To investigate the accuracy of estimating rice leaf nitrogen concentration using multi-source satellite data, a rice LNC estimation experiment was conducted from 2020 to 2022 in Xiaogang Village, Fengyang County, Anhui Province. The HH2 spectroradiometer was used to obtain in situ hyperspectral data of rice leaves at different growth stages (tillering, booting, heading, flowering, and filling stages), while synchronous measurements of rice nitrogen content were collected. The band response functions of two satellite sensors, QuickBird and SPOT-6, were selected, and the reflectance data of these two sensors was simulated using ENVI/IDL resampling technology.Based on the simulated multispectral reflectance data of rice leaves, 12 spectral indices were constructed by combining any two bands. Spectral indices highly correlated with nitrogen content at each growth stage were screened through correlation fitting, and the established rice LNC estimation models were validated using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results showed that, across the entire growth period, rice LNC exhibited a gradually decreasing trend (except during the tillering stage) and was negatively correlated with spectral reflectance.For the QuickBird sensor, during the tillering and booting stages, the normalized difference spectral index (NDSI-BG) and ratio spectral index (RSI-BR) showed the highest correlations with LNC, with R2 values of 0.351 8, 0.617 0 and 0.352 9, 0.628 1, respectively. During the heading, flowering, and filling stages, NDSI-RN and RSI-RN achieved the highest R2 values, reaching 0.714 0, 0.553 2, 0.637 2 and 0.707 5, 0.542 9, 0.639 5, respectively. Similarly, for the SPOT-6 sensor, NDSI-BG and RSI-BR exhibited the highest R2 values during the tillering and booting stages (0.351 8, 0.612 9 and 0.355 4, 0.622 2, respectively), while NDSI-RN and RSI-RN performed best during the heading, flowering, and filling stages (0.702 9, 0.543 6, 0.584 6 and 0.697 8, 0.537 9, 0.584 8, respectively).Model validation results indicated that the QuickBird-simulated data, R2 = 0.56 and RMSE = 0.42, whereas for the SPOT-6 model, R2=0.54 and RMSE = 0.28. This suggests that the LNC estimation model based on QuickBird-simulated data achieved slightly higher accuracy than that of SPOT-6, though with a marginally larger RMSE. This method can be applied for relatively rough estimation of rice nitrogen content.
The breeding process, cultivation characteristics, and high yield cultivation techniques of maize variety Fengda 928 were summarized. This variety was developed by crossing the inbred line LP6WC (female parent) with FGK01 (male parent), resulting in an early-maturing maize hybrid suitable for machine harvesting. In multi-year, multi-location regional and demonstration trials, it exhibited excellent stability and broad adaptability, with a growth period of 128 days, plant height of 273.4 cm, and 1 000-grain weight of 345.5 g. The average yield in regional trials ranged from 12 180 to 13 236 kg/hm2. It demonstrated strong lodging resistance, moderate resistance to stalk rot and head smut, and grain compositions of 4.05% crude fat and 73.35% crude starch. Key high yield cultivation techniques included: early sowing with sufficient soil moisture at a depth of 4-5 cm; moderate planting density of 75 000-85 000 plants/hm2 in Northeast and North China; fertilization based on organic manure combined with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, supplemented with boron to enhance yield; integrated pest, disease, and weed management, including pre-emergence herbicide application, insect control at seedling stage, stem borer prevention at the bell stage, and leaf disease control during pollination; and delayed mechanical harvest after the milk line disappearance to maximize yield and quality. This article provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety.
The japonica glutinous rice variety Wankennuo 1116 was used as the material, taking the spraying of plain water as the control (CK), Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different types of foliar fertilizers [treatment 1, Miaodundun (bio-based); treatment 2, Meizhouxing (nutrient-based); treatment 3, Abscisic acid + Indolebutyric acid (regulation-based); treatment 4, Liquid enzyme fertilizer (fertilizer-pesticide combination); treatment 5, zhenfengrui combination (composite-based)] on the growth period, agronomic traits, yield, and economic benefits of rice. The results showed that in terms of growth period and agronomic traits, the total growth period of all treatments was 156 d, and no significant effect of foliar fertilizers on the growth period was observed. However, the application of foliar fertilizers was found to reduce plant height (109.7-115.6 cm) and increase panicle length (16.7-17.8 cm). In terms of factors contributing to rice yield composition, the number of panicles in the foliar fertilizer treatments ranged from 229 000 to 276 000 panicles per 667 m2, the seed setting rate was between 86.1% and 88.5%, and the 1 000-grain weight was 26.4-27.1 g. The rice yield under different foliar fertilizer treatments ranged from 696.4 to 751.6 kg per 667 m2, with a cost-benefit ratio of 3.4-7.3. Among them, the microbial foliar fertilizer Miaodundun, the regulatory foliar fertilizer Abscisic acid + Indolebutyric acid, and the compound foliar fertilizer Zhenfengrui combination demonstrated better yield increasing and income enhancing effects. This study provides a reference for efficient fertilization management in rice production.
