The breeding process, planting characteristics, cultivation and seed production techniques of the two-line hybrid rice variety Qiuliangyouxinzhan were summarized and analyzed. This variety was developed by cross breeding using the two-line sterile line Q201S as the female parent and the strong restorer line Xinlongzhan as the male parent. It is planted in the rice growing area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and has shown high yield, good field growth, good lodging resistance, and excellent quality. This variety is suitable for planting in the rice growing areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Its high yield cultivation techniques include timely sowing (mid to late May), seedling age within 30 days, and transplanting when the leaf age is 5.5-6.0 leaves; the appropriate planting density is 750 000 to 900 000 plants/hm2; applying sufficient basal fertilizer, early tillering fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer during the booting stage, with water management mainly based on alternating dry and wet cycles; after the previous crop is harvested, the soil is deeply plowed, and suitable pesticides are used for seed mixing and disinfection before sowing to effectively prevent and control pests and diseases. High yield seed production techniques include selecting hilly or plain areas with an altitude of 300-800 meters as seed production bases; reasonable arrangement of sowing time, with a difference of 10 days between parents’ sowing time, attention to the differentiation period of young panicles, and timely adjustment of flowering period; arrange a parent to parent ratio of 2: 12, with seeding rates of 6 and 30 kg/hm2, respectively; reasonable fertilization, timely application of ear fertilizer and foliar fertilizer; spraying gibberellin “920” when the maternal plant is heading at 25%, and using artificial pollination methods such as bamboo poles; according to the forecast of pests and diseases, applying 75% oxime bacteria · tebuconazole, triflumezine and other pesticides to control rice false smut, sheath blight, rice planthopper, rice leaf roller and other pests and diseases; strictly isolate and remove impurities; timely installment harvest of father and mother’s foundation. This paper provides a reference for further promotion of the variety.
To screen high yield, high quality, and stress resistant rice varieties suitable for promotion and planting in the Western Anhui rice region, 24 rice varieties including Quanliangyou 6019 and Chufengyoujingxiangsi Miao were conducted in the high standard farmland demonstration area of Jin’an District, Lu’an City, Anhui Province. The comprehensive evaluation included their growth duration, resistance performance, yield, and field growth performance. The results showed that the growth period of each variety was between 121 to 133 days; no varieties showed symptoms of leaf blast, neck blast, white leaf blight, sheath blight, or rice blast disease, and some varieties experienced lodging; there were 10 varieties with yields exceeding 9 000 kg/hm2, including Quanliangyou 6019, Zhenliangyouexiangsimiao, Yuanliangyou 1612, etc. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the advantages and disadvantages of their field growth, and 19 varieties including Quanliangyou 6019, Chufengyoujingxiangsimiao, and Guanliangyou 3 performed well. Overall, 12 rice varieties including Quanliangyou 6019, Guanliangyou 3, Liangyou 1573, Xinliangyou 2081, Yuanliangyou 816, Liangyou 5043, Xinliangyou 1, Zhuanliangyou 0688, Zhenliangyouexiangsimiao, Yualiangyou 1612, Xiliangyouyuhesimiao, and Huiliangyou 985 had strong stress resistance and high yields, and were suitable for promotion and planting in relevant areas.
The effects of machanical transplanting on rice growth and high yield cultivation techniques for machanical transplanting rice were summarized and analyzed. In terms of the impact on rice growth, adopting bowl tray mechanized seedling cultivation and transplantation can effectively improve the quality of rice seedlings and increase their transplanting survival rate; control the basic number of seedlings and determine the appropriate number of effective panicles for rice; coordinate factors such as grain number, seed setting rate, and thousand grain weight to improve yield. Its high yield cultivation techniques include selecting high yielding, disease resistant, and high quality varieties according to local conditions; determining the sowing time based on the planting area, variety type, etc., and adjust it in a timely manner according to temperature conditions (early rice from mid to late March to mid April, mid season rice from mid April to mid May, and late rice from mid May to mid June); soaking seeds to promote germination, applying fertilizers and pesticides in a timely manner to cultivate robust seedlings; when the seedlings with 3 leaves and 1 center, they should be transplanted in a timely manner and planted in a reasonable and dense manner, with 2-3 seedlings inserted into each hole; applying sufficient base fertilizer, appropriately increase organic fertilizer, timely apply greening fertilizer, tillering fertilizer, etc., and mainly manage water by alternating dry and wet; selecting disease and insect resistant varieties, scientific fertilizer and water management, soaking seeds with pesticides, and timely spraying of 430 g/L tebuconazole·prochloraz emulsion, 20% trichloropyrimidine water dispersible granules and other pesticides, to effectively prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast and planthoppers. This article provides a reference for high yield cultivation of machanical transplanting rice.
