[Significance] Big Models, or Foundation Models, have offered a new paradigm in smart agriculture. These models, built on the Transformer architecture, incorporate numerous parameters and have undergone extensive training, often showing excellent performance and adaptability, making them effective in addressing agricultural issues where data is limited. Integrating big models in agriculture promises to pave the way for a more comprehensive form of agricultural intelligence, capable of processing diverse inputs, making informed decisions, and potentially overseeing entire farming systems autonomously. [Progress] The fundamental concepts and core technologies of big models are initially elaborated from five aspects: the generation and core principles of the Transformer architecture, scaling laws of extending big models, large-scale self-supervised learning, the general capabilities and adaptions of big models, and the emerging capabilities of big models. Subsequently, the possible application scenarios of the big model in the agricultural field are analyzed in detail, the development status of big models is described based on three types of the models: Large language models (LLMs), large vision models (LVMs), and large multi-modal models (LMMs). The progress of applying big models in agriculture is discussed, and the achievements are presented. [Conclusions and Prospects] The challenges and key tasks of applying big models technology in agriculture are analyzed. Firstly, the current datasets used for agricultural big models are somewhat limited, and the process of constructing these datasets can be both expensive and potentially problematic in terms of copyright issues. There is a call for creating more extensive, more openly accessible datasets to facilitate future advancements. Secondly, the complexity of big models, due to their extensive parameter counts, poses significant challenges in terms of training and deployment. However, there is optimism that future methodological improvements will streamline these processes by optimizing memory and computational efficiency, thereby enhancing the performance of big models in agriculture. Thirdly, these advanced models demonstrate strong proficiency in analyzing image and text data, suggesting potential future applications in integrating real-time data from IoT devices and the Internet to make informed decisions, manage multi-modal data, and potentially operate machinery within autonomous agricultural systems. Finally, the dissemination and implementation of these big models in the public agricultural sphere are deemed crucial. The public availability of these models is expected to refine their capabilities through user feedback and alleviate the workload on humans by providing sophisticated and accurate agricultural advice, which could revolutionize agricultural practices.

Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for human body, animals and plants, and participates in various morphological, physiological and biochemical processes. Copper is a cofactor of many enzymes and plays an important role in photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain. It is also a structural component of defense genes. In order to provide more systematic theoretical reference for the future study of copper stress on plants, based on the adverse effects of excessive copper on physiological processes such as plant germination, growth, photosynthesis and anti-oxidation summarized in previous studies, this paper reviews the biological functions of copper, the toxicity of excessive copper to plant growth and development, the role of copper transporters and chaperone proteins, and the tolerance mechanism of plants to copper stress. The future research direction is prospected, which provides a basis for formulating effective strategies to maintain copper homeostasis.

The causes, influencing factors and prevention and control technologies of foodstuff browning at home and abroad are summarized. According to different conditions, browning can be divided into enzymatic browning and non-enzymatic browning, while non-enzymatic browning can be further divided into Maillard reaction, caramelization, ascorbic acid oxidative decomposition and polyphenols oxidative dimerization. There are many factors affecting browning. The factors affecting enzymatic browning include substrate type and concentration, enzyme activity, oxygen, temperature and pH, etc. The factors affecting non-enzymatic browning vary with different reactions, among which temperature and pH are the most important factors. Based on the occurrence mechanism and influencing factors of browning, the prevention and control technologies of browning include physical and chemical prevention and control technologies and the combination of both. This paper points out current problems in fruit and vegetable storage and browning prevention and control technology development, such as high energy consumption, high cost and low safety. Moreover, it further suggests that the browning prevention and control technology should be mainly physical one, supplemented by necessary chemical technology treatment, and the focus should be on the excavation of new materials and new inhibitors.

‘Yongyou 988’ is a new maize variety bred by Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences with T1932 from European flint line as the female parent and ‘Xun 856’ as the male parent, and it was approved by the nation for Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region in 2021. In this study, the breeding process, parent source and characteristics, yield performance, stress resistance, disease resistance and quality analysis of the variety were analyzed. The study proposed that in variety breeding, we should highlight the exploration and utilization of excellent germplasm resources, strengthen adversity selection and improve ecological adaptability of the varieties, so as to breed a new maize variety with high yield and quality, wide adaptability, density tolerance and strong stress resistance.

