【Objective】The objective of this study is to clarify the population dynamics and migration patterns of Harmonia axyridis under light traps in Luohe City, Henan Province, analyze their changing trends, and to provide data support for the effective protection and utilization of H. axyridis for biological control. 【Method】From 2015 to 2024, systematic monitoring of H. axyridis was conducted in Luohe City, Henan Province, using searchlight traps and ground light traps. From March 1 to November 30 each year, the number of H. axyridis under the two types of traps was sorted and counted daily. Based on the annual and monthly trapping amounts, as well as the first and last capture dates under the two traps, the patterns and trends of H. axyridis phototaxis were analyzed. The population dynamics of H. axyridis were examined based on the daily trapping percentage relative to the annual total and the distribution of peak occurrence days across different seasons. Additionally, the migration patterns of H. axyridis were analyzed using the optimized ratio of trapping amounts between searchlight traps and ground light traps. 【Result】Over the 10-year period, the searchlight traps accumulated a total of 19 771 H. axyridis individuals, while the ground light traps accumulated 11 061 individuals. The number of insects caught by the searchlight traps showed a significant decreasing trend, whereas the number caught by the ground light traps showed a significant increasing trend. The annual catches of the two types of traps exhibited a significant negative correlation (P<0.05). Except for the years 2021-2023, when the ground light traps captured more individuals than the searchlight traps, the searchlight traps captured more individuals in all other years. H. axyridis was detected over a longer period under the searchlight traps, with the first occurrence date approximately 20 days earlier and the last occurrence date about 19.5 days later compared to the ground light traps. There were exceptionally high peak capture days under the searchlight traps, while no such phenomenon was observed under the ground light traps. Under the searchlight traps, H. axyridis exhibited three peak periods: late May to mid-June, mid- to late July, and late September to mid-October, with the highest capture occurring from late May to mid-June. The peak capture days for the ground light traps were concentrated from early June to mid-August, with no distinct peak periods, though the highest capture occurred from late July to mid-August. The air-to-ground ratio indicated three migration peaks for H. axyridis: late May to early June, early to mid-July, and mid-September to late October, with the highest migration intensity observed in October. Over the past decade, the southward migration of H. axyridis has significantly decreased, and the annual migration days have shown a significant declining trend (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】There are notable differences in the annual capture numbers and population dynamics of H. axyridis between searchlight traps and ground light traps. The peak periods under searchlight traps are more distinct and exhibit sharper increases and decreases. The earlier first occurrence and later last occurrence dates under searchlight traps make them more advantageous for monitoring H. axyridis migration. Influenced by global warming, the occurrence of H. axyridis in Luohe is increasing, while its migration is decreasing. The combined use of searchlight traps and ground light traps allows for a more precise analysis of migration behavior and quantification of migration intensity.

【Objective】Stay-green trait is an important agronomic characteristic closely related to high yield, good quality, and stress resistance of maize. This study explored the differences in nitrogen uptake and translocation of different stay-green maize hybrids, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the physiological mechanism of high nitrogen efficiency in maize. 【Method】The tested materials were the stay-green hybrid Shandan 650 and the non-stay-green hybrid Zhengdan 958. In 2023, 6 N treatments were applied: N1 (0 kg·hm^-2), N2 (60 kg·hm^-2), N3 (120 kg·hm^-2), N4 (180 kg·hm^-2), N5 (240 kg·hm^-2), and N6 (300 kg·hm^-2). In 2024, a nitrogen×density interaction experiment was conducted with three N levels—low N (LN, 0 kg·hm^-2), medium N (MN, 180 kg·hm^-2), and high N (HN, 240 kg·hm^-2)—and two planting densities—low density (LD, 60 000 plants·hm^-2) and high density (HD, 75 000 plants·hm^-2). After the silking stage of maize, indicators were determined for each treatment, such as SPAD value of ear leaves, total number of green leaves per plant, dry matter, and nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs and grains. Meanwhile, nitrogen absorption and translocation rates as well as nitrogen use efficiency-related indicators were analyzed. 【Result】 Grain yield of both hybrids initially increased and then stabilized with rising N rates, with Shandan 650 consistently outperforming Zhengdan 958 across all N and density treatments. Post-silking, Shandan 650 exhibited faster chlorophyll degradation (SPAD decline: 65.1% vs. 49.9%) and greater green leaf loss than Zhengdan 958, particularly under low N. Shandan 650 demonstrated superior N remobilization efficiency, especially under low N and high density, with significantly higher N translocation from leaves to grains. Overall, Shandan 650 achieved significantly higher N remobilization efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, and nitrogen harvest index than Zhengdan 958. Furthermore, under high-density planting conditions, reasonable nitrogen reduction further enhanced its nitrogen efficiency performance. 【Conclusion】 The functional stay-green maize variety Shandan 650 maintains consistent greenness and photosynthetic capacity until a certain period before physiological maturity, at which point a rapid decline occurs along with nitrogen remobilization. Its strong nitrogen translocation capacity in vegetative organs enhances nitrogen translocation rate and nitrogen use efficiency, and higher nitrogen efficiency could be achieved under reasonable nitrogen reduction and density increase.

