In order to explore the alleviating effect of exogenous ascorbic acid on the toxicity of beet seedlings under atrazine stress and the degradation mechanism of atrazine, using beet 'KWS1197' seeds as experimental materials, pot experiments combined with instrumental analysis were conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of ascorbic acid on physiological and biochemical indexes of beet under atrazine stress, as well as the pesticide residues and degradation mechanisms in the soil. The results showed that atrazine stress inhibited the growth of beet seedlings, after spraying ascorbic acid, the toxicity of beet seedlings under atrazine stress was alleviated. Spraying 1mmol/L ascorbic acid had the most significant effect. The dry weight of the above-ground part and the underground part was 2.54 times and 3.43 times that of atrazine treatment group (AT treatment group). Chlorophyll content was increased by 42.5%. MDA content and electrolyte permeability were 53.57% and 65.01% of those in AT treatment group. SOD, POD and CAT enzyme activities were reduced by 60.5%, 61.3% and 51.1%, compared with AT treatment group. Spraying ascorbic acid can reduce the residual amount of atrazine in soil, and the higher the concentration, the more obvious the degradation effect. Four degradation products were found, and four possible degradation pathways of atrazine were further speculated. Ascorbic acid can improve the adverse effects of atrazine on the growth of beet seedlings, and the effect is significant at 1 mmol/L. This study provides a reliable reference for the degradation of atrazine.

Spartina alterniflora, as an alien invasive plant, has spread rapidly in the Yellow River Delta region, threatened native species, and damaged ecosystem health. This paper analyzes the invasion footprint of Spartina alterniflora in the Yellow River Delta by using remote sensing satellite image analysis techniques. It was found that after Spartina alterniflora completed colonization (before 2004), it quickly occupied the invaded habitat and rapidly spread (2004—2014). Although human intervention had suppressed the invasion speed of Spartina alterniflora and reduced the invasion area in the past decade (2014—2024), it still had the potential to make a comeback and reinvade. Therefore, we further classify and summarize the hypotheses of different stages of Spartina alterniflora invasion, compare various control measures, the prospect of scientific exploration of microbiological control of Spartina alterniflora in the future is proposed. The aim of this study is to provide a new way to prevent and control Spartina alterniflora invasion in the future.

The effects of different carbon sources on the mycelium growth and extracellular enzyme activities of A15 and W192 were investigated to understand the physiological requirements of carbohydrates of the two commercial Agaricus bisporus strains. Using different monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as test materials, the mycelial growth rate, mycelial biomass and extracellular lignocellulase activities were determined. Glucose and fructose increased the mycelial biomass of A15 by 7.7%-30.8% and 23.1%-38.5%, respectively, while that of W192 was increased by 21.1%-36.8% and 26.3%-57.9%, respectively. Trehalose, sucrose, starch and cellulose increased the growth rate of mycelia; trehalose, maltose, sucrose, xylo-oligosaccharide, starch and cellulose increased mycelial biomass, among which 0.5% cellulose increased the mycelial biomass of A15 and W192 by 3.3 and 2.3 times, respectively. 10 carbon sources increased laccase, C1 and Cx activities of A15 and W192, respectively. All the 12 carbon sources inhibited β-GC activity of A15. However, in addition to xylan and lignin, the β-GC activity of W192 was increased. Trehalose, maltose, sucrose, xylo-oligosaccharide, starch and microcrystalline cellulose promote mycelial growth significantly. W192 may have higher carbon source demand or tolerance than A15.

Cold stress directly affects plant growth and development, and under extreme conditions, it may result in infertility or even lead to plant mortality. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which plants respond to cold stress, this review synthesizes the diverse effects of cold stress on plants. It discusses the impact of cold stress on plant plasma membranes, the ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway, plant hormones, and cellular metabolism. Additionally, recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms underlying plant cold tolerance are examined and discussed. This review aims to provide a foundation for the practical application of these findings in the genetic improvement of crops. Based on the above, the paper suggests that a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating genetic engineering, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and bioinformatics should be employed to further explore the molecular mechanisms behind plant cold tolerance. Furthermore, potential future research directions in this field are proposed.

Biochar, a carbon-rich material renowned for its distinctive physical properties, holds significant promise for improving soil texture. However, the performance of biochar-amended soils is contingent upon a variety of factors, including the inherent characteristics of the biochar, the prevailing soil conditions, and the specifics of the experimental framework employed. In this study, we undertook a comprehensive Meta-analysis to assess the impact of biochar application on soil organic carbon (SOC) content. By synthesizing literature published between 2013 and 2024, we meticulously screened 207 datasets derived from 84 studies. The results indicated that the enhancement of total organic carbon (TOC) content in soils after biochar application was more pronounced under specific conditions: when the biochar pH < 9, the soil type was sandy, and the initial organic carbon content was low. Notably, the maximum increase in soil TOC, an impressive 53.43%, was observed in sandy soils. Furthermore, with the increase of biochar application, a corresponding rise in soil TOC content was also documented. This study elucidated the influence of biochar on soil organic carbon, integrating factors such as biochar characteristics, soil conditions, and experimental parameters. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aimed to underscore the significant potential of biochar as a transformative agent for soil enhancement.

Soil aggregates are essential indicators of soil structure and fertility, significantly influenced by management practices, including the type of fertilizer used. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on soil aggregate stability, measured by mean weight diameter (MWD), and to analyze the roles of various fertilization types, cropping systems, and soil types. We collected data from 48 published studies to create a comprehensive database on different fertilization practices and their impact on aggregate stability, including 292 independent paired data sets. Meta-analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of fertilization on soil aggregate stability. The findings revealed that, compared to no fertilization, the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and combined organic-inorganic fertilizers significantly enhanced soil aggregate MWD. Specifically, the impacts of combined organic-inorganic fertilization (an increase of 21.46%) and single organic fertilization (an increase of 17.17%) were 7.9 times and 6.4 times greater than that of single chemical fertilization (an increase of 6.22%), respectively. Additionally, the effect of straw application on MWD (27.79%) was significantly higher than that of manure (14.01%). Furthermore, the duration of fertilization was significantly negatively correlated with MWD, while annual precipitation, evaporation, and temperature were all significantly positively correlated with MWD. The optimal fertilization amounts were determined to be > 0.3 t/hm² chemical fertilizers, 5-10 t/hm² organic fertilizers, and 1-10 t/hm² combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, all of which significantly enhanced the stability of soil aggregates. Additionally, soil properties and environmental factors, such as pH, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium, also influenced these effects. This study highlighted that the type of fertilization played a significant role in determining the stability of soil aggregates, underscoring the importance of organic fertilizers and combined organic-inorganic fertilization for improving soil structure. The results provided vital evidence for optimizing soil management practices.

