Rice pot seedling machine transplanting effectively combines the characteristics of pot-shaped seedlings and carpet seedlings. It involves the precise transplantation of soil-bearing pot seedlings into the field using specialized machinery, offering advantages such as shortening the slow seedling recovery period and improving yield and stability. This article, based on the practice of rice pot seedling machine transplanting in Anqing, Anhui Province, introduces high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation techniques for rice pot seedling nursery and machine transplanting, covering aspects such as variety selection, seed treatment, seedling management, and pot seedling transplantation. In production, it is advisable to select varieties with suitable maturity and strong disease resistance, such as Haoliangyou 729 and Haoliangyou 985. Seed treatment measures, including sun drying and soaking, are implemented to improve seedling emergence rates. For seedling management, a flat and well-irrigated field is selected as the nursery. Using nursery trays measuring 60 cm in length and 30 cm in width, with 448 holes per tray. The required number of trays is 35 trays per 667 m2. After sowing, soil sealing treatment, scientific water management, and fertilization are carried out to cultivate standardized seedlings with a hole formation rate of ≥90%, uniform growth, and free from pests and diseases. During transplantation, the row spacing for pot seedling machine transplanting is set at 33 cm × 14 cm, with a planting density of 14 400 holes per 667 m2 and a transplanting depth of 1–2 cm. After machine transplanting, water management follows the principle of “shallow water initially, mid-term drying, and moist conditions later”, shallow water before seedling recovery, field drying when tillers reach 90% of the panicle number, intermittent irrigation during jointing and booting stages, alternating dry and wet conditions during the grain-filling stage, and water supply is cut off 7-10 days before harvest. 5–7 kg /667 m2 of urea during the tillering stage to promote tillering, 2–3 kg/667 m2 of urea + 3–5 kg/667 m2 of potassium chloride during the booting stage to protect panicles, and foliar fertilizers such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate during the grain-filling stage to increase grain weight. Pest, disease, and weed control prioritize prevention, with chemical control applied at specific stages, supplemented by physical and biological control. Pesticide application should avoid high temperatures and the flowering period. Harvesting is conducted timely on sunny days when 95% of the grains turn yellow and 33% of the rice stalks dry out. The grains are dried to a moisture content of 13.5%–14.5% before storage.
The genetic characteristics and types of rice dwarfism were systematically analyzed, the role of plant hormones was examined in this process, the ideal plant architecture for dwarf breeding was discussed, and prospects for future research directions were provided. Rice plant height determined jointly by the number and length of internodes, was identified as a key trait affecting lodging resistance and yield. Dwarfing mutants in rice types were diverse and could be classified inter-node shortening mode into categories such as d6-type and dm-type. Currently, plant height was categorized into tall, semi-dwarf, and dwarf based on height, though the distinction between semi-dwarf and dwarf remained to be clarified, reflecting the complexity of the underlying genetic mechanisms. Dwarfism was primarily associated with deficiencies in the metabolism or signal transduction of 3 types of hormones: gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and strigolactone (SL). Among these, GA and BR were directly involved in regulating internode elongation, and mutations in their related genes led to dwarfism. In contrast, SL synthetic gene mutations resulted in dwarfism along with increased tillering. A total of 36 major dwarf genes (sd1, d18, and etc.) had been cloned, providing important genetic resources for lodging-resistant breeding. The development of rice varieties with high lodging resistance, yield potential, and suitability for mechanized production had become a major objective in modern breeding. Progress in rice dwarf breeding was expected to be effectively advanced through in-depth research on the gene function, genetic diversity, and key gene networks of rice dwarfing mutants, combined with modern technologies such as gene editing and phenomics. This review provides a reference for the selection and improvement of rice varieties.
To investigate the effects of the plant growth regulator Iron Chlorine e6 on rice growth, an experiment was conducted using the rice variety Ningxiangjing 9. The following treatments were applied: seed dressing with 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 (A1, 22.5 g/hm2; A2, 45.0 g/hm2; A3, 67.5 g/hm2; A4, 90.0 g/hm2; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the jointing stage (B1, 22.5 g/hm2; B2, 45.0 g/hm2; B3, 67.5 g/hm2; B4, 90.0 g/hm2; CK, clear water control); foliar spraying at the booting stage (C1, 22.5 g/hm2; C2, 45.0 g/hm2; C3, 67.5 g/hm2; C4, 90.0 g/hm2; CK, clear water control). The traits, yield, and safety of rice plants under different treatments were determined. The results showed that foliar spraying of 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 soluble powder increased panicle length and plant height, while seed dressing effectively thickened the basal internodes and enhanced lodging resistance. Both methods, at application rates of 45.0-90.0 g/hm2, prevented lodging. Both seed dressing and foliar spraying of Iron Chlorine e6 increased the hundred-grain weight, seed setting rate, and yield of rice, with yield increases ranging from 2.14% to 11.95%. The C4 treatment achieved the highest yield (11 303.55 kg/hm2). All treatments were safe for rice growth. Considering economic benefits, it is recommended to apply 0.02% Iron Chlorine e6 at 67.5 g/hm2 during the booting stage to improve rice yield.
To investigate the effects of delayed harvesting on the growth traits and yield of summer maize, this study used Jingdan 58 and Liyu 35 as experimental materials. 2 treatments were set: normal harvest (Ⅰ) and delayed harvest by 25 days (Ⅱ). The agronomic traits (such as ear length), yield traits (such as 1 000-kernel weight), yield, as well as dry matter accumulation and distribution were measured. The results showed that delayed harvesting had no significant effect on the agronomic traits of summer maize. Delayed harvest increased the yield by 4.5%-5.1%, reduced the grain moisture content to 5.2 to 7.7 percentage points, increased the grain output rate by 0.7 to 1.3 percentage points, and raised the 1 000-kernel weight by 2.9–9.1 g. The dry matter per plant increased by 14.9–15.7 g, among which the dry matter of grains per plant increased by 8.2-17.3 g. In conclusion, delayed harvesting of summer maize can effectively reduce grain moisture content, enhance the translocation of dry matter to grains, and increase the 1 000-kernel weight, thereby achieving yield improvement.
