The research progress in rice germplasm innovation, variety breeding, and breeding technology development in Anhui Province since 1949 has been reviewed, and the future research directions in rice breeding have been prospected. In terms of germplasm innovation and variety breeding, Anhui rice germplasm (variety) innovation has gone through the stages of introducing and systematically selecting agricultural varieties and dwarf varieties, as well as selecting three-line sterile lines and two-line sterile lines; as of 2024, there were 1 539 self bred rice varieties in the research area, including three-line hybrid rice varieties such as 80 You 121, Xieyou 57, and Quanyou 822, two-line hybrid rice combinations such as Xingliangyou No.6 and Wandao 153, conventional rice varieties such as Huixiangruan No.1 and Huixiangjing 977, as well as strong drought resistant varieties such as Lyuhan No.1 and Lyuhanliangyou 21. In terms of breeding technology, mutagenesis technology has the characteristics of high mutation rate and light biological damage, enriched breeding resources; molecular marker assisted breeding technology can accurately select and efficiently recombine for the gene, improving the success rate of breeding; gene editing technology can precisely modify target genes according to specific breeding needs, further improving the precision and efficiency of breeding. The next step will focus on cultivating new varieties of green, high quality, high yielding, and multi resistant rice to meet diversified market demands.
The parental sources and breeding process of the maize variety Luoyu 198 were introduced, and its agronomic traits, disease resistance, quality and yield were comprehensively analyzed based on its performance in the Henan Province science-enterprise win-win corn consortium trials. The variety was developed by crossing the female parent L198X with the male parent Z198Y to create a high yielding maize hybrid, the variety was approved by the Henan Provincial Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2022 (Approval No. Yushenyu 20220046).In terms of characteristics, the variety was tested in the regional and production trials of the Henan Province science-enterprise win-win corn consortium from 2020 to 2021. Under summer sowing conditions in the study area, its growth period ranged from 99.9 to 103.4 days, and its plant height varied between 249.3 and 276.5 cm, with good field performance. Through inoculation identification, the variety was found to be resistant to southern corn leaf blight and fusarium ear rot. The protein content of its kernels ranged from 9.39% to 9.89%, the crude starch content ranged from 75.11% to 75.32%, indicating high quality. The average yield of Luoyu 198 was recorded between 8 080.05 and 10 876.80 kg/hm2, representing a yield increase of 9.32% to 12.55% compared to the control variety Zhengdan 958. With a high yield increasing rate and a low coefficient of variation, the variety demonstrated excellent high yield potential, stability, and adaptability. This study provides a reference for the large scale promotion and cultivation of this variety.
The occurrence of multiple ears phenomenon in waxy maize in Southwestern Shandong Province was investigated, and its causes and control measures were analyzed. The multiple ears performance in the study area was mainly characterized by multiple ears per plant, multi-spikelets per plant, and multiple ears across plants. The primary causes included genetic traits (some waxy maize varieties being prone to branched multiple ears formation), climatic factors (extreme high temperatures, abnormal precipitation, insufficient sunlight, etc.), and cultivation management issues (excessive planting density, insufficient or imbalanced fertilization, inadequate irrigation, pest and disease damage, and improper chemical application) and chemical control. Based on these findings, several countermeasures were proposed to prevent multiple ears formation: selecting high quality waxy maize varieties (e.g., Lunuo No.6) with low multiple ears rates; adjusting planting density (3 500-4 500 plants/667 m2) according to varietal characteristics to reduce ineffective tillering; avoiding excessive nitrogen fertilization while increasing organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, with timely irrigation during drought at flowering stage; manually removing redundant axillary buds and secondary ears to concentrate nutrient supply to the main ear; and strengthening pest control (e.g., rough dwarf disease and aphids) to protect plant vigor. This study provided a reference for high quality waxy maize production in relevant regions.
To explore the effects of different cultivation modes on the growth, development and yield of peanuts, and to clarify the optimal cultivation mode of peanuts, peanut ‘Wanhua No. 3’ was used as the experimental material. 6 cultivation modes, namely ridging with film covering (T1), ridging with film covering and removing film (T2), ridging without film covering (T3), parallel cropping with film covering (T4), parallel cropping with film covering and removing film (T5), and parallel cropping without film covering (T6) were set up. The agronomic traits such as the emergence rate, growth period, main stem traits height, and yield traits of peanuts such as the number of insects and fruits per plant under each mode were measured. The results showed that the emergence rates of peanuts in the six cultivation modes were all above 85%. Peanuts treated with T1 had the earliest emergence, flowering and harvest, the shortest growth period and a higher emergence rate. The peanuts treated with T5 had higher main stem height and lateral branch length, and more compound leaves and nodes on the main stem. The T1 treatment resulted in a higher number of full fruits and fruits per plant, as well as a higher full fruit rate, kernel yield, weight per 100 kernels, and weight per 100 fruits. The peanut yields of T4 and T5 treatments were higher, which were 6 266.22 and 6 052.02 kg/hm2 respectively. In conclusion, the cultivation method of ridging with film covering can ensure the emergence rate of peanuts, shorten the growth period, increase the number of full fruits and fruits per plant, and improve the full fruit rate, the weight per 100 fruits and the weight per 100 grains. The adoption of parallel cropping with film covering and removing film mode is conducive to increasing the height of the main stem, the length of lateral branches, the number of compound leaves on the main stem and the number of nodes on the main stem.