To understand the spatial differentiation of soil P forms in the subtropical natural forest land, this study took the natural forest land of Lianhuashan scenic spot in the Qianjiangyuan National Park as the research object, both upper layer samples (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) and the horizontal samples of representative soil profiles located in three terrain positions, including the top of slope, middle slope (hillside), slope toe, and also rhizosphere soils at the foot of the slope, were collected to characterize P forms for understanding the relationship between soil P composition and topography. The analysis results of both upper soil sample and profile soil horizonal samples showed that the organic C, total P, total organic P and various forms of organic P, Ca₂-P and available P had obvious surface enrichment characteristics, which gradually decreased with the soil depth. The averaged proportion of inorganic P in the total P was higher than that of organic P. The proportion of organic P to the total P and the proportions of both active and moderate active organic P to total organic P decreased in the order of slope toe > top > middle slope, and also decreased with the depth of the profile. The organic P in forest soil mainly existed in the medium active organic P and medium stable organic P, while inorganic P mainly existed in the occluded P (O-P) and Fe-P. Compared with the corresponding bulk soils, the rhizosphere soils contained lower total P and lower pH, the higher proportion of organic C, available P, proportion of organic P in the total P, proportion of active organic P in the organic P and proportion of Ca₂-P in the total P. The contents of organic P, Ca₂-P, Al-P and available P were significantly correlated with the contents of organic carbon. The results showed that the root uptake of P from deep soil, the return of dead leaves to the surface and migration of surface runoff were the main driving forces for the spatial differences of soil P in natural forest land.

Soil water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) changed with cultivation methods is of great significance to crop growth and soil carbon cycle. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to compare the effects of rotary tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT) on the content and spectral characteristics of WSOC during the key growth period of rice in rice-wheat rotation system in the Taihu Lake Region. The results showed that the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) in RT and NT treatments increased from 21.73 g/kg and 21.30 g/kg before rice planting to 21.95 g/kg and 23.49 g/kg after rice harvest, respectively. Meanwhile, the content of water-soluble organic carbon in RT and NT treatments increased from 1.74 g/kg and 1.66 g/kg before rice planting to 3.74 g/kg and 4.35 g/kg after rice harvest, respectively. No tillage for rice-wheat rotation system was more conducive to increasing soil carbon sequestration and water-soluble organic carbon. Under the both tillage methods, the SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂₆₀ of WSOC after rice harvest decreased slightly compared to that before planting rice, and the SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂₆₀ of NT were higher than those of RT, while E₂/E₃ and E₃/E₄ were both increased. No tillage was more conducive to improving the aromaticity and humification of WSOC than RT for rice-wheat rotation system. Compared to rotary tillage, no tillage was more conducive to improving the stability of WSOC and had a positive effect on increasing soil carbon sequestration in paddy soil of rice-wheat rotation system.

To solve the practical problems in the existing “non-grain” cultivated land improvement technology, such as high cost and poor regional suitability, a field experiment was carried out in the typical “non-grain” reclaimed rice field in the hilly area of eastern Zhejiang Province. The effects of different organic amendments and combinations (T₁: biochar based fertilizer, T₂: potassium fulvic acid, T₃: organic fertilizer + biochar based fertilizer, T₄: organic fertilizer + potassium fulvic acid), and tillage depth (D: deep tillage with 20 cm, S: shallow tillage with 15 cm) on topsoil properties, rice yield and economic benefits were analyzed. The results showed that the application of different organic amendments could significantly increase the yield of rice, among which T₄ and T₃ had the best effects, especially under the condition of deep ploughing. Compared with the conventional control (S-CK), they could increase the yield by 3.7 t/hm² (48.8%) and 3.4 t/hm² (44.5%) respectively, and the economic benefit reached 2391-3101 yuan/hm² in the current season. Deep ploughing decreased soil pH by 0.2 units on average, but significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydro nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Among them, the SOM in D-T₄ and D-T₃ increased by 11.5% and 11.3%, respectively, compared with S-CK. The correlation analysis showed that rice yield was significantly positively correlated with agronomic characters (effective panicle, panicle length, spikelet per panicle and seed setting rate) and soil fertility indexes (SOM, TN, AN, AP, AK and CEC) (P<0.01). Therefore, the organic amendments combinations of organic fertilizer and biochar based fertilizer or potassium fulvic acid, with moderate mechanical deep ploughing, can simultaneously achieve tillage layer reconstruction and directional fertilizer cultivation, and promote soil improvement efficiency in reclamation area. This technology has great potential to be popularized in the “non-grain” reclaimed rice field in hilly areas.

By identifying the distribution characteristics of heavy metal elements in Yuanmou County, we can understand the local heavy metal sources and environmental ratings, objectively grasp the environmental problems existing in the soil in this area, put forward scientific and reasonable suggestions for agricultural development and environmental governance, and improve the level of land management and environmental monitoring in this area. The method of combining traditional geochemistry and soil science was used, and the sampling was carried out according to the relevant standards of 1:250000 land quality geochemical survey. SPSS, Excel, GeolPAS.V4.5, ArcGIS10.8 and other software were used for data modeling, result integration and map production. The results showed that heavy metal elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were existed in the surface soil of Yuanmou County, in which Cd was enriched on the surface, and the anisotropy of Cd and Hg was higher than that of other elements. The overall distribution of Cu was balanced, with local characteristics of enrichment and depletion. Cr was highly correlated with Ni and weakly negatively correlated with Pb. There were three main sources of heavy metals: mainly rich in Zn and As, mainly rich in Cr, Ni and Cu, and mainly rich in Hg. In the comprehensive grade assessment of surface soil environment, the risk-free area was 1873 km², accounting for 92.77%, and the risk-controlled area was 146 km², accounting for 7.23%. The area was concentrated in Jiangyi Town, Guanyuan Town and Pingtian Town, and scattered in other areas, with no high risk area. The distribution of heavy metals As, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in Yuanmou County was mainly controlled by the parent material, Cu and Cd were controlled by the parent material, continuous weathering and human activities, and Hg was mainly controlled by human activities. There was no high-risk area in Environmental rating, and the risk controllable areas were mainly affected by Cu and Cd, among which the Cd risk controllable areas were highly consistent with the concentrated areas of agricultural development, and the application of relevant pesticides should be reasonably controlled and monitored in the later stage. Hg wasn’t at risk in the whole region, but there had been a slight enrichment trend in the surface soil, which required a late warning to avoid pollution.

