【Objective】 The objective of this study is to develop InDel molecular markers for Island cotton, which is characterized by its superior fiber quality, particularly the fiber tensile strength-a key indicator of cotton fiber quality. The study aims to validate these markers using RIL (Recombinant Inbred Line) populations and resource materials, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for breeding new varieties of Island cotton with enhanced fiber quality. 【Method】 Utilizing a previously established population of 213 Pima S-7 and 5917 F_5:6 RILs, we conducted QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) mapping to identify the locus regulating fiber strength in Island cotton, designated qFS-chr17-1. InDel markers were designed based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) data of the parental lines, followed by the identification of polymorphic markers. Preliminary validation of these markers was performed using 40 extreme family materials selected based on phenotypic data. Genotyping was carried out on both the 213 RIL population and the 213 Island cotton resource population, alongside multi-year fiber quality data to assess the markers' effectiveness. 【Result】 The genotyping of the RIL and Island cotton resource populations with the two developed InDel markers indicated a close linkage to fiber strength phenotypic data, with significant differences observed in fiber strength traits among the differentiated materials. The analysis of genotypic combinations revealed an upward trend in fiber strength across four combination types, with materials exhibiting the Hap3 (B/A) and Hap4 (B/B) genotypes demonstrating significantly greater fiber strength than those with Hap1 (A/A) and Hap2 (A/B). Furthermore, the InDel-3L2 marker showed significant correlations with fiber length, fiber uniformity, and spinning consistency index, consistent with the observed phenotypic trends. Analysis of multi-year fiber quality data from two experimental sites revealed environmental variability in fiber quality, while temperature data indicated that the developed molecular markers are minimally influenced by environmental factors. Clustering analysis of fiber quality data from 213 Island cotton resource materials, combined with molecular marker genotyping, identified eight materials exhibiting superior fiber quality. 【Conclusion】 This study successfully developed two InDel molecular markers closely linked to the fiber strength QTL (qFS-chr17-1), which maintain their effectiveness upon combination. The InDel-3L2 marker demonstrates significant correlations with fiber length, fiber uniformity, and spinning consistency index. These markers can efficiently and accurately identify high-strength fiber resources in Island cotton, contributing to the breeding of improved fiber quality. Additionally, eight materials with excellent fiber quality have been identified.

【Objective】 Wheat is a cornerstone of global food security, with its production being pivotal in both China and the international community. With global climate change, the threat of high temperature has become increasingly prominent, posing a significant challenge to wheat cultivation. The strategic identification and selection of heat-tolerant germplasm, coupled with the exploration of genes associated with heat resistance, are crucial steps. These efforts are essential for broadening the genetic diversity of heat tolerance in wheat within China, providing prerequisites for breeding heat-tolerant wheat varieties and ultimately contributing to the safeguarding of our nation’s food security in the face of a warming climate. 【Method】 In this study, a natural population of 331 wheat accessions was utilized, and artificial climate chambers were employed to simulate high temperatures conditions. The heat tolerance of wheat seedlings was assessed by monitoring their survival rate under various durations of treatment, using heat resistance grade as the evaluative metric. Meanwhile, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using the 55K SNP chip to identify genetic loci associated with heat tolerance. Expression data from multiple tissues, including roots, leaves under heat stress were analyzed, leading to the selection of genes related to heat tolerance. Subsequently, qPCR validation of candidate genes was performed using the extremely heat-tolerant accession Xinong 889 and the heat-sensitive accession Chinese Spring (CS) as materials. 【Result】 Under high-temperature stress, significant variations in survival rates were observed among different wheat accessions. The extremely heat-tolerant, moderately heat-tolerant, moderately heat-sensitive, and extremely heat-sensitive germplasm accounted for 110, 104, 110, and 7, respectively, representing 33.23%, 31.42%, 33.23%, and 2.12% of the total. Heat-tolerant germplasms, including Xinong 889, Zhengmai 7698, Zhongmai 895, Zhoumai 18, and Fengchan 3, were identified. Through GWAS, a total of 293 SNP loci significantly associated with the 12-hour survival rates (SR) and heat resistance grades (HRG) were detected, with the phenotypic variation explained ranging from 4.40% to 12.46%. Among these, 200 loci were related to the 12-hour survival rates, and 257 were related to the heat resistance grades, with 164 loci identified as the same heat-related loci. Based on significantly associated SNP markers, 313 heat-related genes were predicted. According to gene annotation information and expression data under heat stress, 23 heat tolerance candidates were selected, and after qPCR validation of differentially expressed candidate’s genes, 20 key heat tolerance candidate genes were identified. 【Conclusion】 At the seedling stage, 331 wheat germplasms were identified for heat tolerance. A rapid method was developed for determining the survival rate of wheat seedlings subjected to treatments of varying durations at 45 ℃ to assess their heat tolerance In total, 38 heat-tolerant germplasms and 293 loci significantly associated with seedling heat tolerance were screened. Also, TraesCS1A02G355900, TraesCS1A02G389500, TraesCS5A02G550700, TraesCS5D02G557100, TraesCS6D02G402500 and TraesCS7A02G232500 represented as candidate genes were filtered out.