【Objective】In the context of global climate change, frequent extreme rainfall has exacerbated farmland waterlogging, which severely restricts high and stable yields of maize. This study aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of calcium peroxide (CaO₂) application on root morphology and yield formation in summer maize under waterlogged field conditions, for providing the theoretical support for stress-resistant and stable-yield cultivation of maize under waterlogging stress. 【Method】The experiment was conducted at the Huang-Huai-Hai Regional Maize Technology Innovation Center, Shandong Agricultural University during the 2023-2024 summer maize growing season. Using the maize variety Denghai 605 (DH605) and a randomized complete block design, treatments consisted of CaO₂ application and a non-amended control (CK). At the V3 stage of summer maize, artificial waterlogging was simulated. The effects of CaO₂ application were systematically investigated on: (1) soil oxygen concentration in the 0-40 cm profile; (2) maize root morphology parameters (total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, root dry weight); (3) leaf area index (LAI), SPAD value, photosynthetic parameters (net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), transpiration rate (T_r)) and aboveground dry matter accumulation; and (4) grain filling characteristics, yield formation. 【Result】Under waterlogging stress, two-year results indicate that CaO₂ application significantly improved the soil oxygen environment. During a total of 10 measurements from the start of the treatment to 10 days after the end of the treatment, the average oxygen content in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers increased by 7.38% and 7.44%, respectively, compared with the control (CK), averaged over two years. Root morphology was markedly altered: at the flowering stage, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, and root dry weight increased by 51.63%, 44.10%, 39.81% and 51.98% versus CK, respectively; canopy photosynthetic performance was significantly enhanced: maximum LAI and SPAD value at the flowering stage increased by 11.28% and 11.61%, respectively. At the flowering stage, the P_n, G_s, and T_r of the ear leaf increased by 23.84%, 30.63%, and 85.99%, respectively, while dry matter accumulation at maturity increased by 31.51%. Grain filling parameters improved: maximum grain filling rate, mean grain filling rate, grain weight at maximum filling rate, and grain weight at maturity increased by 7.29%, 7.29%, 5.81%, and 6.24%, respectively, compared with CK. CaO₂ synergistically increased kernel number per ear and 1000-grain weight, with average two-year increases of 39.98% and 5.00%, respectively, ultimately increasing grain yield by 50.77% under CK. 【Conclusion】Calcium peroxide application mitigated waterlogging stress and enhanced grain yield in summer maize by optimizing soil oxygen environment, remodeling root morphology, improving canopy photosynthetic efficiency and increasing dry matter accumulation, thereby increasing the grain-filling rate. This measure significantly increased grain yield by simultaneously increasing kernel number per ear and 1000-grain weight. This study provided a novel agronomic approach for stabilizing and increasing maize yield under waterlogging stress at the seedling stage.

【Objective】Aiming at the problems of low photosynthetic performance and yield decline of maize leaves caused by large amount of plastic input and extreme high temperature in traditional maize planting in oasis irrigation area, the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of maize during grain filling period under two years of plastic mulching was studied, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the construction of high grain yield technology of plastic reduction in oasis irrigation area. 【Method】In 2013, a randomized block experiment was conducted in the oasis irrigation area of the Hexi Corridor. According to the duration of plastic mulching, three treatments were formed: no-tillage with plastic re-mulching and using (NTP), no-tillage in autumn and plastic mulching in spring (RTP), and conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching (CTP, as the control). The response of chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, key enzyme activities of photosynthetic physiology, relative gene expression and key protein content of maize leaves to different plastic utilization methods was explored. 【Result】Different plastic utilization methods promoted the increase and stability of maize yield by regulating the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of maize filling stage. Compared with CTP, chlorophyll a and b in NTP filling stage increased by 15.1% and 8.3% on average, respectively, indicating that NTP treatment was beneficial to maintain the chlorophyll content of maize, thus effectively delaying the degradation of chlorophyll and promoting the photosynthesis of maize. Compared with CTP treatment, the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate under NTP increased by 25.2% and 11.5%, 20.0% and 12.2%, respectively, in the middle and late stages of grain filling, indicating that NTP treatment was beneficial to regulate the gas exchange parameters of maize during grain filling stage and enhanced the photosynthesis of maize during grain filling stage. At the same time, NTP maintained higher photosynthetic physiological key enzyme activity, relative gene expression and key protein content during the filling stage, which provided a guarantee for the improvement of photosynthesis. Compared with CTP, the activities of PPDK, PEPC, and Rubisco in maize leaves treated with NTP increased by 18.9%, 20.0%, and 30.6% on average, respectively, the gene expression of pepc, ppdk, and rub in maize leaves increased by 22.1%, 75.8%, and 70.6%, respectively, and the protein content of D1 and D2 in photosynthetic reaction center increased by 12.6% and 13.2%, respectively. Compared with CTP treatment, the activities of PPDK, PEPC and Rubisco in maize leaves under RTP increased by 15.6%, 16.4%, and 19.2%, respectively. The expression levels of pepc, ppdk, and rub genes in maize leaves increased by 13.6%, 53.9%, and 57.7%, respectively. The content of D1 protein in photosynthetic reaction center increased by 10.1%. In addition, the grain yield of NTP was 5.2%, 6.0%, and 5.3% higher than that under CTP in 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively. The grain yield of RTP was only 5.2% higher than that under CTP in 2022. 【Conclusion】No-tillage with plastic re-mulching and using was an effective cultivation and management measure to maintain high photosynthetic performance, reduce plastic input, and increase maize yield in the northwest oasis irrigation areas.

【Objective】Salt stress limits the stable and increased yields of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) on saline-alkali soils. This study aims to improve the efficiency and accuracy of distinguishing salt tolerance differences among various materials at early stages by combining indoor germination assays with field observations. Additionally, it evaluates the potential of exogenous itaconic acid (IA) at different doses and acidic treatments to alleviate salt stress during the germination stage, providing complementary pathways for early prediction and exogenous regulation. 【Method】 Fifteen faba bean germplasm materials were selected for germination tests under 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl conditions. Various indices, including relative germination rate (RGR), relative germination energy (RGE), relative root length (RRL), vigor index (VI), germination index (GI), and germination stress index (GSI), were measured. Comprehensive evaluation and classification were performed using the comprehensive membership value μ(X_i). Field trials were conducted on both saline-alkali and non-saline-alkali soils, tracking seedling emergence rate, Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) values at the bud stage, flowering-stage salt injury index (SI), and 17 agronomic traits to form a field classification of salt tolerance. Stratified 5-fold cross-validation was employed to assess the performance of field-grade determination, using F1 metrics. For the IA treatment, three representative germplasms were selected, and a gradient of 0% to 1% IA was applied under 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl. Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and pH7.0 treatments served as controls to analyze the alleviating effects of IA on salt stress. 【Result】Significant differences were observed in all indices among the different classifications at the germination stage, showing strong discriminatory power across materials, with comprehensive scores showing a continuous gradient from salt-sensitive to salt-tolerant materials, allowing for classification. Field observations indicated that seedling emergence rates and SPAD values decreased in most materials under saline-alkali conditions, although some materials still performed well. Overall, germination-stage classification correlated well with field classification, with approximately 73% of materials showing consistency across both stages, suggesting that germination assessments are indicative of actual field salt tolerance. A supervised model built on key germination-stage traits (VI, RGE, RGR, and GSI) showed a moderate ability to predict field classification, achieving F1=0.50, Precision=0.46, and Recall=0.60 under stratified 5-fold cross-validation, providing quantitative support for early-stage screening of salt-tolerant germplasm. Low doses of IA (e.g., 0.01%) improved the germination vigor and root growth of the materials, but no similar effect was observed with equimolar acetic acid. When the external solution was adjusted to pH 7.0, the promoting effect of IA significantly weakened or disappeared, indicating that its alleviating effect is not only related to molecular structure but also closely associated with a weak acidic environment. Additionally, the effect exhibited variety-specific responses, with germplasm V434 showing higher responsiveness. 【Conclusion】 The combined evaluation of indoor germination assays and field observations effectively distinguishes salt tolerance differences among faba bean materials at early stages. Indices such as vigor index (VI), germination stress index (GSI), and relative germination rate (RGR) effectively reflect field-grade performance and improve initial screening efficiency. IA demonstrates a dose-dependent, pH-sensitive alleviating effect during germination; however, its stability and applicability need further validation under complex saline-alkali stress and field conditions.