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of intercropping Vulpia myuros on soil nutrient composition, soil microbial community structure, and tea quality components in tea plantations, so as to provide the data support for intercropping V. myuros as a means to enhance the ecological environment and quality of tea cultivation.【Method】The experimental materials consisted of soil and fresh leaves from a tea garden that had been intercropped with V. myuros for a duration of 2 years, and the control group was a clear-ploughed tea garden. The pH, organic matter, and mineral nutrients of the topsoil in the tea garden were measured. Additionally, the population structure of soil bacteria and fungi was analyzed using 16S and ITS high-throughput sequencing techniques. The quality components of tea were determined through Agilent-7890B gas chromatography.【Result】After intercropping V. myuros in a tea garden for 2 years, the soil pH increased by 0.29, and the soil organic matter content increased by 16.46 g∙kg^-1. Additionally, the available phosphorus, available potassium, ammonium nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen also increased to varying degrees in the tea garden soil planted with V. myuros. Notably, the available phosphorus was 5.88 times higher in the intercropped tea garden compared with the clear-cultivated tea garden. The total nitrogen content in the V. myuros plantation soil was higher than that in the clear-cultivated tea plantation, while the total phosphorus, potassium, and sodium contents were lower. Moreover, the tea garden soil planted with V. myuros had higher levels of available zinc, available iron, available copper, and cation exchange capacity. The intercropping of V. myuros in the tea garden also led to an increase in the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Ascomycota associated with organic matter decomposition increased in the soil of the V. myuros tea plantation. A total of 259 metabolites were identified from the fresh leaves of the grass plantation and the clear cultivation garden. Among them, the content of 20 metabolites showed significant differences, and these different metabolites mainly included sugars, fatty acids, and catechins. The tea leaves of the V. myuros plantation had more than 2 times the contents of leucrose, methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, lacttol alcohol, galactoglycerol, and α-lactose compared to the tea plantation. On the other hand, the content of (9Z)-octadecatrienoic acid and (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid were significantly lower in the cultivated tea garden. Additionally, compared with the clear-ploughed tea garden the intercultivated tea plantation had significantly lower contents of (+)-galligallocatechin, galligallocatechin, and epicatechin metabolites. 【Conclusion】When V. myuros was interplanted with tea gardens, the acidity of the soil might be successfully alleviated, and the amount of organic matter and mineral nutrient components in the soil increased. Then, tea plants could more easily absorb and use soil nutrients when there were changes in the amount and community structure of soil bacteria and fungi. The structure of the microbial population and variations in soil nutrients had a significant impact on the quality of tea.

【Objective】This study was designed to identify the NAC gene family in Rosa chinensis Old Blush and to analyze the sequences characteristics and expression pattern of RcNACs to reveal the biological functions of RcNACs, which also provided an important foundation to explore the role of RcNACs in prickles. 【Method】The BLATP and HMMER search were conducted to identify NAC proteins in Rosa chinensis Old Blush using the sequences of NAC proteins of Arabidopsis. Physical and chemical properties, subcellular location, structure and phylogenetic relationship of each gene were further analyzed. Based on the released transcriptome data, the expression characteristics of RcNACs in different tissues and organs under different stress conditions were analyzed. What’s more, the technology of RNA-seq was used to screen RcNAC genes that might be related to the prickle development. 【Result】In this study, 116 NAC genes from Rosa chinensis Old Blush genome were identified and characterized. These RcNACs genes encoded proteins containing 69 to 713 amino acids, with the theoretical isoelectric points ranging from 4.43 to 9.54 and the molecular weight ranging from 7.87 to 79.99 kD. The prediction of subcellular localization showed that 81 RcNACs were located in the nucleus. Moreover, RcNACs were unevenly distributed on 7 chromosomes. According to phylogenetic relationships, AtNACs, OsNACs and RcNACs were clustered into 21 groups. These 116 RcNACs were differentially expressed in various tissues and organs, and the expression levels of 31 members changed in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Furthermore, in the RNA-seq data of prickles, 53 RcNACs were detected, among which 26 members were differentially expressed genes. 【Conclusion】This study demonstrated that RcNACs were involved in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. Some members might be involved in the processes of prickle cell proliferation, secondary cell wall biosynthesis, and programmed cell death, which could be selected as candidate genes related with prickle development for further study.

随着气候变化的加剧，高温干旱事件频发，对植被健康生长造成了严重影响。针对相关性方法难以准确刻画复合干热胁迫下植被脆弱性的问题，利用1982—2015年去趋势和标准化的归一化植被指数（detrended and standardized normalizeddifferencevegetationindex, SNDVI）、标准化降水蒸散发指数（standardizedprecipitationandevapotranspiration index,SPEI）和标准化气温指数（standardized temperature index,STI），构建基于Vine Copula的复合干热胁迫下植被脆弱性评估模型，量化黄土高原不同土地利用类型和气候区植被对高温干旱的响应关系。结果表明：1）黄土高原大部分区域SNDVI与SPEI呈正相关关系，与STI呈负相关关系，草地SNDVI与SPEI、STI的相关性最高，其次为耕地，林地最低；2）相对于单一干旱或高温事件，复合干热事件进一步加剧了植被脆弱性，复合干热胁迫下黄土高原6、7、8月植被损失概率分别为0.51、0.57和0.55，较高的区域集中在陕西北部、宁夏、甘肃东部和内蒙古等地区；3）黄土高原地区不同植被类型对复合干热的脆弱性各异，脆弱性从大到小依次为草地、耕地、灌木、林地。研究结果有助于深入了解植被对气候极端事件的响应，支持应对气候变化的陆地生态系统风险管理。

To explore the mechanism of tobacco male sterility and search for the key causes, this paper concludes the present research status of male sterility in tobacco based on phenotype, cytology, physiology & biochemistry, molecular mechanism and so on. Firstly, we summarized that the distinguish characteristics of tobacco sterile lines and their maintainer lines in tapetum and flower organs. Secondly, we analyzed that the effects of free proline, active oxygen, enzyme and endogenous hormones on the tobacco fertility. Finally, we described in detail that the research and analysis of the association of nuclear genes, mitochondrial genes and chloroplast genes with tobacco fertility. Furthermore, it is presented that the follow-up studies combined with the high-throughput data effectively will be benefit for the systematical research of male sterility on tobacco.

Improving the rural habitat environment is one of the most important tasks in the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper mainly summarized the related research on the habitat environment improvement in China, including the rural habitat environment improvement and rural revitalization strategy, the rural habitat environment construction and beautiful rural construction, the key task of habitat environment improvement, the regional differences and existing problems of rural habitat environment, etc. This paper put forward the direction of future research, that is, to deepen the renovation practice research, to carry out theoretical research on the rural habitat environment improvement, to attach importance to village planning management, to improve construction and management mechanisms, and to study on effect, influencing factors and evaluation methods of the rural habitat environment improvement.