In order to explore the alleviating effect of exogenous ascorbic acid on the toxicity of beet seedlings under atrazine stress and the degradation mechanism of atrazine, using beet 'KWS1197' seeds as experimental materials, pot experiments combined with instrumental analysis were conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of ascorbic acid on physiological and biochemical indexes of beet under atrazine stress, as well as the pesticide residues and degradation mechanisms in the soil. The results showed that atrazine stress inhibited the growth of beet seedlings, after spraying ascorbic acid, the toxicity of beet seedlings under atrazine stress was alleviated. Spraying 1mmol/L ascorbic acid had the most significant effect. The dry weight of the above-ground part and the underground part was 2.54 times and 3.43 times that of atrazine treatment group (AT treatment group). Chlorophyll content was increased by 42.5%. MDA content and electrolyte permeability were 53.57% and 65.01% of those in AT treatment group. SOD, POD and CAT enzyme activities were reduced by 60.5%, 61.3% and 51.1%, compared with AT treatment group. Spraying ascorbic acid can reduce the residual amount of atrazine in soil, and the higher the concentration, the more obvious the degradation effect. Four degradation products were found, and four possible degradation pathways of atrazine were further speculated. Ascorbic acid can improve the adverse effects of atrazine on the growth of beet seedlings, and the effect is significant at 1 mmol/L. This study provides a reliable reference for the degradation of atrazine.

Spartina alterniflora, as an alien invasive plant, has spread rapidly in the Yellow River Delta region, threatened native species, and damaged ecosystem health. This paper analyzes the invasion footprint of Spartina alterniflora in the Yellow River Delta by using remote sensing satellite image analysis techniques. It was found that after Spartina alterniflora completed colonization (before 2004), it quickly occupied the invaded habitat and rapidly spread (2004—2014). Although human intervention had suppressed the invasion speed of Spartina alterniflora and reduced the invasion area in the past decade (2014—2024), it still had the potential to make a comeback and reinvade. Therefore, we further classify and summarize the hypotheses of different stages of Spartina alterniflora invasion, compare various control measures, the prospect of scientific exploration of microbiological control of Spartina alterniflora in the future is proposed. The aim of this study is to provide a new way to prevent and control Spartina alterniflora invasion in the future.

To further enhance the effectiveness of county-level agricultural product brand building, the current situation of the development of agricultural product brands in Wuwei City, Anhui Province was analyzed, the existing areas to be improved in its building process were explored, and the corresponding solutions were proposed. In terms of current situation, the research area has obvious advantages in the development of agricultural product brands, with continuous promotion of brand building and gradual improvement of the brand sales network system. In terms of areas to be improved, there is a lack of awareness in building agricultural product brands, a need to improve the value of protection, and a low level of deep processing waiting to be improved. Specific measures includes strengthening the construction of agricultural product brands, improving supply quality, and enhancing the empowerment of agricultural festivals to enhance brand competitiveness; by strengthening the supervision of the entire process of agricultural product production, focusing on improving the industrial development guarantee system, and developing modern green and efficient agriculture, aim to optimize the guarantee value enhancement system; by expanding the scale of agricultural product deep processing enterprises and developing agricultural characteristic industry clusters, aim to enhance the deep processing capabilities of enterprises. This article provides a reference for promoting the high quality development of agricultural product brands in relevant counties.

The effects of different carbon sources on the mycelium growth and extracellular enzyme activities of A15 and W192 were investigated to understand the physiological requirements of carbohydrates of the two commercial Agaricus bisporus strains. Using different monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as test materials, the mycelial growth rate, mycelial biomass and extracellular lignocellulase activities were determined. Glucose and fructose increased the mycelial biomass of A15 by 7.7%-30.8% and 23.1%-38.5%, respectively, while that of W192 was increased by 21.1%-36.8% and 26.3%-57.9%, respectively. Trehalose, sucrose, starch and cellulose increased the growth rate of mycelia; trehalose, maltose, sucrose, xylo-oligosaccharide, starch and cellulose increased mycelial biomass, among which 0.5% cellulose increased the mycelial biomass of A15 and W192 by 3.3 and 2.3 times, respectively. 10 carbon sources increased laccase, C1 and Cx activities of A15 and W192, respectively. All the 12 carbon sources inhibited β-GC activity of A15. However, in addition to xylan and lignin, the β-GC activity of W192 was increased. Trehalose, maltose, sucrose, xylo-oligosaccharide, starch and microcrystalline cellulose promote mycelial growth significantly. W192 may have higher carbon source demand or tolerance than A15.

The current status of the Huainan Bagongshan tofu industry and its brand construction, as well as the application of animation IP in empowering local characteristic industries were analyzed, and the practice of Bagongshan tofu animation IP design in brand enhancement was explored. Currently, challenges such as insufficient brand differentiation, weak digital communication, and inadequate industrial integration depth hinder the development of the Bagongshan tofu industry. As an emerging cultural medium, animation IP offers innovative pathways for the creative transformation of agricultural cultural heritage. It serves as a vital tool for building rural characteristic industries, optimizing rural industrial structures, promoting economic transformation, and providing new models for rural governance and public services. By integrating regional cultural, landscape, and industrial elements, animation IP can shape culturally distinctive brand images, attract younger consumer groups, and foster the inheritance and innovation of agricultural cultural heritage. Taking the “Doubao” animation IP as an example, the design of characters, derivative product development, and cultural industrial park construction have achieved the modern expression of traditional tofu culture and industrial value transformation. The practice demonstrates that combining animation IP with local characteristic industries not only drives youthful brand dissemination but also establishes a “cultural empowerment + industrial revitalization” dual-driven model, offering a replicable example for the sustainable development of rural specialty industries.