To compare the variety characteristics of 12 sweet maizes such as Jintianshun 100, Huitian 138, and Zhenzhenbang 6, a random block design was adopted to determine their agronomic traits such as plant height, panicle length and other panicle traits, as well as panicle weight and other yield traits. Correlation analysis among these traits was also conducted. The results showed that there were significant differences in traits such as plant height, ear position height, ear length and ear thickness of the tested varieties. Among them, the plant height of maize ranged from 206.2 to 325.6 cm, the ear position height ranged from 66.0 to 180.4 cm, the empty stalk rate ranged from 0 to 12.8%, and the double ear rate ranged from 1.6% to 22.4%. The length of the panicle ranges from 20.50 to 23.46 cm, the diameter of the panicle was from 20.40 to 23.67 cm, the length of the balding tip was from 0.66 to 2.88 cm, the number of rows of the panicle was from 13.2 to 20.4, and the number of grains in each row is from 38.3 to 48.8. The panicle weight ranged from 266.80 to 368.65 g, the weight per hundred grains ranged from 31.85 to 47.76 g, the yield ranged from 8 979.48 to 14 391.56 kg/hm2, and the seed yield ranged from 56.42% to 87.00%. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation between the length and thickness of sweet maize ears, the number of rows and the position of the ears, the plant height and the height of the ears, the thickness of the ears and the yield, the number of rows and the plant height, and the weight of the ears and the yield. Overall, the agronomic traits of Zhenzhenbang No. 6 are generally good, and the yield of Jinguang 597 was the highest. This article provides a reference for the breeding of high yield sweet corn varieties.
Maize intercropping mode was recognized as an important technical measure to address arable land constraints and enhance the land utilization. The regulatory effects of maize intercropping with other crops including soybean on farmland ecology and agricultural production were summarized, and key considerations for intercropping were analyzed. Through spatiotemporal niche complementarity to enhance land use efficiency. The structure of soil microbial communities was improved (increased bacterial diversity and regulated fungal communities), thereby strengthening soil fertility and ecological functions. The tall maize stalks provided natural shading for shade-preferring crops (Polygonatum sibiricum, Amorphophallus konjac), regulating micro environmental humidity and light conditions. Nutrient accumulation in crops was promoted (increased crude protein in soybeans, enhanced heavy metal enrichment in Sedum alfredii), leading to improved quality. Suitable crop varieties were selected based on their characteristics, and field management was optimized, including rational planting density (adjusting row spacing to reduce shading effects), improved water and fertilizer management, and pest control (utilizing crop interactions to suppress pests). This study provided a reference for promoting the application of maize intercropping with other crops.
The breeding and identification process as well as the propagation techniques of the tree peony variety ‘Molian’ were summarized. This variety is an excellent black-flowered ornamental variety bred through artificial directional hybridization, with the cross combination being ‘Heihaijinlong’ × ‘Guanshimoyu’. After years of observation, propagation, and multi-site trials, the cultivar demonstrated good uniformity and stability. Its flowers were dark purple with black spots at the petal base, featuring hard and lustrous petals, upright blooms, long single-flower duration, and strong sun resistance. The flowering branches were long with elongated internodes, and the plant exhibits a medium-tall, upright growth habit, high flowering rate, vigorous growth, and a medium (early) flowering period. The main methods of propagation are grafting and division. For grafting, herbaceous peony or tree peony roots were used as rootstocks, performed in mid-to-late September using the side-veneer grafting method. After grafting, the plants were planted and covered with soil for moisture retention, becoming ready for transplanting after two years. Division was carried out from September to October, where the mother plant was separated into rooted shoots, and care was taken to ensure the roots were spread out during planting, with soil mounded for warmth retention. This study provides a reference for breeding tree peony variety with rare flower colors.