To screen high yield and high quality hybrid rice varieties suitable for planting in the Chizhou region of Anhui Province, a trial was conducted on 20 hybrid rice varieties, including Quanyou 5438, Fliangyou 1252, and Wuliangyouyuzhan. The growth period, plant vigor, resistance, yield, and yield components of the varieties were analyzed. The results showed that the full growth period of the tested varieties ranged from 132 to 141 days. Among them, Wuliangyouyuzhan, Tailiangyouxiangwu, Liangyou 517, and Jiuliangyou No.9 exhibited moderate growth vigor, while the others showed vigorous growth. All varieties demonstrated strong lodging and disease resistance. In terms of yield and yield components, plant height ranged from 97.8 to 123.2 cm, effective panicles per hectare from 2.035 to 3.192 million/hm2, total grains per panicle from 179.1 to 320.3, grain density from 7.6 to 12.8 grains/cm, seed-setting rate from 72.0% to 93.0%, and 1 000-grain weight from 19.6 to 26.6 g. Notably, Liangyou 1976, Xiangliangyou 998, Jiuliangyousimiao, Quanliangyou 532, and Ningliangyou 1513 achieved higher yields of 12.2, 12.1, 12.0, 11.9, and 11.9 t/hm⊃2;, respectively.In conclusion, Liangyou 1976, Xiangliangyou 998, Jiuliangyousimiao, Quanliangyou 532, and Ningliangyou 1513 exhibited suitable growth periods, moderate plant height, vigorous growth, well-balanced yield structure, strong adaptability, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. The trial results provide a reference for the introduction and production of hybrid rice varieties in the related regions.
The parental sources, breeding process, and characteristics of hybrid rice variety Xiliangyoujingsizhan were introduced, and its high yield cultivation and seed production techniques were summarized. This variety is a high quality hybrid rice variety developed from Xi06S as the female parent and Xijingsizhan as the male parent. It is suitable for planting as mid season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and has excellent field growth, high quality, moderate resistance to rice blast disease, and high yield. The high yield cultivation techniques include timely sowing and soaking with pesticides before sowing; transplant seedlings at around 25 days of age to ensure a basic number of 900 000 to 110 000 plants/hm2; apply sufficient basal fertilizer, apply tillering fertilizer early, and supplement phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to plant growth in the later stage; after 7 days of transplantation, use pesticides such as butachlor to control weeds in the field; apply 43% tebuconazole and other pesticides to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast disease, sheath blight, and rice planthoppers. High yield seed production techniques include selecting plots with sufficient light, medium to high fertility, and convenient drainage and irrigation for seed production, and paying attention to seed isolation; reasonably arrange the parents’ broadcasting schedule; apply organic fertilizer and deeply plow before sowing, keep the field moist after sowing, and apply fertilizer at appropriate times; timely spray gibberellin “920”, and arrange manual powder milling when the heading rate of the parent plants reaches 50%; according to the actual situation in the field, remove impurities and timely prevent and control diseases and pests in the field; harvesting with a specialized harvester at around 85% maturity of the seeds. This article provides a reference for promoting and planting this variety in relevant regions.
To further improve the grain yield per unit area, Guichi District, Chizhou, Anhui Province had carried out demonstration planting of rice and wheat intensive cultivation. Its high yield cultivation techniques and the demonstration results were summarized. The high yield cultivation techniques of rice and wheat intensive cultivation include selecting high yield, stable, and early maturing rice and wheat seeds suitable for local planting according to local conditions to ensure the continuity of rice and wheat crop rotation; taking seed treatment measures such as sun drying, seed selection, seed soaking with pesticides, and seed mixing to improve seed germination rate and prevent diseases and pests during the seedling stage; rice seedlings were raised by stacking and darkening, transplanted with pesticides, while wheat was sown by drones and sprayed with paclobutrazol at appropriate times to improve seedling quality; reasonable dense planting to coordinate group growth; adopting soil testing formula fertilization method, rice field water was managed by alternating dry and wet cycles; timely carry out green prevention and control and unified control measures to prevent and control diseases and pests such as rice blast disease, rice false smut, rice stem borer, and wheat Fusarium head blight. From 2023 to 2024, Weiliangyou 8612 was selected as the rice variety and Yangmai 25 as the wheat variety. A demonstration planting of rice and wheat precision farming was carried out in the research area, achieving high yields of rice (12 631.5 kg/hm2) and wheat (8 685.45 kg/hm2), increased production by 11.65% and 26.25% respectively compared to the previous year,and significantly improving planting efficiency. This article provides a reference for promoting the rice and wheat precision farming model in relevant regions.
The application of plant growth regulators is one of the important measures for the high quality and high yield cultivation of Capsicum annuum. Application research progress of plant growth regulators in promoting the growth of Capsicum annuum, enhancing their stress resistance, and promoting redness and leaf removal of Capsicum annuum were reviewed. The results showed that spraying appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators such as brassinolide and chitosan oligosaccharides at the appropriate time was conducive to promoting plant growth, achieving the purpose of increasing yield and improving quality, seed germination, cultivating strong seedlings, absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, and dwarfization of plant type, and improving the seedling strength index. At the same time, it could enhance the ability of Capsicum annuum seedlings to withstand high temperature and drought stress, low temperature and weak light stress, and the damage caused by saline-alkali and waterlogging disasters, and it could alleviate drug damage and continuous cropping obstacles. The special defoliating agent for Capsicum annuum had certain defoliating and reddening effects. Subsequently, research on the regulation of Capsicum annuum plant type by plant growth regulators should be further intensified. This article provides a reference for the safe application of plant growth regulators in Capsicum annuum production.
To explore the effects of different shading rates on the ornamental traits of Allium giganteum, this experiment adopted a completely random block design. 6 groups of treatments (full light, 40% shading rate, 55% shading rate, 75% shading rate, 85% shading rate, and 95% shading rate) were set up using shade nets to observe the leaf appearance, initial flowering time, and flowering period of 5 Allium giganteum varieties such as ‘Ambassador’ and ‘Earl’ under different treatments, and to measure their growth indexes such as crown width and plant height. The results showed that under shading rates of 55%, 75% and 85%, the leaf appearance of each tested variety was good. Under full light and 95% shading rate, the leaf color of Allium giganteum turned yellow, and the leaves showed varying degrees of withering and wilting. Under full light, the initial flowering time of Allium giganteum was the earliest. With the increase of shading degree, its initial flowering time gradually delayed and the flowering period gradually prolonged. The light intensity had no obvious effect on the growth indexes and flower color of Allium giganteum. This article provides a reference for improving the ornamental value of Allium giganteum and promoting its industrial development.