An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of rice straw returning and tillage methods on wheat growth, the wheat variety Yangmai 30 was used as the material. 5 treatments were designed: full amount of rice straw returned to the field followed by deep tillage + shallow rotary tillage (T1), full amount of straw returned to the field followed by shallow rotary tillage (T2), no-tillage with full amount of straw returned to the field (T3), all rice straw baled and removed from the field followed by deep tillage + shallow rotary tillage (T4), and all straw baled and removed from the field followed by shallow rotary tillage (T5). The emergence of wheat seedlings, occurrence of weeds in wheat fields, the entire growth period of wheat, and yield factors under various treatments were determined. The results showed that the emergence rates of the treatments, in descending order, were T4 > T5 > T1 > T2 > T3. The total weed occurrence, in descending order, was T2 > T5 > T4 > T1 > T3. The growth progress was generally consistent, with a full growth period of 199 days for all treatments. In terms of yield, the yields of the treatments ranged from 6 108.8 to 6 603.3 kg/hm2, in descending order: T4 > T1 > T2 > T5 > T3. The economic benefits, in descending order, were T3 > T2 > T5 > T4 > T1. Overall, T3 and T2 were associated with higher economic benefits, while T4 achieved the highest wheat yield. Different regions can select suitable straw management methods based on local conditions to enhance wheat yield while improving economic benefits. This article provides a reference for efficient planting of rice stubble and wheat.
Lyunuo No.3 is a medium-japonica type conventional glutinous rice variety bred from Xiangnuo 2402 as the female parent and Wuyunuo 16 as the male parent. Its high yield cultivation techniques based on its characteristics and performance were summarized in the Huangshan City, Anhui Province. From 2022 to 2024, this variety performance in the study area was stable, with a full growth period of 146–150 days and a yield ranging from 7.38 to 7.67 t/hm2. The high yield cultivation techniques included seed treatment such as sunning, disinfecting, and soaking; timely and appropriate sowing along with enhanced fertilizer and water management as well as pest, disease, and weed control in the seedling field; land preparation and application of base fertilizer, involving mechanical plowing and sufficient application of organic and compound fertilizers; rational dense planting (row spacing of 23 cm×17 cm); scientific fertilization during the field growth period (timely and appropriate application of base fertilizer, green-recovering fertilizer, tillering fertilizer, flower-promoting fertilizer, and foliar fertilizer); irrigation (following the principles of shallow water for green recovery, thin water for tillering, sun-drying for tiller control, and alternating dry and wet conditions for strong grains); integrated disease and pest control (combining chemical agents and physical trapping for key pests and diseases at different growth stages); and timely harvesting (the grains had hardened which was carried out when the rice was fully mature). This study provides a reference for the further promotion and cultivation of Lyunuo No.3.
After sowing winter wheat, suitable temperatures and sufficient fertilizer can lead to overly vigorous seedling growth, which may negatively affect its lodging resistance and later grain filling ability. Based on practical winter wheat production in the Yellow River Flood Plain, the main factors affecting the control of excessive wheat growth were summarized, and integrated field management measures were analyzed. The factors influencing the control effect included the absence of soil compaction and deep hoeing, improper timing of chemical regulation, excessive nitrogen application or inappropriate fertilization timing, and inadequate pest, disease, and weed control. The integrated field management measures included mechanical compaction, which was carried out on sunny days after the three-leaf stage, with 1 to 4 rounds of compaction depending on the severity of overgrowth. It was noted that compaction should not be applied in waterlogged, compacted, or saline-alkali fields. Deep hoeing to break roots was performed at the end of the tillering stage at a depth of 10-15 cm, followed by leveling and topdressing. Chemical regulation involved the application of agents such as paclobutrazol during the green revival period, with attention paid to concentration of pesticide application. Fertilizer and water management included reducing nitrogen fertilizer, increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application, and adopting delayed nitrogen fertilization techniques. In spring, light and frequent irrigation was applied based on soil moisture conditions, followed by timely intertillage. For disease and pest control, the rotational application strategy was adopted to prioritize the control of diseases such as crown rot and pests including wheat mites. Weed control adhered to the principle of “managing spring weeds in autumn” and appropriate agents were selected based on the weed species. This study provides a reference for controlling excessive growth of wheat seedling growth and promoting healthy crop development.
To investigate the effects of side-deep fertilization of slow-release blended fertilizer on the growth and yield of machine-transplanted rice, a field experiment was conducted using rice cultivar Jingliangyou 1125. 5 treatments were designed: CK (conventional manual fertilization + machine transplanting), T1 (side-deep fertilization + conventional amount), T2 (side-deep fertilization with 10% reduction), T3 (side-deep fertilization with 20% reduction), and T4 (side-deep fertilization with 30% reduction). The growth period, agronomic traits (such as plant height and effective panicle number), and yield were observed and measured. The results showed that side-deep fertilization had no significant effect on the growth period of rice. There were no significant differences in plant height, grain number per panicle, or 1 000-grain weight among the treatments. The number of effective panicles in the side-deep fertilization treatments was 1.1–3.5 panicles/cluster higher than that in CK. The average yield increased by 2.8%–24.9% compared to CK. Among them, treatment 2 had the highest number of effective panicles and yield, which were 14.1 panicles/cluster and 11 089 kg/hm2, respectively.In conclusion, side-deep fertilization can promote rice tillering, increase effective panicle number, and thereby improve rice yield.Moreover, under reduced fertilizer application conditions, the yield is higher, achieving the goal of cost reduction and efficiency improvement.
The virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips is able to restore variety characteristics and improve potato yield and quality, making it one of the key biotechnologies in seed potato production. The entire process of virus-free tissue culture technology using potato stem tips was systematically elaborated, and its common problems along with control strategies were summarized. The technical procedure involved pretreatment of explants, shoot tip dissection, primary culture of plantlets, virus detection, and in vitro propagation of plantlets. During the primary culture stage, the explants were sterilized and pretreated, and then cultured in a specific medium to induce the differentiation of apical meristems into plantlets. The obtained primary plantlets were subjected to virus detection using serological and molecular biological methods. After confirming the absence of viruses, the plantlets were transferred to propagation and strengthening media for multiplication. 3 major issues encountered during the tissue culture process were contamination, vitrification, and browning. Contamination, caused by bacteria, fungi, or endophytes, was prevented through strict aseptic techniques, environmental sterilization, and the addition of antibiotics or bacteriostatic agents to the culture medium. Vitrified plantlets, characterized by a translucent and fragile appearance, were primarily induced by unsuitable culture conditions or excessive subculturing, and could be mitigated by adjusting light and temperature conditions, regulating hormone concentrations, and incorporating dark culture periods. Browning, a phenomenon where wounded explants secreted brown substances leading to death, was commonly suppressed by adding anti-browning agents such as sodium thiosulfate. This article provides a reference for the production of virus-free seed potatoes
To investigate the effects of different irrigation methods on the growth of sweet potato, a field experiment was conducted using the variety Luoshu 17 as test material. Three irrigation treatments were set up: ridge irrigation without mulch (P0), drip irrigation without mulch (P1), and drip irrigation with mulch (P2). Agronomic traits such as the longest vine length, and fresh stems and leaf weight, as well as yield per plant and total yield, were measured. The results showed that, in terms of agronomic traits, at 120 days after planting, the P2 treatment had lower values for the longest vine length, fresh leaf weight, root dry matter rate, and number of tubers per plant compared to the P1 treatment, while it had higher T/R ratio and number of basal branches. The P0 treatment exhibited lower values than P1 in the fresh leaf weight, T/R ratio, number of basal branches, and number of tubers per plant. Regarding yield, at 120 days after planting, both the yield per plant and total harvest yield of the P2 treatment were lower than those of P1. The P0 treatment showed a higher yield per plant but a lower total yield compared to P1. Overall, under the conditions of this experiment, the mulching treatment had a certain inhibitory effect on the growth and yield formation of sweet potato. Compared with ridge irrigation, drip irrigation was more conducive to the growth of sweet potato.
Using the selected Zheda long radish as the experimental material and water treatment as the control (CK), the germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vitality index of seeds under NaCl stress and CaCl2 treatment (B0-B4 were 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol/L respectively), the radicle length, hypocotyl length, fresh weight and MDA content of seedlings were determined to study the effects of different concentrations of CaCl2 treatment on the germination of radish seeds and the growth of seedlings under salt stress. The results showed that NaCl treatment had a significant inhibitory effect on the germination of radish seeds and the growth of seedlings. CaCl2 treatment can significantly alleviate the salt stress effect during the germination of radish seeds and the growth of seedlings. Within a certain range, the alleviating effect is directly proportional to its concentration. The germination potential, germination rate and vitality index of radish seeds treated with B2 were increased by 28, 29 percentage points and 182.1% respectively compared with treatment B0. The length of the embryo root and the fresh weight of the hypocotyl increased by 94.5% and 19.0% respectively compared with treatment B0, and the content of MDA decreased by 20.9% compared with treatment B0. The hypocotyl length and germination index of treatment B1 increased by 4.8% and 60.4% respectively compared with those of treatment B0. The fresh weight of the embryo roots in treatment B3 was the highest, which was 36.0% higher than that in treatment B0. In conclusion, the treatment with 5-20 mmol/L CaCl2 has a relatively obvious salt stress relief effect on the vitality index of radish seeds and the radicle growth of seedlings, and also has a certain relief effect on germination potential, germination rate and germination index, but has no obvious relief effect on the hypocotyl length. This article provides a reference for the introduction, development of new radish varieties and the research on corresponding cultivation techniques.
To further promote and apply the specialized grading with loose-leaves purchase model, the current situation of specialized grading with loose-leaves purchase model in the central Shandong region was analyzed, the aspects that need improvement in this model were summarized, and the promotion countermeasures were proposed. The integrated model of specialized grading with loose-leaves purchase has a wide range of applications. It plays an important role in improving the purity of tobacco leaf purchase grades, the efficiency of tobacco leaf purchase, and the quality of tobacco leaves. This model needs to be improved in terms of the enthusiasm of tobacco farmers to participate, the level of professional and graded services, and the management level at the purchase site. Based on this, countermeasures such as enhancing the participation enthusiasm of tobacco farmers and their initial sorting skills, strengthening the management and training of hierarchical teams, improving the construction of purchasing stations, strengthening on-site management of purchasing, and optimizing and improving the assessment mechanism have been proposed. This article provides a reference for the professional classification management of tobacco leaf at classified sites.
To investigate the effects of different concentrations of taurine on the growth and hematological parameters of mice, 32 KM mice were used as experimental subjects. They were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group I (control, drinking purified water), Group II (3 g/L taurine), Group III (5 g/L taurine), and Group IV (7 g/L taurine). After 28 days of feeding, body weight and selected hematological parameters such as WBC count were measured. The results showed that different concentrations of taurine had no significant effect on body weight. However, taurine at various concentrations promoted certain hematological parameters, including WBC, LBC, MBC, RBC,Hb, PLT. The most pronounced promoting effect was observed at the low concentration (3 g/L), which increased these parameters by 42.72%, 25.44%, 100.00%, 21.98%, 19.41%, and 34.30%, respectively, compared to the control group. In conclusion, taurine enhances the production of immune cells such as white blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes, thereby improving immune function. It also promotes the generation of platelets, red blood cells, and hemoglobin.
