With the increase of global temperature, heat stress has emerged as one of the major factors affecting plant growth and development. The substantial losses caused by heat, particularly for staple crops like rice, pose a significant impact on economic benefits. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying plant response to heat stress, the adverse effects of heat stress on the morphology, physiology, biochemistry and photosynthesis have been presented. Furthermore, the three molecular mechanisms employed by plants to cope with heat stress, including signal transduction pathways, transcriptional factor regulatory networks and the expression of heat-resistance related genes have been introduced as well. Based on these insights, this review suggests that bioinformatics, genetic engineering, cell biology and molecular biology may be further employed as tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms of heat stress in plants. At last, this review offers a prospective outlook on future research directions in this field.

[Significance] Big Models, or Foundation Models, have offered a new paradigm in smart agriculture. These models, built on the Transformer architecture, incorporate numerous parameters and have undergone extensive training, often showing excellent performance and adaptability, making them effective in addressing agricultural issues where data is limited. Integrating big models in agriculture promises to pave the way for a more comprehensive form of agricultural intelligence, capable of processing diverse inputs, making informed decisions, and potentially overseeing entire farming systems autonomously. [Progress] The fundamental concepts and core technologies of big models are initially elaborated from five aspects: the generation and core principles of the Transformer architecture, scaling laws of extending big models, large-scale self-supervised learning, the general capabilities and adaptions of big models, and the emerging capabilities of big models. Subsequently, the possible application scenarios of the big model in the agricultural field are analyzed in detail, the development status of big models is described based on three types of the models: Large language models (LLMs), large vision models (LVMs), and large multi-modal models (LMMs). The progress of applying big models in agriculture is discussed, and the achievements are presented. [Conclusions and Prospects] The challenges and key tasks of applying big models technology in agriculture are analyzed. Firstly, the current datasets used for agricultural big models are somewhat limited, and the process of constructing these datasets can be both expensive and potentially problematic in terms of copyright issues. There is a call for creating more extensive, more openly accessible datasets to facilitate future advancements. Secondly, the complexity of big models, due to their extensive parameter counts, poses significant challenges in terms of training and deployment. However, there is optimism that future methodological improvements will streamline these processes by optimizing memory and computational efficiency, thereby enhancing the performance of big models in agriculture. Thirdly, these advanced models demonstrate strong proficiency in analyzing image and text data, suggesting potential future applications in integrating real-time data from IoT devices and the Internet to make informed decisions, manage multi-modal data, and potentially operate machinery within autonomous agricultural systems. Finally, the dissemination and implementation of these big models in the public agricultural sphere are deemed crucial. The public availability of these models is expected to refine their capabilities through user feedback and alleviate the workload on humans by providing sophisticated and accurate agricultural advice, which could revolutionize agricultural practices.

With the rapid development of aquaculture in China, the environmental problems caused by the discharge of aquaculture tailwater are becoming more and more serious. The treatment of aquaculture tailwater has emerged as a crucial research area in recent years. At present, the main methods of aquaculture tailwater treatments include physical, chemical, and biological treatments, which are often combined in practical production. Based on the research status at home and abroad, the physical, chemical and biological technologies of aquaculture tail water treatment were summarized and analyzed, and the development trend of aquaculture tail water treatment technology in China was prospected, aiming to provide some references and directions for aquaculture tail water treatment.

Auxin is an important regulatory factor in the process of plant growth and development, and plants achieve their own growth and development through the regulation of auxin. As a member of the early auxin response gene family, the SAUR gene family is one of the indispensable regulatory factors in the auxin signal transduction pathway. In order to study the role of SAUR genes in biological processes such as plant growth and development and stress response, the bioinformatics characteristics, expression patterns, and regulatory mechanisms of the SAUR gene family were analyzed. The functions of SAUR genes in plant cell elongation growth, light-mediated cotyledon and apical hook opening, flower organ formation, fruit development, and stress response were summarized. It was pointed out that SAUR genes not only affected plant growth and development in multiple aspects, but also participated in the response of plants to abiotic stress. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms of SAUR genes and the cultivation of plant varieties.

With the intensification of global climate change and land salinization, improving the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to grow in saline and alkaline environments has become a key challenge for agricultural production. The realization of the strategy of " the adaptation of germplasm to land " requires a deep understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of rice, then breeding improvement on this basis. In this study, we summarized the recent research results on salt tolerance regulatory genes in rice, and classified them functionally according to the biological processes involved. The perception of salt stress in rice and the subsequent activation of various physiological regulatory mechanisms, including osmotic regulation, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense system and nutrient balance, were analyzed in detail. In this review, we focus on several key Salt stress signaling pathways in rice, including the SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) pathway, MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) cascade pathway and hormone regulatory pathway. These pathways play crucial roles in rice adaptation salt stress environment. By reviewing the existing literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the salt tolerance regulatory genes and their functions in rice, provide scientific basis on breeding salt-tolerant rice on these grounds, and as a reference in improving the yield and quality of rice under saline and alkaline environments.