【Background】Fatty acid transporter 1 (FATP1) can promote the uptake of fatty acids in mammals. This process is very important to maintain the balance of lipid metabolism, and also has an important impact on the meat quality of livestock.【Objective】The aim of this study was to obtain the CDS sequence of goat FATP1 gene, to detect the expression of FATP1 gene in different tissues of goats, and to explore its effect on lipid metabolism of goat intramuscular adipocytes, so as to provide a reference for further revealing the mechanism of FATP1 gene in goat lipid metabolism, which can provide a theoretical basis for genetic and breeding improvement of goats.【Method】The CDS of goat FATP1 gene was cloned by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR), its biological characteristics, such as hydrophobicity, transmembrane region and signal peptide, were analyzed by online tools, and its amino acid sequence phylogenetic tree was constructed. The expression level of FATP1 gene in different goat tissues was detected by RT-qPCR and its tissue expression pattern was constructed. The constructed eukaryotic expression vector and screened siRNA were used to overexpress and interfere with FATP1 in goat intramuscular adipocytes, the effects of FATP1 gene overexpression and interference on lipid deposition in goat intramuscular adipocytes were detected by oil red O staining and triglyceride determination, and the effects of FATP1 gene overexpression and interference on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism were further explored by RT-qPCR.【Result】The CDS of FATP1 gene was 1 941 bp, encoding 646 amino acids residues. It was predicted that its molecular formula was C₃₁₉₆H₅₀₂₆N₈₈₄O₈₉₈S₂₅, and the protein was a basic hydrophobic stable protein. Phylogenetic tree analysis of amino acid sequence showed that goat FATP1 was closely related to sheep. RT-qPCR showed that the expression of FATP1 gene was the highest in goat small intestine. Oil red O staining and triglyceride determination showed that the number of lipid droplets and triglyceride content in goat intramuscular adipocytes increased after overexpression of FATP1, but the opposite results were obtained after interference with FATP1. After overexpression of FATP1 in goat adipocytes, the expression levels of fatty acid synthesis, transport and other related genes AGPAT6(P<0.01), PLIN1(P<0.01), DGAT2(P<0.01), FADS2(P<0.01), FADS1(P<0.01), ACSL1(P<0.01) and ELOVL3 (P<0.05) increased significantly, while the expression level of lipolysis related genes ACOX1 (P<0.01) decreased significantly. After interfering FATP1, the expression of fatty acid transport, elongation and other related genes SCD5 (P<0.01), FABP3 (P<0.01) and ELOVL3 (P<0.05) decreased significantly, and the expression of lipolysis related genes ACOX1 (P<0.01) and CPT1B (P<0.05) increased significantly.【Conclusion】FATP1 might significantly promote the lipid deposition of goat intramuscular precursor adipocytes by promoting the expression of genes related to cell lipid production and reducing the expression of genes related to lipolysis, which provided an experimental reference for further revealing the role and molecular mechanism of FATP1 gene in regulating lipid metabolism.

Pesticide residues, as one of the key factors affecting the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, seriously affect the efficacy of medication, human health, and the development of the Chinese herbal medicine industry. The authors briefly summarized the status of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines, including the types of Chinese herbal medicines examined, the types of pesticides frequently detected, and the types of pesticide residues. The authors also sorted out the advantages and disadvantages of the main analytical detection techniques for pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines, and the specific applications of chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry in the domain of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines. The causes of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines, such as indiscriminate use of pesticides and incomplete registration, different degrees of contamination in the cultivation and processing, and the imperfect residue limit standards of relevant pesticides, were reviewed, and certain suggestions for improvement were given for different causes, such as building green planting bases to guarantee the quality of Chinese herbal medicines from the source, enhancing pesticide registration management norms, developing pesticide residue detection methods with wide applicability, strengthening the knowledge of growers about pesticides, and improving pesticide residue limit standards.

The paper reviews the status quo of the agriculture remote sensing technology application in China, and explores its development trends and deficiencies, aiming to provide a reference frame for decision-making on agricultural policies of China. By reviewing and summarizing literatures and policies of the past and by comparing the experiences at home and abroad, the paper sums up the significance, application level, development trends of agriculture remote sensing technology application, and makes related proposals. Under the technical support of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS), China shows urgent demand on agriculture remote sensing technologies, which are widely applied in the country. Meanwhile, the country has made significant progress in agriculture remote sensing technology application, whose development is featured with fundamentality, integrity, and systematicness. Compared with the advanced level in the world, agriculture remote sensing technology application in China still lags behind, it is necessary to focus on basic studies, intensify the application universality of key technologies, reinforce macro-planning at national level, so as to further improve the application of agriculture remote sensing technologies and the agricultural digitization of China.

This review aims to provide theoretical references for model selection of crop water consumption and carbon-water exchange. The response of stomatal conductance to single and comprehensive environmental factors is summarized. The existing stomatal conductance models are classified and compared, including the empirical models constructed and improved based on Jarvis model, the semi-empirical models constructed and improved based on BWB model, the models constructed and improved based on ABA control and the models constructed and improved based on the guard cell swell control theory. The application of stomatal conductance model in crop water use research is also reviewed. The multi-scale joint mechanism model establishment with the entry point of the quantitative relationship between leaf stomatal conductance and canopy conductance will be the hotspots of future crop water consumption scale expansion research.