To cultivate applied talents with solid professional foundations and serve rural revitalization, the current situation of teaching content, teaching methods, ideological and political education, and assessment evaluation was analyzed in Crop Cultivation course, and the corresponding reform measures were proposed. In terms of teaching status, the teaching content is difficult to meet the needs of modern agricultural industry development, the teaching methods need to keep up with the times, the exploration of ideological and political education in the curriculum is insufficient, and the process assessment in the evaluation is relatively small. Specifically, it includes restructuring teaching content around the needs of industrial development, updating and optimizing agricultural technology, production methods, and other knowledge; adopting diversified teaching methods such as “pre class-in class-post class” integrating teaching and “case-based+heuristic+discussion based” to promote mutual communication and progress between teachers and students; adhering to the same direction of ideological and political education as professional teaching, integrating agricultural culture knowledge into the classroom, and introducing typical figures and advanced deeds; through process evaluation (40%) and assessment evaluation (60%), comprehensively evaluating the teaching effectiveness. The practical results showed that under this teaching reform model, students’ concentration and activity were high, the mastery of cultivation theory and practical skills was significantly improved, and the teaching effect was significantly improved. This article provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses in higher agricultural and forestry colleges under the background of new agricultural science.

To cultivate compound and innovative talents in Animal Medicine major, on the basis of analyzing the current situation of Animal Physiology Experimental course teaching in this major, based on the OBE concept, using online network teaching platforms and virtual simulation teaching platforms, a mixed online and offline teaching reform design and practice was carried out. Specifically, before class, students use platforms such as Chaoxing Fanya and Rain Classroom to preview and strengthen task driven learning; in class, virtual simulation experiment technology, project-based teaching methods, and classroom discussions are used to explain key and difficult points; timely summarize and reflect after class, and assess the average score of daily performance and experimental report. The practice shows that under this teaching model, students’ knowledge level and ability literacy have been improved, and they has won honors such as the special prize in the professional skills competition; the teaching ability of teachers has been greatly improved, and the theoretical courses supporting experiments had been approved as national first-class courses.

Cold stress directly affects plant growth and development, and under extreme conditions, it may result in infertility or even lead to plant mortality. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which plants respond to cold stress, this review synthesizes the diverse effects of cold stress on plants. It discusses the impact of cold stress on plant plasma membranes, the ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway, plant hormones, and cellular metabolism. Additionally, recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms underlying plant cold tolerance are examined and discussed. This review aims to provide a foundation for the practical application of these findings in the genetic improvement of crops. Based on the above, the paper suggests that a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating genetic engineering, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and bioinformatics should be employed to further explore the molecular mechanisms behind plant cold tolerance. Furthermore, potential future research directions in this field are proposed.

To cultivate high quality professionals in the field of forest protection, the current state of digital specimen and virtual simulation system development was explored, their effective integration into teaching practices for Forest Protection disciplines was investigated, and the methods for evaluating and providing feedback on teaching effectiveness were analyzed. Regarding development, physical specimens of insects and plant diseases can be digitized to enable online data dissemination and sharing. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies were utilized to simulate real-world operations and established virtual simulation systems. In terms of integrated application, the two technologies were combined and applied to 3 teaching models: case-driven learning, project-based learning and practice, and interactive discussions. These approaches were exemplified through simulations of sampling, detection, and analysis processes for pine wilt disease, the design of pest monitoring and control projects, and the use of guiding or open-ended questions, highlighting the multidimensional and highly interactive nature of the teaching models. In terms of teaching effectiveness evaluation and feedback, based on the effective integration of two technologies, students’ learning outcomes, learning participation, innovation and collaboration abilities are evaluated, and good feedback evaluations are obtained from teachers and students. This study provides a reference for the reform of teaching in Forest Protection and related disciplines.

Biochar, a carbon-rich material renowned for its distinctive physical properties, holds significant promise for improving soil texture. However, the performance of biochar-amended soils is contingent upon a variety of factors, including the inherent characteristics of the biochar, the prevailing soil conditions, and the specifics of the experimental framework employed. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive Meta-analysis to assess the impact of biochar application on soil organic carbon (SOC) content. By synthesizing literature published between 2013 and 2024, we meticulously screened 207 datasets derived from 84 studies. The results indicated that the enhancement of total organic carbon (TOC) content in soils after biochar application was more pronounced under specific conditions: when the biochar pH < 9, the soil type was sandy, and the initial organic carbon content was low. Notably, the maximum increase in soil TOC, an impressive 53.43%, was observed in sandy soils. Furthermore, with the increase of biochar application, a corresponding rise in soil TOC content was also documented. This study elucidated the influence of biochar on soil organic carbon, integrating factors such as biochar characteristics, soil conditions, and experimental parameters. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aimed to underscore the significant potential of biochar as a transformative agent for soil enhancement.