产单核细胞李氏杆菌是一种常见的食源性致病菌，其致死率高达30%。该菌能够在高盐度、高酸度和冷藏温度等极端条件下存活和增殖，对人畜健康构成了重大威胁。然而抗生素的滥用导致药物残留和多重耐药性等问题的出现，从而使得李氏杆菌病的防治异常困难。噬菌体相关生物制剂的发展为解决以上问题提供了可行方案。本文综述了李氏杆菌噬菌体在食品保鲜、生物检测、基因工程等方面的应用，同时还探讨了噬菌体与宿主之间的互作机制，旨在为李氏杆菌噬菌体在食品污染防控中提供一定的理论依据。

Wheat is the most important cereal crop, and drought is the most significant abiotic stress factor that severely affects wheat growth and development. Plant root system, as a primary organ for crops to acquire water and nutrients, directly determines the efficiency of soil water utilization. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that plant root system architecture (RSA) plays an important role in plant tolerance to drought stress. This review summarizes the current research progress on the regulation of wheat drought tolerance determined by RSA. First, we present how root tropism especially root gravitropism shapes the RSA, summarize the relevant genes and molecular regulatory mechanism involved in root gravitropic growth, and explain how the root tropism-regulated RSA is implicated in wheat adaptation to drought stress. In addition to root tropic growth, the root development also participates in the RSA formation and the plant adaptability to drought stress. Therefore, this review further summarizes how wheat regulates root development to alter its root system morphology (including increasing root length, modifying lateral root number and root hair density, etc.), thereby enhancing its water acqusition from the soil and its adaption to drought environment. The identified genes involved in wheat root development under drought stress conditions are also systematically summarized. Furthermore, as the underground part of plants, the revelation of RSA has always been a challenging task, which hinders our understanding of the relationship between RSA and plant drought tolerance. Therefore, this review also summarized the available techniques used to analyze the RSA at two- and three-dimension levels. These techniques can measure and analyze wheat root length, density, growth direction, and morphology parameters, laying technical support for an insightful understanding of the relationship between wheat RSA and drought resistance. Finally, we discuss the prospect of the improvement of RSA in breeding wheat drought-resistant varieties, as well as provide an outlook for how to identify genes regulating wheat RSA and pinpoint their regulatory mechanism. In summary, the relationship between wheat RSA and drought resistant is closely associated. The continuous development of sequencing techniques, along with the deepening research on the regulatory mechanism of wheat RSA, will provide new means and strategies for the further breeding of drought-tolerance wheat varieties.

Saline-alkali stress is one of the abiotic stresses in the process of plant growth and development, which can cause water deficit, changes in cell membrane permeability, metabolic disorders and blockage of protein synthesis in plants, resulting in crop yield reduction or death. Finding effective methods to reduce the harm of saline-alkali stress and strategies to improve the saline tolerance of plants are of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of saline land. In this paper, the latest researches on the damage and adaptive mechanism of plants under saline-alkali stress in recent years were summarized, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plants responding to saline-alkali stress were summed up. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms of plants under saline-alkali stress were analyzed, which were mainly regulated by accumulating osmotic substances, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and ionic compartmentalization, etc., and the molecular mechanisms were mainly regulated by signal transduction, transcription factor regulation and the expression of plant salt-tolerance-related gene, etc. This study pointed out the trends and urgent problems in the development of plant adaptation to saline-alkali environments, with a view to providing a certain theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of saline and alkali tolerant plants.

The area of saline alkali land in China accounts for one tenth of the total area of saline alkali land in the world, which seriously restricts agricultural production. It is very important to repair and make good use of saline alkali land. At present, the methods of saline-alkali land remediation include chemical remediation, engineering remediation and bioremediation, among which bioremediation is an economical, efficient, green and sustainable method. Bioremediation improves the soil and environment of saline-alkali land through biological resources such as plants and microorganisms. Halophytes can grow and reproduce in saline-alkali soil and have the ability to repair high concentration saline-alkali soil, while common crops can enhance their salt tolerance through gene mining and variety cultivation to achieve the purpose of repairing saline-alkali soil. Microorganisms can also be used to improve crop salt tolerance or degrade salt and alkaline substances in saline-alkali soil. Bioremediation is a green and environmentally friendly method for the remediation of saline-alkali land, which is in line with the development strategy of sustainable agriculture and circular economy in China.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) refers to the germination of cereal crops on the spike in high humidity conditions before grain harvest. Wheat PHS is a significant problem that affects both the yield and quality of wheat. Seed dormancy level is a major factor influencing the resistance of wheat PHS, and domesticated crops often exhibit reduced seed dormancy levels, making cultivated wheat more prone to PHS compared to its wild ancestors. Wheat PHS is mainly regulated by external environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, as well as internal plant hormones (GAs, ABA, IAA, MeJA, ET, BR). Researchers have identified a range of materials resistant to PHS, cloned key genes regulating PHS resistance, such as PM19, MFT, MKK3, Myb10-3D, Vp1. New wheat materials resistant to PHS have been successfully developed through molecular marker-assisted selection, artificial synthesis of wheat, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. This article reviews the genetic mechanism of PHS resistance in wheat and the latest progress in PHS resistance breeding research. In the future, it is necessary to continue exploring key genes related to PHS resistance, and employ biotechnological breeding methods to cultivate new PHS-resistant wheat varieties.

In order to provide new treatment methods and strategies for clinical prevention and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the inherent resistance, acquired resistance and adaptive resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in this paper. With the mechanisms of different resistance, the characteristics, development trends and treatment methods of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance under different situations are also analyzed. This paper points out that Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance mainly depends on its high level of inherent and acquired resistance, while its adaptive resistance mainly depends on the formation of biofilm mediation and quorum sensing. It is proposed that clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance is not the result of a single resistance. In all, the most effective treatment strategy in the future is to carry out combination therapy based on traditional treatment and new treatment.