Phosphorus in soil directly determines plant growth and crop yields, but phosphorus existing forms in soil are very complex, and those phosphorus forms that can be absorbed and utilized by plants account for only a small part of total phosphorus. Therefore, it is important to study the existing forms and classification methods of phosphorus in soil to improve the phosphorus use efficiency of crops, explore ways to enhance phosphorus availability, and reduce phosphorus loss. In this paper, the existing forms of phosphorus in soil, influencing factors of soil phosphorus availability and phosphorus classification methods were reviewed. The results show that the forms of phosphorus in soil consist of two major categories: inorganic phosphorus and organophosphorus, phosphorus absorbed by plants is mainly water soluble inorganic phosphorus, and other forms of phosphorus are difficult to be absorbed by plants, causing low utilization efficiency of phosphorus in soil. There are many factors that lead to low phosphorus use efficiency, mainly ions like calcium, iron and aluminum, and organic matter, pH, temperature, moisture etc. To study and improve the mechanism of the influencing factors could effectively enhance phosphorus utilization efficiency. At the same time, with the continuous improvement of phosphorus classification methods by domestic and foreign scholars, the effective forms of phosphorus have been studied more in-depth and accurately. Bowman-Cole organophosphorus classification method and Hedley’s phosphorus classification method are the two most widely used methods at present.

Low temperature is an abiotic stress that could affect plant growth and vegetation distribution. Once the environmental temperature is continuously lower than the optimal temperature for plant growth, the plant would suffer low temperature stress, including chilling injury and freezing injury. Chilling injury refers to the damage on plant caused by low temperature of zero degree or above. The cells do not freeze at this temperature, but the cold will have physiological obstacles for thermophilic plants, causing injury or death. Freezing damage refers to the phenomenon that plants are damaged or die because of the low temperature below the freezing point. Previous studies mainly focused on the regulation mechanism of low temperature stress on plants, including the process in plants from the perception of low temperature signal to the expression of functional genes, and to the resistance to low temperature stress. This article reviews the research on cold stress on plants in recent years, analyzes the research status from the aspects of signal perception, signal transduction, functional gene expression, cold-induced physiological and cellular regulatory mechanism, and discusses the prospect of the research on plant cold resistance. It will provide a theoretical basis for cultivating new cold-resistant plant germplasms.

Agricultural information technology is formed as the result of integrating information technology and agricultural science, and has further facilitated the rapid development of digital agriculture (DA) and smart agriculture (SA). As one of the core technologies of DA and SA, crop growth model can dynamically simulate crop growth and development processes and their relationships with climate condition, soil characteristics and management strategy, so as to overcome the limitation of the spatial-temporal characteristics of traditional research on agricultural production management. It can provide powerful quantitative tools for crop productivity prediction and early warning and impact evaluation under different conditions. Through over 20-years systematic and profound exploration and practicing in wheat and rice crops, and based on the workflow of “physiological mechanism analysis-model algorithm development-dynamic productivity prediction-quantitative effect assessment-simulation platform development”, our research team has been devoted to the development and application of crop simulation model CropGrow, by integrating the technologies of system analysis, dynamic modeling, virtual reality, scenario simulation, and decision support. Firstly, based on the system analysis method and dynamic modeling technology, the comprehensive and mechanistic crop growth model CropGrow has been developed, including the submodels of phasic development and phenology, organ development and population establishment, photosynthetic production and biomass accumulation, assimilate partitioning and yield/quality formation, nutrient dynamics, and water balance, along with three-dimensional morphological and visual submodels, which could digitalize and visualize the processes of crop growth and productivity formation under different conditions. Further, by coupling geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), the model-based regional crop productivity prediction technology has been established. Then, based on the scenario analysis, the contributions of climate change, soil improvement, variety updating, and strategy optimization to regional crop production have been quantified, and applications extended to generation of suitable management plan, design of ideal cultivar, assessment of climate impact, evaluation of land use and decision-making of agricultural policy. Finally, based on the component-based programming technology, a model-based digital and visual crop growth simulation system and decision support platform has been developed by integrating the crop production database and crop model components, further realizing the comprehensive functions of data management, parameter optimization, growth simulation, remote sensing coupling, regional prediction, management strategy design, effect evaluation, safety early warning and product release. In the future, based on the improvement of agro-information database, additional efforts in crop modeling will be made toward enhancing prediction ability, quantifying gene effects, developing intelligent decision-making, and coupling multiple models, which will provide digital support for the prediction and early warning of food production, quantitative evaluation of scenario effects, decision-making on management strategy, and optimal design of new crop cultivars, thus facilitating the security of national food and development of digital agriculture.