To investigate the optimal concentration of exogenous gibberellin for the growth and development of hemp, fiber hemp variety ‘Huoma No. 1’ was used as the experimental material. 15 potted plants were set as one treatment. At 35 days after planting, different concentrations of exogenous gibberellin were applied once: [CK (0 mg/mL), G1 (25 mg/mL), G2 (50 mg/mL), G3 (75 mg/mL), G4 (100 mg/mL)]. Measurements included growth parameters such as plant height and stem diameter, photosynthetic characteristics such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), antioxidant indicators such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as protein and soluble sugar content.The results showed that the G2 treatment had the most significant promoting effect on hemp growth. Compared with CK, the female plants exhibited increases of 26.98%, 16.94%, and 43.40% in plant height, stem diameter, and technical length, respectively, while the male plants showed increases of 14.31%, 20.53%, and 20.69% in the same parameters. The fresh stem and dry stem weights per plant increased by 37.76% and 37.92%, respectively, compared with CK.In terms of photosynthetic characteristics, the G2 treatment resulted in higher values of Pn, transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), and SPAD, increasing by 60.06%, 58.49%, 40.39%, and 15.51%, respectively, compared with CK, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) decreased by 20.22%.Regarding antioxidant indicators, the G3 treatment showed the highest SOD activity, increasing by 69.98% compared with CK. The G2 treatment exhibited the highest peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities and proline content, increasing by 100%, 45.38%, and 84.02%, respectively, compared with CK. Additionally, the G2 treatment had the lowest superoxide anion (O₂⁻) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, decreasing by 68.04% and 46.88%, respectively, compared with CK. The G2 treatment also led to higher protein and soluble sugar content, increasing by 76.86% and 66.88%, respectively, compared with CK. In conclusion, exogenous gibberellin application promotes hemp growth, enhances photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content, increases antioxidant enzyme activity (delaying senescence and improving stress resistance), and elevates protein and soluble sugar content， the G2 treatment (50 mg/mL) showed optimal effects.
To explore the effects of underground infiltration irrigation of amino acid fertilizer on the soil nutrients and tea quality of Liubao tea garden, this experiment took the soil before fertilization as the control (CK), two fertilization models of formula fertilization (TS0) and formula fertilization + underground infiltration irrigation of amino acid fertilizer (TS1) were set in this experiment. The pH, total nitrogen content of the tea garden soil, tea yield, water extract and free amino acid content, etc. after treatment were measured with the non-fertilization treatment as the control (CK). The results showed that both TS0 and TS1 could increase the soil nutrients, and compared with CK, TS1 significantly increased the contents of total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil. The tea yield after TS1 treatment was higher than that of TS0. The contents of tea extract, tea polyphenols, catechins, caffeine and amino acids after TS1 treatment increased by 42.61%, 86.69%, 26.20%, 51.25% and 73.91%, respectively, compared with TS0. In conclusion, the application of formula fertilization plus underground infiltration irrigation of amino acid fertilizer can significantly improve the soil nutrient content, tea yield and quality of Liubao tea garden.
To investigate the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of selenium (Se) in the soil-crop (rice, corn) system, this study collected and analyzed 1 429 paddy field-rice samples and 1 536 dryland-corn samples. Combining methods such as inverse distance weighting interpolation, hot/cold spot analysis, correlation analysis, and random forest models, the distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium in the soil-crop system were investigated. The relationships between parent material, soil physicochemical properties [soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH], essential trace elements [copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)], climatic factors [altitude (ASL), slope (SLP), annual precipitation (PRCP), mean temperature (TEMP)] and soil Se, crop Se, and bioaccumulation factors (BCF) were analyzed. The results showed that,(1) The average Se content in paddy soils was 0.66 mg/kg (selenium-rich rate: 80.13%), while that in dryland soils was 0.58 mg/kg (selenium-rich rate: 73.83%). (2) Moran’s I indices for paddy soil Se, dryland soil Se, rice Se, corn Se, rice BCF, and corn BCF were 0.46, 0.31, 0.38, 0.17, 0.13, and 0.07 respectively, indicating moderate spatial autocorrelation influenced by both structural and stochastic factors. (3) Parent material significantly influenced the spatial variation of soil Se, with greater impact on rice Se than corn Se, potentially related to crop species differences. (4) The random forest modeling identified PRCP, ASL, TEMP, and SOM as primary predictors of soil Se; PRCP, TEMP, and ASL for crop Se; SOM and PRCP for rice BCF; SOM, ASL, and TEMP for corn BCF. This study provides references for selenium-rich resource utilization in relevant areas.
