‘Yongyou 988’ is a new maize variety bred by Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences with T1932 from European flint line as the female parent and ‘Xun 856’ as the male parent, and it was approved by the nation for Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region in 2021. In this study, the breeding process, parent source and characteristics, yield performance, stress resistance, disease resistance and quality analysis of the variety were analyzed. The study proposed that in variety breeding, we should highlight the exploration and utilization of excellent germplasm resources, strengthen adversity selection and improve ecological adaptability of the varieties, so as to breed a new maize variety with high yield and quality, wide adaptability, density tolerance and strong stress resistance.

Improving the rural habitat environment is one of the most important tasks in the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper mainly summarized the related research on the habitat environment improvement in China, including the rural habitat environment improvement and rural revitalization strategy, the rural habitat environment construction and beautiful rural construction, the key task of habitat environment improvement, the regional differences and existing problems of rural habitat environment, etc. This paper put forward the direction of future research, that is, to deepen the renovation practice research, to carry out theoretical research on the rural habitat environment improvement, to attach importance to village planning management, to improve construction and management mechanisms, and to study on effect, influencing factors and evaluation methods of the rural habitat environment improvement.

As the byproduct of agricultural production, crop straw is an important renewable resource. Previous studies have shown that the main component of crop straw is lignocellulose. Some microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce certain enzymes that are capable to degrade lignocellulose. The present study summarized the types and degradation mechanisms of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, and reviewed the reported microbial species which could degrade rice, wheat and corn straw. In addition, this study analyzed the shortcomings of the identified single microorganism strain and microbial complex for commercial application, and discussed the perspectives and directions of future research. The review will provide reference for screening novel high-quality lignocellulose degradation microorganisms and developing cellulose-degrading microorganisms for resource utilization of crop straw.

This paper takes the reform of the classification of public institutions as the research background and the public welfare institutions of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs as the research object, and carries out the study by adopting the literature research method and the historical research method. We start with the connotation of the wage system, wage level and wage adjustment mechanism, and sort out the concept of the wage system of the institutions and the normal adjustment mechanism of wages. From the perspective of history and development, we analyze the research and conclusions of the past literature on the wage system, wage level, wage growth mechanism, and classification of institutions, and describe the distribution of wages and the characteristics of wage systems in different periods. We also summarize the core elements of the changes in the previous wage system, explore the internal relationship between the reform of the wage system of public institutions and the development of social economy and the changes of the state management system, and clearly put forward the significance of improving the wage system of public institutions. The wage level of staff in public institutions should be coordinated with the national economic development and adapted to social progress. At present, in the context of deepening the classification reform of public institutions, it is necessary to complement and perfect the wage system and normal growth mechanism of public institutions in line with the public welfare requirements of the development of agriculture, and stimulate the enthusiasm of staff officers of agricultural public welfare institutions. Speeding up the construction of a balanced comparison mechanism with the external labor market, the normal growth mechanism of basic wages and the dynamic adjustment of performance pay are suggested measures.

Agricultural managers are a new force born with the growing of the scale, specialization, intensification and informatization of agricultural production and operation. Strengthening the construction of agricultural managers and giving full play to their due role and great potential have profound and practical significance for accelerating the construction of an agricultural power. This paper reviews the background of the emergence of agricultural managers, expounds the significance of strengthening the construction of agricultural managers to accelerating the building of a strong agriculture country, summarizes and analyzes the current typical practices in promoting the construction of agricultural managers in various places. Aiming at the main problems, we must take multiple measures and comprehensive actions to promote the sustainable and high-quality development of the agricultural managers from all aspects, such as, putting forward from the perspectives of increasing training intensity, improving training content, carrying out level evaluation, building communication platform, constructing incentive mechanism, promoting reasonable flow and creating a good environment.

To understand the distribution characteristics of the stagnic anthrosols in mountainous areas of southwest China and promote the quantitative soil classification, based on the analysis data of representative soil profiles obtained from soil investigation in Guizhou from 2015 to 2017, and combined with previous soil survey data in Guizhou, we studied the formation, taxonomic classification and geographical distribution of stagnic anthrosols in Guizhou and their relationship with the soil formation environments by applying the diagnostic classification method of Chinese soil taxonomy. The results show that: there are 4 groups of stagnic anthrosols in Guizhou (i.e, gleyi-, Fe-leachi-, Fe-accumuli-, and Hapli-stagnic anthrosols), and 11 subgroups of them are identified; the diagnostic horizons of Guizhou include “anthrostagnic epipedon”, “Fe-leachi-hydragric horizon”, “Fe-accumuli-hydragric horizon”, and “albic horizon”; the identified diagnostic characteristics include “gleyic fertures” and “secondary calcic accumulation”; the stagnic anthrosols in Guizhou has obvious characteristics of organic matter accumulation and clay vertical migration, and the soil pH value varies greatly. The topographic condition is the main factor that affects the differentiation in groups and subgroups of the stagnic anthrosols in Guizhou, the main soil groups are Fe-accumuli-stagnic anthrosols and Hapli-stagnic anthrosols.

