To compare the fruit quality of five blueberry varieties in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, the fruits of five blueberry varieties, namely ‘Lanmei No.1’ ‘Gardenblue’ ‘L11’ ‘Nan Gaocong No.3’and ‘Eureka’ were used as materials. The appearance indicators such as single fruit quality, the contents of antioxidant substances such as anthocyanins, chlorophyll content, and the contents of nutrients such as soluble sugar were determined, and the sensory evaluation of the fruits was also conducted. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis were adopted to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of fruit quality. The results showed that among the five blueberry varieties, ‘Eureka’ had the largest single fruit weight at 4.805 g,‘Gardenblue’ had the largest fruit shape index at 0.868, ‘Eureka’ had the highest anthocyanin content at 890.217 μg/g, ‘L11’ had the highest total phenol content at 2.840 g/kg, and ‘Gardenblue’ had the highest flavonoid content, reaching 0.177 mg/g, the contents of soluble sugar, vitamin C and soluble solids in ‘Lanmei No.1’ were all the highest, which were 8.873%, 107.433 μg/g and 10.2% respectively. The total sensory evaluation scores, from high to low, were as follows:‘Lanmei No.1’ > ‘Nan Gaocong No.3’ > ‘Gardenblue’ > ‘Eureka’ > ‘L11’. Comprehensive analysis showed that ‘Eureka’ had the highest comprehensive score, with large fruits, strong antioxidant capacity and high nutritional value. ‘Lanmei No.1’ ranked second in the comprehensive score, with higher fruit sweetness and good taste. The fruit quality of both was relatively high. To sum up, among the five blueberry varieties, ‘Eureka’ and ‘Lanmei No.1’ had better overall quality.‘Lanmei No.1’ was suitable for fresh consumption, while ‘Eureka’ was suitable for processing into dried fruits, fruit paste and functional products. This article provides a reference for the introduction and cultivation of blueberries in similar regions.

The research on the biological activities of chemical components and applications of Angelica dahurica by consulting relevant literature were reviewed. The main chemical components of Angelica dahurica include coumarins, volatile oils, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and others. These bioactive compounds exhibit various effects such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities, with multiple potential therapeutic targets. The mechanisms of action may be related to the regulation of vascular active substances, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress in the body. Angelica dahurica can be combined with other traditional Chinese medicines for topical treatment of skin diseases, administered orally or externally to alleviate various types of pain and inflammation. It effectively dilates arterial blood vessels, promotes blood circulation, and regulates blood viscosity, thereby providing therapeutic benefits for cardiovascular diseases. This article provides a reference for the further study of the biological activity of Angelica dahurica.

The planting performance of Zhuliangyou 5298 was combined in Anqing City, Anhui Province area, and its high yield cultivation techniques were summarized. From 2022 to 2024, this variety was planted in 12 demonstration sites, including Wangjiang County in Anqing City, with an upright and upward curved plant shape; the growth period was 130-136 days, with an average seed setting rate of 85.77%, a thousand grain weight of 24.1 g, and a yield of 8 280-9 000 kg/hm²; good polished rice yield and excellent rice quality; strong anti lodging ability. Its high yield cultivation techniques include early sowing (sowing and seedling cultivation from late April to mid May), timely transplanting, cultivating strong seedlings, keeping the soil of the seedling field moist, applying “weaning fertilizer” (urea 60-75 kg/hm²) according to the growth of the seedlings, and timely prevention and control of seedling diseases and pests such as rice thrips and bakanae disease; select high speed rice transplanter operation based on seedling quality, planting time, etc., inspect and debug the transplanting machinery according to the settings, determine the planting distance, seedling amount, and depth; timely weed control (spraying pesticides such as butachlor for soil sealing, spraying pesticides such as butazone for stem and leaf control during the seedling stage, and spraying pesticides such as 30% propiconazole for sealing throughout the field after the seedlings); heavy application of base fertilizer (45% compound fertilizer 450-600 kg/hm²), early application of tillering fertilizer (high nitrogen and high potassium compound fertilizer 225-300 kg/hm²), and supplementary application of ear fertilizer (potassium chloride 112.5-150.0 kg/hm²); shallow water seedling planting, deep water live planting, alternating dry and wet conditions to promote tillering; appropriate pesticides should be used during the growth period of the field to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast and sheath blight. This article provides a reference for further promotion and planting of this variety in similar regions.

As an abiotic stress factor, UV-B radiation significantly impacts plant morphological development, physiological and biochemical processes, and molecular mechanisms. This paper reviewed the regulatory effects of UV-B radiation on plant morphology (e.g., inhibition of stem elongation, reduction in leaf area, and alteration of root-to-shoot ratio), as well as its direct or indirect damage to cell membrane stability, osmotic regulation substances (e.g., soluble sugars, proline), antioxidant defense systems (enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT, APX, and non-enzymatic antioxidants), and photosynthetic systems. Plants enhance their adaptability to UV-B stress through molecular mechanisms such as synthesizing secondary metabolites like flavonoids and anthocyanins, activating the UVR8-mediated signaling pathway, and activating hormone regulation and secondary metabolic genes. Furthermore, combined stress from UV-B and other environmental factors (e.g., temperature, drought, heavy metals) often exhibits synergistic or antagonistic effects, with complex mechanisms varying across species. Current research primarily focuses on crops and herbaceous plants under controlled experimental conditions. Future studies should integrate multi-omics technologies and long-term field observations to deeply unravel the molecular networks and ecological adaptability of plants in response to UV-B radiation, providing insights for stress-resistant breeding and ecological restoration.