To investigate the influence degree of temperature and humidity regulation in the standard environment on the physical indicators of cigarettes. Taking 21 component cigarettes of 16 cigarette brands including regular cigarettes, medium cigarettes and thin cigarettes as the research objects, 16 indicators such as cigarette weight, hardness, opening resistance and ventilation rate were measured before and after the adjustment of environmental temperature and humidity. Paired two-sample mean analysis and correlation analysis were conducted on the test data. The results showed that after the temperature and humidity adjustment, the moisture content of the cigarette samples increased by 0.924 percentage points, the filling value of the tobacco shreds decreased by 0.206 cm3/g, the hardness of the cigarettes decreased by 4.078 percentage points, and the indentation amount of the hardness test increased by 0.267 mm. This might be due to the increase in moisture absorption of the tobacco shreds during the adjustment process, which in turn led to a decline in the filling performance of the tobacco shreds. There were no significant differences in the weight of cigarette auxiliary materials, open suction resistance, closed suction resistance, paper ventilation, nozzle ventilation, and total ventilation before and after temperature and humidity adjustment. However, there were significant differences in cigarette weight, net filament content, moisture content, filament filling value, filling density, hardness, indentation diameter, pre-pressing diameter, and indentation amount. The correlation coefficient R2 between the pre-pressing diameters of cigarette samples before and after adjustment was 0.994 62, and the correlation coefficient R2 between the indentation amounts was 0.918 97, both reaching above 0.90, with a strong correlation. Through the relevant mathematical model, the hardness of cigarette samples after adjustment can be quickly predicted.
In this paper, the cultivation and production practice of Carya illinoinensi with whole pepper in Anhui were combined, the orchard improvement and high yield techniques from aspects such as variety selection, planting density and spatial configuration, soil management, and water management were summarized. Scientifically assess the performance of different varieties under actual growth conditions, collect and sort out detailed information on different varieties of this tree species; based on soil conditions, the planting density should be reasonably determined. A planting density of 8 to 10 plants per 667 m2 is appropriate. Deep ploughing for improvement and hoeing for weeding are carried out to keep the soil loose. Build irrigation and drainage facilities, optimize the water supply and drainage system of the orchard, and irrigation can be carried out simultaneously with fertilization, which is conducive to improving fertilizer efficiency. Balanced application of organic and chemical fertilizers promotes the growth and fruiting of fruit trees. By configuring pollination trees and adopting pollination methods such as manual spraying or drone spraying, the pollination efficiency can be effectively improved. It can be intercropped with short-stemmed crops such as beans and Amorphophallus konjac. Scions should be selected from 1 to 2-year-old superior variety branches that are healthy and free from diseases and pests. Bud grafting should be carried out in spring when the sap is flowing, and the survival rate is relatively high. The pruning period is preferably from winter to early spring. Reasonable pruning is conducive to improving the ventilation and light conditions of fruit trees. Practice has shown that these technologies can effectively increase the yield and quality of orchards, providing a reference for promoting the sustainable development of the Carya illinoinensis industry.
Taking the renovation and upgrading of biogas engineering facilities as a link, and building a new type of efficient ecological circular model that combines planting and breeding based on local conditions is one of the effective ways to achieve high quality agricultural development. The comprehensive utilization project of three biogas（marsh liquid, marsh gas, marsh residue） of a certain agricultural company in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province was taken as an example, the problems and causes of the company’s engineering facilities were analyzed, the renovation process of the “pig-biogas-grape” ecological circular model was discussed, and its benefits were analyzed. Through field visits and investigations, it was found that due to the long operation time and inadequate management and maintenance of the company’s comprehensive utilization project of three biogas, there were problems such as the need to improve the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation, the need to improve the facilities for the utilization of biogas fertilizer, the need to strengthen the resource utilization of biogas, the need to improve the storage facilities and utilization channels of pig manure and biogas residue, and the need to further standardize the application of biogas fertilizer. Specific renovation measures included through the expansion and optimization of anaerobic fermentation, the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation was improved; by combining multi-stage sedimentation and filtration, oxidation pond aeration, grape planting absorption, and pressure regulation and gas supply, the facilities for biogas liquid post-treatment, biogas liquid transportation, and biogas distribution were improved; by using mixed anaerobic and other fermentation technologies, the process of manure and sewage treatment was optimized; and the application technology of biogas fertilizer was standardized from seed soaking, base fertilizer, and top dressing. Through the above renovations, the “pig-biogas-grape” ecological circular model was successfully constructed. This model has achieved good economic, social and ecological benefits, including increasing the yield and quality of agricultural products; integrating green production technologies and promoting the integration of agricultural machinery and agricultural techniques; effectively solving the utilization problem of manure and sewage from large scale pig farms and protecting the ecological environment.
Since the implementation of the Southern Modern Grassland Animal Husbandry Development Project, the development of modern grassland livestock in Yi’an District, Tongling, Anhui Province has achieved significant results. The implementation measures and achievements of the project were analyzed in the region, existing problems were explored, and suggestions were puts forward. The project area had cumulatively improved 1 600 hm2 of natural grassland through measures such as weed and shrub removal, rotational grazing with fencing, and forage reseeding, significantly increasing vegetation coverage. Based on local soil and climate conditions, high quality forage species including ryegrass and sweet sorghum were planted during spring (March-April) and autumn (September-October) sowing seasons, establishing 200 hm2 of high yield artificial forage bases while successfully promoting microbial fermentation silage and bale silage technologies. By constructing suitable sheep pens and procuring equipment like tractors and rotary tillers, 500 m2 of new and renovated sheep housing were built, leading to a notable increase in livestock inventory and turnover. Training programs on breeding and forage management techniques enhanced farmers； production efficiency and disease prevention capabilities. However, the project implementation revealed some issues such as partly mismatches between grassland and livestock systems where high quality forage failed to synergize effectively with local single-species cattle and sheep breeds, the industrial chain needs to be further extended and the management capabilities of business entities need to be enhanced, and short project cycles necessitating improved long-term management. Accordingly, targeted recommendations were proposed, including site-specific forage selection combined with drought-resistant pasture cultivation and grazing management for sustainable forage utilization, innovative “leading enterprise + farmer” organizational models to enhance branding and technical training, as well as robust long-term operational mechanisms emphasizing grazing management and infrastructure maintenance. This study provides valuable references for implementing similar projects in other regions.