To study the impact of maximum residue limit standards of pesticides on China’s foreign trade of mung bean, we made a comparative analysis between China and its trading countries in terms of the quantity, the size and proportion of the maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the degree of looseness of the limit standards, based on the maximum residue limit standards of pesticides of mung bean established by China, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the European Union, Japan, the United States, South Korea, Canada and etc. The results show that China’s number of pesticide maximum residue limit standards of mung bean (83 items) is significantly fewer than that of Japan (388 items) and EU (566 items), and also lower than that of CAC (111 items), South Korea (124 items) and the United States (114 items). In addition, China has fewer exemption limit standards and uniform limit standards. The GB 2763-2019 standard only stipulates a list of 44 pesticides that is exempted from establishing the maximum residue limits of pesticides, and does not stipulate the uniform limit standards. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the update of pesticide maximum residue limit standards of relevant trading countries continuously, and combine the pesticide residue data, pesticide degradation data, toxicological data and dietary data to provide technical support for formulating pesticide maximum residue limit standards suitable for China’s mung bean production.

To understand the biological characteristics of 1-year-old Micropterus salmoides, both external morphological traits and internal anatomy are investigated by using traditional methods of morphology and anatomy method. M. salmoides is spindle-shaped and covered with ctenoid scale. Its body shows black back, turquoise body side and white abdomen. There are black stripes on body. The ratio of intestine gut length to body length is 0.833, while the ratio of intestine and viscera weight to body weight is 0.006 and 0.091, respectively. Observed numbers of morphological characteristics of M. salmoides are: dorsal fins Ⅷ-Ⅸ(14-15), caudal fins 22-23, anal fins Ⅱ( 10-12), pelvic fins Ⅰ(5), pectoral fins 12~14, lateral line scales 64-71, the upper scales of lateral line 6-10, the lower scales of lateral line 16-17, the first gill arch raker 7-8, pyloric caecum 16-27, vertebrae 26-32. The correlation equation of total length (T_L) and body weight (B_W) is: B_W=2407-20.711T_L+0.047T_L²(R²=0.942). The correlation equation of body height and body weight is: B_W=0.005B_H^2.591(R²=0.982). Body height, body width and head height are the main traits that affect body weight. The results could provide morphometric tools for species identification, systematic taxonomy, artificial propagation and variety breeding of M. salmoides.

The paper aims to understand the variation characteristics of extreme temperature in Chamdo, and provide references for local agricultural and animal husbandry production and disaster prevention and mitigation. Based on daily temperature (maximum, minimum and average) data of Chamdo station, we analyzed the variation characteristics of extreme temperature indexes in Chamdo from 1961 to 2015. The results showed that: the extreme maximum temperature and extreme minimum temperature generally increased, the tendency rate was 0.25℃/10 a and 0.46℃/10 a, respectively; frost days, cold days and cold nights declined; warm days and warm nights and summer days increased; most indexes had the mutation passing significance test, the mutation point of cold indexes (including TNn, FD, TN10, TX10) happened in 1990s and that of warm indexes (including TXx, SU25, TN90, TX90) happened in 2004-2006 and only one mutation was observed; all extreme temperature indexes had the oscillation period with 3-5 years, and also had other oscillation periods with different distribution periods; the extreme temperature indexes had good response to climate warming, especially the cold indexes; due to the unique geographical location of Chamdo, the variation characteristics of extreme temperature in Chamdo were unique. Variation characteristics of extreme temperature will have a huge impact on agricultural and animal husbandry production in Chamdo.

In recent years, rice bacterial leaf streak disease has caused severe damage to rice production, and greatly affected the yield and quality of rice. To ensure the safe production of rice, it is important to use reasonable and appropriate control measures, breed and cultivate disease-resistant varieties and apply the varieties in production. This article summarizes research progress of the symptoms and causes of rice bacterial leaf streak disease and its integrated control techniques, the isolation and identification of rice bacterial leaf streak disease pathogen, the excavation and identification of disease-resistant materials, and the location and cloning of disease-resistant genes. It is believed that plant inspection and quarantine, proper fertilization and water control, and real-time field monitoring can effectively prevent the occurrence and development of rice bacterial leaf streak, while identifying disease-resistant rice varieties, and cloning and applying disease-resistant genes to breeding disease-resistant rice varieties can be the most powerful way to control the disease.

According to the grass species which are mainly applied in sod culture in southern orchards and tea gardens, the study explores the characteristics of grass species that need to be understood for sod culture. The study describes the research progress of Trifolium repens, Stylosanthes spp., Chameaerista rotundifolia, Lotononis bainesii, Indigofera spicata, Paspalum notatum, Festuca elata, Lolium pereenne and Borreria articularis, then summarizes four problems in current grass species research, including insufficient development and selection of grass species, inconsistent research and application, difficulties in grass planting, and less attention to breeding research. Base on the review, the study proposes that the development and selection of grass species should follow the principles of suitable external botany traits, strong competitiveness with weeds, good adaptability, labor-saving cultivation, and the best combination of some other functional traits. At last, the future research direction is discussed to provide references for the promotion of sod culture in southern orchards and tea gardens.