The paper aims to investigate the optimal concentration of exogenous inositol and its effect on yield, quality and antioxidant system of tomato under salt stress, and to provide some theoretical basis for the application of inositol in quality improvement of tomato production. In the present study, five inositol concentration gradients of 0% (CK), 0.05% (MI1), 0.1% (MI2), 0.2% (MI3) and 0.4% (MI4) were established to investigate the effects of exogenous inositol on tomato yield and quality using ‘Hongjian’ cherry tomato as the test material. On this basis, the 100 mmol/L NaCl salt stress treatment (N) and the inositol treatment (NM3) with 0.2% inositol were established to investigate the role of inositol in alleviating salt stress in tomato. With increasing inositol concentration, tomato yield showed an overall trend of increasing and then decreasing, in which the tomato yield of MI3 treatment was significantly increased by 17.7% compared to that of CK. The increase in tomato yield by exogenous inositol application was closely related to the increase in leaf SPAD value, the promotion of root growth and the enhancement of the activity of key antioxidant enzymes (e.g. POD activity). Low concentrations of inositol (MI1 and MI2) significantly increased the vitamin C content of the fruits, while increasing the concentration of inositol had no significant effect on the vitamin C content of the fruits. The soluble sugar content of the fruits significantly increased by 38.6%-166.2%, while the soluble protein content decreased by 13.4%-22.6% after the application of exogenous inositol. Salt stress significantly reduced tomato yield, leaf SPAD and vitamin C content by 16.1%, 14.4% and 26.4% respectively compared to CK by inhibiting root growth, increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decreasing enzyme activities of the antioxidant system. On the contrary, application of inositol (NM₃) under salt stress significantly promoted root growth, reduced MDA content and increased the activity of antioxidant system enzymes, resulting in a significant increase in tomato yield, leaf SPAD, vitamin C and lycopene content by 37.8%, 13.5%, 23.8% and 34.5% compared with N treatment. The application of exogenous inositol at an appropriate concentration (MI3) could significantly promote tomato root growth and increase the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, thus increasing tomato yield and improving fruit quality; furthermore, the application of exogenous inositol at an appropriate concentration could significantly alleviate salt stress in tomato and improve tomato yield and quality.

To improve the efficiency and quality level of medicinal Dendrobium tissue culture, this study used D. officinale and D. nobile as test materials to investigate the effects of eight different LED light quality combinations, including red, blue, green, and white light (R6B3G0, R6B3G1, R6B3G3, R3B6G0, R3B6G1, R3B6G3, R3B3G3, W), on the proliferation, rooting, and active component contents of the kinds of Dendrobium. The results showed that both D. officinale and D. nobile had the best proliferation effects under the light quality culture of R3B6G3, with proliferation coefficients of 6.67 and 1.59, respectively, which were significantly increased by 72.8% and 101.3% compared to the control (W), with D. nobile showing the highest fresh weight under this treatment. Under the treatment of R6B3G3, the best rooting effects were observed for both D. officinale and D. nobile, with individual root numbers of 10.56 and 9.42 per plant, respectively, which were increased by 59.5% and 75.4% compared to W. At the same time, it showed the highest fresh and dry weight contents of D. officinale under this treatment, with 1.254 and 0.135 g/plant, respectively, significantly increasing by 81.7% and 1.08 times compared to W. The dry matter content was highest under the R3B6G1 treatment, significantly increasing by 29.0% compared to W, and the polysaccharide content reached its maximum value of 24.61% under this treatment, while the total flavonoid content was highest under W, at 1.46%. Under the treatment of R6B3G0 and R3B3G3, the content of total phenolics was highest of D. officinale, both increasing by 1.39 times compared to W, and the dendrobine contents of D. nobile was optimal, both at 0.5%. In short, it was beneficial for the proliferation of D. officinale adding stronger green light under the treatment of R3B6, while it was beneficial for the proliferation of D. nobile adding stronger green light under R3B6 or weaker green light under R6B3. In addition, it was effective for rooting of two Dendrobium varieties adding weaker green light under the treatment of R6B3. Furthermore, it was conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and polysaccharide in D. officinale adding weaker green light under the treatment of R3B6, while it was beneficial for the accumulation of dry matter and dendrobine in D. nobile with stronger green light under the treatment of R6B3.

In order to solve the problem of water shortage faced by blueberry planting in high-altitude mountainous areas, this study takes 11 introduced blueberry varieties as experimental materials. It aims to evaluate the drought tolerance potential of the varieties under natural drought conditions by setting up the comparative experiment method of the drought group and the watering group. In 2021, leaf morphological and anatomical observations were carried out on blueberries in the drought group. Statistical methods were used to explore the drought tolerance of different blueberry varieties while screening key indicators for leaf morphology and anatomy. In 2022, a bivariate analysis of variance method was employed to compare the yield components between the drought group and the watered group, in order to assess the production recovery potential of each variety after being affected by drought. The results showed that there were significant differences among different blueberry varieties in terms of drought tolerance. The order of drought tolerance of the 11 blueberry varieties from strong to weak was as follows: ‘Misty’> ‘Bluecrop’> ‘Sweetheart’> ‘Brigitta’> ‘Jubilee’> ‘Bluecrop’> ‘Shengshi’> ‘O'Neal’> ‘Boniface’> ‘Garden blue’> ‘Duke’. Through screening 10 leaves morphological and anatomical indicators, 4 typical indicators for evaluating the drought tolerance of blueberries were obtained, namely, the thickness of the upper epidermis, the thickness of the leaf, the thickness of the spongy tissue and the stomatal density. The results of the empirical analysis showed that ‘Misty’, ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Sweetheart’ had relatively strong drought tolerance, while ‘Boniface’, ‘Garden blue’ and ‘Duke’ had relatively weak drought tolerance. This conclusion was consistent with that of the drought tolerance evaluation.

In order to reveal the difference between thick root (TR) and storage root (SR) of sweetpotato with difference drought tolerance from transcriptional level, and further explicit the mechanism of roots differentiation and drought tolerance by simulating field drought in dry shed with artificial water control, two varieties including ‘Jishu21’ (‘JS21’ ) with strong drought tolerance and ‘Jizishu1’ (‘JZ1’) with weak drought tolerance were chosen as research materials. Transcriptome analysis of sweet potato thick root and storage root was carried out. The results indicated GO classification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the two varieties was similar to that of KEGG enrichment. Under drought stress, 84 DEGs between SR and TR of ‘JS21’ mainly enriched the accumulation of starch and sucrose metabolic pathway, while 112 DEGs between SR and TR of ‘JZ1’ mainly enriched ribosomal metabolic pathway. Among different varieties, 224 DEGs between ‘JS21’ and ‘JZ1’ were found in SR, but 204 DEGs between ‘JS21’ and ‘JZ1’ were counted in TR, and all mainly enriched ribosomal metabolic pathway. Further analysis by transcription factors and hormones metabolism showed that ARF-like transcription factors in storage root and NAC-like transcription factors in thick root of ‘JS21’ were more differentially expressed than ‘JZ1’ under drought stress. The expression of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was up-regulated, while genes involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway were down-regulated in both thick root and storage root of ‘JS21’. In the same variety, the gene expression of α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway in ‘JS21’ storage root was up-regulated compared with thick root. In conclusion, sweetpotato with strong drought tolerance can maintain starch and sucrose metabolism under drought conditions by coordinating the expression of drought tolerance genes and growth-related transcription factors, balancing drought tolerance hormones (ABA, JA) and growth related hormones (IAA, BR), so as to improve the drought resistance and ensure the formation of yield.