随着测序技术的发展，大量组学测序技术不断涌现并得以推广，产生了包括基因组、表观基因组、转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组、微生物组等大量的组学数据。这些数据对深入研究和揭示畜禽重要经济性状(生长性状、繁殖性状、肉质性状、抗病性状等)的复杂调控过程具有重要意义。仅通过单一层面的组学无法揭示畜禽重要经济性状的复杂性，而多组学技术可以系统解析畜禽重要经济性状的机理和表型，并逐渐成为研究畜禽重要经济性状的主要方法。本文综述了多组学技术的方法、优点及其在畜禽重要经济性状研究中的应用，旨在对畜禽重要经济性状的研究提供参考和思路。

【目的】试验旨在研究抗鸭甲肝病毒基因3型(Duck hepatitis A virus genotype 3,DHAV-3)的北京鸭专门化品系(即抗性品系Z7-R)与DHAV-3易感品系(Z7-S)的脂质代谢轮廓,并筛选品系间差异脂质标志物。【方法】选取2日龄Z7系DHAV-3抗性北京鸭和易感北京鸭各6只,采集血液与肝脏组织,进行血液生化指标测定与基于液相色谱-质谱联用技术(LC-MS)的非靶向肝脏脂质组检测。采用t检验、偏最小二乘分析(PLS-DA)和差异倍数(FC)综合筛选品系间显著差异脂质。【结果】Z7-R系北京鸭血浆总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白和磷脂含量均显著高于Z7-S系(P<0.05)。脂质组分析共鉴定到1 532个脂质代谢物,涵盖了脂肪酰(FA)、甘油酯(GL)、甘油磷脂(GP)、鞘脂(SP)、固醇脂(ST)5个大类。共筛选到84个显著差异脂质,其中甘油酯类主要为甘油三酯(TG),且Z7-R系含量均高于Z7-S系(P<0.05);甘油磷脂类主要为溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(LPE)和游离脂肪酸(FFAs),且Z7-R系含量均低于Z7-S系(P<0.05)。共筛选到10个显著差异的脂质显著富集到鞘脂代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、甘油酯代谢、亚油酸代谢和α-亚麻酸代谢通路中。【结论】脂质组学技术可用于区分北京鸭Z7-R系与Z7-S系,筛选到的10个显著差异脂质物质可作为潜在的DHAV-3抗性与易感性状相关生物标志物。

This study focuses on evaluating the application of anaerobic digestion technology in the treatment of organic waste, conversion into renewable energy and organic fertilizers, and exploring the mitigation effects of that on the environment. The effects of temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, volatile fatty acids, hydraulic residence time and pH on the efficiency and stability of anaerobic digestion were analyzed by literature review. The results show that these parameters have significant effects on promoting microbial activity, accelerating organic decomposition and maintaining stable operation of the system. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion technology is verified by the typical studies of organic wastes such as corn stalks, livestock manure and food waste, and the structure and function of key microbial communities in the process are elaborated, including the mechanisms of action of bacteria and archaea at different stages such as hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. In addition, the generation of toxic substances and its management strategies are also discussed. Finally, the findings of this study suggest that improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion, developing new reactor technologies, and strengthening research on microbial population will help make anaerobic digestion technology more efficient, stable, and widely applied in the future.

Digital soil mapping is a novel and efficient soil mapping technique that utilizes 3S technology and is theoretically based on soil formation science, geography and mathematics. Domestic and foreign scholars had conducted extensive research on the generation of environmental collaborative variables, the acquisition of sample data, the selection of digital soil mapping models or methods, and the generation and validation of soil maps, especially on mapping methods. This paper introduced five categories of digital soil mapping techniques, including geostatistical methods, deterministic interpolation, mathematical statistics, machine learning, and expert knowledge models. At the same time, the mapping method suitable for the study area was chosen based on the merits of various approaches, from the aspects of target variables, topography and geomorphological features, sample density and distribution status and more. The future development direction of digital soil mapping included incorporating human activity factors into environmental synergistic variables; establishing more effective sampling methods based on machine learning and data mining; the application of new modeling methods (deep learning and multimodal methods).

To enhance the efficient application of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids in agricultural production, and to promote green, high-quality development of agriculture. The study reviewed the source and production technology of amino-acids raw material, the functional characteristics, the development status, the application in agricultural production and the future development trend of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids. The results showed that water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids were widely used in food crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops and cash crops, had positive effects on crop growth, formation of fruit quality and soil improvement. However, the application of fertilizer on different crops needed to be further explored according to the growth and development rules and nutritional requirements of the plant. The water-soluble fertilizers containing single amino-acids cannot satisfy the market demand, it is necessary to develop new types of fertilizers combining function and nutrition of amino acids.

遗传评估软件在动物领域的应用极大地提高了育种工作效率。随着基因组测序技术不断完善和人工智能技术的兴起，动物遗传评估软件也得到了快速的发展。本文首先介绍了常规育种和基因组育种在动物育种领域的应用，然后重点回顾了GBLUP方法、贝叶斯方法和机器学习以及深度学习方法的全基因组遗传评估软件的特点和发展历史，最后展望了计算机软件在动物遗传评估育种中的未来发展趋势，旨为动物育种领域的研究人员提供相关遗传评估软件的参考。