Forest science and technology extension is instrumental in advancing modernized and efficient forestry production and construction. The current status of forestry sci-tech extension was examined in Shexian County of Southern Anhui Mountainous Region, focusing on industrial support, technical services, and university-local cooperation, while identifying existing challenges and proposing targeted solutions. The study area has achieved notable progress through various initiatives including ecological restoration demonstration projects, cultivation and pest control training programs, an joint construction, collaboration and sharing among government, enterprises, academia and research institutions collaborative model, establishment of national demonstration bases, and development of green brands. Nevertheless, persistent issues remain regarding the practical application of scientific achievements, professional capacity building, and effectiveness of extension programs. Based on this, development countermeasures for forestry science and technology promotion work are proposed, specifically including encouraging research institutions and other production and research entities to strengthen technological innovation and equipment research and development in forestry production and processing, and deepening the construction of a collaborative innovation system integrating industry, academia, research and application; increasing the introduction of high-level forestry science and technology talents, optimizing the talent echelon construction, promoting the youth and professionalization of technical personnel, and enhancing the vitality of forestry science and technology innovation; strengthening financial support for forestry science and technology promotion, cultivating leading enterprises, cooperatives and other new types of business entities, developing characteristic industries such as mountain walnuts and oil tea, and intensifying technical training to promote large-scale operation and increase the added value of forest products. This article provides a reference for promoting the sustainable development of forestry science and technology promotion work.
Based on three afforestation experimental plots in Yanxi State-owned Forest Farm, Changtai District, Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, namely the pure forest of Mytilaria laosensis, the mixed forest of Mytilaria laosensis and Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis, and the pure forest of Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis, the growth conditions of the stands such as the diameter at breast height, tree height and canopy density of the trees under the three afforestation models were measured from 2017 to 2021. The main species and coverage rates of shrubs and herbaceous plants under the forest were determined in 2017, 2020 and 2021. The results showed that the fast-growing performance of Mytilaria laosensis was good. The various indicators of Mytilaria laosensis in the mixed forest had slightly increased compared with those in the pure forest. The diameter at breast height, tree height and volume of Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis in the mixed forest had increased by 9.68%, 6.29% and 24.91% respectively compared with those in the pure forest of Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis, and the growth effect was obvious. The average annual growth rate of each index of the two tree species in the mixed forest was basically higher than that of the corresponding pure forest. With the extension of afforestation time, the coverage rate of miscellaneous shrubs and herbaceous plants under the pure forest and mixed forest of Mytilaria laosensis had significantly decreased, with the decline rates all exceeding 85 percentage points. Therefore, the ability of Mytilaria laosensis to regulate undergrowth vegetation was superior to that of Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis. It could be used as a preferred tree species for forest construction in the study area. Through a scientific mixed planting model with Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis, the ecological functions among tree species can be complementary, thereby promoting the improvement of regional forest quality and the optimization of ecological benefits.
To screen tree species with strong water holding capacity, the indoor extraction method was adopted to analyze the leaf characteristics such as leaf length, leaf water holding rate, water absorption rate, water loss rate and water loss rate of 8 garden tree species including Cercis chinensis. The water retention rate and immersion time of the leaves, the water loss rate and water loss time, the water absorption rate and immersion time of the leaves, and the water loss rate and water loss time were functively fitted to analyze the correlation between the leaf characteristics and the water retention performance. The results showed that, (1) the maxium leaf water holding rates of the 8 garden tree species, from high to low, were as follows: Diospyros lotus (346.27%)>Fraxinus chinensis (345.23%)>Rosa chinensis (314.87%)>Cercis chinensis (282.13%)>Chaenomeles speciosa (229.47%)>Photinia serratifolia (198.60%)>Buxus sinica var. parvifolia (179.20%)>Buxus megistophylla (150.27%); the maxium water loss rates of leaves, from high to low, are as follows: Diospyros lotus (56.49%)>Photinia serratifolia (55.86%)>Chaenomeles speciosa (52.77%)>Rosa chinensis (52.56%)>Cercis chinensis (49.76%)>Buxus sinica var. parvifolia (49.34%)>Fraxinus chinensis (45.60%)>Buxus megistophylla (41.73%). (2) With the increase of soaking time, the water holding rate and water loss rate of the leaves of the 8 garden tree species showed a logarithmic function relationship, while the water absorption rate and water loss rate showed a power function relationship. (3) The maximum water holding capacity of leaves was closely related to the specific leaf area. In conclusion, the water holding capacity of Diospyros lotus, Fraxinus chinensis and Rosa chinensis was relatively good, and they had a strong ability to conserve water sources. The research results provide a reference for the selection of tree species to optimize the water conservation function of urban green spaces.
To comprehensively assess the ecological status of the wetlands in the Anhui Chinese Alligator National Nature Reserve, this study conducted investigations on water quality, wetland animal and plant resources, invasive species resources, etc., in this area. Countermeasures for the areas that need improvement in the monitoring work were proposed. The results showed that the water quality at monitoring points 3, 4, 5 and 6 was relatively poor, with indicators such as ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen partly exceeding the standard; the wetland plant habitats in the study area were diverse, with 4 vegetation type groups, 10 vegetation types and 85 clusters. The bird species were relatively rich, with a total of 13 orders, 27 families and 53 species. Among them, Passeriformes had the largest number of birds, while non-Passeriformes have the largest numbers of Pelicans and Charadrians. Amphibians consisted of 2 orders, 6 families and 8 species, including Hoplobatrachus chinensis, Fejervarya multistriata, Pelophylax nigromaculatus, etc. There were 3 orders, 7 families and 9 species of reptiles, including Gloydius brevicaudus, Sinonatrix annularis, Zaocys dhumnades, etc. Benthic animal biodiversity was relatively high and evenly distributed, with 3 phyla, 5 classes, 20 families and 38 species (genera). There were 24 species of invasive alien plants from 13 families, including Phytolacca americana, Dysphania ambrosioides, Amaranthus hybridus, most of which belong to the Compositae family. There are areas in wetland protection work that need further improvement, such as water environment, scientific research and monitoring levels, and public publicity. Based on this, suggestions such as strengthening ecological protection and restoration, improving scientific monitoring, and enhancing publicity work are put forward to effectively protect the biodiversity in the research area. This article provides a reference for the scientific protection and breeding of Chinese alligators.