Agricultural science popularization is not only an important bridge to realize the effective transformation of agricultural science and technology achievements, but also the key to realize the improvement of national agricultural scientific literacy. The purpose of this study is to explore the modernization development path of agricultural science popularization for different social groups in China, in order to provide feasible suggestions for the development of agricultural science popularization to meet multiple demands at the present stage. Based on the statistical data of China's science popularization in 2021, this paper analyzes the current status and problems of China's agricultural science popularization through horizontal and vertical comparison of science popularization data from the perspectives of talent team, communication channels, bases and funds. Generally, the development of agricultural science popularization in China is in a good direction on the whole. The teams, channels and bases have been greatly developed, but there are still deficiencies in the supply of science popularization content, interest, special facilities and the participation of multiple subjects. Therefore, to promote the development of agricultural science popularization in China, it is necessary to fully optimize the allocation of existing resources, improve the application of new media, and realize the multiple inputs of market entities and multi-party participation of agricultural science popularization talents.

To screen out the effective fungicides to control tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, the toxicity of five fungicides, including streptomycin sulfate, ethylallicin, octyllamine acetate, Kejunkang and Qingkuling, to tobacco bacterial wilt bacteria was determined with plate inhibition zone method while their efficacy was tested by pot experiment in greenhouse by inoculating pathogen first and then irrigating drugs. The results showed that the five fungicides could inhibit the growth of tobacco bacterial wilt. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of fungicides and the inhibition effect. The correlation between the concentration of fungicides and the inhibition effect was significant. The EC₅₀ of 72% Streptomycin sulphate, 80% ethylallicin, 1.8% octyllamine acetate, 3% Kejunkang and 50% Qingkuling was 43.50, 154.69, 116.75, 123.43 and 37.86 mg/L, respectively. Pot experiment showed that 50% Qingkuling had the highest inhibition rate against tobacco bacterial wilt, with the control efficacy of 88.6%; followed by 72% streptomycin sulfate, with the control efficacy of 79.6%. 1.8% octyllamine acetate, 80% ethylallicin and 3% Kejunkang had poor control effects on tobacco bacterial wilt with control efficacy of 75.6%, 56.7% and 52.3%, respectively.

To clarify suitable sowing rate of wheat cultivars in Henan Province, five main wheat cultivars including ‘Zhoumai22’, ‘Xinong979’, ‘Zhengmai7698’, ‘Aikang58’ and ‘Bainong207’ were used as the materials,and the experiments were conduced at different areas. The effects of different sowing rates on the yield and yield components were studied. The results showed that the yield increased gradually with the increase of sowing rate, and reached the maximum when the sowing rate was 187.50 kg/hm2, while the yield showed a declining trend with the continuously increasing sowing rate. In the respect of yield components, the spike number per area showed an upward trend with the increase of sowing rate, but the kernel number per spike and 1000-grain weight showed a downward trend. In the suitable sowing rate, the yield order of five cultivars was:‘Bainong207’＞‘Zhoumai22’＞‘Zhengmai7698’＞‘Aikang58’＞‘Xinong979’. Taken together, the suitable sowing rate of wheat cultivars is from 150.00 kg/hm2 to 225.00 kg/hm2, and 187.50 kg/hm2 is the optimum sowing rate which can obtain the maximum yield.

To explore the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus inorganic salts in MS medium on the growth of Zostera marina, the young ramets of Z.marina were cultured in natural seawater with different concentrations of KNO₃, NH₄NO₃ and KH₂PO₄ , respectively, and the morphological observation was conducted and leaf chlorophyll content was determined at 7 and 14 days; among them, the addition of KNO₃ was 1/2, 1 and 2 times as much as that of MS medium, and the total concentration of NO₃^- was 39.4 mmol/L, while the addition of KH₂PO₄ and NH₄NO₃ was 1/2, 1 and 2 times as much as that of MS medium respectively. The results showed that: the chlorophyll content in KNO₃ treatment group was the highest (P<0.05), the developing ramets were cultured for 14 days without toxic phenomenon and new leaves sprouted; however, the NH₄NO₃ and KH₂PO₄ treatment groups both had obviously toxic effects on the ramets; the leaves of ramets began to brown after culturing for 48 h in NH₄NO₃ treatment group; subsequently, the tips of root and rhizome softened and began to brown after 7 days of incubation and finally the ramets’ shoots died after 14 days; while the ramets’ leaves of KH₂PO₄ treatment group had the average browning rate up to 56% after culturing 14 days. Thus, neither 1/2 MS medium nor MS medium is suitable for in vitro culture of Z.marina, and the nitrogen source of the culture medium is suggested as addition of NO₃^--N alone or a high concentration NO₃^--N with a low concentration of NH₄⁺-N.