The rapidly evolving genome editing technologies have demonstrated strong application potential in animal and plant breeding, microbial engineering, and basic scientific research. Current genome editing techniques allow for the insertion, deletion, and substitution of single or multiple nucleotides at specific genomic targets across a wide range of species. However, editing types involving large DNA fragment insertion or replacement still face technical bottlenecks, such as low efficiency and fidelity, as well as difficulties in donor delivery. These limitations restrict the application of gene editing in important scenarios, including multigene stacking with genetic linkage, precise replacement of favorable alleles, and targeted integration of DNA fragments at genomic safe harbors. Transposable elements, as mobile genetic elements widely present in biological genomes, offer a novel approach to overcoming these challenges due to their inherent mobility and large DNA cargo capacity. They hold promise for being engineered into key molecular tools for precise large DNA fragment editing. This review summarizes recent advances in targeted large DNA fragment insertion technologies based on transposable elements, focusing on the application status and prospects of prokaryotic-derived CRISPR-associated transposons (CAST) and certain DNA transposons and retrotransposons in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic-derived CAST systems have shown outstanding performance, enabling efficient large fragment integration in prokaryotes and, after optimization, also achieving large fragment insertion in eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, engineered DNA transposons such as mPing/Pong and retrotransposon-related tools like R2 and L1 have been utilized for large DNA fragment insertion in animals and plants. At the same time, the field of transposon-based large DNA fragment insertion faces challenges. On the one hand, the cross-species adaptability of transposable elements is limited, making it difficult for some elements to function when transferred to other species. On the other hand, the large size or multiplicity of protein components involved leads to low delivery efficiency in certain types of eukaryotic cells. Additionally, some systems carry safety risks, such as stimulating the mammalian immune system and triggering inflammatory responses. Future research may focus on the discovery of novel transposable elements, engineering of transposases, development of new delivery vectors, and in-depth elucidation of transposition mechanisms, in order to provide key technical support for establishing efficient and safe large fragment editing technologies. This will contribute to foundational innovations in crop genetic improvement, gene therapy, and microbial genome editing.

This study aims to investigate the antioxidant activity of mycelium fermentation products from the Sanghuangporus alpinus strains MS-10, MS-11, MS-12, and MS-13, their protective effects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in LO2 cells, and their inhibitory effects on HepG2 cell proliferation. Using the mycelial fermentation products of these four strains as materials, their in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring their scavenging capacity against DPPH, ABTS and ·OH free radicals. An oxidative damage model of LO2 cells was established using H₂O₂ induction to assess the products' hepatoprotective potential by detecting their effects on cell survival rates. The MTT assay was employed to analyze the impact of fermentation products on HepG2 cell survival rates, evaluating their anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity. Results demonstrated that all four fermentation products exhibited significant chemical antioxidant capacity with concentration-dependent effects. Specifically, strain MS-13 exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging capacity with an EC₅₀ value of 0.119 mg/mL; strain MS-11 demonstrated optimal efficacy in scavenging ABTS and ·OH radicals, with EC₅₀ values of 0.040 mg/mL and 0.367 mg/mL respectively. In the H₂O₂-induced LO2 cell damage model, all fermentation products increased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. At 5 mg/mL, cell survival exceeded 92.88%, significantly mitigating H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, all four fermentation products exhibited marked inhibitory effects on HepG2 cells, reducing survival rates to approximately 65% at a treatment concentration of 5 mg/mL. The study indicates that the liquid fermentation products of the four strains of S. alpinus possess significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, while effectively inhibiting HepG2 cell growth. This provides crucial theoretical support for the further development and utilization of this fungus.

To investigate the effects of reduced aphid feeding on larval survival and adult oviposition of Coelophora biplagiata, controlled laboratory experiments were conducted using a rearing system where early-instar larvae were fed Aphis craccivora and late-instar larvae received artificial diet under five density conditions (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 larvae/container), combined with graded aphid reduction (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) during adult stage. Results demonstrated: (1) In Group A (artificial diet introduced from 3^rd instar larvae), the 3^rd instar larvae survival rate under the feeding density of 30 larvae/container was 65.56%, significantly lower than other densities (P<0.05). 4^th instar larvae survival rate reached 100% under the feeding density of 5 larvae/container. Pupal survival rates ranged 82%-94% without significant differences (P>0.05). Adult emergence rate decreased with increasing density, peaking at 80.00% under the feeding density of 5 larvae/container. (2) In Group B (artificial diet introduced from 4^th instar larvae), 4^th instar larvae survival rates remained 74%-87% without significant differences (P>0.05). The lowest pupal survival rate occurred under the feeding density of 30 larvae/container (79.53%). Adult emergence rates under the feeding densities of 5-15 larvae/container ranged 75%-87% with no significant differences (P>0.05). (3) Group C showed highest adult emergence rate. (4) Oviposition performance declined with increasing aphid reduction, achieving 80% of full-aphid diet productivity at 25% aphid reduction. Artificial diet-fed adults showed minimal egg production. No significant differences were observed in egg hatch rates or adult survival across feeding regimes (P>0.05). In conclusion, partial replacement of aphids with an artificial diet is feasible for both larval rearing and adult oviposition of C. biplagiata.