[Objective] It is of great significance to improve the efficiency and accuracy of crop pest detection in complex natural environments, and to change the current reliance on expert manual identification in the agricultural production process. Targeting the problems of small target size, mimicry with crops, low detection accuracy, and slow algorithm reasoning speed in crop pest detection, a complex scene crop pest target detection algorithm named YOLOv8-Entend was proposed in this research. [Methods] Firstly, the GSConv was introduecd to enhance the model's receptive field, allowing for global feature aggregation. This mechanism enables feature aggregation at both node and global levels simultaneously, obtaining local features from neighboring nodes through neighbor sampling and aggregation operations, enhancing the model's receptive field and semantic understanding ability. Additionally, some Convs were replaced with lightweight Ghost Convolutions and HorBlock was utilized to capture longer-term feature dependencies. The recursive gate convolution employed gating mechanisms to remember and transmit previous information, capturing long-term correlations. Furthermore, Concat was replaced with BiFPN for richer feature fusion. The bidirectional fusion of depth features from top to bottom and from bottom to top enhances the transmission of feature information acrossed different network layers. Utilizing the VoVGSCSP module, feature maps of different scales were connected to create longer feature map vectors, increasing model diversity and enhancing small object detection. The convolutional block attention module (CBAM) attention mechanism was introduced to strengthen features of field pests and reduce background weights caused by complexity. Next, the Wise IoU dynamic non-monotonic focusing mechanism was implemented to evaluate the quality of anchor boxes using "outlier" instead of IoU. This mechanism also included a gradient gain allocation strategy, which reduced the competitiveness of high-quality anchor frames and minimizes harmful gradients from low-quality examples. This approach allowed WIoU to concentrate on anchor boxes of average quality, improving the network model's generalization ability and overall performance. Subsequently, the improved YOLOv8-Extend model was compared with the original YOLOv8 model, YOLOv5, YOLOv8-GSCONV, YOLOv8-BiFPN, and YOLOv8-CBAM to validate the accuracy and precision of model detection. Finally, the model was deployed on edge devices for inference verification to confirm its effectiveness in practical application scenarios. [Results and Discussions] The results indicated that the improved YOLOv8-Extend model achieved notable improvements in accuracy, recall, mAP@0.5, and mAP@0.5:0.95 evaluation indices. Specifically, there were increases of 2.6%, 3.6%, 2.4% and 7.2%, respectively, showcasing superior detection performance. YOLOv8-Extend and YOLOv8 run respectively on the edge computing device JETSON ORIN NX 16 GB and were accelerated by TensorRT, mAP@0.5 improved by 4.6%, FPS reached 57.6, meeting real-time detection requirements. The YOLOv8-Extend model demonstrated better adaptability in complex agricultural scenarios and exhibited clear advantages in detecting small pests and pests sharing similar growth environments in practical data collection. The accuracy in detecting challenging data saw a notable increased of 11.9%. Through algorithm refinement, the model showcased improved capability in extracting and focusing on features in crop pest target detection, addressing issues such as small targets, similar background textures, and challenging feature extraction. [Conclusions] The YOLOv8-Extend model introduced in this study significantly boosts detection accuracy and recognition rates while upholding high operational efficiency. It is suitable for deployment on edge terminal computing devices to facilitate real-time detection of crop pests, offering technological advancements and methodologies for the advancement of cost-effective terminal-based automatic pest recognition systems. This research can serve as a valuable resource and aid in the intelligent detection of other small targets, as well as in optimizing model structures.

Polyethylene (PE), as one of the most used plastics in the world, has widely existed in the natural environment because of its wear-resistant, high molecular weight and indestructible properties. PE would break down into microplastics (MPs) and accumulate in large quantities, and currently MPs has become an important pollutant that affects the ecosystem. Currently, many studies have been demonstrated that PE could be partially degraded, but further research is needed in screening of microorganisms or enzymes that could completely degrade PE and construct a complete biodegradation pathway for PE. Therefore, this paper summarizes the classification, recycle methods and characterization methods of PE, microorganisms and enzymes that degrade PE, biodegradation pathways and influencing factors, and proposes future research directions of PE biodegradation. These findings provide theoretical basis for the degradation mechanism of PE.

【Objective】Drought is one of the most destructive environmental stresses limiting wheat production. The novel germplasm with excellent drought tolerance as well as their candidate loci were identified and characterized to enrich the genetic basis of drought tolerance and lay a material foundation for wheat genetic improvement in China. 【Method】In this study, the drought tolerance of 198 wheat accessions introduced from International Dry Area Agriculture Research (ICARDA) were investigated at seedling stage through hydroponic method with PEG6000 simulating drought. Drought tolerance index (DTI) was calculated using the shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, total biomass and root-shoot ratio, respectively. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using 660K SNP array genotyping to obtain the SNP loci and chromosome regions associating with drought tolerance index. Combined with the expression patterns in root and other tissues, the potential candidate genes were identified, and then they were further verified by qRT-PCR approach with the most drought-tolerant accession IR214 and the most drought-sensitive accession IR36 as materials. Finally, the excellent haplotypes of key candidate genes were analyzed. 【Result】Compared to normal control condition, the growth and development of wheat were significantly impaired under drought treatment. There were also significant phenotypic variations among different accessions with all of the four traits displayed normal distribution. The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.363 to 0.760 with genetic diversity from 0.310 to 0.400. Using the weighted membership function value (D value), the drought tolerance of these accessions was evaluated. Results showed that accession IR214 had the highest D value with 0.851, followed by IR92, IR213, IR235, and IR218, which could be considered as the novel excellent drought-tolerance germplasm. Furthermore, through genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis, a total of 102 loci were significantly associated with the DTI values based on these four traits, with the phenotypic variation explained value (PVE) from 1.07% to 38.70%, of which 60 loci were associated with above-ground fresh weight, 1 locus associated with underground fresh weight, 36 loci associated with biomass and the remaining 5 loci associated with root-shoot ratio. Then, 31 candidate genes were predicated based on genomic annotation information and LD block. Combined with the expression patterns of them in roots and other tissues, 4 candidates displaying differential expression between CK and drought conditions were obtained. Finally, the expression levels of these 4 candidates were further verified by qRT-PCR method with the most drought- tolerant accession IR214 and the most drought-sensitive accession IR36 as materials to obtain two key candidates associating with drought tolerance. Additionally, their haplotype effects were investigated. It was found that the different genotypes of AX-86174509 locus in TraesCS6A02G048600 gene showed significant differences in drought tolerance, which might be considered as a causal locus.【Conclusion】Totally, 102 loci and 2 key candidate genes (TraesCS5B02G053500 and TraesCS6A02G048600) underlying drought tolerance at seedling stage were detected in ICARDA-introduced wheat, and AX-86174509 in TraesCS6A02G048600 was a potential functional locus.