This article reviews the research progress on the effects of photosynthetic carbon allocation-driven rhizosphere processes (root system architecture, root exudates, and mycorrhizal pathways) on plant phosphorus (P) uptake, focusing on four key aspects: the importance of phosphorus in crop growth, pathways of photosynthetic carbon allocation, factors influencing photosynthetic carbon synthesis, and the interconnection between photosynthetic carbon and phosphorus absorption. As an essential nutrient element for plant growth, phosphorus plays a crucial regulatory role in the allocation and transportation of photosynthetic carbon between aerial and underground plant parts. Photosynthetic carbon is allocated belowground through multiple pathways: atmospheric release via rhizosphere respiration; temporary storage in roots to support root growth and development; deposition into surrounding soil as rhizodeposits; partial storage in soil microorganisms and fauna; and long-term sequestration in soil organic matter.The primary factors affecting photosynthetic carbon synthesis include nutrient levels, light intensity, and environmental variables (such as moisture and temperature). Photosynthetic carbon-drives diversified underground phosphorus acquisition strategies in plants, including root morphological adaptations, exudate secretion, and mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis, with significant variations in phosphorus uptake efficiency and carbon costs among different strategies. This review provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing phosphorus fertilizer management, enhancing crop yields, and mitigating environmental risks, offering significant implications for promoting green development in resource-efficient agriculture.
To optimize the landscape pattern of Luoyang Shenlingzhai National Forest Park, a resilience analysis of the forest park based on ArcGIS software from six factors: elevation, slope, aspect, scenic spot visibility analysis, hydrology and road was conducted, and design strategies were proposed. The results showed that the terrain of the study area was generally higher in the south and lower in the north, belonging to the valley terrain, with rivers converging. The slopes directions mostly faced due east, northeast, west and northwest. The main construction area of the scenic spot was located in the valley. This area was mainly steep slopes. The gentle slopes ranging from 3 ° to 25 ° were mainly located in the north of the scenic area, while the steep slopes ranging from 25 ° to 50 ° account for a relatively large proportion and were concentrated in the south of the scenic area. Among the 12 selected scenic spots, the one with the smallest visible area was Longfeng Waterfall, the one with the largest area was Wunu Peak, and the Red Leaf Ridge scenic spot had a large visible range and a better viewing effect. The variation trend of river flow in the study area was gradually increasing from south to north. The area of the basin in the southern part of the scenic area was large due to the rugged terrain. The road network had partly monotonicity, and the zoning of road functions need to be further clarified. Based on the above key point, it is proposed to increase the entrances and exits in the northeastern area of the scenic spot in terms of roads, culture, etc., to improve the convenience of tour. Incorporate geological culture and local elements into the design of scenic spots to enhance tourists’ sense of identity and other strategies. This article provides a reference for improving the resilience of forest parks in ecologically similiar areas.
Based on monitoring data from 2023, according to GB/T 38582-2020 “Specification for Evaluation of Forest Ecosystem Service Functions”, 7 ecological service values of natural forests in Guangxi, namely biodiversity conservation, water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, air purification, nutrient accumulation, soil conservation and forest protection were evaluated by using evaluation methods such as cost analysis and market price. The results showed that the total value of ecological services provided by natural forests in the study area in 2023 was 584.665 billion yuan. The total value of ecological services provided by each forest type, ranked from high to low, was broad-leaved forest > rocky mountain shrub forest > other shrub forest > coniferous forest > bamboo forest. The values of various forest ecosystem service functions, from high to low, were as follows: biodiversity conservation > water conservation > carbon sequestration and oxygen release > soil maintenance > air purification > nutrient accumulation > forest protection. Among them, the value of biodiversity conservation was 229.893 billion yuan. The value of water conservation was 181.142 billion yuan. The value of carbon sequestration and oxygen release was 133.097 billion yuan. The value of purifying the atmosphere was 29.341 billion yuan. The accumulated value of nutrients was 5.538 billion yuan. The value of forest protection was 5.015 billion yuan. The value of soil conservation was 639 million yuan. In conclusion, the ecological service value of the natural broad-leaved forest in the study area was relatively high, especially the value of biodiversity conservation. This article provides a reference for the evaluation of the ecological service value of natural forests in relevant areas.
To optimize the spatial distribution pattern of nature reserves, methods such as geographical concentration index and spatial superposition analysis were adopted to analyze the quantitative and spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of 7 types of nature reserves including nature reserves and forest parks within 11 study plots in Shanxi Province. The results showed that there were a total of 270 provincial-level and above nature reserves in this area, including 46 nature reserves, 49 scenic spots, 83 forest parks, 61 wetland parks, 19 geological parks and 12 desert parks. From 2010 to 2020, 141 nature reserves were established, mainly consisting of wetland parks and scenic spots. The geographical concentration indices of nature reserves, scenic spots, forest parks, wetland parks, geological parks and desert parks were 36.89, 35.17, 33.99, 36.91, 37.59 and 71.69 respectively. The geographical concentration indices of each type of protected area were all greater than the average geographical concentration index (30.15), showing a concentrated distribution pattern. The spatial aggregation of nature reserves in the study area was obvious, and there were many spatial overlap phenomena. This article provides a reference for the integration and optimization of nature reserves in the study area.