The types of pests and diseases, host plants, degree of damage and affected areas of ecological forests were investigated in Fengxian District, Shanghai through observation and investigation methods and fixed-point investigation methods. The results showed that (1) There were 12 main types of diseases in the ecological forest of this area, among which 2 types of diseases had a higher degree of damage, accounting for 16.67%. There were 7 types with a severity of ++, accounting for 58.33%. There are 3 types with a degree of harm of +++, accounting for 25.00%. (2) There were 20 species of major pests in ecological forests, belonging to 19 families and 7 orders. Among them, there were 4 species of Lepidoptera, 3 species of Coleoptera, 6 species of Homoptera, 2 species of Hymenoptera, 2 species of Orthoptera, 2 species of Thioptera and 1 species of Diptera. The main pests with a degree of damage of +++ included Spodoptera litura, Monema flavescens, Ascotis selenaria, Anoplophora chinensis and Mesoneura rufonota. The affected plants included tree species such as Paulownia fortunei and Camphora officinarum, and the damaged parts were leaves, trunks and branches. In response to the occurrence of pests and diseases in this area, it is proposed to remove weeds and whitewash tree trunks. Adopt strategies such as using low-toxicity, highly effective and low-residue biological or chemical pesticides to control pests and diseases, in order to reduce the frequency of pest and disease occurrence. This study provides a reference for the prevention and control of major diseases and pests in ecological forests in relevant areas.
The concepts and principles of low-carbon design for urban garden landscapes were explored, and strategies for enhancing landscape carbon sinks were proposed. In terms of low-carbon landscape design, it mainly unfolds from three aspects: life cycle, ecological approaches, and application in garden plant landscape design. Among them, the low-carbon design concept based on the life cycle requires the comprehensive implementation of low-carbon principles throughout the entire cycle of landscape design and construction, striving to achieve low-carbon goals in all stages of the project. Low-carbon garden planning and construction under the ecological approach focuses on achieving low-carbon goals by utilizing the functions of natural ecosystems, including strategies such as expanding the scale of urban green spaces and optimizing the layout of green spaces. The application principles of the low-carbon concept in the design of garden plant landscapes include creating scenes by utilizing existing terrain and configuring native plants, etc. The infiltration methods include selecting appropriate plant species, optimizing plant configuration methods, and improving maintenance levels, etc. In terms of carbon sink enhancement strategies, by increasing the green volume of the city, rationally planning the landscape layout, choosing appropriate carbon-sequestration plants and optimizing the plant configuration, the ecological and economic benefits of the garden landscape have been effectively enhanced. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of cities and the improvement of carbon sinks in garden landscapes.
Low temperature is one of the major environmental stress factors affecting plants, exerting significant influence on photosynthetic capacity and thereby hindering plant growth and development. The impact of low temperature stress on the photosynthetic mechanisms in plant leaves was summarized, focusing on changes in cellular anatomical structure, cell membrane permeability, osmoregulatory substances, and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. In terms of cellular anatomical structure, low temperature stress may disrupt the palisade/spongy tissue ratio in mesophyll cells and damage chloroplast ultrastructure. Regarding cell membrane permeability, low temperature stress induces electrolyte leakage, along with the accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation. Plants counteract this by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) to maintain ROS homeostasis. Concerning osmoregulatory substances, low temperature stress triggers the dynamic accumulation of proline, soluble sugars, and proteins to sustain photosynthetic performance. In photosynthetic carbon assimilation, low temperature stress reduces chlorophyll content and the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), altering key photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) compensates for the decline in Rubisco activity by fixing low-concentration CO2, thereby mitigating photosynthetic losses. In conclusion, this article provides a reference for analyzing the mechanism of plants’ response to low temperatures and improving the photosynthetic performance of plant leaves under low temperature stress conditions.
The mycelial growth rate method was used to determine the sensitivity of 4 major rice disease (bakanae disease, sheath blight, helminthosporium leaf spot, rice blast) pathogens to 6 fungicides (20% tricyclazole, 25% kresoxim-methyl, 25% phenamacril, 20% propiconazole, 20% zinc thiazole, 125 g/L epoxiconazole). The results indicated that 25% kresoxim-methyl and 125 g/L epoxiconazole exhibited strong inhibitory effects against bakanae disease and sheath blight pathogen, with median effective concentration (EC50) both below 1 mg/L; the best fungicides for inhibiting rice sesame leaf spot pathogen were 20% propiconazole and 25% kresoxim-methyl, with EC50 values of 0.000 7 and 0.003 5 mg/L, respectively; the fungicides with good inhibitory effects on rice blas fungicide were 25% kresoxim-methyl and 125g/L epoxiconazole, with EC50 of 1.001 1 and 1.862 1 mg/L, respectively. Overall, all 6 fungicides had inhibitory effects on rice diseases. The fungicides with better inhibitory effects are 125 g/L epoxiconazole and 25% kresoxim-methyl. It is recommended to apply them in a mixed or alternating manner in production to avoid pathogens developing drug resistance.
Based on the occurrence of wheat scab in Chaohu, Anhui, in 2024, an analysis was conducted on the causes of its severe outbreak. Additionally, a “1+2” chemical control demonstration was carried out in affected wheat fields, and its effectiveness was summarized. In 2024, wheat scab in the study area was characterized by early maturation of ascocarps on rice stubbles, a high pathogen carrier rate, and severe field disease severity. The main reasons for the severe outbreak of wheat scab in the study area were identified as abundant pathogen sources, favorable weather conditions from April to May (daily average temperature >15 °C, more than 11 days with precipitation >0.1 mm), weak resistance (or tolerance) of wheat varieties, and the development of fungicide resistance in the scab pathogens. The “1+2” chemical control model involved an additional third application (during the wheat booting stage in mid-to-late March, combined with the control of sharp eyespot) on the basis of the conventional two applications (the first at the initial wheat flowering stage and the second 7-10 days later). The experimental results showed that the relative control efficacy of diseased panicle rate and disease index of wheat scab by the “1+2” chemical control model was 92.14% and 95.94%, respectively, demonstrating good prevention effects. This study provides a reference for selecting an appropriate chemical control strategy for wheat scab.