To innovate the adjusting model of potato planting structure, improve planting benefits, and speed up the popularization and application of the potato variety ‘Xisen 6’ in China, variety demonstration tests were conducted in Tianshui and Dingxi of Gansu, and Wufeng, Xingshan, Badong Chazidian, Jianshi Longping, Lichuan, Tianchishan, Zhushan of Hubei, by taking local main varieties as control, to observe and verify the stability and adaptability of the comprehensive traits of ‘Xisen 6’. Compared with main local varieties, the tests showed that, except Dingxi, Xingshan and Zhushan had small yield increase (3.13%, 7.71%, and 6.91%, respectively), the remaining 6 test sites had significantly higher yield increase than the control, the yield increase in Tianchishan was 36.01%, in Badong was 48.37%, in Jianshi Longping was 34.39%, in Wufeng was 51.60%, in Lichuan was 28.66%, and in Tianshui was 28.63%. It is indicated that ‘Xisen 6’ has strong adaptability, can grow and mature normally in all test sites, and its yield is higher than that of main local varieties.

To explore the technology of green control of tobacco root knot nematode, in areas where root-knot nematode disease is frequent, chemical pesticides, biological pesticides and functional microbial agents are used to carry out comprehensive control research on tobacco root-knot nematode disease. After comparative analysis, the prevention and control measures with obvious disease prevention effect were screened. The rational application of bio-organic fertilizer, chemical pesticide, biopesticide and biofungicide can promote the growth of tobacco plants, improve the economic characteristics of tobacco and improve the quality of tobacco leaves. Different treatments had a certain effect on the control of root-knot nematodes, and the prevention and control effect of “Bio-organic fertilizer+Thiazolphosphine content 10%+Biocontrol agent No. 6” was the best, and the prevention and control effect was 96.96%. The prevention and control effects of the two modes of “Bio-organic fertilizer+Purpureocillium lilacinum+Biocontrol agent No. 6” and “Bio-organic fertilizer+Thiazolphosphine content 10%” were similar, which were 85.43% and 84.11% respectively. Compared with other three treatments, the prevention and control effect of “Bio-organic fertilizer+Purpureocillium lilacinum” was poor,which was only 72.85%. The fertilization mode of “Bio-organic fertilizer+Thiazolphosphine content 10%+Biocontrol agent No. 6” can effectively improve the quality of tobacco leaves, and has the best effect on the prevention and control of tobacco root knot nematode disease.

To introduce a conventional method to detect exchangeable Ca and Mg in soil, the inductively coupled plasma spectrometer( ICP-OES) was used as detection means, and ammonium acetate was used as ion-exchange extractant after the exchangeable Ca and Mg in soil samples were obtained by vibrating extraction. The results show that the data of this method have high degree of accuracy, indicating that the method is suitable for the exchangeable Ca and Mg determination in all kinds of soil. At the same time, compared with existing methods, the new method has the advantage of less reagent amount, simple process, and capacity to handle bulk detection.

Epimedium has been widely used for invigorating sex, as well as rheumatism, strengthening muscles and bones. Recent report has shown that some flavonoids impart significant effects in the treatment of breast cancer, liver cancer, and leukemia. The recognition of the health benefits of Epimedium has resulted in extensive use of wild resources, and artificial cultivation is the only way to achieve sustainable use of resources. Epimedium pseudowushannense B.L.Guo is intended to achieve the first cultivated species，but Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim technology is not yet mature. In order to take further study of the two kinds of Epimedium, and provide the theoretical basis for the actual production.The diurnal variation of photosynthetic and eco-physiological characteristics of these two species was studied by the CI-340 Portable Photosynthesis System under natural conditions. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn)，stomatal conductance (C)，intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci)，photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)，relative humidity (RH)，air temperature (Ta)，apparent mesophyll conductance (ALMC)，transpiration rate (E)，leaf temperature (Tl)，water use efficiency (WUE) and other photosynthetic physiological factors and environmental factors were measured．The obtained data was analyzed by correlation analysis，path analysis and stepwise multiple-regression analysis to explore the relationship between the net photosynthetic rate and physiological factors. [Result]The results show that: ①The daily variation of the Pn，E，ALMC，C of E. pseudowushanense took on" two peak type"，the Pn was with an obvious midday depression phenomenon at noon. ②The Pn and ALMC of E. sagittatum were significantly higher than E. pseudowushanense. ③The correlation analysis，path analysis and stepwise regression analysis showed that ALMC，Ci might played important role in the Pn and ranked as ALMC ＞ Ci in two species. [Conclusion] In the actual production, two kinds of Epimedium should adopt different cultivation strategies.