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of abscisic acid (ABA) on the growth and cold resistance of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings under low temperature stress, with a focus on elucidating the regulatory mechanism by which ABA mitigates cold damage in beans. Seedlings of low-temperature sensitive Phaseolus vulgaris variety ‘Genoa’ were used in this study as experimental materials. The experimental groups consisted of six categories: the control group maintained at normal temperature (CK), the group subjected to low temperature treatment (LT), and ABA solution groups with concentrations of 10 mg/L (T₁₀), 20 mg/L (T₂₀), 30 mg/L (T₃₀), and 40 mg/L (T₄₀) respectively. The seedlings in the ABA solution treated group were then subjected to low temperature stress. The growth and physiological indexes of the 6 groups of Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings were measured. The results demonstrated that under T₁₀ treatment, the growth index of bean seedlings reached its peak. Furthermore, compared to the LT group, plant height, root length, stem diameter, and leaf area in the T₁₀ group were increased significantly by 48.47%, 43.46%, 73.20%, and 65.69% respectively. Additionally, ABA spray reduced electrolyte permeability in bean seedlings under low temperature stress while enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes POD and SOD. This led to clearance of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reductions in malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide anion radical (O₂^-), and soluble protein content. Moreover, ABA application protected the cell membrane structure of bean seedlings while improving their photosynthetic performance under low temperature stress. In conclusion, an appropriate concentration of ABA can promote the growth and development of bean seedlings under conditions of low temperature stress.

To further understand the production characteristics and applicable value of the wheat variety ‘Hemai 26’, its yielding ability, yielding stability and adaptability as well as resistibility and quality characteristic were analyzed with ‘Zhoumai 18’ as the contrast using the regional tests of wheat varieties in southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region consisted of institutions and enterprises during 2016-2018 and production tests in 2018-2019. The results showed that the yield of ‘Hemai 26’ increased by 4.5%, 11.53% and 5.28% respectively compared with that of ‘Zhoumai 18’ during 2016-2019, and reached a significant level. Coefficient of variation (CV) of ‘Hemai 26’ was slightly smaller, the high stability coefficient (HSC) was larger and adaptability was higher than that of ‘Zhoumai 18’. The average yield of each experimental variety showed linear regression with the average yield of ‘Hemai 26’ in different test sites, and the regression coefficient tended to 1. ‘Hemai 26’ has strong lodging resistance and general disease resistance. ‘Hemai 26’ has good grain uniformity, high grain bulk density and good quality. ‘Hemai 26’ has outstanding yielding ability, good yielding stability, wide adaptability and excellent quality, which has good promotion and utilization value in Southern Huang-Huai Wheat Region.

To explore the effect of alginate enhancing solution on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat, four different concentration treatments were set during the regreening stage, jointing stage and booting stage of winter wheat, which were 0 mg/kg (CK), 30 mg/kg (N30), 60 mg/kg (N60) and 90 mg/kg (N90). The indexes such as chlorophyll content, grain filling rate, dry matter accumulation and distribution, photosynthetic characteristics and yield among different treatments were studied. The results showed that spraying alginate enhancing solution could significantly increase the chlorophyll content of wheat flag leaves and the grain filling rate, especially in the late stage of flowering, it still maintained a significant advantage compared with CK. The dry matter accumulation of stem sheath + leaves, ear shaft + glume, grain and distribution ratio were significantly higher than those of CK, among which the advantage of N30 treatment at the jointing stage was the most obvious. In photosynthesis, spraying alginate enhancing solution significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves, reduced the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) of flag leaves, keeping the crops at a high photosynthetic rate all the time. In terms of yield and composition factors, there were no significant differences in the number of spikes and grains per spike among different concentration treatments compared with CK, but the thousand grain weight and yield were significantly higher than CK. Among them, spraying alginate enhancing solution at 30 mg/kg at the jointing stage had the best yield-increasing effect, with a yield of 8811.96 kg/hm², which was 12.01% higher than that of the CK treatment in the same growth period. In summary, spraying alginate enhancing solution at 30 mg/kg at the jointing stage is a more reasonable fertilization scheme.

To select the most effective microbial product for in-situ decomposition of rice straw under cool conditions in Northeast China, and to determine the optimal dosage of microbial product coupling urea, this study conducted comparative experiments, and used the decomposition rate of rice straw, biological characteristics and yield of rice as indicators to define the optimal microbial product and the dosage of urea. The results showed that the independently developed microbial product NKY showed better field application effects. The straw decomposition rates of Hongqi Farm and Wanchang Town were 68.8% and 67.2%, respectively, which were 38.5% and 35.5% higher than CK. The height, tiller number, and dry weight of rice were also increased, and the rice yield increased by 6.0% and 6.8%, respectively. The optimal dosage for coupling urea with microbial product NKY was 75 kg/hm². Compared with no urea application, the straw decomposition rate increased by 8.7%, and the yield increased by 6.2%. In summary, the microbial product NKY not only has good degradation ability of rice straw, but also could promote crop growth and improve crop yield, which has a better application prospect.