7 plant growth regulators (0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP 75.0 g/hm2, 0.1% triacontanol ME 1 000 mL/hm2, 0.4% kinetin AS 937.5 mL/hm2, 0.000 4% enadenine·oxyenadenine SP 750 mL/hm2, 4% gibberellic acid SL 500 mL/hm2, 0.007 5% 14-hydroxybrassinolide AS 150 mL/hm2, 2% potassium nitrophenolate AS 150 mL/hm2) were used for spray treatment at the initial stage of tea bud germination and single bud stage, respectively, with spraying water as the control (CK). The effects of tea on the growth, yield, safety and appearance quality of tea were analyzed. The results showed that the 7 plant growth regulators tested could increase germination density and had a significant regulatory effect on the germination and growth of tea buds. After the second spray, the fresh tea yield increased by 12.77% to 47.35% compared to the CK, among them, the treatment with 0.136% gibberellin·indoleacetic acid·brassinolide WP at 75.0 g/hm2 showed a significant increase in tea yield. 7 plant growth regulators were found to be safe for tea plant growth, improving product appearance and quality (increased bud production, tender leaves, uniform color, thickness, and size of tea shoots and leaves), while posing no harm to beneficial arthropods such as spiders. This article provides a reference for selecting suitable plant growth regulators to promote tea growth.
The biological characteristics, application value and application prospects of Cordia dichotoma were systematically reviewed, with a focus on analyzing its application potential in ecological restoration, biomass energy, fiber materials, medicine and food, etc. Cordia dichotoma is a multi-functional woody plant with excellent growth habits and environmental adaptability, as well as strong production capacity, stress resistance, ecological restoration potential, and reproductive and diffusion capabilities. This plant is an excellent material for papermaking and fiber. Its leaves, fruits and bark have the effects of clearing heat, detoxifying, reducing swelling and relieving pain, and can be used to extract oil, make traditional pastries and jams. Cordia dichotoma fiber materials are widely used in the field of green industry. It has a high fiber content and is an ideal raw material for biofuel production. It can improve soil quality and maintain the balance of the ecosystem, and has multiple application values in the sustainable development of agriculture.
To investigate the effects of water retaining agents on the growth of Elaeagnus angustifolia in arid desert regions, attapulgite-based water retaining agent and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) plant fiber binder were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was adopted, with 9 treatments: CK (control), F1 (40 g attapulgite-based water retaining agent mixed with soil in the planting hole), F2 (80 g attapulgite-based water retaining agent mixed with soil in the planting hole), F3 (15 g CMC plant fiber binder mixed with soil in the planting hole), F4 (30 g CMC plant fiber binder mixed with soil in the planting hole), F5 (40 g attapulgite spread at the bottom of the planting hole), F6 (80 g attapulgite-based water retaining agent spread at the bottom of the planting hole), F7 (15 g CMC plant fiber binder spread at the bottom of the planting hole), F8 (30 g CMC plant fiber binder spread at the bottom of the planting hole). Survival rate and new shoot growth of Elaeagnus angustifolia were measured, and costs were calculated. The results showed that both water retaining agents improved survival rate and shoot growth, with F2 demonstrating the best performance，achieving a 94% survival rate and significant shoot growth enhancement. The costs of each treatment, from low to high, were F5 < F6 < F1 < F2 < F7 < F3 < F8 < F4, amounting to 87, 91, 125, 121, 173, 207, 261 and 296 yuan/ 667 m2 respectively. In conclusion, 80 g attapulgite-based water retaining agent mixed with soil in the planting hole not only significantly improved survival and growth but also maintained relatively low economic costs, making it a recommended practice for afforestation in similar arid desert regions.