To cultivate high quality fruit tree breeding talents with innovative spirit and practical ability, the current situation of Fruit Tree Breeding course teaching was analyzed from 3 aspects: curriculum system and teaching content, teaching implementation, and teaching quality assurance, and the teaching reform driven by innovation and put it into practice was carried out. In terms of the current situation, the curriculum system does not incompletely match the teaching content and innovation needs, and the teaching methods, practical teaching, and teaching conditions need to be improved. The structure of the teaching staff and the teaching evaluation system need to be optimized. In the practice of teaching reform, innovate the curriculum system and teaching content, establish a comprehensive and hierarchical curriculum system, and optimize teaching content that emphasizes both cutting-edge and experimental aspects; optimize the teaching implementation model, introduce teaching methods such as virtual simulation technology, strengthen practical teaching management, and carry out diversified practical activities; improve the teaching quality assurance system, strengthen the construction of the teaching staff, introduce high-precision scientific research equipment, improve teaching conditions, perfect the evaluation system framework, and innovate the teaching evaluation system. Practice showed that under the reformed teaching model, the achievement rate of course objectives had reached 0.78, and the quality and effectiveness of course teaching had been greatly improved. In the practice of innovation driven development, teaching vitality has been fully stimulated, and teaching quality has been improved. This paper provides a reference for improving the quality of teaching reform of related courses.

The application advantages and effectiveness of commonly used water-saving irrigation techniques in farmland water conservancy projects were analyzed, their current application status was discussed, and corresponding strategies were proposed. Techniques such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation, low-pressure pipe irrigation, and channel seepage prevention significantly enhance water resource utilization efficiency. Practical application requires optimizing technology integration based on regional characteristics. However, challenges remain in farmers’ awareness of water conservation, project funding, management systems, and scientific selection of irrigation technologies. To address these issues, strategies are proposed such as enhancing farmers’ awareness through new media campaigns; expanding diversified funding channels via government-social capital collaboration; establishing a full-cycle regulatory system covering design, construction, and maintenance, and scientifically adapting technologies to geographic and crop requirements; scientifically adapting water-saving technologies according to geographical characteristics and crop demands This research provides a reference for the promotion and application of water-saving irrigation technologies in farmland water conservancy projects.

Soil aggregates are essential indicators of soil structure and fertility, significantly influenced by management practices, including the type of fertilizer used. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on soil aggregate stability, measured by mean weight diameter (MWD), and to analyze the roles of various fertilization types, cropping systems, and soil types. We collected data from 48 published studies to create a comprehensive database on different fertilization practices and their impact on aggregate stability, including 292 independent paired data sets. Meta-analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of fertilization on soil aggregate stability. The findings revealed that, compared to no fertilization, the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and combined organic-inorganic fertilizers significantly enhanced soil aggregate MWD. Specifically, the impacts of combined organic-inorganic fertilization (an increase of 21.46%) and single organic fertilization (an increase of 17.17%) were 7.9 times and 6.4 times greater than that of single chemical fertilization (an increase of 6.22%), respectively. Additionally, the effect of straw application on MWD (27.79%) was significantly higher than that of manure (14.01%). Furthermore, the duration of fertilization was significantly negatively correlated with MWD, while annual precipitation, evaporation, and temperature were all significantly positively correlated with MWD. The optimal fertilization amounts were determined to be > 0.3 t/hm² chemical fertilizers, 5-10 t/hm² organic fertilizers, and 1-10 t/hm² combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, all of which significantly enhanced the stability of soil aggregates. Additionally, soil properties and environmental factors, such as pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium, also influenced these effects. This study highlighted that the type of fertilization played a significant role in determining the stability of soil aggregates, underscoring the importance of organic fertilizers and combined organic-inorganic fertilization for improving soil structure. The results provided vital evidence for optimizing soil management practices.

To address the partial issues of low positioning efficiency, cumbersome operations, and data inaccuracies in conventional herbicide efficacy field trials, this study developed a multifunctional plot marker to enhance experimental standardization and scientific rigor. The device comprises a square frame, support legs, signage poles, and counting panels, with key technical features including: an internal counting grid for sub-region division to minimize counting omissions; hinged support legs at four corners ensuring stability on complex terrain; telescopic sleeve structures for signage and counting poles allowing height adjustment according to crop growth and foldable for compact storage, improving portability. Furthermore, hinged frame connections and folding mechanisms enable flexible shape adjustments to accommodate diverse sampling requirements. This fixed-point device can shorten the field operation time to a certain extent, improve the accuracy and portability of counting, and has relatively high economic benefits. The device design builds on extensive field experience with solid practical foundation; it enhances trial efficiency and precision while being reusable with evident benefits; its applications extend beyond herbicide evaluation to agricultural pest and disease monitoring, fertilizer efficiency evaluation, and grassland resource surveys. This study provides a reference for the design and broader application of this multifunctional fixed-point device.