Global agriculture is facing severe challenges, and breeding technology is the foundation and key to the development of the seed industry. Gene editing technology refers to the precise modification of target genes to achieve deletion, insertion, and replacement of specific target gene fragments. It can precisely modify target genes or introduce certain excellent genes into crops to produce crops with excellent agronomic traits, which has great potential in molecular design breeding and is of great significance to ensuring food security. Weed damage has a huge impact on the yield and quality of crops. To control weed damage efficiently, safely and sustainably has always been a hot research topic. Currently, more than 200 types of chemical herbicides have emerged in the global market. Using chemical methods to control weeds has become an important part of modern agriculture, and the cost of weed control has been significantly reduced by promoting herbicide-resistant crops. However, with the large-scale promotion of herbicide-resistant crops and the long-term use of single herbicides, environmental safety problems such as weed resistance and escape of resistant genes have gradually been discovered. Currently, the development of functional genomics, bioinformatics and genetic engineering technology (especially the widespread application of gene editing technology in plants) has created conditions for the creation of herbicide-resistant crops and new efficient weed control systems. In this article, the main target genes of herbicides that inhibit amino acid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, carotenoid, plastoquinone and tocopherol biosynthesis pathways and their action mechanisms are introduced at first. Secondly, two methods for mining new herbicide resistance genes and herbicide systems are introduced, including the directed mutation method of herbicide resistance genes within crops based on CRISPR/Cas system and the resistance gene guidance method based on the co-evolution theory of natural product and organisms in nature. Moreover, the research progress of three breeding methods for herbicide resistant crops was reviewed, including conventional breeding, transgenic breeding and CRISPR/Cas genome editing based breeding. Among them, the research progress of CIRSPR/Cas system, base editing technology, and prime editing system in cultivating herbicide resistant crops were highlighted. The main challenge faced by chemical control of weeds and herbicide resistant crops is resistant weeds and environmental safety issues, and gene escape, respectively. At present, the rapid development of genome editing technology provides new solutions and new opportunities for the development of herbicide resistant crops in the post genome era. Finally, the prospects for the future of herbicide-resistant crops were provided.

The study of seasonal frozen soil change in Shanxi Province has important application value for revealing the response of seasonal frozen soil thawing to climate change and the direct impact of land degradation caused by frozen soil change on agricultural production, irrigation and water conservancy infrastructure and road construction in the Loess Plateau under the background of climate warming. Based on the frozen soil data from meteorological observation records at 108 stations in Shanxi Province from 1981 to 2018, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the ground freezing date, thawing date, the number of frozen days and annual maximum depth of frozen soil, and the interannual and interdecadal variation characteristics of the annual maximum frozen soil depth, and the responses of the above factors to climate warming. Results showed that soil freezing in northern Shanxi began in September, and the frozen soil subsided in May at the latest. The depth and area of frozen soil reached the maximum at the end of winter and the beginning of spring. The date of ground freezing was postponed and the date of ground thawing was earlier, and the number of frozen days was reduced accordingly to various degrees in most parts of the province from 1981 to 2018. The annual maximum depth of frozen soil gradually decreased from north to south. The annual maximum depth of frozen soil decreased in the middle and southern parts of the province, and increased in the northern part, which might be related to the warming and wetting of winter climate in north Shanxi. Under climate warming, winter precipitation and 0 cm ground temperature had complex response relationship with the annual maximum depth of frozen soil. The annual maximum depth of frozen soil was negatively correlated with 0 cm ground temperature under the background of excessive winter precipitation. The decreasing trend of the maximum frozen soil depth was a direct response to the increase of the annual average temperature, and the response of the maximum frozen soil depth to the annual average temperature was more significant than that to the annual precipitation.

The aim was to establish a method for the determination of twelve flavonoid components in Scutellaria baicalensis. The HPLC method was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5μm) with a detection wavelength of 280 nm and a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a sample volume of 10 μL. The established extraction and chromatographic conditions were used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis. The linearity of the twelve flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis was good in the mass concentration range (r>0.98), and the average spiked recoveries of scutellarin, apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, carthamidin, baicalin, luteolin, chrysin-7-O-glucuronide, wogonoside, apigenin, baicalein, wogonin，chrysin and oroxylin A were 99.7214%, 92.7039%, 103.9755%, 100.5837%, 92.4819%, 93.2465%, 99.6387%, 104.3866%, 95.0767%, 95.3245%, 92.2161%, 95.3995% (RSD<5). A method for the determination of twelve flavonoid components in Scutellaria baicalensis was established, which was easy to operate, reproducible and accurate.

Agricultural and forestry waste is a valuable biomass resource. If the resource cannot be used efficiently, it will cause serious environmental pollution and even great harm to human health. Therefore, the resource utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes is the important content of controlling agricultural non-point source pollution, saving biomass resources, energy conservation and emission reduction, protecting the ecological environment, achieving the goal of peaking carbon emissions and carbon neutralization, and social and economic sustainable development. In order to promote the resource utilization of agricultural and forestry wastes, this paper summarized the progress achieved in this field at home and abroad in recent years.

In order to study the genetic basis and genetic relationship of current rice varieties in Heilongjiang Province, 47 pairs of SSR markers published in the agricultural industry standard Protocol for the Identification of Rice Varieties SSR Marker Method (NY/T 1433—2014) were used to analyze the genetic diversity among 231 rice varieties from different accumulated temperature regions in Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that a total of 136 alleles were detected form the 47 pairs of SSR markers, alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 5, the average was 2.92. Genetic diversity ranged from 0.11 to 0.79, with an average of 0.56. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.11-0.76, with an average of 0.49. The value of marker index (MI) ranged from 3.18 to 18.39, with an average of 6.52. Cluster analysis divided the 231 rice varieties into 3 categories and 7 groups, and the clustering results were consistent with the results of principal component analysis. Taken together, the genetic diversity of rice varieties in Heilongjiang Province is not rich enough (the average polymorphic information content index is 0.49), and the genetic relationship among the varieties in the same accumulated temperature area is relatively close. In variety breeding, attention should be paid to the hybridization of northern and southern varieties, in order to broaden the genetic background and cultivate new environment-friendly varieties with high-quality and high-yield.