This study focuses on the Huangshan region of Anhui Province. The current application status and constraints of fertigation technology were analyzed, with corresponding promotion strategies proposed. The technology has been applied on a certain scale in the research region, yielding notable economic and ecological benefits, reducing labor intensity, and facilitating the intensive production and appropriately scaled operations. However, challenges remain, including uneven crop coverage (concentrated on cash crops such as fruits and vegetables, with limited promotion scale for grain crops); differences in infrastructure between regions and among business entities; constraints on application willingness of ordinary farmers due to the complex technical system, investment, and risks; farmer’ enthusiasm reduced due to equipment failures from inadequate water, electricity, and road infrastructure and external factors; restricted technology promotion due to insufficient compatibility between equipment and fertilizers and the lack of industry standards; and affected technology dissemination due to shortages of compound technical talents and insufficient training. To address these constraints, countermeasures are proposed, including improving field infrastructure construction; establishing a multi-level policy and technical procedure system to promote technology dissemination; constructing a collaborative promotion mechanism to facilitate technology application; enhancing infrastructure support and building a professional technical service system; advancing systematic research, development, and integration of equipment, fertilizers, and agronomy to enhance application effectiveness; strengthening technical guidance and multi-level training to cultivate compound technical talents. These research provide a reference for the large-scale promotion of fertigation technology in the Huangshan and similar areas.
To develop a sex attratant for controlling Streltzoviella insularis, this study investigated key components including (Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate(A), (E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate(B), (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate(C), an antioxidant(D), and a non-polar solvent(E). The experimental group was formulated as A: B: C: D = 1.0: 0.8: 0.2: 0.5 with (A+B+C+D): E = 1: 50, while the control group was set as A: B: C: D = 1.0: 0.1: 0: 0.5 with (A+B+C+D): E = 1: 50. Field trapping experiments were conducted to determine the optimal composition and ratio. Meanwhile, the sex pheromone was applied to determine the amount of moths it attracts. The results demonstrated that the experimental group exhibited 1.94 fold higher trap catches compared to the control group, A, B, and C were essential components of sex pheromone blend, with the optimal ratio being 1.0: 0.8: 0.2 and a total pheromone loading of 50～60 mg per lure,the ratio of the high efficiency inducer was A: B: C: D=1.0: 0.8: 0.2: 0.5, and (A+B+C+D) : E=1: 50. The optimized pheromone lure exhibited strong field attraction, achieving a maximum catch of 214 moths and an average capture rate of 10.70 moths per trap. This study provides a practical reference for the monitoring and management of S. insularis.
To screen out the antagonistic bacteria of the maize stalk rot pathogen (Fusarium graminearum), pure culture techniques were used to isolate microorganisms from soil samples collected from 4 regions. Isolated strains were screened via plate antagonism assays, and the antagonistic strains were further characterized by their physiological and biochemical properties (including carbon source metabolism, enzyme activity, etc.) and subjected to molecular identification. The results indicated that there were differences in the diversity distribution of culturable microorganisms in the soils of the four regions, among which the microbial communities in the soils of various plots in Guangdong Province were more diverse. A total of 129 bacterial strains were isolated from the soil samples of the 4 regions, including 100 Gram-positive strains and 29 Gram negative strains, with most displaying rod-shaped morphology. Through plate confrontation assays, 11 bacterial strains with antagonistic activity against maize stalk rot were screened from the 129 isolates. Physiological and biochemical characterization revealed significant differences among the antagonistic strains in metabolic patterns, enzyme activities, and Gram properties, although some indicators (e.g., ONPG test, organic phosphorus solubilization test) showed high consistency. The results of phylogenetic analysis indicate that strains with strong antagonistic activity against maize stalk rot included Burkholderia cepacia, Pantoea, and Enterobacter hormaechei. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close genetic relationship between Enterobacter hormaechei and Pantoea. In conclusion, this study successfully screened and identified strains of Burkholderia cepacia, Pantoea, and Enterobacter hormaechei, which exhibit strong antagonistic activity against maize stalk rot (Fusarium graminearum), showing potential for development as biocontrol agents.
To investigate the effects of mixed population model on fish learning and memory abilities, this study employed juvenile Sebastes schlegelii of two size categories (large size A and small size B) as experimental subjects. Using a double-layer square maze apparatus, six heterogeneous training groups with varying ratios of untrained to trained fish were established(0: 5, 1: 4, 2: 3, 3: 2, 4: 1, and 5: 0), the completion time and the selection accuracy rate were measured. The results indicated that both the training ratio and the number of untrained fish significantly affected task completion time and selection accuracy. In heterogeneous groups A and B, the 0: 5 group task completion time showed reductions of 242.8 s and 238.8 s respectively compared to the 5: 0 group, while groups containing five untrained fish required 104.6 s and 106.6 s less time respectively than those with zero untrained fish. Regarding selection accuracy, the 0: 5 group exhibited increases of 68 and 58 percentage points respectively over the 5: 0 group, with groups containing five untrained fish showing a consistent 52 percentage point improvement in accuracy compared to groups with zero untrained fish. These findings indicate that juvenile sebastes schlegelii possess robust spatial learning and memory abilities within heterogeneous training groups. The experimental results provide valuable references for comprehensively evaluating the influence of inter-individual learning behaviors within groups and enhancing our understanding of social learning processes in fish populations.
To isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria causing disease and mortality in Pelophylax nigromaculatus, this study observed the lesions and histopathological changes in the Pelophylax nigromaculatus, performed bacterial isolation and identification from the affected tissues, and conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the isolated bacteria, including detection of resistance genes. The results indicated that the diseased Pelophylax nigromaculatus exhibited head tilt compared to normal Pelophylax nigromaculatus, redness in the hind limb muscles, protruding and cloudy eyes, increased cerebrospinal fluid, and upon dissection, congested and enlarged lungs, suspected to be symptoms of frog meningitis. Histopathological examination revealed infiltration of red blood cells in the eyeballs, increased red blood cells and glial cells in the cerebral cortex, as well as hemorrhaging in lung tissues, among other phenomena. The pathogen isolated from the lesioned tissues was identified as a Gram-negative short bacillus, confirmed to be Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. This strain showed sensitivity to eight antibiotics, including mefoxin, intermediate sensitivity to novobiocin, and resistance to 11 antibiotics, including gentamicin. Antimicrobial peptide T5 (pleurocidin) exhibited the largest inhibition zone (13 mm), indicating strong antibacterial activity. The strain carried the resistance gene blaB. This study provides a reference for the control of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica infections.