Maize stalks as one of the main agricultural by-products, has become a research focus in the field of green and sustainable agricultural development due to its high value resource utilization. The current status of maize stalks resources in Sichuan Province was reviewed and its advantages, challenges, and countermeasures as feed for earthworms were analyzed. The study area primarily cultivates maize varieties such as forage maize (e.g., Zhengdan 958) and fresh-eating maize (e.g., Chuannuoyu 918), which have large planting areas and generate substantial amounts of maize stover. Traditionally, the stalks are converted into biochar-based fertilizers or co-applied with organic fertilizers to improve soil fertility.The advantages of using maize stover as earthworm feed include its rich organic matter content, which provides ample nutrients for earthworm growth and reproduction. Additionally, stalks mulching on the soil surface shields earthworms from direct sunlight, creating a suitable growth environment. Natural decomposition of returned stalks can significantly reduce labor costs while enhancing soil fertility, improving soil structure without causing pollution. However, practical applications face challenges such as slow degradation rates, potential pesticide residues, and limited technical research.To address these issues, targeted countermeasures are proposed: selecting fertile soils and easily degradable maize varieties, employing biodegradation technologies to enhance degradation efficiency and nutrient availability, adopting integrated pest management and green control techniques to reduce chemical pesticide use and minimize risk factors, and intensifying research efforts to cultivate interdisciplinary talents proficient in both earthworm farming and maize stalks utilization. This study provides a reference for the development of maize stover as earthworm feed and the sustainable growth of the earthworm industry.
Based on the cultivation and production practice of Carya illinoinensis in the hilly areas of the Dabie Mountains, the current planting situation was analyzed and the high yield cultivation techniques were summarized, including the preparation of afforestation land, variety selection, afforestation and land preparation, post-planting management, shaping and pruning, and pest and disease control. The research area has vigorously promoted the cultivation of economic crops such as Camellia oleifera and Carya illinoinensis, and Carya illinoinensis industry has developed rapidly. However, in actual production, there are currently problems such as unstandardized cultivation techniques and rough management. This tree species is suitable for planting in hilly areas with gentle slopes, abundant sunlight and deep soil layers. The soil is preferably neutral to slightly alkaline loam or sandy loam. In terms of the preparation of afforestation land, debris in the surface and shallow soil layers of the plot should be cleared. The size of the planting holes is preferably 100 cm×100 cm×80 cm. In terms of variety selection, main varieties with strong stress resistance should be preferred. Pollination trees should be proportionally combined, and strong seedlings with intact root systems should be planted. In terms of afforestation and land preparation, planting should be carried out from mid to late February to the end of March, with a planting density of 7 to 19 plants/667 m2 being appropriate. In terms of post-planting management, bagging for seedling protection, moisture retention irrigation during key growth periods, and staged fertilization are adopted. Interplant dwarf crops outside the tree canopy; regular hoeing and weeding, and deep ploughing and loosening of the soil after fruit harvest, etc. In terms of shaping and pruning, through techniques such as opening the corners of main branches and pinching to control excessive growth, a tree shape that is well-ventilated and well-lit is constructed. In terms of pest and disease control, physical and chemical methods should be rationally applied to control scarab beetles, tortricids and longhorn beetles. This article provides a reference for improving the quality and efficiency of the Carya illinoinensis industry in the hilly areas of the Dabie Mountains.
In order to comprehensively understand the distribution and preservation status of ancient and famous trees outside the built-up area of Haikou City, Hainan Province. The quantity of each grade, the distribution of families and genera, the growth vigor and the newly added quantity of ancient and famous trees in this area were mainly investigated and analyzed, and reasonable protection measures were formulated. The investigation showed that there were a total of 1 254 living ancient trees of 28 species belonging to 24 genera and 19 families in this area, among which 220 were in Xiuying District, 238 in Longhua District, 596 in Qiongshan District and 200 in Meilan District. There were 2 first-class ancient trees, 24 second-class ancient trees and 1 228 third-class ancient trees, mainly from the Moraceae family. Most ancient and famous trees were growing normally, with luxuriant branches and leaves and were well-preserved. Among them, Xiuying District has built a total of 220 ancient and famous trees of 9 species belonging to 8 genera and 5 families outside the district, mainly from the Moraceae family. There are 2 second-class ancient trees and 218 third-class ancient trees. Dongshan Town had the largest number of surviving ancient trees, with 109, while Yongxing Town has the fewest, with 48. 3 endangered ancient trees and 26 new ancient trees have been added. The ancient and famous trees in the study area may have been disturbed by urban development and human activities. Protective measures such as straightening the trees, repairing tree holes, manually removing unreasonable tree pits around the ancient trees, strengthening protection and management, and improving the site environment should be taken to protect their ecological functions and biodiversity value. This article provides a reference for the sustainable protection and utilization of ancient and famous trees.