A field experiment was carried out from June to November 2021 in tidal flat of Nantong, Jiangsu Province to study the effects of different exogenous silicon fertilizers spraying on rice yield, dry matter and nutrient accumulation and transport in various organs and rice quality, with ‘Nanjing 5055’ as the test variety. Five treatments were set up in the experiment, including spraying water treatment (CK), sugar alcohol silicon treatment (SF₁), seaweed liquid silicon treatment (SF₂), liquid silica-zinc fertilizer treatment (SF₃) and highly active ionic liquid silicon treatment (SF₄). The results showed that (1) compared with CK, rice yield under SF₁, SF₂, SF₃ and SF₄ increased by 9.24%, 7.31%, 0.28% and 3.64%, respectively, and reached a significant level under SF₁. At the same time, the number of grains per panicle, the number of solid grains, the weight of thousand grains, the length of panicle and the density of grains were increased significantly under SF₁ (P<0.05). (2) The above ground dry matter accumulation of rice at maturity was SF₁>SF₂>SF₄>SF₃>CK. At heading stage, nitrogen accumulation in the above-ground part and potassium accumulation in the upper part of the ground under SF₁ and SF₃ were significantly increased under each spraying treatment. Nitrogen accumulation in the lower panicle and above-ground parts of SF₁, SF₃ and SF₄ at maturity was significantly increased (P<0.05). The distribution of nitrogen and potassium accumulation in each organ of rice at heading stage was in the order of stem sheath>leaf>ear. The distribution of nitrogen accumulation at maturity was in the order of spike>sheath>leaf, and the distribution of potassium accumulation was in the order of sheath>ear>leaf. (3) Compared with CK, leaf dry matter transfer (SF₃) and ear dry matter increase (SF₁, SF₂ and SF₃) were significantly increased. Nitrogen transfer in stem sheath (SF₂, SF₃ and SF₄) and leaves (SF₁) and nitrogen increase in panicle (SF₁, SF₃ and SF₄) were significantly increased. The transfer volume of potassium in stem sheath (SF₃) and leaf (SF₁) and the increase of potassium in panicle (SF₃) were significantly increased (P<0.05). (4) Rice yield was positively correlated with spike dry matter increase and nitrogen transfer, significantly positively correlated with dry matter accumulation and spike nitrogen accumulation at maturity, and significantly negatively correlated with leaf potassium accumulation. (5) Different exogenous silicon fertilizers spraying had no significant effects on the appearance and processing quality of shoal rice under the experimental conditions. Therefore, spraying appropriate exogenous silicon fertilizer (especially sugar alcohol silicon) on the leaf surface could significantly increase rice yield in this coastal mudflat area. Spraying exogenous silicon fertilizer mainly improves the number of grains per spike and the quality of 1000 grains, increasing the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in the rice spike.

To explore the effect of graphene oxide (GO) treatment on rice seed germination under salt stress, this experiment used the rice variety 'Harbin Japonica Rice 15' as the experimental material. Under normal conditions and salt stress (0.05 mol/L NaCl), GO was induced at different mass concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) to detect the changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde, and osmotic regulator content of rice seeds after different treatments. The results show that: (1) low concentrations of GO (25 mg/L) can promote the germination of rice seeds, while high concentrations of GO (50, 100 mg/L) significantly inhibit their germination. 25 mg/L GO can increase seed vitality and improve germination rate under salt stress; (2) high concentrations of GO and NaCl combined treatment can further exacerbate the inhibitory effect of salt stress on rice seed growth, increase antioxidant enzyme activity, reduce malondialdehyde content, and alleviate oxidative stress response; (3) GO treatment promotes the synthesis and accumulation of osmotic regulators, increases the osmotic regulation ability and salt resistance of rice seeds, strengthens the salt tolerance of seedlings, and significantly improves their emergence and seedling efficiency in salt environments. Low concentration GO can promote rice germination, while high concentration GO has certain harm to rice growth. Especially under salt stress, high concentrations of GO can increase the toxicity of salt stress on rice growth. It is suggested that high concentration GO related fertilizers should be used with caution in rice production practice in saline alkali areas.

【Objective】 MADS-box transcription factors are one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, and play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Previously, based on transcriptome data of pepper, a heat-responsive gene, Agamous-like MADS-box protein61 (AGL61), was identified as a MADS-box transcription factor. However, the function of CaAGL61 in pepper heat stress remains unknown. In this study, we explored the molecular function of CaAGL61 in heat tolerance of pepper plants, providing the regulatory insights of CaAGL61 as a potential locus for genetic improvement. 【Method】 The SMART online tool was used to predict the conserved domain of CaAGL61, and a phylogenetic tree of AGL61 in pepper and other plant species was constructed using MEGA7. The expression pattern of CaAGL61 was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The subcellular localization of CaAGL61 was examined in tobacco, and its transcriptional regulatory role was investigated using a yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H). The effects of CaAGL61 on heat tolerance of pepper were accessed using transgenic plants generated by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transient overexpression techniques.【Result】CaAGL61 encodes a protein of 179 amino acids, containing a MADS domain and exhibiting high evolutionary conservation. CaAGL61’s expressional level was relatively high in the flower of pepper, followed by the stem and fruit, and lowest in the root. Further analysis reveals that the expression of CaAGL61 increased along with flower maturation process, peaking in the anther during pollination and fruit setting. High temperature treatment at 45 ℃ significantly upregulates the expression of CaAGL61. Subcellular localization showed that CaAGL61 is located in the nucleus, and yeast transcriptional activation assays indicates that CaAGL61 has transcriptional activation activity. Silencing of CaAGL61 significantly enhances heat tolerance of pepper. Comparing with control, CaAGL61-silenced plants exhibit reduced wilting in plant growth points, lower relative electrolyte leakage, reduced content of malondialdehyde, and accumulation of dead cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased content of chlorophyll under heat stress. However, transient overexpression of CaAGL61 reduces the heat tolerance of pepper, indicated by more severe heat-stress damage, higher relative electrolyte leakage, increased content of malondialdehyde, and accumulation of dead cells and ROS, and decreased content of chlorophyll compared to control. 【Conclusion】A heat-responsive MADS-box transcription factor gene, CaAGL61, was identified in pepper. This gene negatively regulates pepper heat tolerance by exacerbating oxidative stress.

【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the effects of straw and green manure mulching on soil fertility and crop yield on the dryland in southwest China, so as to provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for exploring reasonable, efficient and ecologically healthy conservation tillage measures in southwest China. 【Method】 The sweet potato field in the "broad bean/maize/sweet potato" dry three-crop intercropping mode in southwest China was selected as the research object, and four treatments were set up: no mulching (CK), straw mulching (S), straw and milk vetch mulching (S+M), and milk vetch mulching (M). The effects of different treatments on soil characteristics and soil fertility, sweet potato dry matter content in the sweet potato field were studied. 【Result】(1) Compared with no-mulching treatment, straw and milk vetch mulching could improve the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of soil in sweet potato field. Among them, straw and milk vetch mulching had the best effect. (2) The comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility based on principal component analysis showed that soil fertility under straw and milk vetch mulching treatment was higher than that under no mulching treatment, and the comprehensive scores of straw and milk vetch mulching treatment were the highest in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. (3) S+M treatment significantly improved the dry matter quality of various organs of sweet potato and sweet potato yield, the yield of sweet potato under S+M, S and M treatment was 34.53%, 14.60% and 11.55% higher than that under CK treatment, respectively.【Conclusion】Straw and milk vetch mulching in the dryland, triple cropping systems of southwest China, could effectively improve the physical and chemical properties and biological characteristics of soil, enhance soil fertility, and improve dry matter quality and yield.