Based on the practice of supporting and reinforcing the protection of ancient trees in the Forbidden City, the reasons for supporting and reinforcing ancient and famous trees were analyzed, and the types and technical key points of supporting ancient trees, pulling fibers and reinforcing with iron hoop in combination with examples were summarized. The reasons for support and reinforcement were hollow rot and splitting of the ancient tree body, tilting and crown deviation, increased load of the tree body, and shallow root distribution. The technical measures for the protection of ancient trees in the imperial courts of the Ming and Qing Dynasties included support with double “π”-shaped fir poles and multiple “T”-shaped fir poles. The support and reinforcement of ancient trees included 3 types: hard support, fiber drawing reinforcement and iron hoop reinforcement. Among them, hard support could be further classified into single-column“T” type, double-column “π” type and multi-column persimmon type support. Choose elastic support heads in a timely manner to promote the adaptive growth of ancient trees; the forms of cable bracing reinforcement could be selected as single lead type, triangular type, radial type and box type according to the morphological characteristics of the branches to be protected in the crown, and materials such as steel wire rope, steel bar or steel pipe could be chosen according to the thickness of the branches. Split tree trunks could be reinforced with iron hoops. This article provides a reference for the protection of ancient trees in cultural heritage sites.
Plant essential oils have natural antibacterial and antioxidant properties and have become a plant-based preservative in the field of food preservation. On the basis of summarizing the types and extraction methods of plant essential oils, the preparation methods of edible films containing essential oils, and their applications in food preservation were reviewed. Common plant essential oils include functional essential oils, seasoning essential oils, etc. Conventional extraction methods include pressing and steam distillation, while new extraction techniques include enzyme extraction and ultrasonic extraction. According to the main types of raw materials for edible films, they can be divided into polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and complex types; essential oils-loaded edible films is the process of incorporating plant essential oils into the edible film; among them, the selection of essential oils needs to consider their antioxidant, antibacterial, safety, and impact on food flavor. In terms of food preservation applications, the use of edible films such as Cinnamonum cassia essential oil and Alpinia galanga essential oil can delay the browning and decay process of fruits and vegetables such as Mangifera indica and Citrus reticulate; the edible films such as Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil and Mentha spicate essential oil can keep good color of meat such as pork and beef; the application of edible films such as lychee wood essential oil can extend the shelf life of aquatic products, edible fungi, grains, etc. This article provides a reference for the application of essential oils-loaded edible films in food preservation.
To explore the influencing factors of the silk content rate of cigarette machine stems and their impact on the quality of cigarettes, the gradient test of setting different and air separation air volumes in the secondary air separation was studied. The stem rejection flow rate, the silk content rate of meme tags, cigarette stem tag rate and the quality indicators of cigarettes were measured. Regression analysis was carried out using the univariate linear regression equation. A correlation analysis between the silk content rate of meme tags and the quality indicators of cigarettes was conducted. The results showed that the univariate linear regression equation between the tobacco stalk content rate y and the tobacco stalk rejection flow rate x was ytobacco stalk=-2.888+0.101xflow rate, and the univariate linear regression equation between the tobacco stalk content rate y and the tobacco stalk content rate x was ystem-containing=24.808－2.446xtobacco stalk. The univariate linear regression equation between the tobacco stem-containing label rate y stem-containing and the stem-removing logistics volume x was ystem-containing=34.222－0.286xflow rate, and both equations were statistically significant (P<0.05). The correlations between the filament content rate of the skew and the average weight deviation, resistance deviation and hardness of a single skew were -0.954 4、-0.851 0和-0.523 2 respectively, and the correlations were all statistically significant (P<0.01). The above results indicated that the rejection flow rate of stem sticks had a positive impact on the silk content rate of stem sticks and a negative impact on the filament content rate of cigarettes. The silk content rate of stem sticks had a negative impact on the cigarette content rate of stem sticks. Moreover, the silk content of the stem tag was negatively correlated with the standard deviation of cigarette weight per gram, the standard deviation of absorption resistance and the mean hardness.
To reveal various meteorological disaster information of wheat, maize and other field crops in central Shandong Province over the years, and to study the occurrence trends and economic impacts of various agricultural meteorological disasters, based on the agricultural meteorological disaster data of Zibo City in the years of 2000-2023, statistical and trend analysis methods were used to analyze in detail the types, spatial distribution, trends, and impacts of agricultural meteorological disasters in the study area during this period. The results indicated that (1) from 2000 to 2023, a total of 461 agricultural meteorological disasters were recorded in the research area, covering 15 different types, mainly including drought, floods, hail, strong winds and other disasters, among which drought and hail had a higher frequency of occurrence. (2) In terms of spatial distribution, disasters occur more frequently in Yiyuan County, Boshan District, Zichuan District, Gaoqing County and other areas. Among them, Yiyuan County and Gaoqing County had a larger affected area among various types of disasters, and their agricultural production was more sensitive to meteorological disasters. (3) In terms of economic impact, rainstorm and flood, hail, strong wind and low temperature and cold damage were the disaster types that lead to more serious direct economic losses. Among them, rainstorm and flood had caused more losses, amounting to about 12×104 thousand yuan, and the economic losses of other major disaster types were in the range of tens of 10×104 thousand yuan. (4) The overall trend of meteorological disasters showed a tortuous annual decline, and was seasonal, mainly concentrated from April to September. Some areas in the research area had suffered certain economic losses due to the impact of agricultural meteorological disasters, and targeted prevention and control measures should be taken for disasters such as drought and hail. This article provides references for agricultural meteorology to better serve agricultural production and improve agricultural economic benefits.