The strip intercropping model of soybean and corn can fully utilize the edge row advantage and reasonably coordinate the needs of soybean and corn plants for light, fertilizer, and water. The practice of strip intercropping of soybean and corn in Northern Anhui Province was combined, and its high yield cultivation techniques and promotion effects were summarized. High yield cultivation techniques include selecting suitable soybean and corn varieties; reduce plant spacing, ensure density, and choosing soybean corn planting model of 4:2 or 6:4; adopt fungicides, insecticides, etc. for seed coating treatment, and adhere to the “four suitable” sowing methods of suitable period, suitable soil moisture, suitable depth, and suitable formula; applying sufficient basal fertilizer and applying topdressing at the appropriate time; timely check and supplement seedlings, adopting the weed control method of “closed weeding+spraying on stems and leaves after seedlings”, and paying attention to isolation measures; adopting integrated agricultural, physical, biological, and chemical control techniques for disease and pest prevention and control; timely chemical control to prevent plant lodging; after soybeans and corn mature, appropriate machinery is used for harvesting. The research area was promoted the applied this model from 2022 to 2024, achieving the goal of “basically no reduction in corn production and one additional season of beans”. This article provides a reference for promoting the strip intercropping model of soybean and corn in Northern Anhui Province and related areas.

The growth environment, especially soil conditions, has a significant impact on the quality of Chinese medicinal materials such as Gastrodia elata. The research progress on the characteristics of Gastrodia elata growth soil from aspects such as the soil types suitable for the growth of Gastrodia elata, as well as the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the growth soil was summarized. Gastrodia elata thrives in loose and moderately sandy loam. Yellow soil and yellow-brown soil are commonly suitable dominant soil types. Research on the physical properties of Gastrodia elata soil mainly focuses on soil moisture content. In addition, physical properties such as soil texture, porosity, water-holding capacity also affect the quality of Gastrodia elata. In terms of chemical properties, the suitable soil pH for Gastrodia elata is 4.00-6.30, and the organic matter content is 28.63-138.30 g/kg. Among them, phosphorus is crucial for the improvement of its yield and quality. During its cultivation process, effective measures should be focused on to increase the available phosphorus content in the soil. Heavy metals such as lead and arsenic, as well as macromolecular organic substances like valenoic acid and o-heptadecanoyl carnitine, are also its important chemical properties. In terms of biological characteristics, it mainly includes research on soil microbial structure and diversity. Crop rotation or fallow can restore microbial diversity. The application of lime, anti-continuous cropping agents and other improvement agents can regulate the microbial community structure to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles and increase yield.

Canine distemper is a non zoonotic disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV). This study focuses on dogs suspected of suffering from canine distemper, and diagnoses them through clinical examination, blood biochemical indicators, blood routine indicators,and antigen detection; adopt methods such as combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine (Sangju Yinqiao powder decoction + Doxycycline powder, etc.) and treating based on syndrome differentiation to treat it. The results showed that the diseased dogs had poor mental state, frequent sneezing, thick nasal discharge, and bleeding. The concentrations of albumin, haptoglobin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and globulin in the diseased dog were higher than the reference values. The total number of white blood cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils were significantly increased. The antigen test was positive. All the evidence indicates that the dog is suffering from canine distemper.After treatment, the dog’s condition improved, and its appetite, mental state, blood biochemical indicators, and blood routine indicators all returned to normal. This article provides reference for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

The effects of deep fertilization on soil nutrients, plant nutrient uptake, plant growth and development, crop yield and quality were reviewed. Proper deep application of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, compound fertilizer, and organic fertilizer can all increase soil nutrient content. For example, deep application of nitrogen fertilizer (10-25 cm) can reduce nitrogen leaching and volatilization losses in soil; as the depth of compound fertilizer application increases, the ability of nitrate nitrogen in the soil to move downward increases. Proper deep fertilization enhanced nutrient absorption efficiency in crops. Fertilization in appropriate soil layers can promote the growth and development of crops, increases chlorophyll content in leaves, improves photosynthetic characteristics. Appropriate deep fertilization aligns the active root zones with nutrient supply areas, and improves fertilizer utilization efficiency. The impact of deep fertilization on yield and quality varies among crops, but proper deep fertilization generally enhances both. This study provides a reference for determining optimal deep fertilizations for different crops and exploring the benefits of yield increase with reduced fertilizer input.

To further clarify the macrofungal species resources in Guiyang region, Guizhou Province, the composition of macrofungal species, dominant family and genus in 11 regions were investigated by random field investigation and questionnaire survey, and the correlation between macrofungal diversity and habitat and climate was investigated. A total of 429 fungal specimens were collected in the study area, and 215 species of macrofungi were identified and classified, belonging to 3 phyla, 8 classes, 19 orders, 47 families and 107 genera. At phylum level, basidiomycetes (90.23%) and ascomycetes (8.83%) were dominant phyla. At the genus level, Polyporaceae (21.395%), Marasmiaceae (7.907%) and Russulaceae (7.442%) were the dominant genera. In the market, a total of 21 kinds of large fungi such as red mushrooms, milk mushrooms and ganoderma lucidum were investigated, including 16 kinds of edible fungi, and the commodity potential was large. There were 69 kinds of edible fungi, 33 kinds of medicinal fungi and 16 kinds of poisonous fungi. The habitats of macrofungi were mainly mixed forest and broad-leaved forest. The species richness of macrofungi was affected by seasonal changes, and the species of fungi increased with the increase of precipitation. The research area is rich in macrofungal resources, so it is necessary to strengthen the research on the collection and domestication of fungi resources and artificial propagation, accelerate the cultivation of leading edible fungi enterprises, give full play to the advantages of fungi resources in Guiyang, and provide references for promoting the development of edible fungi industry in the area.

To evaluate the nutritional value of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) derived from various raw materials, 30 DDGS samples were classified into 5 groups based on their raw material sources and crude protein content: rice DDGS, corn DDGS (Ⅰ), corn DDGS (Ⅱ), low-proportion cassava DDGS (CP > 18%), and high-proportion cassava DDGS (CP < 18%). The nutritional composition and predicted energy values were compared among these groups. Additionally, 5 representative DDGS samples were selected for further analysis of their gross energy, enzyme hydrolysate gross energy (EHGE), and digestibility determined by simulated digestion method.The results demonstrated that as the cassava substitution ratio increased, the crude protein and crude fat content of cassava DDGS gradually decreased, while crude fiber and crude ash content increased. Furthermore, model-predicted energy analysis revealed a significant decline in energy value with higher cassava substitution ratios, indicating poorer quality. Simulated digestion experiments confirmed that the energy value and digestibility of cassava DDGS decreased as the cassava substitution ratio rose.In conclusion, low-proportion cassava DDGS, with its high crude protein content and superior digestibility, is suitable as a quality protein source. Conversely, high-proportion cassava DDGS, characterized by elevated crude fiber and crude ash content, is less suitable for monogastric animals due to reduced nutrient utilization but can serve as a cost-effective roughage for ruminants.