To clarify the damage characteristics of aphids in peach trees, the species, quantity and damage were investigated. The spraying method was used to compare the control efficacy of 4 insecticides on Myzus persicae Sulzer. The quantities and species of natural enemies, the dominance degree, the state of main natural enemies after 21 days of spraying insecticides, the effect of insecticide concentrations on natural enemies were compared. The results showed that: (1) in terms of species, nectarine and wild peach were mainly damaged by M. persicae, and the flowering peach was mainly damaged by Hyalopterus amygdali Blanchard; quantitatively speaking, M. persicae in nectarine accounted for 95.4%, which was significantly higher than the number of H. amygdali, and there was no damage by Tuberocephalus momonis Matsumura; for wild peach, the quantities of M. persicae and H. amygdali were similar, which were significantly higher than that of T. momonis; flowering peach was mainly damaged by H. amygdali, and there were significant differences in the number of aphid species; M. persicae and H. amygdali had the mixed occurrence on individual leaf; (2) spirotetramat and sulfoxaflor were recommended at 44.8 mg/L and 33.3 mg/L for spraying treatment, and their 21 days’ control efficacy was 99.9% and 82.1%, respectively; veratridine was recommended at 10 mg/L, its 14 days’control efficacy was 38.5%; Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 was not recommended for M. persicae control; (3) the investigation revealed that there were 7 species of natural enemies of M. persicae, and Harmonia axyridis Pallas was the dominant species, accounting for 91.0%; Propylaea japonica Thunberg was the abundant species, accounting for 7.7%, and the rest were the occasional species; the stage development of the 2 species of ladybugs was basically the same, and the larvae and eggs were dominant in this stage. The study showed that all insecticides and treatments were safe for predatory natural enemies.

On the basis of the original vegetation, the major work of forest park is plant design, to creat a natural botanical garden atmosphere. According to a survey of Yanqing Gui River Forest Park, the structure and arrangement of plant community were discussed. The plant community of the park was mainly composed of indigenous tree species. The hierarchy of arbor, shrub and grass was clear and the plant species were rich. The park took ecology as a starting point, reflecting the beauty of plant group. Taking some typical plant spaces as example, the relationship between plants and roads and water was studied, providing references for plant arrangement of forest parks in the future.

Strengthening the building of agricultural and rural talent team is an important part of the implementation of the Strategy of Making China a Talent-strong Country, and also an inevitable requirement for the solid promotion of rural talent revitalization. This paper systematically analyzes the development status and main actions of the building of agricultural and rural talent team, elaborates its main measures and realization paths, including ‘Shennong Talents’ program, ‘TOUYAN’ project of training rural industry revitalization foregoers, ‘National Agricultural Industry Vocational Skills Competition’, ‘National Farmers Skills Competition’, professional title evaluation and so on, aiming to provide reference for sorting out the working system of agricultural and rural talents. The results of the study shows that, with the initiating and implementation of the Strategy of Making China a Talent-strong Country, and the in-depth implementation of the Strategy of Rural Revitalization, the building of agricultural and rural talent team should highlight the characteristics of talent team building, make clear targets, and be innovative and unremitting, so as to provide basic support for the realization of rural talent revitalization and making China a talent-strong country.

To understand the habitat and rhizosphere soil status of wild Fritillaria taibaiensis, a field survey was conducted in four counties in Shaanxi Province including Taibai County. The results showed that Fritillaria taibaiensis was found under mountain grass or forest at the altitude of 2000-3300 m, and the altitude was the most important ecological factor affecting the habitat suitability of Fritillaria taibaiensis. The plant distribution in the habitat had obvious high altitude characteristics. The tree layer was mostly deciduous broad-leaved forest with high canopy density, and the shrub layer under the forest was sparse. The variation coefficient of pH in the rhizosphere soil of Fritillaria taibaiensis from different producing areas changed a little, which was only 1.84% and showing that the soil was neutral. The content of nutrient elements and organic matters in the soil changed greatly, and the variation coefficient of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen was the largest of 97.53%. The population of wild Fritillaria taibaiensis was discontinuous, fragmented and sporadic.

Space syntax can be an angle to study the space form scientifically. Space form can be abstracted as the objective data to express the relationship between the space and human behaviors. Taking Taigu ancient city as an example, the authors aim to analyze the street space form using Depth map software, based on literature data and survey data. By choosing the map of Ming and Qing dynasties and the map of status quo as the research objects, the street space form in ancient city was abstracted into an axis model and a line model. The eigenvalues of integration, intelligibility, selectivity and entropy were obtained for describing the characteristics of space form. According to different space forms, the corresponding landscape design methods were adopted. Comparing the spatial eigenvalues of the two periods, the method of space syntax was introduced into the study of the space form development mechanism, which could provide reference to ancient city protection and develop the landscape design for Taigu ancient city.

The characteristic of domestic water consumption is an important indicator for the calculation of pollution load and wastewater treatment design in rural area. Taking Fangqian village, Dingshu Town, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province as an example, the characteristics of domestic water consumption were investigated through field visits and questionnaires in rural areas of Taihu Lake. The influencing factors were analyzed as well. Results showed that the main water resource in the study area was tap water (84.7 L/d per person), which accounted for 77% of the total water consumption. The consumption for laundry water increased significantly with seasonal change and temperature increase, in contrast, the flushing water consumption decreased obviously. The amount of water used in kitchen showed limited variation. The habit developed by the residents to reuse laundry water for flushing possibly explained this phenomenon. Higher education and income levels resulted in an improvement of hygienic habit, and tap water was widely used. Water consumption of residents with yearly earning at 50-200 thousand yuan was not so sensitive to the increment of living expenses. Water consumption of people aging from 25 to 40 was higher than that of other age groups because of a better economic condition and health concerns.