To screen plant materials suitable for bioremediation, this experiment, based on the site characteristics and pollution degree of heavy metal contaminated soil in the derelict copper mining land, the survival rates of 21 plant species including Photinia × fraseri and Nandina domestica from 2021 to 2023 were studied through field experiments. The results showed that in July 2022, there were 14 types of plants with a survival rate of over 70%, including Photinia × fraseri, Nandina domestica, and Ligustrum lucidum. In July 2023, there were three types of plants with a survival rate of over 70%, namely Ginkgo biloba, Ligustrum lucidum, and Lagerstroemia indica, with survival rates of 98.00%, 87.78%, and 100.00% respectively. The survival rate of Ligustrum lucidum in December 2021 and July 2022 was relatively high, reaching 100.00%. On July 20, 2023, the survival rates of the tree species including Phyllostachys edulis from high to low were as follows: Ginkgo biloba (98.00%) > Ligustrum lucidum (87.78%) > Celtis sinensis (60.00%) >Camphora officinarum (56.00%) > Phyllostachys edulis (6.67%). The survival rates of small tree species from high to low were as follows: Lagerstroemia indica (100.00%) > Prunus pseudocerasus (37.50%) > Acer palmatum (21.05%) > Litsea cubeba (10.32%) > Citrus medica (8.97%). The survival rates of shrubs, vines and herbs (including Indocalamus tessellatus) from high to low were as follows: Indocalamus tessellatus (50.00%) > Sedum lineare (47.50%) > Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (37.89%) > Jasminum mesnyi (22.67%) > Nandina domestica (19.00%) > Ligustrum japonicum ‘Howardii’ (11.67%) > Photinia × fraseri (5.33%). In conclusion, Lagerstroemia indica, Ginkgo biloba,and Ligustrum lucidum can be used as tree afforestation species for ecological restoration in copper mining lands. This article provides technical support for the selection of tree species for the ecological restoration of abandoned mining lands.
To reveal the influence of different land use on farmland soil fertility, this paper took the soils under three land use types (paddy fields, drylands, and orchards) in Shimen County, Changde City, Hunan Province as the research object. The pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline dissolved nitrogen, quick-acting potassium and effective phosphorus content were determined, the changing law of the characteristics of farmland soil fertility under different land use pattern were analyzed, and the soil fertility index was calculated and graded using principal component analysis and weighted membership function. The soil fertility index was calculated by principal component analysis and subordinate degree function weighting, and then graded to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization in the study area and similar areas. The results showed that the soil fertility characteristics of different land use patterns in the study area showed large variability, and the coefficient of variation was larger for quick-acting nutrients than for total nutrients（total nitrogen）. The contents of pH, organic matter and total nitrogen in different land use pattern were paddy field>dryland>garden field, and the contents of alkaline dissolved nitrogen, quick-acting potassium and effective phosphorus were garden field>dryland>paddy field. The scores of comprehensive soil fertility evaluation showed that the soil fertility level was high in the garden and dryland, and medium in the paddy field. The principal component soil total nitrogen has the highest contribution rate, and the weight of soil quick-acting potassium has the highest proportion, so the scientific application of quick-acting nutrients should be emphasized in fertilizer application. For soil acidification, especially in orchard soil, it is recommended to apply more organic fertilizers to increase the organic matter in the soil to improve the buffering capacity of the soil against acidification, and also to improve the soil granular structure and permeability. This research provides a scientific basis for rational fertilization in the study area and similar regions.
The site conditions and the current development status of the flower industry of the rose health and wellness park in Luntai County, Xinjiang were analyzed. Based on this, planning and design strategies suitable for local development in 4 aspects: highlighting cultural spirit, introducing the rose health and wellness industry, incorporating ecological and educational functions, and configuring health and wellness plants were proposed. There is a wide variety of flowers in the study area, which have high ornamental value. Relying on the unique historical culture and natural conditions of the area, and integrating the ecological landscape of rose cultivation, cultural leisure, and health and wellness industries, a composite and multi-functional rose-themed park will be created, which combines urban culture, rose sightseeing, rehabilitation and wellness. The specific planning and design strategies are as follows: in terms of highlighting the cultural spirit, deeply explore the silk road culture, and construct a cultural tour route. In terms of introducing the rose health and wellness industry, local rose varieties are utilized, and color combinations are rationally carried out. Based on the edible and medicinal values of roses, characteristic health and wellness products are developed. In terms of ecological science popularization functions, rose science popularization exhibition halls and rose ecological picking projects are set up to fully leverage the science popularization and ecological functions of the park. In terms of the configuration of health and wellness plants, native plants are the main body. Scientifically combine characteristic health and wellness plants such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Robinia × ambigua ‘Idahoensis’, and Platanus orientalis. This article provides a reference for the design of health and wellness parks in relevant regions.