To optimize and promote the techniques of potato planting and field management, based on the production practice of potato planting, the technical key points were summarized in the process of its planting and field management from four aspects: variety selection, soil improvement, sowing and fertilization, and field management. Including giving priority to the selection of high quality, high yield and disease resistant varieties; implement in-depth cultivation and carry out reasonable crop rotation; determine the sowing time based on climatic conditions, and determine the sowing density and depth based on the characteristics of the variety; apply fertilizers scientifically and appropriately increase the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; strengthen hoeing, soil mounding and water management, and appropriate microbial preparations, chemical agents, etc. are adopted to control diseases and pests such as late blight, cutworms and aphids. The above measures have increased the yield and quality of potatoes and improved the economic benefits of growers. This article provides a reference for the scientific planting and field management of potatoes.

In this study, local indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) - Glomus consrictum were selected. Under the stress of cadmium (Cd) at different concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg), to explore its effects on the physical and chemical properties of soil and the fixation effect of Cd in soil in three treatment groups: no addition of biochar, addition of biochar A (corn stalks), and addition of biochar B (corn cobs). The FTIR spectral analysis results showed that the functional groups contained in the two types of biochar were approximately the same. The results of the co-treatment of AMF and biochar showed that the addition of two biochars decreased soil total Cd by 2.9%-25.1%, soil available Cd content by 4.8%-15.3%, and increased soil available potassium and soil available phosphorus content under different initial Cd concentrations. The soil pH and soil organic matter increased slightly, but the content of soil alkali-hydrolyzed diffused nitrogen decreased. Comprehensive comparison, under low Cd concentration, corncob biochar had a more significant effect on reducing soil total Cd and available cadmium, but under medium and high Cd concentration, corn straw biochar had a more significant effect on reducing soil total Cd and available Cd.

Low temperature is one of the major environmental stress factors affecting plants, exerting significant influence on photosynthetic capacity and thereby hindering plant growth and development. The impact of low temperature stress on the photosynthetic mechanisms in plant leaves was summarized, focusing on changes in cellular anatomical structure, cell membrane permeability, osmoregulatory substances, and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In terms of cellular anatomical structure, low temperature stress may disrupt the palisade/spongy tissue ratio in mesophyll cells and damage chloroplast ultrastructure. Regarding cell membrane permeability, low temperature stress induces electrolyte leakage, along with the accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation. Plants counteract this by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) to maintain ROS homeostasis. Concerning osmoregulatory substances, low temperature stress triggers the dynamic accumulation of proline, soluble sugars, and proteins to sustain photosynthetic performance. In photosynthetic carbon assimilation, low temperature stress reduces chlorophyll content and the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), altering key photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) compensates for the decline in Rubisco activity by fixing low-concentration CO₂, thereby mitigating photosynthetic losses. In conclusion, this article provides a reference for analyzing the mechanism of plants’ response to low temperatures and improving the photosynthetic performance of plant leaves under low temperature stress conditions.

To promote the research and development of efficient and environmentally friendly fertilizer alternatives and the resource utilization of agricultural waste, the usability of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer was analyzed, its practical application in the production of grain crops and economic crops were discussed, and the impact of reducing chemical fertilizers and applying organic fertilizers on crop yield and quality, soil quality, etc., were analyzed. In terms of availability, it has abundant raw materials for organic fertilizers and high availability. Among them, human and animal manure for producing organic fertilizers is a more suitable method. In practical applications, in the production of grain crops such as rice, wheat, and maize, organic fertilizer partially replaces chemical fertilizers, which can ensure the nutrient supply of rice at various growth stages, improve the nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency of wheat grains, and increase the biomass and protein content of maize; in the production of economic crops such as cotton, rapeseed, and pomelo, organic fertilizer partially replaces chemical fertilizers, which can improve cotton quality and yield, effectively reduce the occurrence of rapeseed diseases, and improve the nutrient status of pomelo leaves and fruits. In terms of impact, the application of this technology can help promote crop growth and development, improve crop yield and quality, increase soluble protein and vitamin C content in fruits, etc. improve soil structure, reduce soil pollution risk, and enhance soil nitrogen utilization efficiency. This article provides a reference for the development of green agriculture, circular economy.

To investigate the domestication efficiency of feed Siniperca chuatsi in the domestication model of industrial circulating water, an early-stage Siniperca chuatsi was conducted in a rectangular training tank over 52 days. Growth performance indicators, including survival rate of Siniperca chuatsi, were measured, and economic benefits were analyzed. The results showed that after domestication the final specification of feed Siniperca chuatsi was 43 individuals/kg, with a survival rate of 90.72%, weight gain rate of 924.67%, and feed conversion ratio of 1.07. Economic benefits analysis revealed a net profit of 78 832 yuan, with an overall break-even survival rate exceeding 42.43%. In conclusion, this training model offers advantages such as a short cycle, simple operation, strong controllability, high survival rate, and significant economic benefits, making it suitable for broader application in production.

The current status of the Huainan Bagongshan tofu industry and its brand construction, as well as the application of animation IP in empowering local characteristic industries were analyzed, and the practice of Bagongshan tofu animation IP design in brand enhancement was explored. Currently, challenges such as insufficient brand differentiation, weak digital communication, and inadequate industrial integration depth hinder the development of the Bagongshan tofu industry. As an emerging cultural medium, animation IP offers innovative pathways for the creative transformation of agricultural cultural heritage. It serves as a vital tool for building rural characteristic industries, optimizing rural industrial structures, promoting economic transformation, and providing new models for rural governance and public services. By integrating regional cultural, landscape, and industrial elements, animation IP can shape culturally distinctive brand images, attract younger consumer groups, and foster the inheritance and innovation of agricultural cultural heritage. Taking the “Doubao” animation IP as an example, the design of characters, derivative product development, and cultural industrial park construction have achieved the modern expression of traditional tofu culture and industrial value transformation. The practice demonstrates that combining animation IP with local characteristic industries not only drives youthful brand dissemination but also establishes a “cultural empowerment + industrial revitalization” dual-driven model, offering a replicable example for the sustainable development of rural specialty industries.