To cultivate high quality skilled talents with interdisciplinary development background, the current situation of the construction of professional clusters in applied undergraduate colleges was analyzed from the aspects of top-level design, mechanism construction, and industry education integration, and a new path for the construction of professional clusters with Horticultural characteristics and advantages was explored and practiced. In terms of the current situation, some disciplinary clusters have not yet undergone clear overall planning and top-level design from the perspective of school development; their management, operation, and guarantee mechanisms have not yet fully utilized their respective functions; the promoting effect of industry education integration is not significant. Based on this, the following new path for the construction of Horticultural professional clusters is proposed. Advantageous disciplines in scientific planning and design, precise positioning of talent cultivation goals, and improvement of discipline structure and layout; improve the construction of teaching cluster mechanism, establish a management, coordination and guarantee mechanism for the government school enterprise community; improve the professional cluster curriculum system, optimize and integrate teaching content, construct a progressive practical teaching system, and form a new integrated curriculum system of “interdisciplinary integration+professional interoperability integration”; strengthen the construction of a “dual teacher and dual ability” teaching team, build an elite teaching and research team, and create a diversified structural team; build a practical education platform for the integration of industry and education, establish a practical teaching system, strengthen the construction of cultivation and reading practice bases, and achieve the sharing of multi professional resources and interdisciplinary development. The practical results show that the construction of this cluster has achieved significant results, covering more than 50 enterprises such as horticultural seedlings, seed pesticides and fertilizers, and forming professional cluster Horticultural education and research teams, plant protection teams, etc.; the teaching and research abilities and technological service capabilities of teachers in various majors have been improved. They have led or participated in 15 provincial and school teaching and research projects, published more than 10 papers, and edited 5 textbooks; the comprehensive abilities and qualities of students have been comprehensively improved, with over 92% of students achieving good internship results. This article provides a reference for the construction of characteristic advantageous discipline clusters in agricultural universities.
To cultivate high quality and application-oriented agricultural professionals, the teaching reform of Plant Physiology course was explored and practiced in 4 aspects respectively: teaching model, teaching content, experimental teaching, and practical teaching. In terms of teaching model, adopt models such as deep transformation blended learning, flipped classroom teaching, and data-driven personalized teaching to organically integrate the imparting of theoretical knowledge with the cultivation of advanced abilities. In terms of teaching content, cutting-edge disciplines such as plant hormone categories have been introduced, and an online teaching resource matrix has been constructed to create an online learning ecosystem of “resource supply self-directed learning instant feedback”. In terms of experimental teaching, virtual simulation experiments are introduced to optimize the experimental teaching system, flip the experimental classroom, and construct a three-dimensional teaching model of “experimental exploration theoretical expansion ideological and political integration” with students as the main body. In terms of practical teaching, establish a collaborative education mechanism between industry, academia, and research, adopt a research competition driven learning model, and form a three-dimensional education effect of “cultivating research thinking, improving practical ability, and shaping value emotions”. Practice shows that this teaching reform effectively enhances students’ interest in learning, increases their participation in experiments from 60% to 80%, and increases their final pass rate from 93.4% to 98.0%. Their research literacy and teamwork ability have been significantly improved. This article provides a reference for the teaching reform of plant related courses.
To cultivate high quality professionals with broad competencies and technical talents, the current situation of Pesticide Synthesis course teaching was analyzed from 4 aspects: teaching model, teaching content, school enterprise cooperation, and evaluation system, and targeted teaching reform strategies were proposed. In terms of the current situation, this course has problems such as the conventional teaching model not conducive to students’ understanding of abstract knowledge such as reaction mechanisms, lack of practical teaching that matches the textbook content, insufficient cooperation between schools and enterprises, and a lack of evaluation standards for students’ comprehensive abilities and professional qualities in the evaluation system. Based on this, the following reform strategies are proposed. Adopting offline blackboard writing+online video, flipping classroom and other teaching models to construct diversified classroom teaching forms; selecting chloramphenicol raw material synthesis as a comprehensive project, it is divided into seven parts including introduction, alkylation, acylation, etc., and integrated into project-based teaching content; conducting teaching, research, and practical cooperation in the form of “bringing in+going out”, and strengthen the deep cooperation between schools and enterprises in teaching; establishing an evaluation system that combines summative assessment (60%) and formative assessment (40%) to assess students’ learning outcomes, innovative thinking, and other aspects. The teaching practical results show that the teaching reform has achieved significant results, with an increase in students’ classroom participation, enhanced practical abilities, and a satisfaction rate of 96% with the new evaluation system. This article provides references for the innovation and development of pharmaceutical related courses.