To investigate the effect and mechanism of Lepidium meyenii Walp. saponin (LMS) in promoting apoptosis of human retinoblastoma Y79 cells, Lepidium meyenii Walp. was used as the experimental material to extract its saponins. Y79 cells were treated with different concentrations of LMS (0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL), and the effects of LMS on Y79 cell proliferation and apoptosis at different treatment times (24, 48, and 72 h) were detected. The expression levels of pro-apoptotic factors, including Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 genes and proteins, were measured. The results showed that 2.58 g of total saponins were extracted from 50 g of maca dry powder, with an extraction yield of 5.16%. LMS treatment inhibited the proliferation of Y79 cells and induced their apoptosis, with the optimal effect observed at 400 μg/mL for 48 h, resulting in a cell viability rate of 54.05% and an apoptosis rate of 21.87%. Under these conditions, LMS promoted the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 genes and upregulated the expression of Cleaved caspase-3, Cleaved caspase-8, and Cleaved caspase-9 proteins. In conclusion, LMS can inhibit the proliferation of Y79 cells and induce their apoptosis, and its mechanism may be related to the upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9.

To understand the risk factors in yeast products, brewing yeast and high-active dry yeast products sold in market were selected. A fishbone diagram was used to identify and analyze potential risk factors, and pathogenic microorganisms as well as heavy metals (total arsenic and lead) were measured. The results showed that the main risks in yeast products were associated with raw materials, fermentation, and production processes. No pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, or Listeria monocytogenes, were detected in any of the tested products. The total arsenic and lead contents in the products were consistently low, complying with safety standards, and exhibited a year-on-year decreasing trend, with no lead residues were detected in yeast extracts, yeast-based compound seasonings, etc. These findings indicate that yeast products have a high safety profile.

To understand the spatial differentiation of soil P forms in the subtropical natural forest land, this study took the natural forest land of Lianhuashan scenic spot in the Qianjiangyuan National Park as the research object, both upper layer samples (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) and the horizontal samples of representative soil profiles located in three terrain positions, including the top of slope, middle slope (hillside), slope toe, and also rhizosphere soils at the foot of the slope, were collected to characterize P forms for understanding the relationship between soil P composition and topography. The analysis results of both upper soil sample and profile soil horizonal samples showed that the organic C, total P, total organic P and various forms of organic P, Ca₂-P and available P had obvious surface enrichment characteristics, which gradually decreased with the soil depth. The averaged proportion of inorganic P in the total P was higher than that of organic P. The proportion of organic P to the total P and the proportions of both active and moderate active organic P to total organic P decreased in the order of slope toe > top > middle slope, and also decreased with the depth of the profile. The organic P in forest soil mainly existed in the medium active organic P and medium stable organic P, while inorganic P mainly existed in the occluded P (O-P) and Fe-P. Compared with the corresponding bulk soils, the rhizosphere soils contained lower total P and lower pH, the higher proportion of organic C, available P, proportion of organic P in the total P, proportion of active organic P in the organic P and proportion of Ca₂-P in the total P. The contents of organic P, Ca₂-P, Al-P and available P were significantly correlated with the contents of organic carbon. The results showed that the root uptake of P from deep soil, the return of dead leaves to the surface and migration of surface runoff were the main driving forces for the spatial differences of soil P in natural forest land.

To explore the effect of different melatonin concentrations on the low temperature preservation quality of mangoes, Tainong mangoe was used as experimental materials, different concentrations of melatonin (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, 0.50 mmol/L) were sprayed and stored in a constant temperature incubator at 4 ℃, with 0 mmol/L melatonin as the control (CK). Physiological and biochemical indicators such as chilling injury index, weight loss rate, and respiratory intensity were measured every 5 days. The results showed that under the condition of low temperature storage at 4 ℃, all experimental groups experienced increasingly severe cold damage with prolonged storage time. The cold damage index of CK was significantly higher than that of other treatment groups in the first 20 days (P<0.05); The weight loss rate showed an upward trend with the extension of storage time; The respiratory intensity first increased and then decreased, reaching its peak on the 15th day; The soluble sugar content increased with the prolongation of storage time and tended to stabilize at 20-25 days; The titratable acid content showed a decreasing trend with storage time, and the titratable acid content in the CK group was lower than that in the melatonin treatment group during storage; The content of ascorbic acid showed a decreasing trend with the passage of storage time; The content of malondialdehyde showed an upward trend with the passage of storage time, and there was no significant difference among the treatment groups. The group treated with 0.25 mmol/L melatonin had a cold injury index of 0.587, a weight loss rate of 4.77%, a respiratory intensity of 0.783 mg/(kg·h), a soluble sugar content of 19.53%, a titratable acid content of 0.537%, an ascorbic acid content of 6.27 mg/100 g, and a malondialdehyde content of 4.9 μmol/g FW after 15 days of storage. Overall, 0.25 mmol/L melatonin can effectively delay the metabolism of mango fruits during low temperature storage after harvesting.