After the domestication of wild species, natural selection and artificial selection over the past ten thousand years, the existing domestic animal species had been gradually formed. With the discovery and gradual improvement of genetic theory, conventional breeding techniques developed from the phenotypic selection to breeding value estimation using BLUP method, and have made great contribution to the genetic improvement of livestock and poultry in the past fifty years. In the1980s, the discovery of various molecular genetic markers and the rapid development of modern biotechnology provide new approaches and methods for the study and improvement of animal genetics and breeding. So far, the integration of DNA, RNA, protein and other omics information not only brings new opportunities for functional gene identification and molecular genetic mechanisms analysis of animal important economic traits, but also makes animal breeding enter the era of molecular breeding from the traditional breeding era. Great progress has been achieved in molecular quantitative genetics, functional genomics and molecular breeding technology in recent years.

To investigate the insect vector and dominant population of sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) phytoplasma in Yunnan can enrich the theoretical and technical basis of sugarcane phytoplasma disease control and provide reference for formulating comprehensive control measures for SCWL. The insect vectors of SCWL phytoplasma were investigated using visual search and sweep netting methods and detected by nested PCR in Gengma of Lincang City, Yunnan Province in 2019, where the occurrence of SCWL was the most serious. The investigation and detection results showed that two collected insect vectors Tettigoniella viridis and Clovia conifer were tested positive. They were natural carriers of SCWL phytoplasma, indicating that these two leafhopper species might be the potential insect vectors of SCWL phytoplasma. Meanwhile, the nymph of T. viridis was tested strongly positive and preliminarily identified as the dominant population. In view of the fact that the main transmission ways of SCWL phytoplasma currently are SCWL-infected seedcane and leafhopper insect vector, it is suggested to establish a sugarcane breeding base of disease-free and healthy seedcane and kill leafhopper insect vector in sugarcane planting area in time, so as to control the spread of SCWL from the source and reduce the natural transmission speed in field.

To screen effective and environmental-friendly fungicides for mulberry sorosis disease control, the control effects of different combination patterns of fungicides were evaluated by field tests. The results showed that the control effect investigated in full fruit period was over 93% by spraying fungicides 3-4 times during the initial flowering period, full bloom period and late flowering period in each control area (treatment 1 to treatment 4). The quality indexes such as the average number of fruits on a single branch, the healthy fruit rate and the total weight of fruits on a single branch were superior to that of the control (treatment 5). The amount of pesticide residue in mulberry fruit conformed to the national standard. It is suggested that the mulberry plantation should be closed with lime sulphur in autumn and winter, and the fungicide combination of 50% diazimide WDG 1500 times solution+ 50% isomicarbazide SC 1000 times solution+ 75% pentazolol WDG 3500 times solution should be applied in the appropriate period. Other control patterns could be used as alternative methods to avoid or slow down the emergence of resistance.

This study aims to explore the lead enrichment characteristics of rice varieties planted in Zhangzhou and the rice quality safety. 15 local main rice varieties were used as the experimental materials, and pot experiments and field experiments of adding lead were adopted. The lead enrichment characteristics of rice were investigated, and the risk of rice quality safety was evaluated. The results showed that the lead content of the 15 rice varieties was in the range of 0.016-0.061 mg/kg, 0.061-0.198 mg/kg and 0.157-0.606 mg/kg, respectively, when the total lead content of pot experiment was 22.4 mg/kg, 103.5 mg/kg and 204.8 mg/kg in light acidic paddy soil (5.5<pH≤6.5). When the total lead content of the field experiment was 23.4 mg/kg, 26.4 mg/kg and 23.5 mg/kg in light acidic paddy soil (5.5<pH≤6.5), the variation scope of lead content of the 15 rice varieties was 0.016-0.056 mg/kg, 0.024-0.069 mg/kg and 0.014-0.056 mg/kg, respectively. The lead content of the same rice variety was positively and linearly correlated with the total lead content in soil (P<0.01). There were significant differences in the enrichment ability of lead among different rice varieties (P<0.05), and the enrichment coefficient of pot experiment and field experiment was 0.059%-0.296% and 0.060%-0.261%, respectively. Cluster analysis indicated that there were 4 rice varieties with high enrichment ability, 6 varieties with medium enrichment ability and 5 varieties with low enrichment ability. According to the limit standard of lead in rice in GB 2762-2017(0.2 mg/kg), for rice varieties with low, medium and high enrichment ability, the critical risk value of cadmium was 204.1-274.7 mg/kg, 113.5 -180.0 mg/kg and 82.7-107.1 mg/kg, respectively, in paddy soil (5.5<pH≤6.5). Overall, the lead enrichment characteristics of the 15 main rice varieties in Zhangzhou are significantly different. Planting in paddy fields where the total lead content is above the critical risk value, the lead content will have a quality safety risk of being higher than 0.2 mg/kg.