The positive significance of promoting and applying microbial fertilizers was summarized. Furthermore, their specific application in crops such as rice, wheat, sweet potato, rape, soybean, and peanut was reviewed. The beneficial microorganisms in microbial fertilizers could decompose organic matter and activate nutrients, thereby improving soil fertility and plant disease resistance. Growth hormones secreted by these microorganisms were shown to promote crop growth and increase yield and quality. Additionally, these microorganisms were capable of degrading pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and heavy metal pollutants while suppressing soil-borne pathogens, thus contributing to the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystems. The application effects of microbial fertilizers were demonstrated in various crops. In rice cultivation, when combined with chemical fertilizers, the number of grains per panicle and 1 000-grain weight were significantly increased, while the germination rate and yield under low temperature conditions were improved. In wheat cultivation, photosynthetic efficiency was enhanced after application, and the incidence of powdery mildew and rust was effectively reduced. In sweet potato cultivation, the contents of starch, protein, and sugar were significantly increased by the application of microbial fertilizers. The germination of rapeseed seeds and the growth of seedlings were promoted when an appropriate amount was applied. In soybean and peanut cultivation, plant height, branch number, pod yield, and quality were significantly improved after the application of microbial fertilizers. This paper provided a reference for the scientific application and promotion of microbial fertilizers to support green and sustainable agricultural development.
Based on the occurrence and damage of the main rice diseases and insect pests, the comprehensive control technologies, including agricultural, biological, physical and chemical prevention and control were discussed. The primary diseases included rice blast (which infected leaves, nodes, and panicles), sheath blight (which infected basal leaf sheaths), and false smut (a panicle disease). The major pests included rice planthopper (which sucked sap), the rice leaf roller (which damaged leaves by rolling), and rice stem borers (which bored into stems). The integrated control was centered on the ecosystem and combined agricultural, biological, physical, and chemical technologies. Agricultural control involved selecting resistant varieties and implementing scientific field management; biological control generally utilized natural enemies and integrated crop-aquaculture systems; physical control often employed measures such as trapping and barrier methods; chemical control was focused on reducing application quantities and increasing efficiency by selecting low-toxicity agents. By comprehensively applying these control technologies, precise prediction and green management were achieved, which protected rice yield and quality and promoted sustainable agricultural development.
Pine wilt disease is a forest ailment caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The current damage status of pine wilt disease was investigated in the Huanggang region of Hubei Province, the reasons behind this situation and areas requiring improvement were analyzed, and comprehensive control measures were proposesd. From 2020 to 2024, the prevention and control situation of pine wilt disease in the study area exhibited fluctuating and recurring characteristics. Its repeated occurrence is associated with climatic change, resistance of pine trees, pesticide resistance of vector insects, and the pine tree community structure. The control process of pine wood nematodes faces several challenges, including the need to enhance public awareness, improve monitoring and regulatory systems, optimize prevention mechanisms, and strengthen the integration of “prevention” and “control”. Based on these findings, comprehensive prevention and control measures are proposed. Specific measures include disseminating knowledge about Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to the public through methods such as installing informational signs, distributing brochures, and utilizing platforms like WeChat official accounts to raise awareness. An immediate and accurate detection and early warning system will be constructed by integrating remote sensing imagery with ground survey data. The “pine protection” campaign will be implemented to improve traceability management mechanisms, while the establishment of a robust quarantine and system for infected wood will be achieved through measures like of infested trees. A cross-regional coordination mechanism will be established to share epidemic data and create a joint prevention and control management system. Strengthening “treatment” will involve the use of biological control (using natural enemy insects like Dastarcus helophoroides and Sclerodermus spp.), physical control (setting up traps), and chemical control methods (such as trunk injection and drone spraying). Efforts to “modify” will be enhanced through forest management practices, such as regulating stand density and increasing green coverage. This article provides a reference for the prevention and control of pine wood nematode disease.
To analyze the adaptability of the CLDAS soil relative humidity product in Northern Anhui, based on the data from 26 farmland moisture monitoring points and 28 automatic soil moisture monitoring stations from June 2023 to August 2024, mathematical statistics methods such as correlation analysis were employed, combined with software tools like SPSS and MATLAB, to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the CLDAS soil (0-20 cm layer) relative humidity product and application analysis. The results showed that: (1) Overall assessment indicated that the CLDAS soil relative humidity product had a relatively obvious correlation with the farmland moisture monitoring point data. The correlation coefficient (R) of the farmland moisture monitoring points ranged from 0.59 to 0.97, with 20 stations passing the significance test at P<0.01 and 2 stations passing at P<0.05. The R of the automatic soil moisture monitoring stations ranged from 0.50 to 0.92, with 23 stations passing the significance test at P<0.01 and 3 stations passing at P<0.05. The CLDAS soil relative humidity product had good applicability in study area. (2) Seasonal-scale analysis showed that the CLDAS soil relative humidity product and the farmland moisture monitoring point data had a positive correlation. The R of spring, summer, and winter passed the significance test at P<0.01, and that of autumn passes at P<0.05. The average deviation in spring, summer, and autumn remains negative, while in winter it remained positive. (3) In terms of terrain and soil type assessment, the CLDAS soil relative humidity product and the farmland moisture monitoring point data had a positive correlation for different terrains and soil types, with R>0.50, and all pass the significance test at P<0.01, indicating that the product performs relatively smoothly in terms of terrain and soil type. (4) Different soil moisture type assessment showed that the CLDAS soil relative humidity product exhibited distinct characteristics for suitable and slightly dry soil moisture monitoring, with an average deviation <5% and a root mean square error >10%. (5) Using the CLDAS soil relative humidity product for soil moisture monitoring, it was found that from June 2023 to April 2024, there was no significant change in soil moisture in northern Anhui. The monthly average value of soil relative humidity was between 65% and 85%, and the soil moisture was in a suitable type. However, from May to June 2024, the soil relative humidity decreased, and the soil moisture showed a shortage. In August, it tended to stabilize. (6) The CLDAS soil relative humidity value was positively correlated with cumulative precipitation and negatively correlated with average temperature, showing obvious feasibility in the application of fine-scale soil moisture monitoring in study area. In conclusion, the CLDAS soil relative humidity product has strong applicability and feasibility in Northern Anhui.