The genus Polygonatum Mill, commonly referred to as "Huang Jing," are plants renowned for their medicinal and edible properties. Their active constituents, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins, exhibit notable pharmacological effects. Recent studies have predominantly centered on the extraction of saponin components from the genus Polygonatum, which are attributed with anti-fatigue, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and immune-enhancing properties. While there has been some advancement in the structural analysis of the genus Polygonatum saponins, their biosynthetic pathways remain underexplored. The synthesis of saponins in the genus Polygonatum occurs via the mevalonic acid pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, encompassing multiple enzymatic steps. This research indicates that the genus Polygonatum saponins exert diverse biological effects, including anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune regulatory activities, and hold significant potential in medicine, food, cosmetics, and other sectors. Nonetheless, current studies are limited by inadequate structural analysis, an incomplete understanding of biosynthetic pathways, and ambiguous mechanisms of pharmacological action. Future endeavors should prioritize the isolation, structural analysis, synthetic biology, and pharmacology of the genus Polygonatum saponins to advance their scientific investigation and product development, thereby laying a foundation for the creation of novel therapeutic agents.

Chitosan is a natural, safe, and cheap product of chitin deacetylation, which is widely used in industry production due to its own features. In this paper, the function and application of chitosan and its nanoparticles in seed treatment, soil remediation and increasing efficiency of fertilizer and pesticide synergy were reviewed. Chitosan can be used for seed treatment and soil amendment, promoting plant growth and inducing plant tolerance to abiotic and biological stresses. In recent years, chitosan has also been used to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles, as carriers of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and microelements, in order to achieve the purpose of reducing stockpiles and increasing efficiency, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture. Finally, future research directions of chitosan and its nanoparticles in agriculture were prospected.

In order to analyze the research progress and dynamics of denitrifying bacteria, we analyzed the research overview and development trend of denitrifying bacteria from 1990 to 2022 based on the core database of Web of Science, using tools such as VOSviewer and Citespace. The field has experienced three processes of origin, exploration and development. There are many countries involved but the cooperation is weak, among which the European countries have stronger regional cooperation and higher quality of publications; although China started late, it has developed rapidly, with a large number of publications but insufficient influence; among the core authors, academician Peng Yongzhen of China has published the most articles; and there is less cooperation and communication among the core authors. The keywords present three types of "tool-object-method", and the current research is mainly concerned with the performance of biological denitrification and dedicated to improving the denitrification efficiency of wastewater. Future research will pay more attention to the deepening and expansion of nitrogen oxide emission, the screening of new denitrifying bacteria, the development and application of denitrifying agents, research on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, and removal of nitrate nitrogen.

【Objective】 Mining the key drought-resistant genes of maize, revealing its drought-resistant molecular mechanism, and providing genetic resources and theoretical guidance for the cultivation of new drought-resistant maize varieties.【Method】Transcriptome data combined with weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) and screening methods for physiological and biochemical indicators of drought resistance were used to identify ZmPAL genes associated with drought resistance and rewatering. Genome-wide analysis of the genes encoding PAL was performed using bioinformatics methods. Quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of ZmPAL genes under drought treatment conditions, as well as the expression characteristics of ZmPAL5 among different inbred lines and the expression patterns in different tissues. Finally, genetic transformation was used to analyze the drought resistance function of ZmPAL5 in maize, and the deletion-type Arabidopsis mutant was analyzed for drought resistance with the help of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the PAL5 homologous gene.【Result】Nineteen maize ZmPAL genes were identified, six of which were clustered on chromosome 5 and encoded proteins that were mostly hydrophilic acidic proteins and relatively evolutionarily conserved in the PAL family of genes. The promoter region of ZmPAL genes contained a large number of cis-acting elements associated with hormonal and abiotic stress responses. Six core genes were identified, four of which were significantly up-regulated for expression after drought treatment. In particular, ZmPAL5 showed an 8.57-fold increase in expression after drought stress. The expression level of ZmPAL5 was found to be significantly higher in the drought-resistant inbred line Zheng 8713 than in the drought-sensitive inbred line B73 under both drought stress and rewatering treatments. Meanwhile, ZmPAL5, a constitutively expressed gene, showed a high level of expression in young stems. Overexpressed ZmPAL5 maize grew well under drought stress, and its relative water content, lignin, chlorophyll, soluble protein, proline content, and activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were 1.52, 1.49, 1.47, 1.43, 1.44, 1.41, 1.53, 1.41, and 1.35 times, but the malondialdehyde content was 0.65 times that of the wild type. The PAL5-deficient Arabidopsis mutant was sensitive to drought. Under drought stress, its physiological and biochemical indexes showed the opposite trend to those of overexpression of ZmPAL5 maize. 【Conclusion】 Six core genes (ZmPAL3, ZmPAL5, ZmPAL6, ZmPAL8, ZmPAL11, and ZmPAL13) were screened in response to drought stress, in which the expression of ZmPAL5 was positively correlated with drought resistance. ZmPAL5 positively regulated the drought resistance and resilience of the plant by influencing the content of osmotically regulated substances and antioxidant enzyme activities.