【Objective】 This study aimed to elucidate the relationships among bacterial population structure, key species, carbon metabolic functions, and variations in soil physicochemical and biological properties resulting from long-term different fertilization treatments in agricultural soils. 【Method】 The amplicon sequencing technology based on the molecular marker of bacterial 16S rRNA were employed to analyze soil bacterial community structure, ecological networks, potential carbon metabolic functions, and their correlations with soil physicochemical and biological properties after 29 years of continuous application of various fertilization treatments (no fertilization as control, CK; chemical fertilizers, N4; and reduced application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure, M2N2) at the Long-term Positioning Experimental Station at Shenyang Agricultural University. 【Result】Different fertilization treatments significantly altered soil physicochemical and biological properties, and bacterial populations, diversity, and abundance of potential carbon metabolic genes. Compared with CK treatment, N4 treatment significantly decreased soil pH value, bacterial abundance and community diversity, which indicated that M2N2 treatment demonstrated a beneficial maintenance effect. Although long-term fertilization practices (both N4 and M2N2) significantly increased soil respiration rates, they also markedly reduced net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates at 0-20 cm soil layer. Furthermore, compared with N4 treatment, M2N2 treatment significantly enhanced soil net N mineralization rates. Soil ammonium N content, net N mineralization rate and pH value were the critical environmental factors influencing soil bacterial populations. Network co-occurrence analysis revealed that Bradyrhizobium elkanii and beta proteobacterium WWH154 were the key bacterial species that maintained the stability of bacterial ecological networks, and about 100 dominant bacterial species co-occurred fully with beta proteobacterium WWH154 and 54% of the species co-occurred with Bradyrhizobium elkanii. Long-term fertilization (N4 and M2N2) increased the relative abundance of two key species by 61.9%-169.4%, especially the M2N2 treatment. The function prediction of carbon metabolic genes showed that N4 treatment reduced the abundance of various carbon metabolism-related genes, such as carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes, Aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis and Amino acid related enzymes in soil bacteria, and M2N2 treatment significantly stabilized the carbon metabolic pathways. 【Conclusion】In summary, long-term fertilization altered the physicochemical and biological properties of agricultural soil. Reduced application of chemical fertilizer combined with organic manure enriched key bacterial species and increased the complexity of microbial networks, which would be beneficial to coping with environmental changes, thus maintaining soil ecological functions and increasing crop yield.

【Objective】 This study explored the applicability of the RothC model for simulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in dryland and paddy fields in Northeast China and evaluated the impact of various calibration methods on simulation performance.【Method】 This study selected one typical dryland and one typical paddy field as long-term experimental sites. The dryland experiment was conducted at the Heilongjiang Agricultural Ecology Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2004-2015), and the paddy field experiment utilized data from the 850 Farm (2010-2017). At each experimental site, two treatments were selected for model simulation validation and performance evaluation: one with fertilization only, without straw return (NPK), and the other with both fertilization and straw returning (NPKS). For the paddy field soil, in addition to the RothC model, two modified versions, including RothC_p and RothC_0.6, were also selected for suitability evaluation. Three different model calibration methods were employed: the equilibrium method, parameter optimization method, and transfer function method, to analyze the impact of these calibration methods on model simulation performance. Normalized root mean square error (nRMSE), mean difference (MD), and the index of agreement (d) were selected as model evaluation metrics. 【Result】At the Heilongjiang station, organic carbon input exhibited a significant fluctuating trend, with the average annual carbon input under NPK and NPKS treatments being 1.71 and 3.52 t·hm^-⊃2;, respectively. In contrast, organic carbon input at the 850 Farm was relatively stable, with the average annual carbon input for NPK and NPKS treatments being 1.89 and 5.90 t·hm^-⊃2;, respectively. The simulation validation results from the Heilongjiang station showed that, under different model calibration methods, the nRMSE was consistently below 5%, and the index of agreement (d) ranged from 0.60 to 0.74. This indicated that the model performance was excellent across all calibration methods, and RothC was able to accurately simulate the SOC stock changes for both NPK and NPKS treatments in the dryland. When using the M2 method, the nRMSE for NPK and NPKS was the smallest, at 3.46% and 3.09%, respectively. The simulation validation results for the 850 Farm showed that the MD for RothC and RothC_p ranged from -1.47 to -13.41, with nRMSE values between 2.90% and 26.48% and d-values all below 0.1. This indicated that both models significantly overestimated the increase in SOC stocks and were unable to accurately simulate the changes in SOC stocks in the paddy field. For the RothC_0.6 model under the NPK treatment, the MD ranged from -0.08 to 0.44, with nRMSE values between 0.24% and 0.85% and d-values ranging from 0.31 to 0.76. Under the NPKS treatment, the MD ranged from -5.71 to -6.22, with nRMSE values between 11.21% and 12.12% and d-values between 0.12 and 0.13. These results indicated that RothC_0.6 could accurately simulate the dynamic changes in SOC stocks under the NPK treatment but significantly overestimate the changes in SOC stocks under the NPKS treatment.【Conclusion】RothC and RothC_0.6 were suitable for studying the dynamic changes in SOC stocks under dryland and paddy field conditions without straw returning in the Northeast region, respectively, and could accurately simulate the trends in SOC stocks. The impact of different model calibration methods on simulation performance was not significant. However, the transfer function method was simpler to compute, saved model running time, and provided better simulation performance. Therefore, this study recommended prioritizing the use of the transfer function method for model calibration.

【Background】 The phenoloxidase (PO) activation system is essential for insect innate immunity, particularly in pathogen defense, with prophenoloxidase-activating protease (PAP) being a key component that directly activates prophenoloxidase (proPO). However, research on these components in the insect PO activation system remains limited.【Objective】 The objectives of this study are to explore the regulatory role of microRNA (miRNA) in the phenoloxidase activation system of Plutella xylostella infected by Metarhizium anisopliae, and to provide new targets and approaches for pest control.【Method】 Bioinformatics was used to identify miRNAs targeting specific mRNAs. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to assess the transcription levels of miRNAs, PAP2, and PAP3 of P. xylostella at different time points post-infection with M. anisopliae (1×10⁶ CFU/mL). The regulatory effects of miRNAs on PAP2 and PAP3 were evaluated using a dual-luciferase system. Moths were injected with miRNA mimics or inhibitors and infected with M. anisopliae 12 h later. The expression levels of PAP2 and PAP3 were measured by qRT-PCR, while mortality and PO activity were also assessed.【Result】 miR-6497-x, miR-8545-x, novel-m0313-3p, and novel-m0592-5p target PAP3, while novel-m0042-5p, pxy-miR-2756-3p, and miR-9215-x target PAP2. A negative regulatory relationship between miRNAs and their target genes was observed at 24 and 48 h post-infection with M. anisopliae. In vitro experiments confirmed that miR-6497-x, novel-m0313-3p, and novel-m0592-5p negatively regulated PAP3, while miR-9215-x significantly downregulated PAP2. In vivo injection of miR-6497-x mimic led to decreased PAP3 expression, increased larval mortality, and reduced PO activity within 12 to 48 h post-infection. Conversely, injection of miR-6497-x inhibitor resulted in upregulated PAP3 expression, decreased larval mortality, and increased PO activity. However, overexpression or inhibition of miR-9215-x did not significantly affect PAP2 expression, larval mortality, or PO activity compared to the control group during the same period post-infection.【Conclusion】 The miR-6497-x targeting PAP3 was screened and identified. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirm that miR-6497-x negatively regulates PAP3, thereby affecting the PO cascade. miR-6497-x plays a crucial role in modulating the immune defense of P. xylostella against M. anisopliae infection, which will provide a theoretical basis for biological control strategies targeting pest immune systems.