This study used field-collected soil samples as test subjects to conduct experiments including soil organic matter (SOM) content determination, hyperspectral data acquisition, and preprocessing. Six spectral transformations were applied to the preprocessed spectral data: absorption depth (Depth), first derivative of log-reflectance (FD-lgR), second derivative of log-reflectance (SD-lgR), second derivative of reflectance (SD-R), second derivative of reciprocal reflectance (SD-1/R), and second derivative of reciprocal log-reflectance (SD-1/lgR). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for SOM estimation were established under different spectral transformation forms to analyze the correlation between spectral transformations and SOM content, as well as their impact on model accuracy. The results showed that all 6 transformations exhibited bands significantly correlated with SOM content, with FD-lgR having the highest number of significantly correlated bands (71). The FD-lgR model achieved a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.995, a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.063, a cross-validation R2 of 0.775, and a relative percent difference (RPD) of 2.681, all of which were among the highest values across all transformations. The scatter plot of predicted versus measured values indicated that the FD-lgR model’s estimates were close to the actual values, with an R2 of 0.872. Overall, the regression model based on FD-lgR demonstrated high accuracy and good stability.These findings provide a reference for subsequent hyperspectral data preprocessing and estimation model construction for soil organic matter.
Five treatments were set up in a randomized block design for salinized maize fields in the Songnen Plain, Xianyu 335 maize was used as the test variety, conventional fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (CK), NPK reduction by 20% + biochar (CF1), N reduction by 20%+conventional phosphorus and potassium + biochar (CF2), phosphorus reduction by 20%+conventional NPK+biochar (CF3), and potassium reduction by 20% + conventional NPK+biochar (CF4) were set to investigate the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer reduction and biochar application on soil physicochemical properties and maize yield. The results showed that the CF4 treatment had a better improvement effect on soil properties, and its soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and effective phosphorus (AP) were increased by 13.40%, 5.93% and 58.86% compared with that of CK, the activities of sucrase (SUC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased. At the same time, the dosing treatment obviously promoted the accumulation of N, P and K in maize plants, the accumulation amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased by 3.32%-23.04%, 31.93%-38.65% and 5.51%-13.62% respectively compared with CK, indicating that the application of biochar can effectively promote the nutrient uptake by the plants. In conclusion, the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer reduction and biochar can regulate soil nutrients, improve plant nutrient uptake, and increase corn yield, in which the treatment of 20% potassium reduction+conventional nitrogen and phosphorus + biochar has more potential for fertilizer saving and yield increase.
This investigation aimed to explore the comprehensive quality characteristics of different parts of Eucommia ulmoides bark and the dominant soil factors affecting its quality. 15-year-old Eucommia ulmoides artificially cultivated in Bozhou District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province were taken as the research object. Soil samples corresponding to their growth and the bark of Eucommia ulmoides from the upper, middle and lower parts of the tree trunk respectively were collected. Through the detection of soil physical and chemical properties, the contents of effective components (pinoresinol diglucoside, genipin), trace elements (zinc, selenium, nickel, manganese, iron) and heavy metals (cadmium, copper, lead, arsenic, mercury) in different parts of Eucommia ulmoides bark were analyzed, a comprehensive quality evaluation in combination with principal component analysis was conducted, and correlation analysis between soil physical and chemical properties and the quality of Eucommia ulmoides bark was carried out. The results showed that the contents of pinoresinol diglucoside and genipin, from high to low, were in the order of middle part > upper part > lower part. The contents of zinc, nickel and iron from high to low were in the order of upper part > lower part > middle part, and the contents of selenium and manganese from high to low were in the order of lower part > middle part > upper part. The heavy metal content in the bark of Eucommia ulmoides from the three parts did not exceed the standard. Principal component analysis indicated that the comprehensive scores of the upper, middle and lower parts of Eucommia ulmoides bark were 0.813, -0.278 and -0.536 respectively, and the quality of the upper part of Eucommia ulmoides bark was better. Correlation analysis indicated that in the upper part of Eucommia ulmoides bark, the content of resinol diglucoside was negatively correlated with the available phosphorus content in the soil, and the lead content was negatively correlated with the total phosphorus content in the soil. The arsenic content was positively correlated with soil pH, and the mercury content was positively correlated with the available potassium content in the soil. In the middle part of Eucommia ulmoides bark, the arsenic content was negatively correlated with the total phosphorus content of the soil, and the manganese content was negatively correlated with the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of the soil. The mercury content was positively correlated with soil pH. In the lower part of Eucommia ulmoides bark, the content of genipin was negatively correlated with the total phosphorus content of the soil, the zinc content was negatively correlated with the total nitrogen content of the soil, and the manganese content was negatively correlated with the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content of the soil. The copper content is positively correlated with the available phosphorus content in the soil, and the lead content is positively correlated with the soil pH. In conclusion, the soil fertility for the growth of Eucommia ulmoides in the study area is good, and the quality of the upper part of the Eucommia ulmoides bark is superior. Based on the quality differences of different parts, it is advisable to harvest the Eucommia ulmoides bark by part to improve the efficiency of resource utilization.
