and thereby lowers its biomass accumulation level. By selecting heat-resistant Cucumis melo varieties such as Huangmengcui and Nasimi, practicing crop rotation with vegetables like scallions, ginger, garlic and cumin, preparing the soil, plowing and applying base fertilizer, implementing precise water management, timely replanting, using shading nets for shading and cooling, and applying growth regulators such as calcium chelate and paclobutrazol to cope with extreme high temperature stress, the aim is to promote the growth of seedlings. This article provides a reference for the scientific cultivation of Cucumis melo in the Turpan region during autumn.

The key cultivation management techniques for bag-free apple orchards were summarized, focusing on soil, fertilizer, and water management, pest and disease control, and other related aspects. Soil management promoted grass cultivation and the laying of reflective films to improve the microecology and enhance coloration. In fertilizer management, the principles of controlling nitrogen, increasing application of organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were followed. Base fertilization involved the application of organic fertilizer at 15–20 kg/plant and compound fertilizer at 5–10 kg/plant, along with spraying bag-free film agents and calcium fertilizers to enhance fruit surface smoothness and resistance. Water management was adjusted flexibly according to growth stage requirements, with emphasis on drainage to prevent waterlogging. For disease and pest control, physical methods (insect traps, lime whitewashing) and biological methods (sex pheromones, microbial agents) were prioritized, supplemented by selective chemical agents (polyoxin, Bordeaux mixture) to control aphids and anthracnose. Tree pruning focuses on ventilation and light penetration, using spindle or open-center shapes, with meticulous management of branch groups. Flower and fruit management involved artificial and bee-assisted pollination to ensure fruit set, combined with thinning of flowers and fruits to regulate yield appropriately. This integrated technology provides references for green and high quality apple production through collaborative regulation of fertilizer and water, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, tree optimization, and fine management of flowers and fruits.