Soil water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) changed with cultivation methods is of great significance to crop growth and soil carbon cycle. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to compare the effects of rotary tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT) on the content and spectral characteristics of WSOC during the key growth period of rice in rice-wheat rotation system in the Taihu Lake Region. The results showed that the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) in RT and NT treatments increased from 21.73 g/kg and 21.30 g/kg before rice planting to 21.95 g/kg and 23.49 g/kg after rice harvest, respectively. Meanwhile, the content of water-soluble organic carbon in RT and NT treatments increased from 1.74 g/kg and 1.66 g/kg before rice planting to 3.74 g/kg and 4.35 g/kg after rice harvest, respectively. No tillage for rice-wheat rotation system was more conducive to increasing soil carbon sequestration and water-soluble organic carbon. Under the both tillage methods, the SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂₆₀ of WSOC after rice harvest decreased slightly compared to that before planting rice, and the SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂₆₀ of NT were higher than those of RT, while E₂/E₃ and E₃/E₄ were both increased. No tillage was more conducive to improving the aromaticity and humification of WSOC than RT for rice-wheat rotation system. Compared to rotary tillage, no tillage was more conducive to improving the stability of WSOC and had a positive effect on increasing soil carbon sequestration in paddy soil of rice-wheat rotation system.

To explore the growth conditions of the Camellia meiocarpa varieties Liping No.3 and Liping No.2 in different planting sites, the completely randomized block design was adopted to carry out afforestation in Pilin Village (A) of Zhaoxing Town and Dixi Village (B) of Longxing Street in Liping area, Guizhou Province. The survival rate, phenological period, tree height, ground diameter and other indicators of the seedlings of the two varieties were measured, and the correlations among the growth indicators were analyzed. The results showed that the survival rates of Liping No.3 and Liping No.2 in the two test fields were both relatively high. Among them, the survival rates of the two varieties at test site B both reached 100%. There were differences in phenological periods and growth conditions between the two varieties at different test sites. When planted at the same planting site, the growth of Liping No.3 was better than that of Liping No.2. When the same variety was planted in different planting locations, the indicators such as the height of Camelliameiocarpa trees, east-west crown spread, and north-south crown spread in experimental site B were all higher than those in experimental site A. Correlation analysis indicated that the correlations among tree height, ground diameter, east-west crown width, north-south crown width and the number of flower buds of Liping No.3 were relatively strong. The correlations among the tree height, ground diameter, east-west crown width, north-south crown width, summer shoot length and the number of flower buds of Liping No.2 were relatively strong. In conclusion, when different varieties were planted at the same planting site, Liping No.3 performed better and had stronger adaptability than Liping No.2. When the same variety was planted in different planting locations, experimental site B was more suitable for the growth of Camellia meiocarpa than experimental site A.

This investigation mainly adopts the method of line investigation, and combines field investigation, sample plot investigation, individual tree investigation, literature review, and interviews with informed people to assist in the investigation. It analyzes the types, quantities, and distribution status of wild forest trees, collected and preserved species, cultivated and utilized species, ancient and famous trees, rare and protected forest and grass species, superior stands and superior individual trees, as well as herbaceous species and other forest and grass germplasm resources in Jieshou City, Anhui Province. The results show that 46 kinds of wild forest resources such as Ginkgo biloba, Magnolia grandiflora and Camphora officinarum are recorded; 5 kinds of germplasm resources such as Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Wanhuai1’, Quercus acutissima,Koelreuteria bipinnata,and ‘integrifoliola’ are collected and preserved; 130 kinds of forest and grass germplasm resources such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Platycladus orientalis,and Pinus bungeana are cultivated and utilized; 43 ancient and famous tree species such as Pistacia chinensis, Ailanthus altissima, and Ehretia acuminata are recorded; 6 kinds of rare and protected forest and grass species such as Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Eucommia ulmoides, and Zelkova serrata are recorded; 4 excellent stands and 10 excellent individual trees are collected; and 92 kinds of herbage germplasm resources such as Equisetum ramosissimum, Nymphaea tetragona and Hemerocallis fulva are recorded. Based on the distribution of resources, measures such as establishing in situ preservation repositories, off-site preservation repositories, forest germplasm resource databases, and strengthening the protection of rare and endangered plants have been proposed. This paper provides a reference for establishing an information management system for forest and grass germplasm resources in the research area and scientifically formulating long-term protection and utilization plans for forest and grass germplasm resources.

To solve the practical problems in the existing “non-grain” cultivated land improvement technology, such as high cost and poor regional suitability, a field experiment was carried out in the typical “non-grain” reclaimed rice field in the hilly area of eastern Zhejiang Province. The effects of different organic amendments and combinations (T₁: biochar based fertilizer, T₂: potassium fulvic acid, T₃: organic fertilizer + biochar based fertilizer, T₄: organic fertilizer + potassium fulvic acid), and tillage depth (D: deep tillage with 20 cm, S: shallow tillage with 15 cm) on topsoil properties, rice yield and economic benefits were analyzed. The results showed that the application of different organic amendments could significantly increase the yield of rice, among which T₄ and T₃ had the best effects, especially under the condition of deep ploughing. Compared with the conventional control (S-CK), they could increase the yield by 3.7 t/hm² (48.8%) and 3.4 t/hm² (44.5%) respectively, and the economic benefit reached 2391-3101 yuan/hm² in the current season. Deep ploughing decreased soil pH by 0.2 units on average, but significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydro nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Among them, the SOM in D-T₄ and D-T₃ increased by 11.5% and 11.3%, respectively, compared with S-CK. The correlation analysis showed that rice yield was significantly positively correlated with agronomic characters (effective panicle, panicle length, spikelet per panicle and seed setting rate) and soil fertility indexes (SOM, TN, AN, AP, AK and CEC) (P<0.01). Therefore, the organic amendments combinations of organic fertilizer and biochar based fertilizer or potassium fulvic acid, with moderate mechanical deep ploughing, can simultaneously achieve tillage layer reconstruction and directional fertilizer cultivation, and promote soil improvement efficiency in reclamation area. This technology has great potential to be popularized in the “non-grain” reclaimed rice field in hilly areas.