The research progress on the responses of plant leaf functional traits to environmental factors such as climatic factors (light, temperature, humidity), soil factors, and topographic factors (altitude, slope direction, slope position, and slope) was reviewed. In terms of climatic factors, different light conditions can lead to significant differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf lifespan, specific leaf area, and leaf size among plants. The relationship between leaf functional traits and temperature varies among different forest stands. The water transport capacity and hydraulic structure characteristics of leaves affect the water use efficiency, growth, competition and distribution of plants. Factors such as precipitation and soil humidity content can lead to diverse differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf size, specific leaf area and vein density among different plants. In terms of soil factors, the responses of plant leaf functional traits to different soil factors are different. In terms of topographic factors, the response mechanism of leaf functional traits to altitude is different in different developmental stages of different plants. The slope direction forms a local environmental gradient by regulating factors such as light and temperature, resulting in differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf area and specific leaf area among different plants. The utilization strategies of plant resources on different slopes are different, and there are differences in the performance trends of leaf functional traits such as leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area among different plants on different slopes. The functional traits of plant leaves vary with different slopes. This article provides a reference for clarifying the response mechanism of plant leaf functional traits to the environment.

Combined with the climatic characteristics and soil conditions of the Jianghuai Watershed region, the efficient cultivation techniques of blueberry suitable for this region were summarized. Specifically, it is advisable to choose plots with abundant sunlight, loose and fertile soil, convenient drainage and irrigation, and good ecological conditions. The blueberry varieties suitable for cultivation in the research area include south highbush blueberry and rabbit eye blueberry. Before planting, thoroughly clean the garden, select the best seedlings for planting, and strengthen the management after planting. Adjust the soil pH by using acidic organic matter and acidic fertilizers; during the growth process of blueberry, it is necessary to scientifically manage fertilizer and water, as well as shaping and pruning. Pest and disease control is carried out by means of manual operation, frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps, biological pesticides, chemical agents, etc. Weed control in time, cut grass for tree tray cover or for making waterlogged compost; harvest at the right time and store scientifically. This article provides a reference for the cultivation and management of blueberry in similar areas.

Bifenthrin·clothianidin is a new type of compound insecticide that can be used to control more than 20 pests such as Helicoverpa armigera. This study explores the properties, composition, action mechanism, and application effects of this suspension concentrate, as well as its application technologies and practices in the agricultural field, and prospects for future research. The suspension concentrate is formulated by combining two active ingredients, bifenthrin and clothianidin, with dual characteristics of rapid insecticidal activity and long-term protection. Its action mechanism includes contact toxicity, stomach toxicity, and systemic translocation: it can penetrate into the insect body either by directly contacting the insect surface (dissolving the waxy layer on the exoskeleton or through microscopic pores), enter via the insect’s mouthparts and digestive tract, or indirectly infiltrate the insect body when the pest engages in piercing-sucking feeding on plant stems and leaves treated with the insecticide, ultimately leading to insect death by poisoning. In terms of application effects, this insecticide offers advantages such as a broad insecticidal spectrum, quick-acting and long-lasting efficacy, low toxicity, safety, and environmental friendliness. It also exhibits excellent environmental and ecological safety: it is safe for crop growth, compatible with other chemical agents, has minimal impacts on aquatic organisms and beneficial organisms, and can degrade into harmless substances in soil over time. Previously, this insecticide has been used to control pests such as aphids, cutworms, thrips, and pear psylla on various crops including food crops, fruits, and vegetables, and can be applied through methods such as spraying, drip irrigation, and drenching. In the future, efforts will be made to further optimize its formulation, develop more efficient and stable dosage forms, and conduct research on environmental friendliness and precise application technologies. In summary, bifenthrin·clothianidin suspension concentrate can reduce the application rate of chemical pesticides, delay the development of pest resistance, and extend the service life of pesticides, thereby boasting broad application prospects.

7 plant growth regulators (0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP 75.0 g/hm², 0.1% triacontanol ME 1 000 mL/hm², 0.4% kinetin AS 937.5 mL/hm², 0.000 4% enadenine·oxyenadenine SP 750 mL/hm², 4% gibberellic acid SL 500 mL/hm², 0.007 5% 14-hydroxybrassinolide AS 150 mL/hm², 2% potassium nitrophenolate AS 150 mL/hm²) were used for spray treatment at the initial stage of tea bud germination and single bud stage, respectively, with spraying water as the control (CK). The effects of tea on the growth, yield, safety and appearance quality of tea were analyzed. The results showed that the 7 plant growth regulators tested could increase germination density and had a significant regulatory effect on the germination and growth of tea buds. After the second spray, the fresh tea yield increased by 12.77% to 47.35% compared to the CK, among them, the treatment with 0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP at 75.0 g/hm² showed a significant increase in tea yield. 7 plant growth regulators were found to be safe for tea plant growth, improving product appearance and quality (increased bud production, tender leaves, uniform color, thickness, and size of tea shoots and leaves), while posing no harm to beneficial arthropods such as spiders. This article provides a reference for selecting suitable plant growth regulators to promote tea growth.

Gray mold is a common disease in strawberry production, which can reduce the yield and quality of strawberry and cause certain economic losses. The pathogen and symptoms of strawberry gray mold, the infection cycle of the disease, the main factors influencing its occurrence, and comprehensive control measures were elaborated. There are many types of pathogens causing strawberry gray mold, mainly including Botrytis cinerea, B. caroliniana, and B. sinoviticola, etc. The main damage is to the fruit, initially showing water-soaked spots, and later expanding into gray-brown soft rot spots covered with mold; infected flower organs, leaves, and petioles show browning, rotting, and mold. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the form of conidia, mycelium, or sclerotia in diseased residues and soil, and spreads through air currents, water vapor, or agricultural operations, infecting plants through wounds or natural openings, and repeatedly reinfecting in a humid environment. The main factors influencing the occurrence of this disease include variety resistance, fruit maturity and whether it is damaged, the amount of bacteria carried by various plant organs, environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, the amount of spores in the air), and cultivation and management measures (close planting, poor ventilation, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application, and continuous cropping). In production, it is recommended to adopt comprehensive control measures including agricultural control measures such as selecting disease-resistant varieties and high ridge mulching cultivation, ecological control measures such as high-temperature fumigation, biological control measures such as applying antagonistic bacteria (such as Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium lateritium Pa2) and plant-derived agents (eugenol, carvacrol), and chemical control measures such as alternating use of low-toxic and highly effective fungicides such as procymidone and boscalid to effectively control the occurrence of strawberry gray mold. In the future, systematic research needs to be conducted in areas such as resistance monitoring systems, development of environmentally friendly fungicides, and disease monitoring and early warning systems to provide references for the control and in-depth study of this disease.