To cultivate high quality horticultural professionals, the current situation in experimental teaching of Vegetable Cultivation courses was analyzed from 4 aspects: teaching methods, teaching content, ideological and political elements, and assessment and evaluation, and the targeted teaching reform strategies were proposed. In terms of the current situation, the teaching model mainly based on teacher lectures and demonstrations neglects the cultivation of students’ subject status and comprehensive abilities. The experimental teaching content lacks design based experiments, and the integration of ideological and political elements is insufficient. The single evaluation method reduces students’ classroom participation, making it difficult to cultivate their learning interest and innovative thinking. In response to the above issues, it will implement blended learning, flipped classroom, field teaching, and establish a network resource library to innovate experimental teaching methods; adjust the teaching content to a multi-level, integrated, and progressive teaching system, set up basic experiments and production practices, comprehensive experiments, and add design based experiments; effectively integrating ideological and political elements, cultivating agricultural talents who understand and love agriculture, and promoting agriculture; reform the experimental teaching assessment system and adopt a combination of online (30%) and offline (70%) methods to comprehensively evaluate their comprehensive quality and innovative thinking. The practical results show that the reform has significantly improved the teaching effectiveness, and students have obtained 3 school level innovation and entrepreneurship projects and 5 college level projects; 2 provincial-level scientific research projects have been approved by the research group teachers. This article provides reference for promoting the teaching reform of horticulture courses.
To cultivate professional talents with innovative spirit and practical ability, the characteristics of the discipline and teaching model of Landscape Architecture major were analyzed, the necessity of applying the “promoting teaching through competition” model in this major were explored, and the reform strategies to integrate competitions into the teaching system were proposed. In terms of teaching status, this major has a high degree of interdisciplinary characteristics, and some students lack the ability to comprehensively apply knowledge across disciplines. They lack exploration motivation for emerging fields such as smart landscapes and biodiversity restoration; the conventional teaching model relies more on classroom lectures and textbook learning, and some teaching projects are more theoretical. In terms of necessity, the “promoting teaching through competition” model can encourage students to start from reality, go through a series of processes such as project research, data collection, and problem analysis, cultivate their ability to solve practical problems, and deepen their understanding of the professional field. Based on this, the following measures were proposed. Encourage students to actively participate in interdisciplinary competitions and promote interdisciplinary integration; optimize the school level competition system, including basic courses, comprehensive courses, and advanced research courses; strengthen practical skills training and enhance students’ key skills such as computer-aided design and model making through specialized workshops and other platforms; improve the competition reward mechanism, convert competition results into design course credits, and provide additional incentives for teachers. The practical results show that this model enhances students’ practical and innovative abilities, trains their teamwork spirit, and greatly improves their employment competitiveness. This article provides references for improving the quality of teaching reform in similar majors.
Against the backdrop of the rapid development of the vegetable industry, environmental pollution caused by vegetable waste has become increasingly prominent, making its resource utilization one of the critical issue that urgently needs to be addressed. Based on the vegetable production data of Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2023, the total amount of vegetable waste resources was calculated using the waste generation coefficient, the current status of its resource utilization and the key issues it faces was analyzed, and corresponding countermeasures and suggestions were proposed. During this period, the vegetable planting area and output in the study area remained relatively stable, with nearly 30 types of vegetables planted year-round, among which solanaceous fruits and leafy vegetables ranked top in output. According to calculations, the annual production of vegetable waste over the five years was 229,200 tons, 228,400 tons, 231,700 tons, 214,100 tons, and 220,400 tons respectively. Its resource utilization pathways mainly include four modes: fertilization, feed utilization, substrate utilization, and energy utilization. Currently, the resource utilization of vegetable waste faces key challenges such as resource inventory, utilization costs, technical modes, and policy support. Based on this, the following suggestions are proposed: constructing a vegetable waste resource inventory through data research, refining generation coefficients, and establishing monitoring standards; building a technical platform through collaboration between scientific research institutions and enterprises, introducing locally adapted technical modes, and conducting pilot demonstrations to develop replicable and easily operable circular utilization patterns for vegetable waste; developing simple and efficient treatment technologies, introducing clean collection and high value conversion equipment, and strengthening grassroots technical training to promote the transformation of vegetable waste into effective resources; clarifying responsible entities, compiling technical guidelines, supporting infrastructure construction through financial subsidies, and fostering market entities to establish a long-term mechanism for vegetable waste treatment. This paper provides a reference for promoting efficient utilization of vegetable waste, reducing agricultural non-point source pollution, and advancing high quality agricultural development in this region.
To analyze the current development status of the peanut industry in the Ili River Valley of Xinjiang and explore its development strategies, SWOT analysis was used to analyze the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats faced by the peanut industry in the region, and to propose industrial development strategies. The peanut industry in the research area has strengths in ecology, geographical location, and agricultural and animal husbandry development, as well as weaknesses such as scale productivity, cultivation technology, processing level, and production mechanization; there are multiple opportunities, such as the establishment of a more complete scientific research team and industrial system, and the great potential for peanut cultivation. At the same time, it is temporarily facing threats such as variety degradation, mixing, and industrial chain. Based on a combination of strengths-opportunities, weaknesses-opportunities, etc., industrial development strategies are propose, including utilizing special geographical locations and advantageous resources, planning industrial development directions and markets; establishing breeding bases for high quality seeds and expanding planting scale; intensifying brand creation efforts to further enhance the visibility of peanut products in the research area and expand market competitiveness; increasing investment in scientific research and accelerate the process of product development. This article provides a reference for promoting the sustainabling development of the peanut industry.