To evaluate the nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) derived from various raw materials, 30 DDGS samples were classified into 5 groups based on their raw material sources and crude protein content: rice DDGS, corn DDGS (Ⅰ), corn DDGS (Ⅱ), low-proportion cassava DDGS (CP > 18%), and high-proportion cassava DDGS (CP < 18%). The nutritional composition and predicted energy values were compared among these groups. Additionally, 5 representative DDGS samples were selected for further analysis of their gross energy, enzyme hydrolysate gross energy (EHGE), and digestibility determined by simulated digestion method.The results demonstrated that as the cassava substitution ratio increased, the crude protein and crude fat content of cassava DDGS gradually decreased, while crude fiber and crude ash content increased. Furthermore, model-predicted energy analysis revealed a significant decline in energy value with higher cassava substitution ratios, indicating poorer quality. Simulated digestion experiments confirmed that the energy value and digestibility of cassava DDGS decreased as the cassava substitution ratio rose.In conclusion, low-proportion cassava DDGS, with its high crude protein content and superior digestibility, is suitable as a quality protein source. Conversely, high-proportion cassava DDGS, characterized by elevated crude fiber and crude ash content, is less suitable for monogastric animals due to reduced nutrient utilization but can serve as a cost-effective roughage for ruminants.

By identifying the distribution characteristics of heavy metal elements in Yuanmou County, we can understand the local heavy metal sources and environmental ratings, objectively grasp the environmental problems existing in the soil in this area, put forward scientific and reasonable suggestions for agricultural development and environmental governance, and improve the level of land management and environmental monitoring in this area. The method of combining traditional geochemistry and soil science was used, and the sampling was carried out according to the relevant standards of 1:250000 land quality geochemical survey. SPSS, Excel, GeolPAS.V4.5, ArcGIS10.8 and other software were used for data modeling, result integration and map production. The results showed that heavy metal elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were existed in the surface soil of Yuanmou County, in which Cd was enriched on the surface, and the anisotropy of Cd and Hg was higher than that of other elements. The overall distribution of Cu was balanced, with local characteristics of enrichment and depletion. Cr was highly correlated with Ni and weakly negatively correlated with Pb. There were three main sources of heavy metals: mainly rich in Zn and As, mainly rich in Cr, Ni and Cu, and mainly rich in Hg. In the comprehensive grade assessment of surface soil environment, the risk-free area was 1873 km², accounting for 92.77%, and the risk-controlled area was 146 km², accounting for 7.23%. The area was concentrated in Jiangyi Town, Guanyuan Town and Pingtian Town, and scattered in other areas, with no high risk area. The distribution of heavy metals As, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in Yuanmou County was mainly controlled by the parent material, Cu and Cd were controlled by the parent material, continuous weathering and human activities, and Hg was mainly controlled by human activities. There was no high-risk area in Environmental rating, and the risk controllable areas were mainly affected by Cu and Cd, among which the Cd risk controllable areas were highly consistent with the concentrated areas of agricultural development, and the application of relevant pesticides should be reasonably controlled and monitored in the later stage. Hg wasn’t at risk in the whole region, but there had been a slight enrichment trend in the surface soil, which required a late warning to avoid pollution.

To investigate the potential mitigating effects of yeast selenium (Se-Y) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced liver injury in quails, 20-day-old female yellow-feathered quails were randomly divided into four groups (10 quails per group): control group (basic daily ration), Se-Y group (0.8 mg/kg Se-Y), AFB1 group (30 μg/kg B.W AFB1), and Se-Y+AFB1 antagonism group (0.8 mg/kg Se-Y+30 μg/kg B.W AFB1). Liver histopathological damage, serum biochemical parameters, hepatic oxidative and antioxidant indices, and the expression levels of genes related to the Nrf2 signaling pathway were assessed.The results showed that compared with the control group, AFB1 exposure caused the quail livers to exhibit swelling, yellowing, whitening, and fragility. Histopathological observations revealed disordered cell cord arrangements, hepatocyte swelling, and vacuolar degeneration. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly increased. In liver tissues, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels were markedly elevated, while glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly reduced. Additionally, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was decreased. The expression of Nrf2 signaling pathway related genes (Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, SOD1, CAT) was significantly suppressed. Compared with the AFB1 group, the Se-Y+AFB1 antagonism group alleviated AFB1-induced liver histopathological damage, reduced serum AST and ALT activities, and increased hepatic GSH-Px, CAT, and T-SOD activities as well as T-AOC levels. Furthermore, the expression of Nrf2 signaling pathway related genes were upregulated.In conclusion, AFB1 exposure induces oxidative stress in quail livers and suppresses the expression of Nrf2 signaling pathway-related factors, leading to liver injury. Se-Y counteracts AFB1-induced hepatic oxidative damage by enhancing the expression of Nrf2-related factors, though the precise mechanisms require further investigation.