To understand the risk factors in yeast products, brewing yeast and high-active dry yeast products sold in market were selected. A fishbone diagram was used to identify and analyze potential risk factors, and pathogenic microorganisms as well as heavy metals (total arsenic and lead) were measured. The results showed that the main risks in yeast products were associated with raw materials, fermentation, and production processes. No pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, or Listeria monocytogenes, were detected in any of the tested products. The total arsenic and lead contents in the products were consistently low, complying with safety standards, and exhibited a year-on-year decreasing trend, with no lead residues were detected in yeast extracts, yeast-based compound seasonings, etc. These findings indicate that yeast products have a high safety profile.

Based on a comprehensive interpretation of the all-age friendly concept and the connotation of urban renewal, as well as the current challenges in urban park renovation, Shenyang Kejian Park was taken as a case. From the perspective of all-age friendly, the park’s challenges through empirical analysis were pointed out, and renewal strategies for creating an all-age friendly urban park were proposed. Against the backdrop of urban renewal, urban park renovation has shifted toward all-age friendly, diversity, and refinement. Current efforts still need improvement in ecological functions, biodiversity, spatial composite utilization, and maintenance management. Kejian Park faces shortcomings in rational functional zoning, infrastructure functionality, road network accessibility, and diversified plant configuration. Accordingly,renewal and activation strategies for all-age friendly urban parks were proposed，including enriching functional zones to create shared activity spaces for all ages; upgrading infrastructure and adding industrial-themed interactive installations; optimizing the hierarchical road network system to enhance spatial accessibility; diversifying plant community configurations to strengthen ecological service functions. This research provides a reference for enhancing similar urban park renewal projects.

Based on the practice of strip intercropping of soybeans and corn in Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, the soybean and corn strip intercropping technology from the aspects of pre-sowing preparation, sowing, field management, pest and disease control and so on were summarized and analyzed. In terms of preparation before sowing, corn varieties with strong resistance to dense planting, disease resistance, lodging and compact or semi-compact, and soybean varieties with strong shade resistance and lodging resistance are preferred. Sterilization of seeds such as coating, seed mixing or seed soaking. In terms of seeding, apply sufficient high quality decomposed farm fertilizer, combined with the application of compound fertilizer, according to the actual situation, in accordance with 3:2 or 4:2 model seeding, to ensure the seeding density. In terms of field management, closed weeding and post-seedling weeding are used to remove weeds. When the plants grew too well and the planting density is too high, plant growth regulator is applied to control the growth of the plants. In terms of pest control, the use of mechanical equipment for deep ploughing, turning the soil, or the use of insecticidal lamps in the adult insect occurrence period can effectively lure and kill pests, and select appropriate chemical agents for control according to the types of pests and diseases. In terms of harvesting, it should be harvest at the approprite in time and dry for storage. This paper provides references for optimizing planting layout and improving soybean and corn production performance in relevant areas.

To compare the historical evolution, medicinal effects and chemical components of jujube and Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, the authentic evolution, efficacy verification and active components of two medicinal materials were analyzed. The key components in the pulp and seeds of the two were identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the contents of saponin B and spinosin in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Herbal research showed that jujube was mainly produced in Shandong and Shanxi provinces, while Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was mainly produced in the North China Plain and other northern regions. Both contain active components such as flavonoids and triterpenoids, but the content of hypnotic components (such as spinosin and saponin B) in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was higher after stir-frying. TLC and HPLC showed that both the pulp of jujube and Ziziphi Spinosae Semen contained oleanolic acid and betulinic acid, while the seed of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen only contained betulinic acid, and neither of the two was detected in the seed of jujube. The content of saponin B in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen was determined by HPLC to be 0.021 7 mg/g, and that of spinosin was 0.072 6 mg/g, which might be related to the variety or harvest period. The above results indicated that the flesh components of jujube and Ziziphi Spinosae Semen were similar, but the kernels were significantly different. The medicinal parts of the two cannot be replaced. Ziziphi Spinosae Semen need to be stir-fried to increase efficiency, and their pulp can be developed into food (such as vinegar, pastries) to improve utilization.

To investigate the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of selenium (Se) in the soil-crop (rice, corn) system, this study collected and analyzed 1 429 paddy field-rice samples and 1 536 dryland-corn samples. Combining methods such as inverse distance weighting interpolation, hot/cold spot analysis, correlation analysis, and random forest models, the distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium in the soil-crop system were investigated. The relationships between parent material, soil physicochemical properties [soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH], essential trace elements [copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)], climatic factors [altitude (ASL), slope (SLP), annual precipitation (PRCP), mean temperature (TEMP)] and soil Se, crop Se, and bioaccumulation factors (BCF) were analyzed. The results showed that,(1) The average Se content in paddy soils was 0.66 mg/kg (selenium-rich rate: 80.13%), while that in dryland soils was 0.58 mg/kg (selenium-rich rate: 73.83%). (2) Moran’s I indices for paddy soil Se, dryland soil Se, rice Se, corn Se, rice BCF, and corn BCF were 0.46, 0.31, 0.38, 0.17, 0.13, and 0.07 respectively, indicating moderate spatial autocorrelation influenced by both structural and stochastic factors. (3) Parent material significantly influenced the spatial variation of soil Se, with greater impact on rice Se than corn Se, potentially related to crop species differences. (4) The random forest modeling identified PRCP, ASL, TEMP, and SOM as primary predictors of soil Se; PRCP, TEMP, and ASL for crop Se; SOM and PRCP for rice BCF; SOM, ASL, and TEMP for corn BCF. This study provides references for selenium-rich resource utilization in relevant areas.