The method of combining RTK unmanned aerial vehicles, geographic information system, forest resource investigation and collection system with field investigation mainly were adopted to investigate the distribution, population area and quantity changes of Rhododendron shanii in 4 places including Baimajian in Huoshan County, Anhui Province. The results showed that Rhododendron shanii natural populations was mainly distributed in 4 places in the study area: Tianhejian, Baimajian, Duoyunjian and Zhutoujian. Among them, the seedlings of the 3 populations of Tianhejian, Baimajian and Duoyunjian were scarce, and the population of Zhutoujian had less human activity. The seedlings under the forest were evenly distributed. Compared with the population survey results in 2012, the population area of Rhododendron shanii in the study area decreased by 11.1 hm2, the number of population plants decreased by 273, the population habitat was damaged to varying degrees, and the signs of population degradation were obvious in 2024. Based on the geographical distribution and forest age structure of this population, protection countermeasures were proposed from aspects such as strengthening population protection, improving forest stand quality, and promoting artificial breeding, providing references for the near-natural protection and restoration of the population of Rhododendron shanii.
To explore the characteristics and structure of the phosphoglucomutase (PGM) gene in Pleurotus citrinopileatus, the study was based on the genomic data of Pleurotus citrinopileatus. The PGM gene was cloned by RT-PCR technology, and the encoded protein was analyzed by bioinformatics, including physicochemical properties, hydrophobicity, secondary and tertiary structures, etc. The results showed that the full length sequence of the PGM gene in P. citrinopileatus was 1 797 bp, encoding 598 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 66.35 kDa. The isoelectric point of the protein was 5.98, the average hydrophilicity was -0.278, and the instability index was 29.54, indicating that it was an acidic, hydrophilic and stable protein. The protein had no signal peptide, no cleavage site, and no transmembrane helices, belonging to a non-secreted and non-transmembrane protein. There were conserved domains in the amino acid sequence regions, belonging to the PTZ00150 gene family, with 81 phosphorylation sites, located in the cytoplasm. The secondary structure mainly includes α-helices (43.14%), irregular curls (35.79%), extended chains (14.72%), and β-folds (6.35%); the tertiary structure is mainly composed of alpha helices and irregular coils, and the structure is relatively stable. The results of homology and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the similarity of PcPGM with Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Hypsizygus marmoreus and Lyophyllum shimeji was 78.04%, 79.7%, 71.33% and 67.50%, respectively, and it was most closely related to P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius, both belonging to the Auriculariaceae family. There were 6 proteins that might interact with the PcPGM protein, including hexokinase 1 (HXK1), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPIC), α-glucan phosphorylase 1 (αGP1), αGP2, UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 1 (UGP1) and UGP2, all of which were related to sugar metabolism. This study provides a reference for further exploration of the biological function and medicinal value of the PGM gene in P. citrinopileatus.
The research on the operation and application of the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process system under low temperature conditions was systematically elaborated from the aspects of microbial community, carrier enhancement technology, and process combination and regulation. Low temperature was found to inhibit the activity of nitrifying bacteria, affecting the nitrogen removal efficiency of wastewater treatment. The MBBR system was demonstrated to enrich nitrifying bacteria through biofilm formation. Cold-adapted microbial acclimation technology was shown to enhance microbial activity under low temperature conditions, effectively improving the operational efficiency and stability of this system. The selection of carriers was proven to influence process performance. Magnetic carriers, hydrophilic modifications, and porous structures (e.g., PVA gel) were found to enhance biofilm formation, increase the enrichment of nitrifying bacteria, and improve the treatment efficiency of low temperature wastewater. Optimization of the MBBR process required regulation of aeration, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N), and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Under low temperatures, intermittent aeration, low C/N, and extended HRT were shown to enhance nitrification efficiency. Process combinations such as A/O-MBBR were demonstrated to strengthen the system’s resistance to shock loads. This study provides a reference for further research and application of the MBBR process.
Passive IoT based on enhanced 5G (5G-A) has advantages such as no power restrictions, large connections, wide coverage, and strong computing power, making it suitable for networked monitoring of high value fruit trees and large scale orchards. In this paper, the basic principles and key technologies of 5G-A passive IoT implementation were demonstrated, an orchard monitoring system was designed based on 5G-A passive IoT, and applied it to fruit tree growth status monitoring, growth simulation, and prediction. In terms of system design, using technologies such as 5G-A, data from orchards is collected and transmitted via passive sensor tag arrays. This data is then transmitted through massive machine-type communication (mMTC) network slices. Edge computing nodes are deployed on the 5G-A wireless access network side to perform real-time analysis and computation of the collected data and provide feedback. The corrected WOFOST fruit tree growth model algorithm is then integrated into the fruit tree digital twin system to enable the construction of visualized and dynamic fruit tree growth simulations and predictions. In terms of application, it can collect real-time soil and climate data of fruit tree growth, and count the number of fruit trees and monitor the growth status of each fruit tree; dynamically visualizing the coupling effect between fruit tree growth and environment provides an effective method for precise prediction and scientific planning of its various growth stages. The research results provides theoretical basis and solution basis for the deployment and application of 5G-A passive IoT orchard monitoring system.
To cultivate high caliber professionals in agricultural engineering, the knowledge point of “crop stereoscopic symbiosis technology” in Agricultural Ecological Engineering Technology course was taken as the research object, a mixed online and offline teaching model was explored and practiced, educational concepts such as “teaching by doing, learning by doing” were implemented, and information technology teaching methods throughout the entire teaching process were integrated. Specifically, based on the educational philosophy of “teaching by doing, learning by doing” and student-centered approach, a teaching plan was designed. Learning tasks were designed in conjunction with the actual production of enterprises, and a teaching strategy that combined student self-learning, post class research-based learning, and teacher knowledge imparting was adopted to exercise students’ ability to analyze independently; information-based teaching methods were integrated into pre-class, in-class, and post-class teaching processes. Pre-class, teachers release a learning task list through online platforms, and student groups complete pre class tasks; in-class, teaching focused on the cultivation of experimental operations and practical skills. Learning tasks were assigned to groups, sample points were set up uniformly, and activities such as checking the quality of farmland and land preparation were carried out separately; post-class, the teacher set up a discussion area for student groups to answer and interact, forming evaluation opinions, and the teacher reviewed and formed evaluation opinions. Practice has shown that this teaching model fully utilizes the flexibility of online teaching and the practical advantages of offline teaching, achieving an organic combination of theoretical teaching and practical operation, effectively improving teaching efficiency and quality, and enhancing students’ learning interest and comprehensive abilities to a certain extent. This article provides a reference for the teaching reform of agricultural ecology courses.