The purpose of this experiment is to ensure the quality safety of brown rice, and reduce the bioavailability of soil Cd and the content of Cd in brown rice. In this study, four biochar-based conditioners were used as materials to evaluate their effects on reducing Cd bioavailability in soil and inhibiting Cd absorption, transportation and accumulation in rice plants in field. The results showed that after applying the four biochar-based conditioners (biochar+zeolite BZ, biochar+zeolite+organic fertilizer BZM, biochar+iron powder BFe, biochar+calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer BP), the yield of both spring and autumn brown rice increased by 4.41%-21.18%, of which BZM and BP treatments were better and increased the yield of spring rice more significantly. The sum of Cd bioaccumulation factors (BCF) in autumn rice was significantly higher than that in spring rice (1.07-3.75 times). The Cd content of brown rice could be reduced to 0.03-0.23 mg/kg by applying the four biochar-based conditioners. Except the Cd content of autumn brown rice under BZ treatment, the Cd content of brown rice under all the other treatments could conform to the limit of the National Standard for Food Safety. BP was the most effective conditioner in reducing Cd content in brown rice and increasing rice yield. The results indicated that biochar-based conditioners had a certain value for the remediation of Cd-polluted paddy soil, and BP had more potential value in neutral or weakly alkaline soil.

Phragmites australis is a typical perennial gramineous plant with superior reproductive capacity, This study was based on the summary of the ecological habit characteristics of P. australis, the effects of water and salt on the physiological morphology of P. australis were analyzed, and the ecological function of reed in coastal wetlands was clarified from the aspects of anti-wind and wave elimination, purification of water quality and adsorption of heavy metals. And the research progress of reed breeding technology was summarized, the aim is to provide scientific basis for making full use of the application of reed community in coastal wetland vegetation restoration and ecological construction.

Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant of ginseng in Acanthopanax family. The study aims to isolate endophytic fungus strains which can produce the same or similar biological active substances as the host plant from the medicinal plant. P. notoginseng was used as material. The endophytic fungi strains of P. notoginseng was isolated and purified, and then the endophytic fungi strains were identified based on the traditional morphological characteristics and ITS sequence. A total of 24 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from cultivated P. notoginseng, and they were identified as 12 genera (species). The types and numbers of endophytic fungi in different organs and tissues of cultivated P. notoginseng were quite different, the roots and leaves had the most, and the stems had less. Among them, 11 species and 6 genera were isolated from leaves, 1 species and 1 genus from stems, 12 species and 5 genera from roots. The statistical results showed that Penicillium commune and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were the dominant species isolated from leaves, accounting for 27.28% of the isolates from leaves; the dominant strains isolated from the fibrous roots were Chaetomidium arxii, accounting for 72.73% of the isolated root strains. The cultivated P. notoginseng endophytic fungi have rich biodiversity, thus the experimental results could provide a material basis and experimental parameters for further exploring the relationship between cultivated P. notoginseng endophytic fungi and physiological active substances.

With the increase of global temperature, heat stress has emerged as one of the major factors affecting plant growth and development. The substantial losses caused by heat, particularly for staple crops like rice, pose a significant impact on economic benefits. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying plant response to heat stress, the adverse effects of heat stress on the morphology, physiology, biochemistry and photosynthesis have been presented. Furthermore, the three molecular mechanisms employed by plants to cope with heat stress, including signal transduction pathways, transcriptional factor regulatory networks and the expression of heat-resistance related genes have been introduced as well. Based on these insights, this review suggests that bioinformatics, genetic engineering, cell biology and molecular biology may be further employed as tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms of heat stress in plants. At last, this review offers a prospective outlook on future research directions in this field.

With the development of cotton genomics and transcriptomics, cotton genetics and breeding would be enhanced by the identification of differentially expressed genes and the development of molecular makers based on candidate genes. The salt-tolerant cotton variety Miscott 7913-83 and salt-sensitive variety Su 12 were used as experimental materials in this study. RNA samples prepared from the roots and leaves of the two cultivars were pooled for transcriptome sequencing. Variations in gene expression were then examined after exposing the plants to 200 mmol·L^－1 NaCl for 12 and 72 h. A total of 3232 differentially expressed genes were then examined between Miscott 7913-83 and Su 12, and functional molecular markers such as EST-SSR and EST-InDel were designed by informatics tools according to differentially expressed gene sequences. Some SSR and InDel primers were randomly selected and further confirmed the accuracy. This research provides efficient methods for the rapid development of polymorphic markers in cotton. By focusing on functional molecular markers associated with salt tolerance, this should aid the improvement of salt tolerance by marker-assisted selection in upland cotton.

Pesticides play an important role in ensuring agricultural production, increasing grain yield and improving farmers’ living standards. In the process of pesticide control of pests and diseases, the active ingredients are easily degraded or lost due to the unstable physicochemical properties of the pesticides’ active ingredients and the improper application process. The utilization rate of conventional pesticide formulations is only about 20%. At the same time, there are problems such as fast release rate of active ingredients, short duration of pesticide effect and great influence of environmental conditions. Controlled release nano-pesticide formulation is a hot spot in the research of pesticide formulations. Based on the nano-dispersion preparation technology and the slow and controlled release characteristics of pesticide carriers, the serious loss of active ingredients of pesticide can be solved by combining nanotechnology with pesticide characteristics, control target, application environment and application methods, so as to improve the effective utilization rate of pesticide formulations. The active ingredients can be released continuously and stably in a specific time and space according to the requirements of pest control dose, which has met the requirements of pest control economically, safely and effectively. In this study, the research progress of nano-biomaterials in controlled release nano-pesticide formulation was reviewed, and the application prospect of controlled release nano-pesticide formulation was discussed.