In order to screen the effective fungicides applicable for control of litchi pepper spot disease and for green food production, the field experiment was carried out to evaluate five fungicides, focusing the control effect on litchi pepper spot disease and postharvest preservation potential. The results showed that the treatments of kasugamycin 5%+copper oxychloride 45% WP at dilution ratio of 500-fold and kasugamycin 4.5%+oxine-copper 40.5% SC at dilution ratio of 1200-fold had optimal field control effects at 74.25%-87.48% after being applied preventatively for three to four times, and control effects of four times of application were much better than that of three times. The control effects of two treatments still reached 73.10%-76.27% on 5^th day of storage, indicating the good postharvest preservation effect. In contrast, although the 750-fold solution of 50% chlorobromoisocyanuric acid SP had a certain field control effect (66.18 % -68.77%), the control effect decreased rapidly to less than 22 % during postharvest storage. Bacillus subtilis 100 billion CFU/g WP at dilution ratio of 750-fold and kasugamycin 2% AS at dilution ratio of 400-fold had poor control effect at less than 52% both in the field and in the postharvest storage period. In conclusion, the study showed that kasugamycin 5%+copper oxychloride 45% WP and kasugamycin 4.5%+oxine-copper 40.5% SC could be the valuable potential fungicides for controlling litchi pepper spot disease.

In order to screen suitable soil and stem-leaf spraying herbicides for maize-soybean strip intercropping, taking 'Xianyu 1225' and 'Tiefeng 31' as materials, the control effect and safety of 19 herbicides on weeds in maize and soybean fields were determined by the whole plant bioassay method. The results showed that under the recommended dose treatment, the control effect of s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl was the best in the soil applied treatment of maize-soybean strip composite planting field. The total plant control effect could reach 83.66%, and the fresh weight control effect could reach 91.67%. In the stem and leaf spraying treatment, the combination of clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen had the best control effect on weeds in soybean field, with the plant control effect of 92.19% and the fresh weight control effect of 88.47%. The control effects of mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine on weeds in corn fields were better. The plant control effects were 95.08% and 94.1%, and the fresh weight control effects were 97.98% and 91.29%. Therefore, s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl, clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen, mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine can be used for pre-emergence soil surface in maize-soybean intercropping field, soybean stem and leaf spray and maize stem and leaf spray. These herbicides have no significant effect on the growth of soybean and corn, and have the potential for popularization and application.

To elucidate the occurrence of insect pests in Artemisia argyi during different periods of its growing season, this study investigated the species composition, diversity, and temporal dynamics of pests and their natural enemies in Artemisia argyi plantations. Seven sampling points were selected from March to June 2025 for investigation, recording a total of 59 insect species, 2 mite species, 5 spider species, and 1 millipede species. Among them, Coleoptera (22.49 %) and Hemiptera (20.90 %) were the dominant groups. Significant temporal changes were observed in the types, population densities, and dominant species of pests, alongside dynamic fluctuations in the composition and abundance of natural enemy communities. In the early period (March), the total arthropod population was low, with pests primarily consisting of Orthoptera nymphs, such as Tettigonia chinensis. By April, the total individual count surged, and the outbreak of Macrosiphoniella kuwayamai emerged as the predominant pest. In early May, M. kuwayamai populations remained high, while a dramatic increase in natural enemy mites (Anystis sp.) was noted. By mid-May, Colasposoma dauricum became the new absolute dominant pest with a sharp increase in numbers. Concurrently, M. kuwayamai populations remained elevated, but Anystis sp. numbers significantly declined. In mid-June, Empoasca flavescens populations rose significantly, while other pest numbers decreased. Correlation analysis between pests and natural enemies indicated no statistically significant linear relationship in their dynamic succession during the Artemisia argyi growing season. However, smooth curve analysis revealed a very significant and complex non-linear dynamic. This study provides a scientific basis for the monitoring and early warning of Artemisia argyi pests and the construction of ecological prevention and control system. In the future, the correlation between pests and chemical components of Artemisia argyi and the control efficiency of natural enemies can be further studied.

This study investigated fungicidal efficacy and mechanism of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) against Trichothecium roseum, and its control effect on pink mold rot. T. roseum were treated with SAEW at different available chlorine concentrations (ACC) for varying durations to assess the impact of ACC and time on conidial germination and hyphal growth. The effect of SAEW on pink mold rot was evaluated by treating apples inoculated with T. roseum. Morphological changes in T. roseum conidia and hyphae induced by SAEW were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Propidium iodide staining and reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe staining were employed to investigate the effect of SAEW on the cell membrane. Furthermore, the impact of SAEW treatment on apple fruit quality was determined. SAEW with an ACC of 200 mg/L or higher, applied for 3 minutes or longer, completely inhibited T. roseum conidial germination. Treatment with 400 mg/L SAEW for 10 minutes completely inhibited mycelial growth of T. roseum. SAEW effectively suppressed the occurrence of pink mold rot of apple under both wounded and unwounded conditions. SAEW exerted its lethal effect on T. roseum by damaging the hyphal cell wall and cell membrane, causing oxidative damage to the cell membrane. In addition, SAEW treatment did not adversely affect the quality of apple fruit.