Abiotic stresses such as light, drought, heavy metals and salinity are important environmental factors affecting the growth and development of plants. As a natural herbaceous plant, the growth and development of Mentha canadensis can also be affected by abiotic stresses. The effects of abiotic stresses such as light, drought and heavy metals on the germination of Mentha canadensis seeds and the growth of seedlings were reviewed. Blue light significantly promotes the growth of mint stems, while red and blue light can promote the growth of its roots. In a weakened environment, the root system grows slowly, the photosynthetic rate decreases, and the accumulation of organic matter reduces. Under drought stress, the photosynthesis of Mentha canadensis is inhibited, and the integrity of its biofilm structure is affected, which is not conducive to the improvement of its yield and quality. Heavy metals chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) all show the characteristics of promoting the growth of Mentha canadensis at low concentrations and inhibiting it at high concentrations. Moreover, with the increase of the treatment concentration, their physiological activities are affected to varying degrees. Salt and alkali can affect the seed germination of this plant and the growth of the embryo shoot and embryo root. Other factors such as CO₂ concentration, moisture content and ambient temperature can all have an impact on the growth of Mentha canadensis. This article provides references for exploring the mechanism of Mentha canadensis’s response to abiotic stress.

To investigate the effects of the plant growth regulator Iron Chlorine e6 on rice growth, an experiment was conducted using the rice variety Ningxiangjing 9. The following treatments were applied: seed dressing with 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 (A1, 22.5 g/hm²; A2, 45.0 g/hm²; A3, 67.5 g/hm²; A4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the jointing stage (B1, 22.5 g/hm²; B2, 45.0 g/hm²; B3, 67.5 g/hm²; B4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the booting stage (C1, 22.5 g/hm²; C2, 45.0 g/hm²; C3, 67.5 g/hm²; C4, 90.0 g/hm²; CK, clear water control). The traits, yield, and safety of rice plants under different treatments were determined. The results showed that foliar spraying of 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 soluble powder increased panicle length and plant height, while seed dressing effectively thickened the basal internodes and enhanced lodging resistance. Both methods, at application rates of 45.0-90.0 g/hm², prevented lodging. Both seed dressing and foliar spraying of Iron Chlorine e6 increased the hundred-grain weight, seed setting rate, and yield of rice, with yield increases ranging from 2.14% to 11.95%. The C4 treatment achieved the highest yield (11 303.55 kg/hm²). All treatments were safe for rice growth. Considering economic benefits, it is recommended to apply 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 at 67.5 g/hm² during the booting stage to improve rice yield.

This investigation mainly adopts the method of line investigation, and combines field investigation, sample plot investigation, individual tree investigation, literature review, and interviews with informed people to assist in the investigation. It analyzes the types, quantities, and distribution status of wild forest trees, collected and preserved species, cultivated and utilized species, ancient and famous trees, rare and protected forest and grass species, superior stands and superior individual trees, as well as herbaceous species and other forest and grass germplasm resources in Jieshou City, Anhui Province. The results show that 46 kinds of wild forest resources such as Ginkgo biloba, Magnolia grandiflora and Camphora officinarum are recorded; 5 kinds of germplasm resources such as Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Wanhuai1’, Quercus acutissima,Koelreuteria bipinnata,and ‘integrifoliola’ are collected and preserved; 130 kinds of forest and grass germplasm resources such as Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Platycladus orientalis,and Pinus bungeana are cultivated and utilized; 43 ancient and famous tree species such as Pistacia chinensis, Ailanthus altissima, and Ehretia acuminata are recorded; 6 kinds of rare and protected forest and grass species such as Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Eucommia ulmoides, and Zelkova serrata are recorded; 4 excellent stands and 10 excellent individual trees are collected; and 92 kinds of herbage germplasm resources such as Equisetum ramosissimum, Nymphaea tetragona and Hemerocallis fulva are recorded. Based on the distribution of resources, measures such as establishing in situ preservation repositories, off-site preservation repositories, forest germplasm resource databases, and strengthening the protection of rare and endangered plants have been proposed. This paper provides a reference for establishing an information management system for forest and grass germplasm resources in the research area and scientifically formulating long-term protection and utilization plans for forest and grass germplasm resources.

The virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips is able to restore variety characteristics and improve potato yield and quality, making it one of the key biotechnologies in seed potato production. The entire process of virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips was systematically elaborated, and its common problems along with control strategies were summarized. The technical procedure involved pretreatment of explants, shoot tip dissection, primary culture of plantlets, virus detection, and in vitro propagation of plantlets. During the primary culture stage, the explants were sterilized and pretreated, and then cultured in a specific medium to induce the differentiation of apical meristems into plantlets. The obtained primary plantlets were subjected to virus detection using serological and molecular biological methods. After confirming the absence of viruses, the plantlets were transferred to propagation and strengthening media for multiplication. 3 major issues encountered during the tissue culture process were contamination, vitrification, and browning. Contamination, caused by bacteria, fungi, or endophytes, was prevented through strict aseptic techniques, environmental sterilization, and the addition of antibiotics or bacteriostatic agents to the culture medium. Vitrified plantlets, characterized by a translucent and fragile appearance, were primarily induced by unsuitable culture conditions or excessive subculturing, and could be mitigated by adjusting light and temperature conditions, regulating hormone concentrations, and incorporating dark culture periods. Browning, a phenomenon where wounded explants secreted brown substances leading to death, was commonly suppressed by adding anti-browning agents such as sodium thiosulfate. This article provides a reference for the production of virus-free seed potatoes