【Objective】 The effects of different nitrogen forms on filling characteristics, grain quality and yield of summer maize were studied, so as to provide the scientific basis for selecting suitable nitrogen fertilizer types and improving the yield and grain quality of summer maize. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in Taian, Shandong Province from 2022 to 2023. Denghai 605 (DH605) was selected as the experimental material, with a nitrogen application rate of 210 kg N·hm^-2. The experiment included five treatments: amide nitrogen (Urea, UREA), nitrate nitrogen (Calcium nitrate, NN), ammonium nitrogen (Ammonium chloride, AN), co-application of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen (1:1, HH), and urea ammonium nitrate solution with a blend of amide nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen (2:1:1, UAN). The effects of different nitrogen forms on the yield and quality of summer maize were investigated by determining the grain filling characteristics, grain quality characteristics and grain capacity of summer maize. 【Result】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen in UREA, both the maize yield and grain quality under NN decreased. The maize yield under AN increased, but the grain quality decreased. HH significantly increased maize yield without affecting grain quality. UAN significantly increased maize yield and improved grain quality. Over the two years, the highest maize yield achieved with the co-application of the three nitrogen forms, significantly increasing by 13.7% to 16.3% compared with UREA. The Next the highest maize yield were from AN and HH, which significantly increased maize yield by 5.2% to 6.8% and 7.3% to 10.6%, respectively, compared with UREA. The maize yield under NN decreased by 5.4% to 5.8% compared with UREA. Compared with UREA, the growth amount at the maximum filling rate (W_max) under UAN was enhanced by 6.3% to 9.7%, and the active filling period (D) was extended by 7.7% to 10.9%. Both AN and HH increased W_max and prolonged D, thereby promoting the accumulation of grain weight and increasing yield. The W_max, D, grain filling rate, and dehydration rate of NN were significantly lower than those in the other treatments. The crude protein content was lower with NN and AN, decreasing by 20.6% to 22.0% and 15.2% to 17.4% than that under UREA, respectively. The rude fat content with NN was significantly higher than that of other treatments, increasing by 23.6% to 30.9% than that under UREA. Compared with UREA, UAN improved grain quality, with total starch and amylopectin content increasing by 4.9% to 5.2% and 11.7% to 14.4%, respectively, compared with UREA, and the ratio of amylopectin to amylose increased by 31.0% to 39.1%. The amylose content decreased by 14.1% to 16.8%. The crude protein content of UAN increased by 11.7% to 24.1%. The grain bulk weight under UAN was significantly higher than that under other treatments. 【Conclusion】Compared with the conventional application of amide nitrogen, the treatment with nitrate nitrogen inhibited grain filling, reduced grain weight, and decreased yield. In contrast, ammonium nitrogen or the co-application of multiple nitrogen forms enhanced the grain filling process, increased grain weight, and thereby improved yield. Furthermore, compared with the application of a single nitrogen form, the co-application of three nitrogen forms could achieve a synergistic improvement in both yield and grain quality.

【Objective】In terms of the issues of yield instability and quality deterioration caused by improper water and fertilizer application, the effects of reduced irrigation combined with organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of silage maize in arid irrigated regions of Northwest China were investigated, so as to identify optimal water and fertilizer management practices for achieving high yield and superior quality in silage maize cultivation in the irrigated areas. 【Method】 From 2021 to 2022, a field experiment based on two-factor split-plot design was carried out at the Oasis Agricultural Experimental Base of Gansu Agricultural University. The main factor was two irrigation levels, respectively, including I1 conventional irrigation reduction 20 % irrigation was 324 mm, and I2 conventional irrigation is 405 mm, and drip irrigation was used. The sub-factor included five different fertilization regimes: F1, 100% chemical nitrogen fertilizer; F2, 75% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer; F3, 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+50% organic fertilizer; F4, 25% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+75% organic fertilizer; and F5, 100% organic fertilizer. The effects of different water and fertilizer management practices on the yield, grain quality, and stalk quality of silage maize were analyzed, and the comprehensive evaluation of the yield and quality of silage maize was performed using factor analysis.【Result】Reducing irrigation alone led to a decrease in the yield and quality of silage maize. However, the combined application of organic-inorganic nitrogen fertilizers helped to enhance the potential for simultaneously improving both yield and quality under reduced irrigation conditions. Notably, the combination of reduced 20% irrigation with 75% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic fertilizer (I1F2) demonstrated significant advantages. The I1F2 treatment significantly increased fresh and hay yields of silage maize, with fresh and dry grass yields improving by 9.9% and 12.7% over conventional irrigation combined with 100% chemical nitrogen fertilization (the control treatment, I2F1), respectively. Meantime, the I1F2 treatment was able to maintain a relatively high grain and stover quality of silage maize. Compared with I2F1, the I1F2 treatment increased protein and fat contents of grain by 17.4% and 20.5%, and increased essential amino acids content too, with phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, threonine, lysine, and methionine rose by 17.4%, 13.9%, 19.4%, 17.9%, 23.1%, 30.0%, 44.5%, and 22.0%, respectively. The I1F2 treatment increased crude protein, crude fat, and soluble sugar contents in the stover by 13.9%, 19.1%, and 15.6% over I2F1, respectively, while decreasing neutral detergent fiber content by 13.5%, thereby improving relative feed value by 14.0%. Factor analysis also revealed that the I1F2 treatment had the highest composite applicability index, which was beneficial for increasing both the yield and quality of silage maize.【Conclusion】The combination of 20% reduced irrigation with 75% chemical nitrogen fertilizer+25% organic nitrogen fertilizer was the optimal water and nitrogen management practice for simultaneously enhancing both the yield and quality of silage maize in the Northwest irrigation areas.