As an important commodity grain base in Jiangxi Province, the agricultural production and ecological balance of Ganfupingyuan Irrigation Area are highly dependent on the rhythmic changes of meteorological elements. Clarifying the abrupt change laws and correlation mechanisms of its key meteorological elements can provide scientific support for the climate adaptability management of the irrigation district. Based on the long-series meteorological observation data from 1987 to 2024 in this irrigation district, this study systematically explored the abrupt change characteristics, variation trends and inter-element correlations of air temperature, sunshine duration, precipitation and average wind speed by adopting the Pettitt test, linear trend analysis and correlation analysis methods. The results showed that the annual average temperature, annual average maximum temperature and annual average minimum temperature exhibited an overall upward trend, with significant abrupt changes occurring in 2007. After the abrupt change, the warming rate accelerated significantly, and the annual average minimum temperature increased by 0.110℃/a. The sunshine duration showed an overall downward trend, with a significant abrupt change of 25.95% only in autumn 2012. There was no obvious abrupt change point in precipitation, and the overall trend was non-significantly upward, with the increase in summer precipitation being the main contributing factor. The average wind speed underwent a significant abrupt change at the beginning of the 21st century, showing an overall downward trend, and the decline was more pronounced in summer and autumn. Correlation analysis indicated that the increase in average temperature was not driven by a single factor but by the synergistic effect of average maximum temperature and average minimum temperature. Furthermore, the decrease in average wind speed was significantly negatively correlated with the increase in the above three temperature indices, and their abrupt change times were synchronized, confirming that the decrease in wind speed was a key local driving factor for the temperature rise in the irrigation district. Therefore, during the study period, the increase of average temperature in Ganfupingyuan Irrigation Area was a coupled result of the synergistic driving of maximum and minimum temperatures and the regulation of decreasing wind speed. The synchronization of abrupt changes and the correlation laws of elements can provide technical references for local climate adaptability management.

Based on NDVI remote sensing data and meteorological data of Jiangsu from 2001 to 2022, aiming at exploring the impact of extreme climate events on vegetation in Jiangsu, the paper calculated 18 extreme climate indices and employed the methods including Sen’s trend analysis, Mann-Kendall (MK) test, R/S analysis, and Pearson correlation to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme climate and vegetation changes, as well as their response relationships. The results showed that: (1) from 2001 to 2022, the annual maximum NDVI in Jiangsu exhibited a fluctuating downward trend, with a spatial pattern of ‘higher in the north and lower in the south’; over the 22-year period, 18.50% of the area in province experienced extremely significant degradation, while 9.62% showed extremely significant improvement; in the future, 51.70% of the region might degrade. (2) In Jiangsu, both extreme high and low temperatures had intensified, with the magnitude of change in warm indices being greater than that in cold indices; the rate of daytime changes was higher than nighttime changes; extreme precipitation showed an overall increasing trend, with greater increases in the south compared to the central and northern regions. (3) NDVI and extreme temperature warm indices were mainly positively correlated in areas along the Huaihe River and to its north, while negative correlations dominated south of the Huaihe River; for cold indices, negative correlations were observed along the Yangtze River and the eastern coastal areas to the north of the river, whereas positive correlations prevailed in the central-western and southeastern coastal regions to the north of the Yangtze River; NDVI and extreme precipitation indices were mainly negatively correlated, with negative correlation areas exceeding 50%. In a word, the relationship between extreme climate and vegetation growth shows significant spatial heterogeneity, providing a scientific support for ecological conservation, vegetation restoration, and climate adaptation management in Jiangsu.

Based on meteorological observations from the Yecheng National Ordinary Meteorological Station (1991—2025), walnut phenological records, and survey data on freezing injury during the flowering period, this study analyzed the flower-bud freezing rate and yield, and used the climatic tendency rate method and the linear tendency method to clarify the meteorological driving mechanisms of flowering-stage freezing injury in Yecheng. The results show that the key meteorological factors include extreme low-temperature events (daily minimum temperature <6℃ and their duration), abrupt drops in ground surface temperature, compound weather systems with sandstorms (sandstorms accompanied by strong winds and snowfall), late spring cold spells, and frost events. In particular, temperature mutation features (e.g., daily minimum temperature and the magnitude of extreme low-temperature drops in the surface soil layer) and the superposition of hazards (co-occurrence of sandstorms and snowfall) markedly aggravate flower-bud freezing injury. These findings provide key threshold parameters and a basis for identifying compound disasters for monitoring and early warning of flowering-stage freezing injury in Yecheng County, and they also support the development of frost-protection and disaster-mitigation measures.

To understand the characteristics of pesticide application and reduction potential in Zongyang County, Anhui Province, an analysis was conducted based on field surveys and statistical data, employing descriptive statistics, structural decomposition, and trend analysis. The study examined the planting structure of major crops, the occurrence and management status of diseases, pests, weeds, and rodents, as well as the composition of pesticide application and its toxicity characteristics. The results showed that in 2024, the total planting area of major crops in the research area was 98 979.07 hm⊃2;, with rice and rapeseed being the primary crops. The annual occurrence area of diseases, pests, weeds, and rodents reached 184 833.33 hm⊃2;·times, with a control area of 447 413.33 hm⊃2;·times, recovering 56 996.49 tons of crop losses. Pesticide application continued to decline, totaling 150.06 t in 2024, a reduction of 7.57% compared to 2020. The pesticide structure was continuously optimized, with a decrease in the proportion of insecticides, an increase in fungicides, and herbicides remaining stable at approximately 51%-67%. Slightly toxic and low-toxicity pesticides accounted for 90.52% of the total, indicating an overall trend toward reduced toxicity in pesticide application. Correlation analysis revealed that changes in planting structure and the occurrence patterns of diseases and pests jointly influenced the pesticide application structure, while the promotion of green prevention and control technologies and specialized unified control were key drivers of pesticide reduction. Based on these findings, it is recommended to continue advancing efforts in “optimizing planting structures to reduce cross-risks of diseases and pests, strengthening disease and pest monitoring and early warning for precise control, and continuously improving the coverage of green prevention and control and specialized unified control.” These measures aim to further amplify the reduction effects of technology promotion and achieve coordinated optimization of planting structures, disease and pest management, and pesticide application.

Based on typical cases of smart agriculture in Anhui Province, this article systematically analyzed the current status of digital applications, the areas that need improvement, and provided targeted recommendations. In the study area, certain achievements have been made in the digital transformation of field planting, facility cultivation, livestock and poultry breeding, and aquaculture through measures such as the construction of high-standard farmland demonstration areas with integrated water and fertilizer management, and the establishment of a “six-in-one” (industrial layout, IoT monitoring, pest and disease identification, fertilizer and water control, safety traceability, and online sales) digital system. However, in the process of practical application, there is room for improvement in data sharing, depth of technology application, investment mechanism and return, and talent development. Based on this, the following development suggestions are proposed: establish a unified agricultural production service platform to integrate agricultural-related data and improve the accuracy and utilization of data resources; create an innovation ecosystem of “demand-oriented-collaborative research-service penetration”to promote the transformation of technological achievements; establish diversified financing channels to reduce costs for agricultural producers and increase their enthusiasm for applying information technologies; and build a coordinated talent training system of “introduce-cultivate-utilize” to cultivate compound talents who understand both agricultural knowledge and information technology. This article provides a reference for the development of smart agriculture in relevant regions.