Alternative splicing is widespread in plants and is the main source of transcriptome and proteome diversity in organisms. With the development of science and technology, the research methods of alternative splicing have gradually become simple, convenient and efficient, and more and more alternative splicing events have been discovered in plants. The article mainly introduces the mechanism and research methods of alternative splicing in plants, as well as the latest research progress of alternative splicing in several plants, and puts forward suggestions on the research direction in the future.

The purpose of the study is to obtain beneficial mutants of sweetpotato by radiation mutation technology, and enrich sweetpotato germplasm resources. In this experiment, the main sweetpotato variety ‘Shangshu 19’ was used as test material. The embryogenic suspension cells were irradiated with⁶⁰Co γ ray and the irradiation doses was 80 Gy. After 6 weeks of irradiation, the surviving cells were transferred into MS solid medium containing 1.0 mg/L ABA to induce differentiation, and then transferred into MS medium to obtain 138 complete plants. Through investigating and determining the top leaf color, vein color, top leaf shape, leaf shape, top villi, potato shape, drying rate and soluble sugar content of the irradiated progenies, it was found that the top leaf color of one line (‘S19Y038’) changed, and the drying rate of three lines (‘S19Y116’, ‘S19Y215’and ‘S19Y219’) were increased significantly by 5.98%, 5.65% and 3.32%, respectively. The soluble sugar content of one strain (‘S19Y013’) was significantly increased by 17.81% compared with that of the control. These mutants with excellent characters could enrich the sweetpotato germplasm resources and have a good application prospect in breeding high-quality sweetpotato varieties.

In order to provide a reference for the future protection and development of agricultural heritage, we reviewed researches on protection and development of agricultural heritage at home and abroad, and analyzed the connotation of agricultural heritage. Foreign researches mainly focused on the protection and development, and were mainly empirical researches which explored the connotation, value, sustainable management of agricultural heritage. Researches in China mainly concentrated in the past ten years, focused on the definition, type, feature, value and protection and reasonable development modes of agricultural heritage. Research directions became more and more diverse, and researchers began to combine quantitative analysis with qualitative method. The researches indicated that the theory of agricultural heritage was not mature, comprehensive evaluation system has not been built yet, the contradictions between heritage protection and development has nobeen resolved. Finally, we put forward the future direction of the protection and development of agricultural heritage.

Management reform of central fiscal investment for science and technology has accomplished stage tasks. Aiming at how to promote industry development with these integrated central funds, this review introduces initial exploration, stage effect, typical cases and managerial experiences of the specific funding of Research and Development of Synthesis Technique for Reduction and Synergy of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides. Besides, we also discuss following work such as forging the county model for scientific and technological support, improving comprehensive performance evaluation mechanism focusing on solving practical issues, consolidating joint efforts model, summarizing significant breakthroughs, carrying out strategic studies based on strategic research, seeking stable funding, supporting the strategy of rural vitalization and green growth, etc., hoping to provide references for relevant administrative departments and researchers.

The effects of watermelon scion ‘Zaojia’ grafted on seven calabash rootstocks on the survival rate, plant growth, fruit traits, yield and disease resistance were analyzed in this study. A grafted survival rate over 93% was observed in all rootstocks, indicating that they had good compatibility with the scion. Compared with the control, earlier flowering of female flowers and certain effects on fruit traits and yield were observed in all rootstocks’ grafting scion. Furthermore, the watermelon plants grafted on rootstocks ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ and ‘Huoshen’ had enhanced plant growth. The grafted plants on ‘Huoshen’ showed better disease resistance with the disease incidence rate of 21.67%, followed by those on ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ (30.00%). According to these results, the rootstock ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ and ‘Huoshen’ showed better grafting compatibility with ‘Zaojia’, including enhanced plant growth, increased single melon weight, similar fruit appearance and quality to that of scion, better disease resistance, and more than 20% yield increase. Therefore, ‘Jingxinzhen 1’ and ‘Huoshen’ could be used as candidate varieties for the selection of rootstock in watermelon grafting.