【Objective】 Optimal reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is a sustainable management strategy in rice production. The effects of lowering N fertilizer input on grain yield and rice quality of early and late-season dual-use rice in South China were investigated, which could provide a theoretical basis for high-quality and high-yield cultivation and nitrogen management of the ‘Simiao Rice’. 【Method】 A two-year in-situ field trial was carried out at the Dafeng Experimental Base of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2022 to 2023, two early and late-season dual-use ‘Simiao Rice’ (19Xiang and Nanjingxiangzhan) were used as test cultivars, and a two-factor split-plot experimental design was adopted. The main plots were a 20% reduced N fertilizer application rate treatment (RN) and the conventional N fertilizer application rate treatment (CN). The split plots were rice varieties, to analyze the changing characteristics of early and late-season dual-use rice yield and quality under RN conditions. 【Result】Compared with CN, RN did not change the grain yield in the late season, but significantly decreased the grain yield in the early season by an average of 11.7% in the two years. The decrease in grain yield under RN conditions was related to the decline in total spikelet. In the early season, RN did not affect milled rice rate, chalky grain rate, and chalkiness, but significantly reduced head rice rate by an average of 3.30% in the two years. RN had no effect on the hardness of cooked rice in the early season, but significantly reduced its protein content, stickiness and taste value of cooked rice, with an average reduction of 0.61%, 12.80% and 2.80%, respectively, and significantly increased its amylose content by an average of 1.23%. RN did not influence the milled rice rate, head rice rate, chalky grain rate, chalkiness, amylose and protein content, and the hardness, stickiness, and taste value of cooked rice in the late season. In addition, the relevant analysis showed that the decrease in head rice rate of RN treatment in the early season might be related to the decrease in protein content, while the decrease in stickiness and taste value was related to the increase in amylose content. 【Conclusion】RN decreased the grain yield, milling quality, and eating quality in the early season, while did not alter the appearance quality in the early season, the grain yield, milling quality, appearance quality, and eating quality in the late season. Therefore, in the production of early and late-season dual-use rice, it was necessary to ensure an adequate N supply in the early season to maintain grain yield and rice quality, while reducing N fertilizer by 20% in the late season could still achieve stable and high-quality rice production under current N fertilizer application levels. Keywords:

Sorghum is the main food crop in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, which is of great significance to food security, marginal land use and dietary structure in arid and semi-arid regions. Since the first generation of grain hybrid sorghum was introduced in China in 1958, in order to adapt to mechanized harvesting and reduce labor costs, the plant height of cultivated hybrid sorghum has experienced the change process of high stalk, middle stalk, middle dwarf and dwarf. the green revolution of Chinese grain hybrid sorghum has been completed in the past two decades. This paper summarizes the reasons, history and current situation of grain sorghum dwarfing breeding in China. It shows the trend of decreasing plant height and increasing yield of sorghum varieties in China in the past 60 years. The important germplasms created in the process of green revolution of grain sorghum in China were listed. Through the analysis of genetic relationship, it was found that the dwarf source of restorer line in China came from Chinese local variety Sanchisan, and the dwarf source was traced back to Tx3197B due to the utilization of foreign germplasm Tx3197 A, Tx3197 B. The cloning, variation sites, dwarfing mechanism of sorghum dwarf genes dw1, dw2 and dw3, which play an important role in the green revolution of sorghum, and the contributions of predecessors in exploring new plant height QTLs were reviewed. The dwarfing mechanism of sorghum was different from that of gibberellin regulation system (GA) in rice and wheat. dw1 reduced plant height by regulating the brassinosteroid system (BR) to shorten the length of internodes. dw2 and dw3 encode KIPK protein kinase and auxin efflux transporter (ABCB1), respectively, which regulate the transport of auxin (IAA) to shorten the length of internodes and reduce plant height. The dwarfing genes of dw1, dw2 and dw3 had multiple effects on maturity, spike length, spike grain weight, leaf area while reducing plant height. The distribution and application of dw1, dw2 and dw3 dwarf genes in backbone sterile lines and restorer lines were analyzed by molecular markers and sequencing techniques. It was found that the dwarf genes used more in sorghum restorer lines in China were only dw3, and the combination of dw1dw3 and dw2dw3 formed by dw1, dw2 and dw3 was more widely used in sterile lines. The problems and solutions of sorghum green revolution in China were discussed. It is expected to provide guidance for further improving the process of sorghum green revolution in China and cultivating new germplasm and new varieties with major breakthroughs in yield and stress resistance.

【Background】 Cotton is one of the most important crops globally. The application of bioengineering technology has greatly improved the efficiency of molecular breeding. However, current cotton genetic transformation faces challenges such as genotype dependency, lengthy timelines, and limited transformation methods.【Objective】This study aims to establish an efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation system for cotton to expand genetic breeding methodologies.【Method】Using the common cotton receptor varieties WC and R18 as primary materials and mRUBY as a reporter gene, the root inducing process mediated by A. rhizogenes was optimized through screening hormone combinations (types and concentrations), analyzing differences in explant types and genotype-specific rooting systems. A stable genetic transformation system was subsequently developed and applied to gene editing.【Result】The addition of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and lovastatin to the root inducing medium (RIM) promoted more efficient root formation compared to NAA alone or combinations of NAA+indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or NAA+Lovastatin+IBA. The optimal concentrations for inducing hairy roots were both 2 mg·L^-1 for NAA and lovastatin. Cotyledons were the most effective explants for root induction: WC cotyledons, cotyledon nodes, and hypocotyls exhibited rooting efficiencies of 398%, 72%, and 39%, respectively. Cotyledons required the shortest induction time (7 d), 3 d shorter than cotyledon nodes and 8 d shorter than hypocotyls. Cotyledons were also the optimal explants for R18, their rooting capacity differed. Genotype comparisons revealed that 20 days post-infection (dpi), the rooting efficiencies per cotyledon were 398% (WC), 116% (R18), 199% (NDM8), 103% (XLZ61), 57% (Gb-1), and 0 (Gb-2). Upland cotton varieties (WC, R18, NDM8, and XLZ61) exhibited rooting efficiencies above 100%, while sea island cotton varieties (Gb-1, Gb-2) were below 100%. Notably, Gb-2 began to root at 35 dpi. Receptor varieties of upland cotton generally showed slightly higher rooting efficiency than production varieties. There was a certain difference between the positive rate of genetic transformation and the rooting rate. The positive rates of NDM8, XLZ61, Gb-1 and Gb-2 at 20 dpi were 59.8%, 16.0%, 38.5% and 0, respectively. Using positive roots as explants, non-embryogenic and embryogenic callus induction yielded transgenic mRUBY-expressing plants, establishing a complete genetic transformation system. The intensity of plant coloration correlated positively with mRUBY expression levels. Additionally, cotton plants with edited GhGI genes were successfully obtained.【Conclusion】The study optimized the A. rhizogenes-mediated root induction process in cotton and established a robust genetic transformation system. This system was successfully applied to gene editing, generating transgenic cotton plants expressing mRUBY and edited GhGI genes.