To screen the suitable herbicides for weed control of grass and broadleaf weeds in spring wheat fields, the Jimai 22 was used as the material, a clear water control was set up, along with the following treatments: treatment 1 (56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm2), treatment 2 (70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm2), treatment 3 [56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm2 + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm2], treatment 4 [70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm2 + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm2], and treatment 5 [56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm2 + 70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm2 + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm2]; then, the safety of different treatments on wheat growth was observed, the species of weeds were investigated, and the weed density and control effect were calculated. The results showed that all herbicide treatments were relatively safe for wheat growth under normal dosage and application methods, the dominant weed species in the wheat field mainly belonged to Poaceae, Rubiaceae, and Brassicaceae; the plant height inhibition rates of treatment 5 reached 21.35% and 25.18%, respectively at 7 days and 15 days after herbicide application. The plant control effect of treatment 5 was 64.85% at 7 days after application. Both the fresh weight control effect and plant control effect of treatment 5 exceeded 85% at 15 days after application, compared with treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, and treatment 4, the fresh weight control effect of treatment 5 increased by 22.92, 29.53, 14.24, and 15.51 percentage points, respectively, and the plant control effect increased by 58.27, 43.09, 13.28, and 18.43 percentage points, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to use the combination of 56% 2-methyl-4-chlorosodium at 2 250 g/hm2 + 70% flucarbazone-sodium at 60 g/hm2 + Zhuliman (synergist) at 180 mL/hm2 for weed control in spring wheat fields. This article provides a reference for selecting suitable pesticides for weed control in wheat fields.
Based on the wheat production practices in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, the causes of Fusarium head blight were analyzed, and integrated management strategies for this disease were explored. The pathogens of wheat Fusarium head blight were primarily spread through air currents, rainwater, insects, seeds, soil, and farming operations. The occurrence and severity of the disease were exacerbated by improper straw return, uneven or shallow land preparation, poor varietal resistance, unsuitable planting patterns, rainy weather during heading and flowering stages, and improper water and fertilizer management. The control of this disease requires an integrated management strategy. Agricultural control measures include the removal or pulverization and incorporation of straw into the field, mechanical deep plowing and land preparation (20–25 cm), crop rotation, sowing at appropriate times, selection of disease-resistant varieties such as Zhongke 166, establishment of an early warning system, and optimization of cultivation practices. Biological control involves the use of beneficial microbial agents such as Bacillus spp. to inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens through competition, antagonism, or induction of resistance. For chemical control, efficient compound agents such as cyanacrylame + tebuconazole were applied using machinery such as plant protection drones during the initial heading and flowering stages, with emphasis on rotating chemicals to ensure effectiveness. This study provides a reference for the integrated control of wheat Fusarium head blight.
The application of the conservation-oriented concept in the planning and construction of the park was summarized. Taking the cultural and sports park in Midong District, Urumqi, Xinjiang as an example, planning and design strategies for the project area are proposed from two aspects: intensive land use and systematic water resource management. Adhering to the concept of conservation, with the aim of building a green ecological landscape and integrating diversified service facilities, we are committed to creating a comprehensive urban park that combines ecology, landscape, leisure and entertainment, sports exercise, cultural education and consumption experience. In terms of land resources, flexible spatial planning and design are adopted, which enhances the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land, creates multi-functional spaces and enhances the flexibility of facility layout, and avoids the waste of resources caused by the idleness of single-function sites at specific times. In terms of water conservation, the natural precipitation from is fully collected. During the planning and design process, the climatic and geographical conditions of the project area are fully considered, and native tree species and drought-resistant plants are selected. During the construction phase, optimize the planting time of plants and carry out pruning reasonably, etc. During the maintenance and management stage, modern soil moisture monitoring systems are applied, and water-saving irrigation equipment is used to reduce the maintenance costs of urban greening and the utilization of water resources. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of gardens in relevant regions.
To screen out ornamental grass and turfgrass varieties suitable for cultivation in Fuyang, Anhui Province, this article conducts experimental on the introduction and cultivation of 16 ornamental grass varieties such as Juncus effusus and 36 lawn grass varieties such as Festuca elata. The adaptability of each selected variety of grass in terms of morphological characteristics, growth conditions, and resistance was evaluated. At the same time, the application scenario suggestions and application promotion strategies in the study area were summarized The results showed that in the study area, Festuca elata, Agrostis clavata, Medicago lupulina and Trifolium repens had strong adaptability. Cynodon dactylon had outstanding heat and drought resistance. Panicum virgatum, Cortaderia selloana, Miscanthus sinensis ‘Zebrinus’, Arundo donax,Orychophragmus violaceus,Iris lactea,Arundo donax ‘Versicolor’, Ophiopogon bodinieri growed vigorously in summer and have a good landscape effect. Festuca glauca had strong cold and drought resistance. In rural courtyards and along both sides of rural roads, choose ornamental grasses with beautiful shapes and rich colors such as Iris lactea and Cortaderia selloana, as well as turfgrass varieties that are resistant to trampling and easy to maintain, such as Cynodon dactylon. In rural public activity venues, plant grass species with high ornamental value such as Miscanthus sinensis ‘Zebrinus’, Panicum virgatum and Festuca glauca. Along the banks of ditches and ponds, ornamental grasses such as Arundo donax and Arundo donax ‘Versicolor’, which have the functions of soil stabilization and bank protection, are planted. Suggestions are put forward for the application and promotion of ornamental grass and turfgrass in the study area, such as scientifically selecting appropriate varieties based on different application scenarios and strengthening maintenance and management. This article provides a reference for the application and promotion of different varieties of ornamental grass and turfgrass in relevant regions.