This article analyzed the current situation of the forest-based economic development in Tongling City, Anhui Province and the aspects that need improvement, and proposed targeted countermeasures. The forest-based economic development of this region is in a good state and has formed a diversified pattern mainly consisting of forest-based planting, breeding, forest health care and ecological tourism. However, its development still requires key attention in terms of industrial scale, production methods, technological support, brand building and industrial integration. Based on this, the following measures are proposed: actively introduce and cultivate new types of business entities, promote the “enterprise + base + cooperative + farmer” development model; increase support for technological research and development, build a big data management platform for the forest-based economy; improve infrastructure for industrial development; strengthen the construction of grassroots forestry stations and the training of staff; enhance brand cultivation and market promotion, and expand product sales channels. Through these measures, the forest-based economy in the study area will be pushed towards a direction of scale, standardization and branding, with the aim of providing a reference for the high quality development of forest-based economy in relevant regions.

To study the influence of meteorological conditions in the Hetao Irrigation District on the intrinsic quality and the appearance quality of sunflower seed kernels, a staged sowing experiment was adopted. The growth period of sunflowers was recorded. The contents of substances such as linoleic acid and oleic acid in sunflower seed kernels were analyzed, and the rust spot index of sunflower seeds was statistically analyzed. Excel 2010 was used to construct a response model to analyze the key meteorological factors and sensitive periods affecting the quality of sunflowers. The results show that the climatic factors such as water vapor pressure, relative humidity, average daily temperature, sunshine duration, average daily maximum temperature, average daily minimum temperature and precipitation from flowering to maturity are closely related to the content of linoleic acid and oleic acid in sunflower kernels. The influence on linoleic acid shows a parabolic characteristic with the opening downward. The influence on oleic acid and the eating rate of palm borers shows a parabolic characteristic with an upward opening, while the effect on the incidence of seed rust spot disease shows an exponential downward trend. The content of linoleic acid shows a quadratic curve with the sowing date. The content of linoleic acid is the highest when sown from May 31^st to June 1^st. The incidence index of grain rust spot disease increases exponentially with the extension of the sowing date. The optimal sowing period that takes both into account to achieve the best results is from May 25^th to June 2^nd. A binary linear equation was established to determine the inflection point by using the temperature, daily range, vapor pressure, relative humidity, sunshine duration, hydrothermal coefficient, precipitation and linoleic acid during the flowering and ripening period. During the flowering period, precipitation, relative humidity and vapor pressure are all negatively correlated with the rust spot occurrence index of sunflowers. With the increase of water and humidity, the number of drought-loving pests (thrips) sharply decreases, and thus the rust spot index also decreases accordingly. In order to facilitate the statistics of intrinsic quality and appearance quality, the two variables were normalized. By using the small grid calculation method and with the help of the Geographic Information System (ArcGIS), the quality zoning of sunflower seeds that takes into account both internal and external aspects was carried out, providing a scientific basis for the rational layout of the Hetao Irrigation District and the adjustment of agricultural structure.

To improve the quality of course teaching and students’ core competencies, this study proposed and implemented 4 teaching reform measures targeting weaknesses in the Medicinal Botanycourse, including fragmented knowledge modules, insufficient practical teaching, low classroom participation, and inadequate integration of professional education and ideological-political education. A four-level knowledge system was constructed: cell–organ–individual-population. Based on plant developmental biology and secondary metabolism theories, the reform systematically integrated knowledge through dimensional teaching and typical case demonstrations. A three-dimensional practical training platform of “VR simulation–field practice–enterprise internship” was established, which strengthened students’ practical application abilities via virtual simulation experiments, field collection and investigation, and full-process enterprise internships. A mixed teaching model of case-driven, problem-oriented, multimedia-assisted was innovatively adopted to enhance classroom interaction and student engagement by combining case teaching, heuristic inquiry, and intuitive multimedia presentation. The concept of a community of shared future for Chinese medicinal materials resources was integrated, and an ideological-political integration path of “cultural identity–scientific spirit–social responsibility” was constructed to realize the organic integration of professional education and value guidance. Practice showed that students’ scientific research literacy, practical ability, and employment competitiveness were greatly improved. The number of approved college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship projects, as well as the employment rate and further education rate of graduates, increased significantly. This study provides a reference for the teaching reform of relevant traditional Chinese medicine courses.

To address the areas for improvement in the teaching mode, experimental content, pre-class preparation, and assessment methods of the current Cell Biology Experiment course, this study analyzed the present teaching situation and carried out teaching reform practices based on actual teaching conditions. The reform focused on 4 aspects: enriching teaching modes, optimizing experiment content, strengthening pre-class preparation, and improving assessment standards. Specifically, laboratory hardware facilities were upgraded and network resources were used to expand learning dimensions. The teaching plan was revised according to the key and difficult points of the theoretical course, and 9 experiment items, including mitochondrial supravital staining and observation, were optimized, covering confirmative, comprehensive and research-oriented experiments. The procedures of reagent preparation, material preparation and instrument debugging were standardized, students were guided to participate in pre-class preparation, and safety specifications were strengthened. A diversified assessment system combining process evaluation and outcome evaluation was constructed with clear quantitative scoring standards. Teaching practice showed that the reform achieved phased results. A total of 23 college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training programs were approved. The experiment teaching and assessment system was gradually improved, which effectively enhanced students’ experimental operation ability, innovative practice ability and course satisfaction. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of Cell Biology and related experiment courses in similar agricultural universities.