Modern breeding techniques based on biotechnology have a great impact on crop genetic improvement. CRISPR/Cas gene editing system’s components, mechanisms, breakthrough progresses of gene editing technology in the gene functional verification and crop genetic improvement, current utilization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, watermelon, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, and others, were summarized in this review. The CRISPR/Cas gene editing system stands out as the most extensively utilized gene-editing tool. This review aims to enhance comprehension of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system and promote its vital role in vegetable crop improvement. This review discusses the factors affecting genetic transformation efficiency, methods to improve genetic transformation efficiency, the defects of the CRISPR gene editing system and the constraints in its current utilization in vegetable crops, including challenges related to the transformation and regeneration processes, and the genotype dependent for certain crops. In conclusion, this review suggests that future research should focus on extensive genotype screening to facilitate easier genetic transformation, the advancement of efficient crop transformation and regeneration systems, and the development of more efficient, innovative, precise, and multi-functional gene editing tools.

Vermicomposting is a simple, feasible, low-cost and environmentally friendly bio-microbial coupled organic waste recycling technology. The physicochemical and microbial characteristics of vermicomposting in the treatment of organic waste were summarized. The application research progress of vermicomposting in agricultural production was introduced, and the following suggestions were proposed in view of the problems existing in the practical application of vermicomposting. (1) In order to develop and produce high quality commercial earthworm manure, it is suggested to use the relevant factors affecting the quality of earthworm compost products to carry out mathematical modeling of vermicomposting, so as to efficiently optimize the parameters of vermicomposting, reduce research and development costs and improve production efficiency for large-scale production of earthworm manure; (2) in order to ensure the stable output of high quality earthworm manure, equipment with intelligent control of pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, temperature and humidity and light should be developed to form automatic and large-scale vermiculture; (3) in order to promote the development of the circular economy of "planting and breeding integration", the effective parts containing humic acid in the process of culturing earthworms can be reused, and the efficiency of vermicompost utilization in agricultural planting and soil remediation should be strengthened.

In order to systematically review the research progress and hot frontiers of rural infrastructure construction at home and abroad, 4609 papers collected from the core collection database of Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from 2000 to 2022 were used as data samples, and the visual analysis software CiteSpace and bibliometric research method were applied to analyze the research status, keyword clustering and emerging keyword of the rural infrastructure construction at home and abroad. The results showed that the overall trend of domestic and foreign publications was increasing, and foreign research was hotter than domestic research. Domestic research was more focused on economics, financial and other disciplines, while foreign research involved disciplines of environment, science, ecology, etc. There was less cooperation between domestic and foreign scholars, and domestic institutions had fewer project exchanges and research cooperation with each other compared with foreign research institutions. Foreign research keywords mainly focused on green infrastructure, rural health, rural electrification and sustainable livelihoods, while domestic research keywords mainly included rural revitalization, farmland water conservancy and rural economy, etc. At present, foreign research mainly focused on renewable energy and sustainable development, while domestic research focused on rural revitalization and rural e-commerce, etc. Finally, the future research prospects in the field of rural infrastructure construction in China were discussed, and the areas of sustainable rural infrastructure construction, green infrastructure construction and rural information infrastructure construction could be paid attention to in the follow-up research.

An important goal of soil management in the Songnen Plain is improvement of soda saline-alkali soil. Summing up the previous research results on soil improvement, this article summarized the application types, action mechanisms, improvement effects, existing problems of improvers in soil improvement, and looked forward to the application prospects of improvers, in order to provide reference for future in-depth research. The results showed that improvers could be divided into inorganic improvers, organic improvers, and microbial agents. The use of combined improvers was better than that of single improver. The application of improvers improved soil physical and chemical properties, structure, nutrient content, and micro ecological environment, and promote plant growth. The research and development of new organic improvers were the focus of future research.

In order to explore the effective way to realize the protection of livestock and poultry genetic resources in China, the current situation of the protection of livestock and poultry genetic resources was systematically sorted out, and the realistic difficulties faced by the protection were deeply analyzed. The results show that, at present, the number of protected varieties has been increasing, regulations and policies have been improved, protected areas, seed conservation farms and gene banks have begun to take shape, and the quality of the workforce has been improved. However, it is also faced with the dilemma of not digging deep into the characteristics of resources, and the disconnection between protection and exploitation; the weak support of regulations and policies, and the lack of linkage in the management system; the obsolete facilities in the protected areas, conservation farms and gene banks, and the outdated protection technology; the insufficient financial support, and the single channel of investment. Based on this, the following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: strengthen the depth mining of resources, improve the level of development and utilization; establish and improve laws and regulations, integrate departmental management resources; strengthen the guidance of fiscal funds and establish a diversified investment and financing system; continue to promote the development and construction of seed conservation farms, protected areas and gene banks.

Leaves are the main places for photosynthesis and organic synthesis of cotton.  Leaf shape has important effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and canopy formation, thereby affecting cotton yield.  Previous studies have shown that LMI1 is the main gene regulating leaf shape. In this study, the LMI1 gene (LATE MERISTEM IDENTITY1) was inserted into the 35S promoter expression vector, and cotton plants overexpressing LMI1(OE) were obtained through genetical transformation.  Statistical analysis of the biological traits of T₁ and T₂ populations showed that compared to wild type (WT), OE plants had significant larger leaves, thicker stems and significantly increased dry weight.  Furthermore, plant sections of the main vein and petiole showed that the number of cell in those tissues of OE plants increased significantly.  In addition, RNA-seq analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to gibberellin synthesis and NAC gene family (genes containing the NAC domain) in OE and WT plants, suggesting that LMI1 is involved in secondary wall formation and cell proliferation, and promotes stem thickening.  Moreover, GO (Gene Ontology) analysis enriched the terms of calcium ion binding, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis enriched the terms of fatty acid degradation, phosphatidylinositol signal transduction system, and cAMP signal pathway.  These results suggested that LMI1 OE plants were responsive to gibberellin hormone signals, and altered messenger signal (cAMP, Ca²⁺) which amplified this function, to promote the stronger above ground vegetative growth.  This study found the LMI1 soared the nutrient growth in cotton, which is the basic for higher yield.