The control work of Solidago canadensis in the Qinling region was taken as an example. Based on the growth characteristics, damage features and occurrence patterns of the plant, the links that need improvement in the control work were analyzed and targeted control strategies were proposed. Solidago canadensis has strong reproductive, diffusion, adaptability and competitiveness. It can grow in various environments such as open areas, river beaches, wastelands, roads and farmlands, and can inhibit the growth of other plants in invaded areas. The study area is characterized by high mountains and dense forests, and the terrain conditions pose considerable difficulties for field investigation. Meanwhile, the region spans multiple provinces and involves a diverse range of management entities, making coordination highly challenging. This poses numerous challenges to the prevention and control of Solidago canadensis, and there is room for improvement in terms of testing capabilities, screening and monitoring, control techniques, awareness of prevention and control, and long-term mechanisms. Specific prevention and control strategies include intensifying quarantine efforts, strengthening the technical standards for quarantine at the origin of seedlings and re-inspection during transportation, enhancing daily monitoring, rationally selecting prevention and control methods, scientifically controlling and removing, raising awareness of hazards, intensifying responsibility publicity, intensifying daily patrols, and establishing a long-term management and protection mechanism, etc. This article provides a reference for the relevant regions to carry out the prevention and control work of Solidago canadensis.
To screen for actinomycetes with antagonistic effects against tobacco brown spot disease, the experiment began with microscopic morphological observation of the tobacco brown spot. Actinomycetes were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy tobacco plants using the dilution plate separation method. Meanwhile, an in vitro plate confrontation assay was conducted to analyze their antagonistic effects. The results showed that the conidia of the tobacco brown spot pathogen were light brown and club-shaped, while the hyphae were colorless and transparent. A total of 59 actinomycete strains were isolated from the soil, exhibiting diverse colony colors and tightly intertwined hyphae. The plate-confrontation assay results indicated that 7 actinomycete strains exhibited inhibitory effects against tobacco brown spot disease. The average inhibition zone diameters over 5 consecutive days were as follows: YF-33 (20.46 mm) > YF-49 (15.12 mm) > YF-5 (14.60 mm) > YF-1 (11.76 mm) > YF-48 (11.22 mm) > YF-41 (9.64 mm) > YF-55 (9.44 mm). Among them, YF-33, YF-49, and YF-5 showed a continuous increasing trend in inhibition zone diameters over the 5 days, with the diameters reaching 23.13 mm, 16.33 mm, and 17.33 mm, respectively, on the 7th day. Overall, the actinomycetes YF-33, YF-49, and YF-5 demonstrated effective, stable, and prolonged antagonistic effects, providing valuable insights for the biological control of tobacco brown spot disease using antagonistic microorganisms.
To understand the occurrence and damage caused by diseases and pests in landscape plants in the Gusu District of Suzhou City, an investigation was conducted in 2024 using a combination of key surveys and transect surveys, and monitoring equipment such as insect traps. The study focused on common types of diseases and pests and the extent of damage in major scenic areas, parks, and green spaces within the region. The results indicated that 28 major diseases were identified on landscape plants in the study area, with severe cases notably including hawthorn leaf blight, redbud angular leaf spot, and plane tree powdery mildew. Additionally, 68 major pest species were identified, with 15 causing significant damage, such as Diaphania perspectalis, Histia rhodope, and Pammene ginkgoicola. Overall, the occurrence of diseases and pests in the study area was characterized by severe sunscald, relatively heavy occurrences of powdery mildew and rust, and moderate occurrences of anthracnose, leaf spot, and sooty mold. Among pests, borers were relatively prevalent, while leaf-eating pests such as Histia rhodope were moderately common in the early stages, and sap-sucking pests like the sycamore lace bug were moderately to heavily prevalent. Based on these findings, control measures were proposed to include improving plant maintenance and pest management, enhancing monitoring and plant quarantine efforts, and adopting integrated management strategies such as physical and biological control methods.
This study investigated the optimal preparation conditions for meal replacement powder using fermentation time (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 d), inoculation ratio (Rhizopus:Lactobacillus fermentum:Bacillus licheniformis=1:1:1, 1:1:2,1:2:1, 2:1:1, 2:1:2), inoculation amount (mass fraction 1.25%, 3.75%, 6.25%, 8.75%, 11.25%), and fermentation temperature (25, 29, 33, 37, 41 °C) as fermentation factors, and coarse grain powder (70, 75, 80, 85, 90 g)，xylitol (3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.2 g), and maltodextrin (42, 45, 48, 51, 54 g), as additive factors, through single-factor and orthogonal experiments. Meanwhile, using purple sweet potato, pumpkin, and sweet potato as the main raw materials, meal replacement powders were prepared under the optimized conditions, and their quality aspects such as sensory evaluation, nutritional composition, and physicochemical indicators were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were a fermentation time of 2 d, an inoculation ratio of 1:2:1, an inoculation amount of 1.25%, and a fermentation temperature of 33 °C; the optimal additive conditions were a coarse grain powder 85 g, xylitol 3.6 g, maltodextrin 48 g. The prepared 3 types of meal replacement powders exhibited fine texture and bright color; the sensory evaluation scores for steamed pumpkin, steamed sweet potato, and steamed purple sweet potato were 89, 95, and 87, respectively, with protein contents of 20.58, 12.13, and 14.89 g/100 g, respectively. Among them, the steamed pumpkin powder demonstrated better wettability (12 s), dispersibility (20 s), water hydration capacity (3.10%), and solubility (52.63%). The 3 meal replacement powders were primarily composed of ketones, aldehydes, esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and heterocyclic compounds, which collectively contributed to their unique aroma. In summary, the meal replacement powders prepared using the optimized formula from this study exhibited a fine texture, vibrant color, favorable nutritional content, and high quality. This research provides a reference for the development of related meal replacement foods.