The research progress on the responses of plant leaf functional traits to environmental factors such as climatic factors (light, temperature, humidity), soil factors, and topographic factors (altitude, slope direction, slope position, and slope) was reviewed. In terms of climatic factors, different light conditions can lead to significant differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf lifespan, specific leaf area, and leaf size among plants. The relationship between leaf functional traits and temperature varies among different forest stands. The water transport capacity and hydraulic structure characteristics of leaves affect the water use efficiency, growth, competition and distribution of plants. Factors such as precipitation and soil humidity content can lead to diverse differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf size, specific leaf area and vein density among different plants. In terms of soil factors, the responses of plant leaf functional traits to different soil factors are different. In terms of topographic factors, the response mechanism of leaf functional traits to altitude is different in different developmental stages of different plants. The slope direction forms a local environmental gradient by regulating factors such as light and temperature, resulting in differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf area and specific leaf area among different plants. The utilization strategies of plant resources on different slopes are different, and there are differences in the performance trends of leaf functional traits such as leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area among different plants on different slopes. The functional traits of plant leaves vary with different slopes. This article provides a reference for clarifying the response mechanism of plant leaf functional traits to the environment.
To investigate the changes in river water quality in City W from 2016 to 2024, the water quality analogy classification method was used to analyzes the monthly and interannual variations in river water quality characteristics and the changes in key pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in critical regions based on surface water environmental monitoring data from the study area, recommendations for water quality management were proposed. The results showed that in terms of monthly variations, from April to July 2023, influenced by increased rainfall, frequent agricultural activities, and high temperatures, the water quality was primarily Class Ⅲ and Ⅳ, with some river sections reaching Class Ⅴ or worse than Class Ⅴ. From August to March of the following year, water quality improved, predominantly reaching Class Ⅱ. In terms of annual variations, the river water quality in study area significantly improved from 2016 to 2023, with the proportion of Class Ⅱ and Ⅲ water quality increasing from 74.0% to 95.8%, and Class Ⅴ or worse water quality nearly eliminated. This improvement was mainly attributed to enhanced wastewater treatment capacity and strict pollution source control. Monitoring point 1 and 2 generally exhibited better water quality, while the water quality at monitoring point 3 and monitoring point 4 required further improvement. Among them, the main exceeding factors at monitoring point 4 were ammonia nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD).In summary, in recent years, through water resource management and phased scientific governance measures, the water quality in the study area has significantly improved. However, certain regions still require further water quality remediation. Based on this, recommendations were proposed, including strengthening pollution control, utilizing technological means to enhance ecological restoration, and increasing public participation through on-site publicity and educational activities to sustain water quality improvement.
The research progress related to the regulation of stomatal development and movement by light was summarized. Stomata, as an important channel for the exchange of gas and water between plants and the external environment, their development and movement are regulated by various environmental factors and play a significant role in the photosynthesis of plants. Stomatal development is regulated in a coordinated manner by internal and external environmental signals of plants. There are two hypotheses for the study of stomata’s response to light: one is the direct response of stomata to light, and the other is the indirect stomatal response caused by changes in intercellular CO2 concentration. There are two pathways for the open response of stomata to light: the guard cell-specific blue light response pathway mediated by PHOT1/PHOT2 and the red light response pathway dependent on photosynthesis. Blue light participates in signal transduction through receptors such as PHOT1 and PHOT2, triggering K⁺ ion influx and promoting stomatal opening. Red light mainly participates in stomatal response through mesophyll photosynthesis. The red light response of stomata is an indirect reaction, which is caused by the response of guard cells to the reduction of intercellular CO2 concentration resulting from mesophyll photosynthesis. In addition, green light can inhibit the opening of stomata induced by blue light, and plant hormones can directly regulate the movement of stomata and their response to external signals.