The application of plant growth regulators is one of the important measures for the high quality and high yield cultivation of Capsicum annuum. Application research progress of plant growth regulators in promoting the growth of Capsicum annuum, enhancing their stress resistance, and promoting redness and leaf removal of Capsicum annuum were reviewed. The results showed that spraying appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators such as brassinolide and chitosan oligosaccharides at the appropriate time was conducive to promoting plant growth, achieving the purpose of increasing yield and improving quality, seed germination, cultivating strong seedlings, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, and dwarfization of plant type, and improving the seedling strength index. At the same time, it could enhance the ability of Capsicum annuum seedlings to withstand high temperature and drought stress, low temperature and weak light stress, and the damage caused by saline-alkali and waterlogging disasters, and it could alleviate drug damage and continuous cropping obstacles. The special defoliating agent for Capsicum annuum had certain defoliating and reddening effects. Subsequently, research on the regulation of Capsicum annuum plant type by plant growth regulators should be further intensified. This article provides a reference for the safe application of plant growth regulators in Capsicum annuum production.

based on the climatic conditions of Zhou Rui Town, Dabu County, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, high yield cultivation and postharvest preservation techniques for loquats were analyzed. The study area features a mild four-season climate with concurrent rainfall and heat, long summers, and short winters, making it highly suitable for cultivation. The high yield cultivation involves selecting deep, loose, well-drained soil for planting, with optimal timing in February (before spring bud emergence), early summer, or autumn. Key practices include pit expansion and soil improvement for young trees, balanced application of compound and organic fertilizers, controlled irrigation, timely fertilization to promote growth, and winter-spring pruning and fruit thinning for mature trees. During flowering and fruiting stages, measures such as flower stimulation, thinning, and fruit bagging are implemented. Major diseases and pests including leaf spot, anthracnose, loquat psyllid, and oriental fruit moth， are managed through preventive, integrated green control strategies. Postharvest protocols emphasize harvesting during dew-free mornings, evenings, or cloudy days, followed by rigorous sorting to remove damaged or diseased fruit before grading, packaging, and cold-chain transport. Preservation employs low-temperature storage, 1-methylcyclopropene treatment, and controlled atmosphere storage to extend shelf life. The research and development of deep-processed loquat products should be further expanded to increase their added value. This article provides a reference for the high yield cultivation and storage of loquat in the relevant areas.

To improve the quality of agricultural meteorological services provided by grassroots meteorological departments, the current status of the basic application of satellite remote sensing technology was analyzed in grassroots meteorological departments, and its specific application in modern meteorological services was explored. In terms of application status, it is necessary to further identify and analyze monitoring objects, accurately locate monitoring targets through product stacking, algorithm optimization and adjustment, and other operations; multiple remote sensing model calculation methods and data sources need to be combined to improve monitoring accuracy. In terms of application, it is mainly used in 3 aspects: meteorological disaster prediction, agricultural production services, and environmental monitoring. Among them, in terms of meteorological disaster prediction, it can be used for monitoring floods, geology, meteorology, forests, etc., providing data reference for flood control and disaster relief, geological disasters, drought monitoring, forest fire prevention, etc. In terms of agricultural production service monitoring, it can be used for crop growth pest and disease, yield evaluation and other monitoring, helping to reverse the growth parameters of crops, reduce economic losses caused by pests and diseases, and calculate crop yields. In terms of ecological environment monitoring, it can be used for monitoring atmospheric environment, water pollution, solid waste, etc., to help accurately assess the air quality and evaluate water quality in the region. This article provides references for the application of satellite remote sensing technology in modern meteorological services.

Based on the occurrence and damage of the main rice diseases and insect pests, the comprehensive control technologies, including agricultural, biological, physical and chemical prevention and control were discussed. The primary diseases included rice blast (which infected leaves, nodes, and panicles), sheath blight (which infected basal leaf sheaths), and false smut (a panicle disease). The major pests included rice planthopper (which sucked sap), the rice leaf roller (which damaged leaves by rolling), and rice stem borers (which bored into stems). The integrated control was centered on the ecosystem and combined agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical technologies. Agricultural control involved selecting resistant varieties and implementing scientific field management; biological control generally utilized natural enemies and integrated crop-aquaculture systems; physical control often employed measures such as trapping and barrier methods; chemical control was focused on reducing application quantities and increasing efficiency by selecting low-toxicity agents. By comprehensively applying these control technologies, precise prediction and green management were achieved, which protected rice yield and quality and promoted sustainable agricultural development.

Direct seeding of rice is a cultivation method that involves sowing seeds directly in the field, eliminating the need for seedling nursery and transplanting. The efficient cultivation management techniques were summarized from aspects such as variety selection, sowing methods, pre-sowing treatments, and sowing management. In production, rice varieties suitable for local cultivation with strong lodging resistance should be selected for direct seeding ( early rice varieties like Songyazao No.1, late rice varieties like Huanghuazhan, and dual-season varieties like Meixiangzhan No.2). Wet direct seeding with broadcast sowing is predominantly used for direct seeding rice due to its labor-saving and high efficiency, while hole sowing in dry direct seeding is adopted in arid regions to enhance yield. Pre-sowing practices include weed control (using herbicides such as 10% glufosinate-ammonium), field preparation (mechanical deep plowing and subsoiling), and land leveling combined with fertilization. Pre-sowing seed treatments involve sun-drying (1–2 days), seed soaking (using 25% prochloraz emulsion), and germination acceleration (placed at 30–32°C for 1–2 days). Timely sowing is crucial (early rice in early March, late rice in mid-to-early July), with a seeding rate of 3.5–4.0 kg/667 m⊃2; for conventional rice and 3.0-3.5 kg/667 m⊃2; for hybrid rice. Weed control techniques include pre-emergence treatment (using herbicides such as 40% bensulfuron-methyl · pretilachlor) 2–4 days after sowing, post-emergence control (using herbicides like penoxsulam and bentazone) 15-20 days after sowing, and late-stage supplementary control (using herbicides such as 2-methyl-4-chloro · bentazone or manual weeding) when rice reaches the 7–8 leaf stage. In field management, timely topdressing and scientific water management based on the principle of “deep water for seedling protection, shallow water for tillering, ample water for booting, and moist field for large panicle development” are essential. Additionally, chemical control agents such as paclobutrazol should be applied 3–5 days before jointing to prevent lodging. While implementing integrated disease and pest management as in conventional rice fields, special attention should be paid to controlling sheath blight during the mid-to-late growth stages of rice. This article provides a reference for the promotion and application of high yield cultivation management techniques for direct seedling rice.