【Objective】The study investigated the impact of salicylic acid (SA) priming on the germination vigor and physiological response of rice seeds under low temperatures. It aimed to reveal the expression patterns of genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) metabolic pathways as well as cell wall relaxation genes by SA priming. This research provided a theoretical basis for the study of rice seed germination at low temperatures.【Method】Using indica three-line hybrid rice Taifengyou 208 seeds as materials, the effects of SA on seed germination vigor and physiology responses under low temperature were analyzed through seed priming treatment, and the expression patterns of genes related to ABA, GA and expansin in response to SA were analyzed by qRT-PCR.【Result】Low temperature (15 ℃) significantly delayed the germination process of rice seeds. In seeds germinated at low temperatures for one day, the endogenous SA concentration was 1.7 times higher than that at normal temperatures (28 ℃). However, for five-day-old seedlings, the SA concentration under low temperature was only 0.6% of that at normal temperatures. SA could effectively enhanced germination vigor of seeds at low temperature, with the most significant effects observed at 2 000 μmol·L^-1 SA. This concentration significantly increased the germination index, vigor index, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of seeds under low temperature conditions. Notably, the vigor index was three times that of non-primed seeds (CK1) and two times that of water-primed seeds (CK2). In terms of physiological indexes, SA priming increased the contents of soluble sugar, proline and active oxygen, enhanced the activities of total amylase, β-amylase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Compared with CK1, 2 000 μmol·L^-1 SA decreased the ABA content by 79%, and increased the IAA and GA₁ contents by 32.2% and 2.66 times, respectively. In terms of gene expression, the expression levels of ABA synthesizing genes OsNCED2 and OsNCED3 were decreased by 94.26% and 90.24% compared with CK1 in seeds primed by 2 000 μmol·L^-1 SA, respectively, whereas the expression levels of ABA decomposing genes OsABA8’ox2 and OsABA8’ox3 were 5.9 and 3.9 times higher than that of CK1, respectively. Compared with CK1, SA priming significantly upregulated the expression of GA synthesizing genes OsCPS1, OsKAO and OsGA20ox1, while it significantly downregulated the expression of GA decomposing genes OsGA2ox2 and OsGA2ox6. In several candidate genes encoding cell wall relaxation protein, e.t. expansin, all but OsEXPB11 were significantly upregulated to some extent by priming. Compared with CK1, 2 000 μmol·L^-1 SA increased the expression levels of OsEXPA2, OsEXPB4 and OsEXPB6 to 12.2, 5.9 and 6.1 times, respectively.【Conclusion】SA priming can significantly alleviate the impact of low temperatures on rice seed germination and seedling growth, which is likely due to SA enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT, reducing the production of MDA, and increasing the content of soluble sugars and proline, thereby strengthening the tolerance of seeds and seedlings to low temperatures. On the other hand, SA priming decreases endogenous ABA content, increases GA₁ content, enhances the activities of total amylase and β-amylase, and promotes the expression of genes related to cell wall relaxation, thus facilitating seed germination and seedling growth at low temperature.

【Objective】 In order to provide theoretical basis for molecular breeding of soybean drought resistance, the different evaluation indexes of drought resistance were comprehensively used to screen soybean germplasm with drought-resistance, and the candidate drought-tolerant genes were identified. 【Method】 In 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021, a total of 188 soybean germplasm were used to determine pod number per plant, biomass per plant and yield per plant under well-watered and drought stressed conditions. Drought resistance index (DI), improved drought resistance index (IDI), weighted drought resistance coefficient (WDC) and weighted drought resistance index (WDI) were used to identify drought resistance of soybean germplasm. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci significantly associated with these parameters were detected by genome-wide association study (GWAS), and the candidate genes for drought resistance were screened by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis of soybean seedling leaves under drought stress. 【Result】 The DI, IDI, WDC and WDI of 188 soybean germplasm varied widely, and five classification criteria for each drought resistance parameter were determined by hierarchical classification method. Among them, Liaodou 15, Liaodou 69, Liaodou 14, Jinzhangzi Huangdou, Zhonghuang 606, Kexin 3 and Koreane 4 were identified as first-grade drought resistant by all evaluation methods. By using GWAS for DI, IDI, WDC and WDI, a total of 15 significantly SNP loci were detected under multiple environments, and the contribution rate of these loci to phenotypic variation ranged from 12.46% to 25.60%. There are 226 annotated genes within 200 kb intervals of upstream and downstream for the significant SNP loci. According to RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis of drought-resistant cultivar Liaodou 14 and drought-sensitive cultivar Liaodou 21 under drought stress, a total of 32 annotated genes were significantly differentially expressed by drought stress. Among them, eight genes including Glyma.02G182900, Glyma.04G012400, Glyma.06G258900, Glyma.15G100900, Glyma.01G172600, Glyma.04G012300, Glyma.01G172200 and Glyma.04G010300, encodes calcium-dependent protein kinase, universal stress protein A-like protein, G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, protein phosphatase 2C, isoflavone reductase, isoflavone reductase homolog, auxin-like protein, and bZIP transcription factor, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Seven germplasm were identified from 188 soybean germplasm by comprehensive application of different drought tolerance parameters. A total of 15 SNP loci significantly associated with drought tolerance parameters were identified by GWAS, and eight candidate genes were identified.