To explore the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in grassland soil along the plateau highways, the soil samples from the typical national highway grassland in the study area were selected as the research object. The contents of six heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni and Cr) in the soil were studied, and their spatial distribution characteristics and patterns were analyzed to evaluate the soil heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risks. The results showed that the Pb content in the surface soil (0-10 cm) increased with the increase of the distance from the road. At different distances, Ni and Cr tended to accumulate in the lower layer, while Pb, Zn and Cd tended to accumulate in the surface layer. The stability of Pb and Cu in soil along the highway was relatively poor, which was greatly affected by traffic activities, while the stability of Cd was relatively good. There was a highly significant positive correlation between Cu, Pb and Zn (P<0.01), and a significant positive correlation between Pb, Cr and Cu (P<0.05). The heavy metals Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr and Cu in the surface soil of grassland along the road all reached the pollution level. The degree of heavy metal pollution in the grassland soil at different distances was relatively high, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the soil was slight to moderate. As the economy and tourism are developing rapidly, the potential ecological risk of soil heavy metal pollution will increase with growing traffic volume. Therefore, the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in grassland soil along the highway should be given due attention.
To explore the research hotspots and trends in plant genetic transformation, this study analyzed 413 relevant articles from the CNKI database from January 1, 1982, to October 21, 2024, using CiteSpace software. The analysis included visual representations of publication volume, sources, research institutions, authors, and keywords. The results showed that the period from 1982 to 1996 was an exploratory phase, with an average annual output of 1.6 articles; 1996 to 2010 marked a growth phase, with an average of 15.7 articles per year; and 2010 to 2024 saw a decline, with an average of 12.2 articles annually. Journals with higher publication volumes included Molecular Plant Breeding, Biotechnology Bulletin, and Anhui Agricultural Sciences. The institutions with the most publications were the College of Horticulture at Northwest A&F University and the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding at Northeast Forestry University, with 8 and 6 articles, respectively. Liu Caixia from Northeast Forestry University had the highest number of publications, totaling 6 articles. The network density of institutional and author collaboration networks was 0.002 4 and 0.003 3, respectively, indicating a need for stronger communication and cooperation among institutions and researchers.Research hotspots primarily focused on plant expression vectors, Agrobacterium, and plants. Keywords were clustered into two major categories: one labeled plants, including tomato, medicinal plants, corn, tobacco, potato, and Arabidopsis; and the other labeled biotechnology, encompassing plant expression vectors, plant genetic transformation, tissue culture, and antibiotics. From 1995 to 2006, burst keywords included gene gun and plants, among 6 others; from 2006 to 2020, burst keywords included plant expression vectors and 8 others; in 2021, the burst keyword plant hormones emerged, which may represent a future research focus. This study provides a reference for related research and practices in plant genetic transformation.
Peppermint is an important medicinal and economic crop with high value-added potential in deep processing. Menthol, its primary volatile component, possesses various biological activities. The research progress of menthol on the pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutics and toxicology were reviewed based on relevant literature. In terms of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) of menthol is relatively low, and the mean residence time (MRT) and elimination half-life (T1/2) are short, indicating that it is metabolized rapidly in the body. In terms of pharmacodynamics, it exerts antibacterial effects by influencing the contents of phosphatidylcholine and other components in bacterial cell membranes; it has certain antiviral effects and enhances the immune system; it influences the formation of fungal biofilms and has good inhibitory effects on fungi such as Trichophyton and Microsporum canis; it reduces the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in cells and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), exerting anti-inflammatory effects; it promotes apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibits their proliferation and migration; it exerts analgesic effects by regulating calcium (Ca2+) and sodium (Na+) channels in nerve cells; and it has other pharmacological activities including antiparasitic, antioxidant and neuroregulatory effects. In pharmaceutics, menthol, as an efficient penetration enhancer, enhances the transport capacity of the blood-brain barrier, lymphatic permeability, intestinal epithelial barrier and skin permeability barrier by down-regulating the levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-5). In toxicology, the median lethal dose (LD50) of this substance in rats and mice is higher than 4 000 mg/kg, indicating high safety; however, long term excessive use may cause adverse reactions such as reducing the tension of the esophageal, esophageal and gastric sphincters. This article provides a reference for the further promotion and application of menthol.