The study is conducted to quantitatively evaluate the impact of meteorological conditions on the quality of Changshan Huyou. Based on Huyou quality data and corresponding meteorological data from 2018 to 2023, correlation analysis and stepwise regression methods were employed to identify meteorological factors affecting Huyou quality. A climate quality evaluation model for Huyou was established using the weighted index method and expert empirical method. By applying this model, K-means clustering analysis was conducted on climate quality evaluation indices spanning the period from 1971 to 2023, enabling the classification of Huyou quality grades. The model was further utilized to evaluate and validate the climate quality of Huyou in Changshan County over the past six years. The results revealed that the key meteorological factors affecting the climate quality of Huyou include: the number of rainy days from late October to mid-November, sunshine duration during the same period, daily temperature range from late October to mid-November, precipitation from July to August, and the maximum consecutive high-temperature days from late May to mid-October. The clustering results based on the Climatic Quality Index (I_ACQ) classify the climatic quality of Huyou into three grades: Premium (I_ACQ≥2.48), First Grade (1.64≤I_ACQ<2.48), and Second Grade or below (I_ACQ<1.64). Over the past 6 years, the climate quality evaluation index of Huyou in Changshan County ranged between 1.7 and 2.7, with the majority classified as "Special Grade" or "First Grade". Spatially, Special Grade pomelos were predominantly distributed in eastern townships of Changshan County, including Qingshi Town, Dong’an Township, Daqiaotou Township, and Zhaoxian Town—the key cultivation areas. This study reveals that the response mechanisms of the five key meteorological factors for Changshanhuyou differ significantly from those of Satsuma mandarin during the critical phases of fruit quality development. Consequently, climate quality evaluation for citrus should adhere to the principle of varietal specificity. The established evaluation indicators and model demonstrated practical applicability and reliability, laying the foundation for climate quality certification of Huyou.

Based on the conventional experimental teaching status of the course Introduction to Biotechnology and Experiment, and targeting the needs for improvement in the curriculum system, teaching model, evaluation criteria, and integration of ideological and political education, this study discussed the restructuring of the curriculum system, innovation of teaching model, optimization of evaluation methods, and integration of ideological and political elements. It established a new online-offline blended experimental teaching system and proposed targeted reform strategies. In the reform practice, the research team constructed a modular online learning platform and integrated diversified resources such as standardized operation videos and 3D dynamic demonstration animations to form a complete online learning system. It developed a progressive offline experimental teaching mode, adopted a teacher-student dual-subject strategy and diversified teaching methods, and strengthened students’ dominant position and inquiry ability. A dynamic evaluation system covering the whole experimental process was set up, and a comprehensive assessment with 30% online and 70% offline components was adopted to achieve objective and comprehensive evaluation. Ideological and political elements were organically integrated with professional knowledge to enhance the educational effect. Teaching practice showed that the reform was widely recognized by students, with 96.6% of them agreeing that the model contributes to knowledge construction. The course was successively awarded university-level first-class undergraduate course in 2023 and provincial and ministerial-level first-class undergraduate course in 2024, which effectively improved students’ comprehensive literacy. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of related experimental courses.

To address problems existing in parts of the course Soil Resource Survey and Cartography, such as the untimely update of teaching content and the need for optimization of practical teaching, this paper took the course as the research object, constructed an online-offline blended teaching mode, and proposed targeted teaching reform strategies from the aspects of updating course content, strengthening practical teaching, and establishing a three-dimensional evaluation system of “Cognition-Ability-Affection”. The study optimized and restructured the teaching content by constructing a course knowledge graph, adding theoretical review sessions, and integrating geographic information system and remote sensing technologies. It adopted a teaching mode of “brief theoretical instruction plus practice-oriented learning”, highlighted the dominant position of students, and designed exploratory practical tasks. A diversified comprehensive evaluation mechanism was established, which combined teacher evaluation, team mutual evaluation and self-evaluation. The practical results showed that the highest comprehensive score of the course reached 99 in the 2022-2023 academic year, and the average score was 91 in the 2023-2024 academic year. A complete online teaching resource system had been built for the course, and students’ classroom participation and independent learning ability had been significantly improved. This paper provides a reference for the teaching reform of similar courses.

This article summarizes the efficient strawberry plastic greenhouse substrate bare-root seedling cultivation technology from aspects such as facilities and equipment, variety selection and mother seedling transplantation, seedling management, disease and pest control, planting out, etc. The production facilities should be selected as those with excellent conditions, such as asymmetrical double-layer plastic greenhouses. The outer layer should be covered with shading nets, and the inner layer should be laid with plastic films. Reasonable seedbeds and mother seedling cultivation troughs should be set up, and drip irrigation belts should be properly laid. Optimal seedling substrates with good physical and chemical properties should be selected. It is preferable to select varieties with high yield, excellent quality, and strong resistance to diseases and environmental stresses, such as Dayeningyu, Suizhu, Tianxianzui, etc. Thoroughly disinfect the seedlings, and the mother seedlings should be transplanted during the rainy days or sunny evenings in the early March to early April. Precisely control temperature, light, and water and fertilizer supply, appropriately apply bixin or gibberellin to promote the emergence of prostrate stems. The control of pests and diseases follows the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive control”. Agricultural control measures (such as removing diseased plants and weeds in the field) and physical control measures (such as using yellow or blue boards for trapping) are given priority. Chemical control measures (proper application of chemical agents and attention to the safe interval period) are supplemented. When transplanting, ensure that the seedlings have sufficient flower bud differentiation. During storage and transportation, pre-cooling treatment should be carried out and cold chain transportation should be adopted to guarantee the quality of the seedlings. This article provides a reference for the efficient cultivation of strawberry seedlings in bare-root form using plastic greenhouse substrates.