This study aims at investigating the impact of different extraction methods on the properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from biochar. Biochar was used as material, DOM was extracted with various extracting agents and extraction patterns, and the carbon content and chemical composition of the extracts were analyzed. The results showed that the DOC content of alkali extract in low-temperature biochar was relatively high (15.6-40.0 g/kg), so was the DOC content of salt extract in high-temperature biochar (0.27-7.04 g/kg). The chemical composition of DOM in the acid extract remained relatively simple, showing that SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂₈₀ were low. A higher proportion of hydrophilic DOM was found in the acid extract from cornstalk-derived biochar (44.6%-73.6%) compared with that in the water and alkali extracts (11.0%-53.2% and 0.30%-31.4%), respectively (P<0.05). Correspondingly, the chemical composition of DOM in the alkali extract was relatively complex, showing that SUVA₂₅₄ and SUVA₂₈₀ were high. A higher proportion of hydrophobic DOM was found in the alkali extract from cornstalk-derived biochar (68.6%-99.7%) compared with that in the acid and salt extracts (26.4%-55.4% and 0%-46.9%), respectively (P<0.05). The study indicates that extracting agents have certain significance in biochar DOM extraction, while extraction patterns exhibit a minor effect on the properties of biochar DOM. It could provide reference for selecting biochar DOM extraction method.

To promote the study of CO in plant physiology and biochemistry, we summarize CO biosynthesis way, the physiological function regulation of CO in plant, and the interaction between CO and other signaling molecules. It is concluded that there are few studies on the role and mechanism of CO during plant biotic stress. Therefore, the study of CO in this field will become the focus in the future.

[Purpose/Significance] Improving college students' digital literacy is of great significance to building a digital talent power. [Method/Process] By combing the relevant policies before and after the release of Action Plan for Enhancing Digital Literacy and Skills of the People, this paper analyzes the main contents of the Action Plan and believes that it has the following significance: it determines the concept of digital literacy with Chinese characteristics and international vision, pays attention to the frontier requirements such as creativity improvement and special group service, expands four digital scenes of life, work, learning and innovation, and deploys comprehensive operations according to key tasks and projects. [Results/Conclusions] The authors argue that for various fields of library, information science and archives, the Action Plan will have extensive influence theoretically and practically, and its impact on digital literacy education of college students, in particular, is perhaps the most direct and far-reaching according to the research pattern and tradition of information literacy. The authors argue that the layout and action should be started as soon as possible for the education around digital literacy of college students.

microRNA (miRNA), an endogenous small non-coding RNA, regulates target genes by guiding mRNA cleavage or inhibiting translation. The role of miRNAs becomes extremely important in the regulation of plant seed development and the response to abiotic stress. In order to further identify and clarify the functions and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs related to seed development and response to abiotic stress, the types, target genes and functions of miRNAs involved in the regulation of embryo and endosperm development in plant seed and in response to abiotic stress such as low temperature, salt and drought stress were summarized. miRNAs are highly conserved in evolution, and their expression is tissue-specific and time-specific during biological development, but they also have similarities among different plants. However, it remains to be further elucidated how regulators of miRNAs biogenesis and function are regulated during or after transcription, and how miRNAs use transcriptional cleavage and translation inhibition mechanisms to regulate their targets. Future research on these issues will not only provide new insights into plant seed development and plant response to abiotic stress, but also provide more ideas for post-transcriptional regulation of genes.

As the byproduct of agricultural production, crop straw is an important renewable resource. Previous studies have shown that the main component of crop straw is lignocellulose. Some microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce certain enzymes that are capable to degrade lignocellulose. The present study summarized the types and degradation mechanisms of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, and reviewed the reported microbial species which could degrade rice, wheat and corn straw. In addition, this study analyzed the shortcomings of the identified single microorganism strain and microbial complex for commercial application, and discussed the perspectives and directions of future research. The review will provide reference for screening novel high-quality lignocellulose degradation microorganisms and developing cellulose-degrading microorganisms for resource utilization of crop straw.

The harmless and reuse of agricultural waste not only turns waste biomass into treasure, but also reduces pollution to the ecological environment and improves the living environment, which is an effective way to achieve green, circular, low-carbon, efficient and sustainable development. In this article, we conducted bibliometric statistics of the relevant literature on agricultural waste resource utilization published in China and abroad from 1990 to 2022, and comprehensively analyzed the annual trend of the number of articles published in this field and the key words with the help of CiteSpace and VOSviewer bibliometric tools. Domestic research in this area started nearly 10 years earlier than overseas, the research intensity and importance of international research in this field since 2002 have been significantly higher than that of domestic research, the growth trend of the number of annual publications is also significantly higher than that of domestic research, and the gap between the number of publications at home and abroad is also widening year by year. The research hotspots in the field are not exactly the same at home and abroad. We focus more on the use of waste for the production of organic fertilizers to realize the recycling of green and low-carbon agriculture in China; the foreign countries focus more on biomass materialization and energy utilization of waste to compensate for the consumption of non-renewable resources. Based on China's basic condition of having more people and less land, China should strive to broaden the disposal methods of agricultural waste by classifying and disposing of agricultural waste raw materials and subsequently using them for substrate, feed, fertilizer, materialization and energy. And waste gas, heat and residue should be recycled in order to realize the multi-level utilization of harmless, reduced and diversified biomass resources. The results of the study provide a reference for the development of the field of agricultural waste resource utilization in China.