To cultivate high quality life science professionals, based on the outcome based education concept, the current situation of the teaching content, teaching model, experimental resources, and teaching staff of cell Biology Experimental course was analyzed, and the teaching reform practice of the course was carried out. At present, there is a lack of new experiments that match the needs of modern agricultural production of the course. Some classroom teaching is mainly based on the “teacher led student operation” model, and the supply of experimental consumables is insufficient. There are relatively few teachers with interdisciplinary backgrounds. In terms of teaching reform, the experimental projects will be adjusted in stages, adopting a progressive curriculum structure system consisting of basic experiments, demonstrative experiments, comprehensive experiments, and applied experiments; applying the teaching model of “raising questions based on teaching process-self-directed learning and discussion-reporting design plans-implementing experimental operations”, and introduce problem-based learning and other models; optimizing resource allocation and updating experimental equipment in an orderly manner; establishing a practical teaching base using farm resources and regularly hold skills competition activities; building a diversified evaluation system and conducting process evaluation and assessment; enhancing the teaching ability of teachers and establishing a normalized system for the development of young teachers. Practice has shown that this teaching reform has obvious effects on cultivating students’ practical ability and innovative thinking, improving their classroom participation, and comprehensively cultivating their scientific research quality. This article provides references for similar course teaching reforms.
To cultivate high quality talents with horticultural professional skills, a comprehensive assessment model covering skills mastery, practical application, team collaboration, and other aspects in the practical teaching was designed of Horticultural professional skills training course, and was put it into practice. In terms of program design, taking Horticulture professional skills training Ⅱ as an example, knowledge objectives, ability objectives, and quality objectives were determined, and the entire process assessment was divided into 4 stages: theoretical knowledge assessment (20%), practical operation assessment (35%), classroom performance assessment (20%), and report presentation assessment (25%). In terms of practice, guide students in the entire process of cultivation management from “seeds” to “fruits”, including tray planting, potted planting, cucumber and tomato planting, etc., comprehensively evaluating students’ learning process, and cultivating their practical operation, problem-solving, and innovation abilities. Practice has shown that the whole process assessment effectively enhances students’ learning enthusiasm and initiative, and the excellent performance rate of students has been increasing year by year, from 73.33% in 2022 to 100.00% in 2024. This article provides a reference for improving the effectiveness of teaching reform in similar courses and enhancing students’ practical abilities.
To cultivate innovative agricultural talents, the teaching reform of Fish Physiology course was explored and practiced based on the OBE concept. Specifically, clarify teaching objectives, revise curriculum quality standards with knowledge mastery and application abilities as the goal, and set three-level teaching standards for knowledge objectives, ability objectives, and ideological and political objectives; update teaching content, integrate cutting-edge research results, and continuously improve students’ knowledge system; adopt a blended online and offline teaching model, optimize pre-class preparation, in-class teaching, and post-class practical activities, and focus limited classroom teaching on higher-level cognitive construction activities such as discussion, exploration, collaboration, and creation; adopt diverse teaching methods such as role-playing and problem orientation, systematically elucidate the physiological functions and regulatory mechanisms of the fish digestive system through a point to surface approach, achieve interdisciplinary organic integration; build a comprehensive evaluation system that combines process assessment (40%) with final exams (60%) to objectively evaluate students’ learning outcomes. Practice has shown that the teaching reform of this course has achieved certain results. Students have won awards in the life science competitions every year, and the proportion of students who have been recognized by internship bases in aquaculture production internships has increased. This has cultivated students’ self-learning ability and scientific literacy of division of labor and cooperation. This article provides references for the teaching reform of similar courses.
To explore the advantages and disadvantages of layer breeding in various cities in Shanxi Province, the comprehensive comparative advantage index method was adopted. By calculating the scale advantage index and efficiency advantage index, the comprehensive comparative advantages of layer breeding in various cities in the study area were calculated, and targeted suggestions were proposed. The results indicated that Yangquan, Xinzhou, and Datong had significant scale advantages; Jincheng, Datong, and Shuozhou had high efficiency comparative advantages; the comprehensive comparative advantage index of Yangquan, Xinzhou, and Datong was higher; most cities had the advantage of raising laying hens. Suggestions were put forward to create favorable conditions for the development of the egg chicken industry in the region, promote scientific breeding to improve breeding efficiency, advance the industrialization of layer breeding, and increase brand building efforts. This article provides references for promoting the sustainable and high quality development of the layer breeding industry in the research area.
Harmonious and beautiful villages in Wuhu City, Anhui Province was taken as a case study to introduce its development in terms of industrial support and factor guarantee, while areas requiring further improvement were analyzed and optimization strategies were proposed. As an important lever for implementing the comprehensive rural revitalization strategy, the construction of research areas and beautiful rural areas has achieved significant results in industrial support, infrastructure construction, ecological environment governance, and other aspects. However, during the construction process, certain aspects were identified as needing enhancement, such as industrial models, villager participation, and regional development, and ecological development. Based on these findings, the following strategies were proposed: highlighting distinctive positioning (by exploring intangible cultural heritage, developing diversified industries, and adopting differentiated planning); encouraging villager involvement (through information disclosure, public opinion collection, and providing channels to enhance their role as key participants); and coordinating regional development (by tilting policy resources toward lessdeveloped areas, improving transportation and medical facilities, and cultivating local talent while attracting returnees); carrying out ecological environment governance (promote decentralized sewage treatment technology, expand the pilot of integrated farming and circular agriculture, and introduce enterprises to participate in the industrial chain of waste resource utilization). These strategies were intended to provide references for the construction of harmonious and beautiful villages.