To explore the effects of high-temperature and drought combined stress on the yield and physiological characteristics at heading and flowering stage of mid-season rice, and to determine the meteorological disaster threshold, this study used Jingzhou’s main indica hybrid rice variety, ‘Shuangliangyou 138’, as the experimental material. The experimental treatments included a control group (CK), high-temperature group (T), drought group (D), and combined high-temperature and drought stress group (T-D). Through the artificial simulation of stress conditions, the study analyzed the impacts of different stress levels on rice yield and physiological traits, and identified the meteorological disaster indicators and thresholds. A composite disaster evaluation model based on meteorological factors was established. Results showed that the high-temperature and drought combined stress had a significant greater inhibitory effect on rice yield and physiology than single stress, with more pronounced effects under normal sowing dates (phase II) than delayed sowing dates (phase IV). Compared to the CK group, the T-D treatment led to a 70.36% decrease in grain yield, with a reduction in total grain number per panicle, seed setting rate, and 1000-grain weight by 40.53%, 53.05%, and 19.43%, respectively, SPAD value decreased by 12.3%, indicating a synergistic enhancement effect between high temperature and drought. Path analysis showed that during the heading and flowering stage, the effect of high-temperature and drought combined stress on rice yield was most significantly influenced by seed setting rate, followed by total grain number per panicle, SPAD, 1000-grain weight, panicle length, and effective panicle number, and the seed setting rate was identified as the most sensitive yield factor and served as the key disaster indicator. The meteorological disaster threshold for this indicator was found to be a high-temperature thermal accumulation of 80.8℃·d and a 20 cm soil relative humidity of 34.4%. A composite disaster evaluation model based on high-temperature thermal accumulation and soil moisture was established, revealing that high-temperature stress contributed more to the yield loss than drought, and high temperature exacerbated the effects of drought. This research provides the technical support for the monitoring, early warning, and risk assessment of high-temperature and drought combined disasters in rice cultivation.

To explore the effect of biodegradable film on maize growth, this experiment was conducted from June to October 2024 at a farm in Yangqu County, Shanxi Province. The maize variety Nongkeyu 368 was used as the material, and 3 treatments were set up: no film covering (NM), ordinary film covering (OM), and biodegradable film covering (BM). The growth, photosynthesis, and yield performance of maize under different film covering were compared and analyzed. The results showed that compared with OM, BM treatment increased maize plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, and single plant dry matter mass by 0.95%, 2.60%, 3.12%, and 6.77%, respectively. In terms of photosynthesis, compared with OM,BM treatment significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of maize ear position leaves during the silk emergence stage (P<0.05), while reducing the intercellular CO₂ concentration (P<0.05). In terms of yield, compared with OM treatment, BM treatment reduced maize bald tip length by 34.74%, and increased grain number per row, hundred grain weight, and yield by 2.77%, 0.63%, and 6.95%, respectively. In summary, biodegradable film has a good promoting effect on corn growth and can replace ordinary plastic film in production practice.

This study reviewed the technical architecture, irrigation methods of intelligent irrigation systems and their applications during the entire growth period of rice. Intelligent irrigation technology is collaboratively composed of a perception layer, a transmission layer, a decision-making layer, and an execution layer. It realizes intelligent management of rice irrigation by integrating irrigation big data and relying on a cloud platform to jointly implement precise irrigation operations. Common irrigation methods include sprinkler irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation, etc., and the efficient utilization of water and fertilizer resources is realized through the integration of water and fertilizer technology. The technology can improve soil aeration during the rice transplanting stage, promote water absorption by seedling roots and facilitate seedling growth; realize shallow flooding irrigation and precisely control the irrigation frequency during the seedling regreening stage; real-timely collect parameters such as paddy water level and soil moisture during the tillering stage, and intelligently determine the timing of supplementary irrigation and the initiation time of field drying by combining the growth monitoring data of rice tillering process; accurately analyze the water demand threshold during the jointing and booting stage to match the water demand for rice panicle development, thereby improving the irrigation water use efficiency; precisely control the irrigation depth during the heading, flowering and maturity stages, remotely monitor the water consumption of electromechanical wells and field conditions in the project area, and stop irrigation timely. This study provides a reference for the efficient utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture in agricultural production.

As a key ecological disturbance factor, fire disturbance significantly affects the reorganization and functional decline of soil fauna communities through direct thermal effects and indirect environmental changes, thereby perturbing belowground ecological processes. In order to systematically summarize the research progress on the impacts of fire disturbance on soil fauna and clarify the disciplinary development context and cutting-edge directions, this study took the literature on the impacts of fire disturbance on soil fauna published from 2000 to 2024 in the Web of Science database as the data source, and conducted a bibliometric analysis on the 296 retrieved literatures using CiteSpace software. The results showed that the annual number of publications in this field presented a trend of "slow development-rapid growth-explosive growth", reaching a peak of 30 in 2024. The research strength was mainly concentrated in 55 countries (regions) such as the United States, China, and Germany. Among them, the United States had published 77 articles (betweenness centrality 0.82 ), which is at the core dominance, and had formed an extensive cooperative network with China, Germany and other countries. China ranked the second in the world with 27 papers published, but the betweenness centrality was only 0.1, and international cooperation needed to be further strengthened. Keywords co-occurrence and cluster analysis showed that the research focus gradually shifted from the direct effect of fire disturbance to the succession of soil animal communities, the coupling mechanism of carbon cycle and the maintenance of ecosystem stability. Keyword burst analysis showed that "organic carbon" and "fire intensity" became the frontier directions after 2016. Against the background of climate change, it has great significance to conduct the research on ecological effects and recovery mechanisms of fire disturbance on soil fauna. Quantifying the nonlinear impacts of fire disturbance on soil fauna diversity, assessing the long-term effects of biodiversity loss on ecosystem services and constructing multi-scale community dynamic prediction models are likely to be the research priorities in the next few years.

This research summarized and analyzed the impacts of heavy precipitation weather on maize production，including its effects on maize growth and development，yield and quality，as well as the occurrence and prevalence of pests and diseases，and proposed corresponding countermeasures. Heavy precipitation weather can delay the growth and development process of maize，increase the risk of plant lodging and leaf damage，and reduce grain yield and quality by decreasing the number of grains per ear and the thousand-kernel weight. It also affects the content of starch and crude protein in the grains，increases the impurity content in the grains，and raises the risk of pest and disease occurrence and transmission. Based on these findings，the following countermeasures are proposed：selecting stress-resistant varieties;implementing scientific layout measures such as replacing crops with waterlogging-tolerant varieties in low-lying areas, adopting ridge planting or wide-narrow row planting, adjusting the sowing date to avoid sensitive growth stages, and optimizing population structure to improve ventilation and reduce humidity；strengthening field management，including timely drainage，scientific fertilization，and integrated pest management；and enhancing support and safeguard measures. This paper provides a reference for enhancing the disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities of maize production and ensuring the safety of maize production.