Multiple cropping is one of important farming system in China, which plays an important role in improving the comprehensive production capacity of cultivated land in China and ensuring national food security. In order to maintain the national food security, to adapt and understand the spirit of the central document,in this paper, on the basis of overview of the multiple cropping, the author introduces development status of multiple cropping in detail, which includes the improvement of sequential cropping index, diversification of regional cropping patterns, high-efficiency of input-output and technological mechanical operations, etc., and summarizes the research progress of multiple cropping, which mainly reflects in response of multi cropping cultivation to climate change, water use efficiency, utilization of research methods and high-efficient cultivation technique, etc. In short, the development of multiple cropping is the necessary way to realize the sustainable development of agriculture in China and even the world.

Based on the daily meteorological data and the drought disaster data of 156 stations in Sichuan Province during 1991-2013, the classification standard of the actual drought disasters was established with the method of grey correlation. The applicability of MCI in Sichuan Province was analyzed, and which was revised by using the method of projection pursuit. The results showed that the grey correlation degree of selecting three indexes of crop disaster area, social disaster population and direct economic loss could well describe the comprehensive loss of drought disaster. The applicability analysis showed that the accuracy rate of drought grade assessment based on MCI was generally low, of which the special drought occurred 21 times, and the MCI evaluation result reached 115. The inaccurate assessment of drought levels might be related to the gradual improvement of irrigation and water capacity in Sichuan province. Based on the reference sequence of the disaster grey correlation degree, the influence of each component of MCI on the actual drought was revealed by the projection pursuit method, and the optimal projection direction was found, and the revised coefficient of MCI indexes were established. Compared with MCI, the revised MCInew had significantly improved the evaluation ability of drought grade, and the accuracy of drought assessment increased from 16.5% to 62.5%. A case study also indicated that MCInew was more consistent with the actual drought occurrence and development.

Understanding the evolution characteristics of major agronomic characters of main planting wheat varieties can provide a basis for new variety breeding and cultivation innovation. 50 main planting wheat varieties of different years in Shandong Province were used as materials, the evolution characteristics of agronomic characters and economic coefficient, and their correlation were analyzed. The results showed that, the plant height presented an extremely significant decreasing trend with the time. Every cultivar alternation decreased the plant height by 6.29 cm on average. The 1000-seed weight showed an extremely significant increasing trend, every cultivar alternation increased 1000-seed weight by 1.26 g on average. The economic yield and biological yield per stem decreased first and then increased, and they showed an extremely significant positive correlation. The economic coefficient increased significantly, and every cultivar alternation increased the economic coefficient by 24.33% on average. There was no significant change trend in spike length, kernel number per spike, total spikelet number, and the number of fertile spikelet in different years. The trend of economic yield and biological yield per stem was different from the trend of grain yield, indicating that the coordination between population yield and individual yield was an important direction to improve grain yield of wheat.

In order to further study the role of endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) in the regulation of plant growth and development, this review summarized the structures and mechanism of XTH, the functions of XTH in plant leaves, roots, stems, flowers and fruits, and the XTH expression in response to plant hormone and environmental factors. Meanwhile, the authors recognized XTH as a key enzyme in cell wall remodeling, which could loosen and strengthen cell wall, and participated in cell wall degradation and synthesis. At last, several potential problems in XTH gene research field were put forward, and the future research directions were suggested.

After the domestication of wild species, natural selection and artificial selection over the past ten thousand years, the existing domestic animal species had been gradually formed. With the discovery and gradual improvement of genetic theory, conventional breeding techniques developed from the phenotypic selection to breeding value estimation using BLUP method, and have made great contribution to the genetic improvement of livestock and poultry in the past fifty years. In the1980s, the discovery of various molecular genetic markers and the rapid development of modern biotechnology provide new approaches and methods for the study and improvement of animal genetics and breeding. So far, the integration of DNA, RNA, protein and other omics information not only brings new opportunities for functional gene identification and molecular genetic mechanisms analysis of animal important economic traits, but also makes animal breeding enter the era of molecular breeding from the traditional breeding era. Great progress has been achieved in molecular quantitative genetics, functional genomics and molecular breeding technology in recent years.

To elaborate the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants and understand the various factors affecting anthocyanin synthesis as well as their interaction, we summarize the internal and external regulatory factors and concluded the environmental factors such as light, temperature, carbohydrate and hormone. Around the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, the structural genes in the pathway and its upstream transcription factors are described and analyzed. This study concludes that in plants, all kinds of external and internal factors regulate structural genes through the main transcription factors, affect the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in plants, and maintain the dynamic balance of anthocyanins in plants. This regulation includes both positive and negative regulation. In summary, metabolic pathway of anthocyanins is gradually improved, at the same time, novel structural genes and transcription factors will be evaluated and used in genetic engineering improving the characteristics of ornamental plants.

In this paper, the composition of the ubiquitin proteasome system, the structure of monoubiquitin, polyubiquitin, and ubiquitin-like gene and the role of ubiquitin system in plant growth and development, and the function of E3 ligase in response to biotic and abiotic stress were reviewed. In view of the existing related research, it is proposed that there are few studies on the target protein itself, few reports on the HECT family of E3 ligase, and the timing site of E3 regulatory network and ubiquitination is still unclear. The future research on ubiquitin, such as strengthening the research on cloning related genes and gene interaction, strengthening the research on target protein information and E3 molecular mechanism, is expected to provide references for the research on plant ubiquitin system, the structure and function of ubiquitin genes.