To determine the aerial application effect of 19% picoxystrobin·propiconazole microemulsion on wheat scab, 5 treatments were set up, namely 19% picoxystrobin·propiconazole microemulsion, 48% cyanothiazole·tebuconazole suspension, 30% prothiazole dispersible oil suspension, 30% triazole ether · fluconazole suspension and clear water control treatment (CK). Field aerial application experiments were conducted using unmanned aerial vehicles. Observe the safety of the agent and the phenotypic traits of wheat, calculate the control effect and determine its yield. The results showed that 19% picoxystrobin·propiconazole microemulsion had good safety for wheat growth. After treatment, the wheat leaves were wax-yellow to light yellow, the ears and stalks were wax-yellow, and the maturity appearance was relatively good. 7 days after the second application of the drug, the prevention and control effect was better. The rate of diseased clusters, the control efficacy of diseased clusters, the disease index and the control efficacy of diseased fingers were 0.20%, 95.45%, 0.03 and 95.65% respectively. 28 days after the second administration of the drug, the rate of diseased clusters, the control effect of diseased clusters, the disease index and the control effect of disease fingers were 6.00%, 80.52%, 2.91 and 82.50% respectively, all of which were higher than those in other treatment groups. The yield results indicated that the yield of wheat treated with 19% picoxystrobin · propiconazole microemulsion was 7 146.60 kg/hm², which was higher than that of other treatments. Compared with CK, the yield increase rate was 11.39%. The comprehensive results show that under the conditions of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles, the application of 19% picoxystrobin · propiconazole microemulsion to control wheat scab has a good control effect, a long persistence period, and a certain yield-increasing effect.

Based on literature review and practice, the application practice of Juncao technology was analyzed, with its limitations in the field of ecological agriculturey were systematicall explored, while corresponding improvement strategies were proposed. In ecological remediation, Juncao demonstrates significant effectiveness in rehabilitating heavy metal-contaminated soils and polluted water bodies. Regarding feed production, Juncao fermented feed exhibits rich nutritional value and excellent palatability, effectively promoting weight gain in beef cattle, reducing feed costs, decreasing pollutant emissions, and achieving dual enhancement of ecological and economic benefits. Circular models such as“Juncao-breeding-planting”and“Juncao-edible fungi-organic fertilizer”have realized resource recycling and waste valorization. However, challenges remain in technology popularization, funding investment, and guarantee system for Juncao applications. To address these issues, strategies including intensified research and development and promotion, establishment of diversified funding mechanisms, improved policy support and institutional safeguards, enhanced technical service systems, and expanded market applications are proposed to advance Juncao industry development. This research provides valuable references for promoting the broader adoption of Juncao technology.

The paper aims to investigate the optimal concentration of exogenous inositol and its effect on yield, quality and antioxidant system of tomato under salt stress, and to provide some theoretical basis for the application of inositol in quality improvement of tomato production. In the present study, five inositol concentration gradients of 0% (CK), 0.05% (MI1), 0.1% (MI2), 0.2% (MI3) and 0.4% (MI4) were established to investigate the effects of exogenous inositol on tomato yield and quality using ‘Hongjian’ cherry tomato as the test material. On this basis, the 100 mmol/L NaCl salt stress treatment (N) and the inositol treatment (NM3) with 0.2% inositol were established to investigate the role of inositol in alleviating salt stress in tomato. With increasing inositol concentration, tomato yield showed an overall trend of increasing and then decreasing, in which the tomato yield of MI3 treatment was significantly increased by 17.7% compared to that of CK. The increase in tomato yield by exogenous inositol application was closely related to the increase in leaf SPAD value, the promotion of root growth and the enhancement of the activity of key antioxidant enzymes (e.g. POD activity). Low concentrations of inositol (MI1 and MI2) significantly increased the vitamin C content of the fruits, while increasing the concentration of inositol had no significant effect on the vitamin C content of the fruits. The soluble sugar content of the fruits significantly increased by 38.6%-166.2%, while the soluble protein content decreased by 13.4%-22.6% after the application of exogenous inositol. Salt stress significantly reduced tomato yield, leaf SPAD and vitamin C content by 16.1%, 14.4% and 26.4% respectively compared to CK by inhibiting root growth, increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decreasing enzyme activities of the antioxidant system. On the contrary, application of inositol (NM₃) under salt stress significantly promoted root growth, reduced MDA content and increased the activity of antioxidant system enzymes, resulting in a significant increase in tomato yield, leaf SPAD, vitamin C and lycopene content by 37.8%, 13.5%, 23.8% and 34.5% compared with N treatment. The application of exogenous inositol at an appropriate concentration (MI3) could significantly promote tomato root growth and increase the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, thus increasing tomato yield and improving fruit quality; furthermore, the application of exogenous inositol at an appropriate concentration could significantly alleviate salt stress in tomato and improve tomato yield and quality.