To understand the yield and fertilizer use efficiency of maize under formula fertilization by soil testing conditions, the experiment established five treatments:soil testing and formulated fertilization (NPK), soil testing and formulated fertilization without nitrogen (PK), soil testing and formulated fertilization without phosphorus (NK), soil testing and formulated fertilization without potassium (NP), and no fertilization (CK). The maize yield, yield components, and total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content under different fertilization conditions were measured, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer use efficiency as well as input-output ratio were calculated.The results showed that the NPK treatment had the highest values for ear number, kernel number per ear, 100-kernel weight, and actual yield, reaching 2 928.5 ears/666.7 m⊃2;, 567.8 kernels, 35.2 g, and 585 kg/666.7 m⊃2;, respectively. NPK treatment the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in maize grains and straw were 9.20%, 3.42%, 5.53% and 10.10%, 3.80%, 14.4%, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer use efficiency reached 42.26%, 24.38%, and 48.32%, respectively. The input-output ratios for NPK, PK, NK, NP, and CK were 5.33, 4.15, 5.18, 5.25, and 4.58, respectively. These results indicated that the soil testing and formulated fertilization in this experiment effectively improved maize yield and production investment ratio.

The parental sources, breeding process, variety characteristics, seed production techniques, and high yield cultivation techniques of maize variety Zhongxu No.1 were summarized and analyzed. This variety was cultivated with ZF428 as the female parent and ZX410 as the male parent. It was approved by the Anhui Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (approval number: Wanshenyu 2024T004). This variety was planted in the north of the Huai River in Anhui Province, and had the characteristics of good field growth, excellent quality, strong resistance, and high yield. The key points of its seed production technology include selecting plots with good water conservancy conditions and flat terrain as seed production bases; strictly set up isolation zones through methods such as spatial and temporal isolation; staged impurity removal treatment to eliminate mixed seedlings in the field; adopting the method of touching the buds with leaves to remove the male spikes from the maternal plant; reasonably arrange the parent line ratio and sowing schedule; predicting the flowering period and adjust it using chemical and physical methods to ensure that the flowering periods meet; timely harvest and separate storage to prevent mixing. High yield cultivation techniques include selecting suitable plots for light, temperature, fertilizer, and water conditions for planting; sow at the appropriate time and sow content; adopting a single seed sowing machine to ensure reasonable seedling density; soil sealing and weed control before sowing, chemical weed control during the 3-5 leaf stage; apply sufficient basal fertilizer, apply timely topdressing during the bell mouth and pollination periods, and supplement zinc, boron, and other trace element fertilizers in moderation; timely irrigation and timely drainage of accumulated water in the fields; adopting appropriate pesticides to prevent and control pests and diseases such as ground tiger, maize borer, rust, etc.; harvest maize kernels promptly when the milk ripening line completely disappears. This article provides a reference for further promotion and planting of this variety.

Castanopsis hystrix is one of the most important native broad-leaved tree species and wood species, which has high ecological and economic value. The research progress of the tree species forest afforestation, breeding of good varieties, management and protection, seedling cultivation, disease and pest control, resource utilization and so on were reviewed. The construction of mixed forest is beneficial to improve the stability of stand and the ability of disease and pest prevention, and the rational optimization of its density and structure is beneficial to improve the quality and yield of plantation. The main cultivation methods of the plant seedlings are strong seedling raising, cutting propagation and tissue culture, which is beneficial to the protection and utilization of germplasm resources, and reasonable fertilization is beneficial to promote the growth and development of Castanopsis hystrix seedlings. The mechanism of the adaptive evolution of the tree species are analyzed by modern biotechnology, which is of great importance to the selection of excellent germplasm resources. Rational application of chemical agents is benificial to control Castanopsis hystrix dieases and pests; Castanopsis hystrix is suitable for the production of high quality wood, and building mixed forest is of great significance for increasing the diversity of species and maintaining the balance of biomass. This paper provides references for further development and utilization of Castanopsis hystrix germplasm resources.

Based on literature review and practice, the application practice of Juncao technology was analyzed, with its limitations in the field of ecological agriculturey were systematicall explored, while corresponding improvement strategies were proposed. In ecological remediation, Juncao demonstrates significant effectiveness in rehabilitating heavy metal-contaminated soils and polluted water bodies. Regarding feed production, Juncao fermented feed exhibits rich nutritional value and excellent palatability, effectively promoting weight gain in beef cattle, reducing feed costs, decreasing pollutant emissions, and achieving dual enhancement of ecological and economic benefits. Circular models such as“Juncao-breeding-planting”and“Juncao-edible fungi-organic fertilizer”have realized resource recycling and waste valorization. However, challenges remain in technology popularization, funding investment, and guarantee system for Juncao applications. To address these issues, strategies including intensified research and development and promotion, establishment of diversified funding mechanisms, improved policy support and institutional safeguards, enhanced technical service systems, and expanded market applications are proposed to advance Juncao industry development. This research provides valuable references for promoting the broader adoption of Juncao technology.

To compare the effects of different stem/leaf positions (upper layer A₁, middle layer A₂), different drying methods (natural drying B₁, 50 ℃ oven drying B₂), and different materials (leaf C₁, stem C₂) on the rosmarinic acid content in rosemary, the upper and middle layers of rosemary stems and leaves were used as raw materials. Rosmarinic acid was extracted using 70% ethanol with ultrasonic assistance, and a randomized experimental design was employed in combination with HPLC to determine the rosmarinic acid content. The results showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) calculated from the peak areas was 0.47%, indicating that the established analytical method had a relatively high accuracy. The content of rosmarinic acid in A₁B₁C₂, A₂B₁C₂, A₁B₁C₁ and A₂B₁C₁ treatment was 0.066 2, 0.067 9, 0.128 9 and 0.129 7 mg/mL, respectively. The rosmarinic acid contents of A₁B₂C₂, A₂B₂C₂, A₁B₂C₁ and A₂B₂C₁ treatments were 0.052 1, 0.057 3, 0.120 2 and 0.119 4 mg/mL, respectively. The results indicated that the rosmarinic acid content extracted from stems and leaves treated with natural drying was higher than that from 50 °C oven drying. The rosmarinic acid content in leaves was consistently higher than that in stems, and among the leaves, the middle layer showed higher content than the upper layer.