To explore the diversity of insect communities in the Forest Botanical Garden of Heilongjiang Province, this study conducted a background survey of insects in the area during the spring and summer of 2024 through methods such as plot investigation, transect investigation, and light trapping. The species composition was investigated, and the causes of the dominant order and the similarity of insect communities in different habitats were analyzed. A total of 2 125 insects were collected, belonging to 12 orders, 69 families and 187 species. Among them, Lepidoptera was the dominant order, with 81 species, accounting for 43.316% of the identified species, followed by Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera. The dominant species included Holotrichia diomphalia, Harmonia axyridis, Pyrrhalta aeneescens, Aedes communis and Hydrochara affinis. The rich plant resources, multi-level habitat and the introduction of ornamental plants in the park were the key reasons why Lepidoptera had become the dominant order. The insect communities in forestland-meadow were moderately dissimilar (0.389), while those in artificial lake-meadow (0.168) and forestland-artificial lake (0.050) were extremely dissimilar. In addition, the investigation found that there were 54 species of resource insects in the area. It is suggested that ecological regulation be implemented to promote their protection and utilization, and to drive the sustainable development of eco-tourism and agriculture and forestry. This study provides a reference for the conservation and scientific management of biodiversity in botanical gardens.
The efficient cultivation techniques for Scutellaria baicalensis were summarized in Tongwei, Gansu Province, based on its climatic and soil conditions, and optimization suggestions were proposed. The research area exhibits suitable temperature, adequate precipitation, and sufficient sunlight for the growth of Scutellaria baicalensis. Additionally, the significant diurnal temperature range (average daily range of 10–15°C) facilitates the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The soil is primarily weakly alkaline sandy loam with good permeability, meeting the growth requirements of the plant. Efficient cultivation techniques include selecting gently sloping land sheltered from wind with ample sunlight and deep soil layers. Autumn deep plowing and sufficient base fertilizer application (2 500–3 000 kg/667 m2 of decomposed organic fertilizer and 50 kg/667 m2 of calcium superphosphate) are employed to improve soil quality. Before sowing, high-quality seeds such as ‘Longqin No.1’ are soaked and germinated, with sowing conducted in mid-April. Field management practices include “seedling hardening to promote root growth” precise drip irrigation, and demand-based topdressing. Weed control combines intertillage, straw mulching, and ecological intercropping. Disease and pest management prioritizes agricultural, ecological, and physical methods. After 2–3 years of growth, the plants are harvested on sunny autumn days, followed by washing, sun-drying, bark removal, slicing, low-temperature drying, and vacuum packaging for storage. Based on these practices, further optimization of efficient cultivation techniques can be achieved through rational planning of production bases, selecting well-drained plots, exploring optimized sowing periods, water cellar drip irrigation, forest-medicinal intercropping, and crop rotation models. Enhancing field drainage and intertillage can prevent waterlogging. This study provides valuable insights for improving the quality and efficiency of the Scutellaria baicalensis industry and promoting eco-friendly development in related regions.
Meteorological observation data were utilized from 1980 to 2024 at the National Basic Weather Station in Puding County, Anshun, to analyze key climatic elements such as temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity in the study area, as well as the climatic quality of Duobei tea from 2015 to 2024, its climate adaptability was analyzed. The results showed that the study area had an average annual temperature of 15.46 ℃, an average annual precipitation of 1 305 mm, and an average annual humidity of 77.9%. The climate quality evaluation indicated from 2015 to 2024, the climate quality index rating was exceptionally excellent for 8 years and excellent for 2 years, with an exceptionally excellent rate of 80%. Overall, the climatic conditions in the study area are relatively suitable for the growth and development of Duobei tea, serving as an important guarantee for its quality formation.
This study monitored the negative ion concentrations in the Wudalianchi Scenic Area of Heilongjiang Province from 2018 to 2022 using a negative ion detector, and its diurnal, monthly, and seasonal variation patterns were analyzed. The results indicated that the diurnal variation of negative ion concentration in the study area followed a “U”-shaped pattern, with higher levels in the morning and afternoon and lower levels at noon. In terms of monthly variation, the concentration was higher from July to August and lower in January. Seasonally, higher concentrations were observed in summer and autumn, followed by spring, while winter showed relatively lower negative ion levels. These fluctuations may be related to environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, thunderstorm activity, and plant growth conditions. This study provides a reference for the scientific utilization of negative ion and the development of ecotourism resources.
To improve the scientificity of laboratory safety management and the ability of risk prevention and control, this paper focuses on the problems existing in some laboratories of agricultural-related colleges and universities, such as inconsistent standards for safety risk assessment methods, inadequate implementation of systems, and non-standard safety information signs. It classifies laboratory hazards into five categories: chemical, biological, radiation, electromechanical, and other hazards. A risk scoring standard is developed based on a 50 m2 benchmark, and risks are divided into 4 levels through cumulative scoring. Additionally, an identification process consisting of “college self-assessment - expert review - university final approval” is constructed. Supporting measures include a multi-level inspection system, a dynamic adjustment mechanism for hazards, and a differentiated training and access system. These measures clarify the characteristics of hazards in various types of laboratories and the management requirements for different risk levels, realizing closed-loop management of potential hazards. To a certain extent, this system addresses issues such as ambiguous management responsibilities and insufficient supervision in laboratories of agricultural-related colleges and universities, enhances risk prevention and control capabilities, and ensures the safety of teachers and students. This paper provides a reference for the refined management of laboratories in agricultural-related colleges and universities.
To cultivate application-oriented talents in agricultural production, this paper takes the course Field Experiments and Statistical Analysis as the research object. Based on the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) philosophy, it conducts an in-depth analysis of the course’s shortcomings in aspects such as teaching objectives, content design, and assessment methods, and constructs a diversified and dynamic process-oriented assessment and evaluation system. By introducing additional components such as project-based practice, case-based hands-on exercises, academic literacy assessments, and team-based project presentations, the course integrates core competencies such as experimental design, data analysis, and problem-solving throughout the entire teaching process, accompanied by clear, quantifiable evaluation criteria. Practical results show that when applied to six teaching classes from the 2022-2024 academic years, the course retake rate decreased from 13.17% in 2022 to 9.42% in 2023, and further decreased to 8.95% in 2024. Student satisfaction with the course remained at a high level over the 3 years, with assessment components such as project practice, case-based practical exercises, and academic literacy widely recognized by students. In summary, process-based assessment reforms grounded in the OBE philosophy can effectively enhance the teaching effectiveness of this course, improve students’ learning outcomes and problem-solving abilities, and provide a reference for similar course reforms in agricultural and forestry institutions.