The paper aims to clarify the spatial distribution, pattern characteristics and system structure of the Mengzi pomegranate cultivation system, explore its historical evolution and potential heritage value, and demonstrate the conditions for the declaration of China-NIAHS (National Important Agricultural Heritage Systems). We conducted the study by using remote sensing images and GIS technology to analyze and identify the spatial distribution and pattern characteristics of the Mengzi pomegranate cultivation system, in combination with field investigations, interviews and literature reading. The Mengzi pomegranate cultivation system is an outstanding representative of modern agriculture with characteristics of the Yunnan plateau. In its long process of evolution, a relatively complete set of pomegranate high-yield cultivation techniques has been formed, which is mainly reflected in: (1) Mengzi has a history of cultivating pomegranates for more than 700 years, with an area of more than 8666 hm², it is one of the eight main pomegranate producing areas in China and enjoys the reputation of ‘Hometown of Pomegranate in China’; (2) the Mengzi pomegranate cultivation system has a ‘city and garden inter-embedding’ pattern on the landscape scale, with diversified cultivation modes, of which the traditional and ecological cultivation modes are the most valuable; (3) the Mengzi pomegranate cultivation system has many high-quality germplasm resources, forming ecological agricultural products with local characteristics, the ‘Tianlvzi’ pomegranate is well-known at home and abroad; (4) the Mengzi pomegranate cultivation system has important economic, ecological and cultural values. The Mengzi pomegranate cultivation system has the basic conditions for applying for China-NIAHS, and the study could provide scientific decision-making reference for Mengzi to build a modern agricultural demonstration zone with Yunnan plateau characteristics and achieve high-quality and sustainable development of the Mengzi pomegranate industry.

To explore the suitable transplanting time and mode in Longyan tobacco area, and further highlight the sweet and sweet fragrant style of Longyan tobacco leaves, field experiments were carried out to study the effects of four transplanting times and two transplanting modes (tobacco planted on mulch film and under mulch film) on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco and the quality of tobacco leaves. The results showed that the quality of tobacco leaves planted under mulch film 10 days earlier than conventional transplanting was the best, followed by tobacco leaves planted on mulch film 10 days earlier than the conventional transplanting, and the quality of tobacco leaves planted under mulch film 10 days later than the conventional transplanting was the worst. The transplanting time of flue-cured tobacco in Lonyan area 10 days earlier than that of conventional transplanting time, combining with transplanting seedlings under mulch film can better show the fragrant style of Lonyan flue-cured tobacco and improve the quality tobacco leaves.

Wastewater from aquaculture has attracted wide attention as one of the sources of agricultural non-point source pollution, and the management of aquaculture wastewater has become a current research hotspot. In order to understand the mechanism of aquaculture wastewater purification and enhance the purification technology efficiency, this paper introduces the current status, hazards, and related control policies of aquaculture pollution in China, and reviews the aquaculture wastewater purification technologies developed in the past two decades. Finally, the research direction of aquaculture wastewater is discussed to put forward the possibility of strengthening the sedimentation unit, and using new materials and microorganisms to intensify the purification system.

Mastering the status quo of non-point source pollution is a prerequisite to pollution prevention and control. In this study, we summarized the non-point source pollution in the planting industry of Weinan, and pointed out prominent problems, such as the high amount and lower efficiency of fertilizer application, the pollution of pesticide packaging, the persistence of residual mulch pollution and the comprehensive utilization of straw. Then, combined with the difficult points in control and prevention, we put forward countermeasures in terms of publicity and popularization, supervision strengthening, sound legal system, funding guarantee as well as research innovation and extension.

The paper aims to reveal the occurrence rule and distribution characteristics of Hail in Weifang. According to the hail daily data of 9 meteorological stations from 1971 to 2010, the authors analyed the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of hail in Weifang by using methods of linear tendency estimation, Mann-Kendall and EOF orthogonal empirical function etc. The results showed that: the hail climate tendency rate was -0.55 times/10 a in Weifang from 1971 to 2010, it showed a decreasing trend, a significant mutation occured in 2008; the hail generally appeared in the March to October, showing a single peak, most hail frequently from May to July, accounting for 77.74% of the total number of hail; the diurnal variation of hail was obvious, mainly in the afternoon type, the number of hail accounted for 52.26% from 14:00 to 18:00; the number of hail occurrence has obvious regional distribution characteristics, descending from southwest to northeast, hail-prone areas were concentrated in Linqu, Anqiu and Zhucheng, the plain area were relatively less; hail was affected by terrain, the number of hail occurrence had the characteristics of spatial coherence, and its distribution was reverse form the southwest to northeast, through the spatial feature vector analysis. According to the investigation, agricultural food, tobacco, fruit trees and agricultural facilities, etc,which were mainly affected by hail disaster in Weifang. Therefore, strengthening hail warning and forecasting and the implementation of artificial hail suppression are the effective means of defense hail disaster.

In order to find suitable pollen in Torreya grandis production in Hubei Province, the research on pollen xenia effect was carried out, and the utilization value of T. grandis pollen was discussed. Pollen from Shengzhou (B) and pollen from Tongshan (C) were selected as male parents, and they were pollinated on seed trees (female parent A) by hand, and then the fruit morphology index, economic index and nutrient content of the combination of two paternal sources were compared. The results indicate that pollen from Shengzhou and Tongshan has pollen xenia effect on seed size and nutlet shape. For economic indicators such as single seed weight, single nutlet weight and kernel yield rate, and for the major nutrients such as oil content, protein, vitamin E and fatty acid in seeds, there is no obvious xenia effect. The study indicates that the T. grandis pollen from Tongshan can be used in production, and the resources of the male T. grandis in Tongshan are valuable for development and utilization.