面源污染已成为影响流域水环境和水安全的重要来源，是当前国内外学者关注的热点之一，同时也是最具挑战性的研究领域之一。科学高效地治理面源污染问题已经纳入国家战略计划。因此，在新形势和政策背景下如何推进面源污染研究工作，以保障流域水环境可持续发展已成为紧迫任务。本文较为全面地回顾和总结了我国面源污染研究现状，归纳了主要研究方法和典型治理措施，并基于研究中存在的主要问题，结合我国水污染治理现状给出相应建议，指出未来发展趋势。本文可为面源污染的全过程监管、评估及治理提供重要参考，有助于完善我国水污染治理体系。

In order to elucidate the response of crop nitrogen absorption and utilization to salt and alkali stress and the regulation mechanisms, based on domestically and internationally research progress, this article summed the effect of salt and alkali stress on crop growth from the aspects of seed germination, seedling growth, root growth, photosynthesis, osmotic regulation system, redox system, and ion balance; discussed the impact of salt and alkali stress on crop nitrogen absorption and utilization and the undying mechanisms from the aspects of soil nitrogen cycling, root nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen assimilation; summarized the regulatory methods on crop nitrogen uptake and utilization under salt alkali stress such as nitrogen efficient variety selection, soil conditioner application, organic matter application, growth regulator application, and endophytic mycorrhizal colonization, and discussed the undying mechanisms. This article pointed out that soil salinization was one of the key soil barrier factors limiting crop production. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application was an effective way to alleviate salt stress, but improper nitrogen fertilizer application could lead to a decrease in nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further in-depth research on crop nitrogen response mechanisms and regulatory pathways under salt stress from the soil-crop system could be of great significance for crop nutrient management and stable and high crops yield under soil salinization.

In the context of "dual carbon" goal, the scientific construction of evaluation methods and index systems for low-carbon villages in China has important pioneering significance for rural development and planning, and can also provide important support and basis for evaluating and quantifying rural low-carbon levels. Based on the rural energy construction and low-carbon/zero-carbon energy technology, further integrate the concepts of rural revitalization strategy, ecological civilization construction, rural living environment improvement and beautiful rural construction, scientifically set the evaluation object and scope, so as to build a low-carbon village index system. The weight of each index in the evaluation index system was determined by the analytic hierarchy method (AHP), the score was assigned, and the rationality of the low-carbon village evaluation system was verified using the Cronbach alpha coefficient method. Focusing on low-carbon energy use, energy saving, domestic waste treatment and resource utilization, and low-carbon village management in rural life, a total of 15 indicators of 4 standard layers are set up, highlighting the construction level of low-carbon technology application and energy efficiency improvement in village construction, fully considering China's regional differences, combining relevant national policies, standards, norms, etc., setting index data quantification and calculation evaluation benchmark values, and improving and establishing a low-carbon village evaluation system at multiple scales and dimensions. Through the reliability test of the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the reliability of the first-level indicators of China's low-carbon village index system was 0.850, 0.828, 0.833 and 0.805, respectively, and the reliability test results exceeded 0.80, indicating that the evaluation method and index system of China's low-carbon villages were reasonable and feasible.

Embryo transfer technology is a modern reproductive technology that can accelerate the expansion and reproduction rate of domestic animal populations. It has been widely applied in the promotion and rapid expansion of excellent animal breeds such as cattle, sheep, and horses. This article reviews the superovulation technology, synchronous estrus technology and factors affecting embryo transfer involved in sheep embryo transfer, so as to provide ideas for the improvement of sheep embryo transfer technology and its application in the sheep industry, and lay a foundation for subsequent technological progress.

In recent years, the betel nut planting industry in Hainan Province has developed rapidly. Industrial adjustment and optimization will be the focus of its future development, and a reasonable production area layout is crucial for the sustainable development of the betel nut industry in Hainan. Using regional comparative advantage index and resource endowment coefficient, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of betel nut production in various cities and counties in Hainan from 2005 to 2022. The results showed that the scale of betel nut cultivation in Hainan had significantly increased, but the yield had significantly decreased. The calculated results of the comprehensive comparative advantage index and resource endowment coefficient showed strong consistency. The central regions of Qiongzhong, Ding'an, Baoting, and Tunchang had stronger comparative advantages in betel nut production, which were key areas for the production layout in Hainan. The leading advantage of traditional planting areas in the east was gradually weakening, while the overall western region lacked comparative advantages but showed a clear upward trend. The production of betel nuts in Hainan presents a pattern of retreating in the east, advancing in the west, and maintaining dominance in the center. The driving factors of spatial-temporal evolution mainly include higher economic benefits, the diffusion of high-yield cultivation and management techniques, and the spread of diseases and pests such as yellowing disease. It is recommended to reasonably adjust the layout of betel nut production, moderately control of planting scale, strengthen socialized services, clarify the regulatory policies for edible betel nut products, and accelerate the transformation and upgrading of the betel nut industry.

The storage environment of grain affects the growth, development, reproduction, survival rate and population dynamics of stored grain pests, and the main influencing factors are temperature, humidity, food, gas and so on. In order to clarify the effects of different environmental factors on the development of grain storage pests, the status quo, and latest progress of research about the effects of different storage environments on grain storage pests in recent years were reviewed. The environmental requirements of grain storage pests vary from species to species, and their growth, development, reproductive potential, vitality and seasonal behavioral activities will change along with the environment change. In recent years, the studies on using environmental factors to control the damage of grain storage pests have been carried out extensively, and most of them focus on the control of grain storage pests through temperature, humidity and gas regulation, to achieve the purpose of green grain storage. Based on the analysis and summary, the development prospect of using environmental factors to control pests in stored grain is prospected, which provides a theoretical basis for the selection and implementation of pest control methods in the future, and provides a reference for the further development of technical equipment.