Aiming to cultivate applied talents, the challenges in Plant Physiology courses were analyzed, including insufficient learning motivation, disconnect between theory and practice, and rigid assessment systems, and by proposing innovative reform pathways were proposed. It constructs a three-dimensional teaching system centered on value guidance, professional immersion, and practice reinforcement. Teaching methods were innovated through: a closed-loop model of self-study, sharing, and Q&A; a three-dimensional approach combining lectures, discussions, and practice; and a tiered cultivation system integrating thinking training, research practice, and competition-driven learning. Assessment models were reformed by advancing formative evaluation, updating homework from traditional exercises to short video assignments via social media, and incorporating scenario-based design questions while increasing subjective question weight in final exams. Practice demonstrates significant reform outcomes: students won first prize in the 2024 National College Students Life Science Competition, class satisfaction reached 90.7%, faculty published papers and received teaching awards, and the course transformed from knowledge memorization to skill application. This reform effectively addresses existing course challenges, enhances students’ comprehensive abilities and faculty teaching standards, and provides practical reference for curriculum reform in related disciplines.
To cultivate applied talents, this paper adopts a blended teaching model integrating BOPPPS and PBL for the Medicinal Plant Science course. The model is implemented in the chapters on stems, leaves, fruits, and seeds, while other chapters utilize the BOPPPS model based on Yuke Classroom. By integrating Learning Pass and Yuke Classroom, a closed-loop teaching system covering pre-class, in-class, and post-class activities is established. Using the fruit and seed chapter and the mechanical tissue chapter as examples, the teaching process is designed to include such links as pre-class situational introduction, in-class participatory learning, and post-class exercise testing. A comprehensive assessment approach combining formative assessment (60%) and final exam (40%) was adapted. Results indicate this model significantly enhances student engagement and proactive learning, effectively promoting knowledge comprehension and application. It offers a novel pathway for Medicinal Plant Science instruction, with future refinement of instructional design and assessment mechanisms required to further elevate teaching effectiveness. This study provides reference for related course instructional design.
To promote the high-quality development of the Zongyang Mei Duck industry, this paper adopts a combined method of current situation combing, problem analysis and countermeasure deduction, systematically analyzes the breeding scale, business entities, brand building and model innovation of the Zongyang Mei Duck industry, focuses on issues such as factor constraints and industrial chain shortcomings in industrial development, and proposes optimization countermeasures based on regional resource endowments and policy orientations. The results show that the Zongyang Mei Duck industry has laid a certain foundation: in 2024, the breeding scale reached 313 300 birds, there were 7 processing and business entities with an annual output value of 26 million yuan; the regional public brand increased the price per duck by about 30 yuan, promoting the increase of farmers’ income. In practice, problems such as the lack of special plans in some cases, short industrial chains (weak in-depth processing), poor brand operation, and inadequate benefit linkage mechanisms exist. Based on this, collaborative measures such as strengthening planning and factor guarantees, extending the industrial chain to promote the integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, enhancing brand operation capabilities, and improving the benefit linkage mechanism are proposed to promote the high-quality development of the Zongyang Mei Duck industry. This study provides a reference for the comprehensive revitalization of similar characteristic poultry industries.
Based on the current development status of the Cucurbita pepo industry in Sixian, Anhui Province, areas requiring further improvement were identified and corresponding development strategies were proposed. In research area through standardized planting, contract farming, and the construction of a comprehensive industrial chain, the cultivation scale of Cucurbita pepo has expanded rapidly. An industrial system encompassing planting, processing, sales, and leisure tourism has been established, accompanied by the successful breeding of improved varieties, the creation of a geographical indication brand, and enhanced market influence through cultural festivals. Currently, the industry faces challenges such as insufficient demonstration bases, a shortage of high quality seedlings, relatively low levels of processing, weak leading enterprises, and a lack of professional talent. Accordingly, a three-tier industrial system covering foundational, core, and extended industries was proposed. This includes promoting the construction of standardized bases, modern seed industry projects, deep processing, and the development of new business formats. Efforts should be made to introduce, cultivate, and support leading enterprises, foster enterprise-academia collaboration, and advance the formation of industrial alliances. Additionally, measures will be taken to strengthen talent recruitment and cultivate a new generation professional farmers to support high quality development of this industry. This study provides a reference for achieving high quality and sustainable development of the Cucurbita pepo industry in related regions.
To construct an evaluation indicator system for the digital literacy of new agricultural management subjects, this paper uses the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to calculate the weight of each indicator and establishes an evaluation index system. This system covers 6 dimensions, including the information and data domain, communication and collaboration domain, content creation domain, security awareness domain, problem-solving domain, and professional skills domain, as well as 17 sub-indicators. The results show that among the first-level indicators, the problem-solving domain has the highest weight (0.194); the information and data domain, communication and collaboration domain, and professional skills domain all have a weight of 0.173; and the security awareness domain and content creation domain have weights of 0.150 and 0.137 respectively. The weight ranking of all second-level indicators is in line with the digital needs of new agricultural management subjects (in the problem-solving domain, the weight of problem identification ability is higher than that of problem-solving ability; in the security awareness domain, the weight of privacy security protection is the highest), and all weights have passed the consistency test.This evaluation index system can provide a reference for cultivating and assessing the digital literacy of new agricultural management subjects, and actively guide them to improve their innovation capabilities.