In this experiment, bitter rose petals were used as experimental material, water was used as the solvent, and steam distillation was used to extract rose hydrosol. Single-factor experiments (A solid-liquid ratio, B distillation time, C soaking time) and orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal combination of these factors. The sensory score, DPPH free radical scavenging rate, ABTS free radical scavenging rate of the combination were measured to determine the optimal extraction process of rose hydrosol. The single-factor experiment results showed that the optimal ratio m∶v for extracting rose hydrosol is 1∶4, the optimal distillation time is 20 min, and the optimal soaking time for petals is 8 h. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the primary and secondary factors affecting the extraction of rose hydrosol in sequence were the solid-liquid ratio, distillation time, soaking time. The score of A2B2C3 (the ratio of material to liquid m∶v is 1∶4, distillation time 20 min, soaking time 12 h) was the highest, reaching 8.2 points. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate and ABTS free radical scavenging rate of the rose hydrosol extracted from it were 66.27% and 66.78% respectively, indicating a strong antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the optimal process condition for extracting rose hydrosol is a material-to-liquid ratio of m∶v of 1∶4, a distillation time of 20 min, and a petal soaking time of 12 h. This article provides a reference for the comprehensive utilization of rose hydrosol resources.
The causes of the heavy rain and snow weather that occurred in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from April 27 to 29, 2024, as well as the characteristics of precipitation phase changes during this process and suggestions for agricultural production were analyzed, using observation data from Tianqing (a meteorological big data cloud platform), ERA5 reanalysis data, and MICAPS conventional data, from the perspectives of circulation situation and water vapor conditions. The results showed that this weather process presented a complex phase transition from rain to sleet to snow, with characteristics such as long duration, wide impact range, and large cumulative precipitation. In terms of circulation situation, the coupling of high and low-level jets, combined with the low-level vortex shear line, surface inverted trough, and frontal zone, provided favorable conditions for the heavy rain and snow. In terms of water vapor conditions, the 700 hPa southwest jet continuously transported water vapor, and the specific humidity in the southern region reached 4 g/kg, meeting the water vapor standard for heavy snow. In terms of precipitation phase, the formation of a near-surface cold pad and changes in temperature stratification dominated the precipitation phase transition, and the thickness and intensity of the melting layer had an obvious impact on the phase transition. In response to the heavy rain and snow weather, it is suggested that farmers reasonably adjust the temperature and humidity in greenhouses, agricultural areas strengthen field management, and do a good job in cold protection and heat preservation. This study provides a reference for relevant weather analysis.
The study took the agro-pastoral ecotone in Inner Mongolia as the research area and Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. as the research object. Based on the phenological observation data of dandelion (germination period, leaf expansion initiation period, and leaf expansion peak period), meteorological data (average temperature and precipitation, etc.) and soil moisture content data in the study area from 1980 to 2018, linear trend analysis and partial least squares regression analysis were used to explore the impact of climate change in the study area on the phenological changes of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. in spring and its main driving meteorological factors.The results revealed a significant warming and drying trend during 1980-2018, with annual rates of change for mean air temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture content being 0.38 ℃/10 a, -0.68 mm/10 a, and -0.004 (m3/m3)/10 a, respectively. Correspondingly, Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. spring phenology showed consistent advancement trends: budburst advanced by 1.1 d/10 a, initial leaf unfolding by 0.8 d/10 a, and full leaf expansion by 0.7 d/10 a.The optimal duration for the germination period, initial leaf-expansion period, and peak leaf-expansion period of dandelions (Taraxacum officinale) is 40, 83, and 80 d, respectively. Partial least squares regression analysis showed that the VIP values of various meteorological factors for the germination period were in the order of minimum temperature > average temperature > maximum temperature > soil moisture > precipitation; for the leaf expansion initiation period, the VIP values were in the order of soil moisture >minimum temperature = average temperature > maximum temperature > precipitation; for the leaf expansion peak period, the VIP values were in the order of soil moisture > minimum temperature > average temperature > maximum temperature > precipitation. The R2X(cum), R2Y(cum), and Q2(cum) of the regression model were all greater than 0.5, indicating a good fitting effect. In conclusion, average temperature and soil moisture content were the main meteorological factors affecting the spring phenology of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.
To investigate the influence of pesticide application parameters of plant protection drones on the control efficacy against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, field experiments were conducted using the DJI T40 protection drone. Different spraying volumes (A1, 30.0 L/hm2; A2, 45.0 L/hm2; A3, 67.5 L/hm2) and spraying heights (B1, 3 m; B2, 4 m) were set as dual-factor combination treatments. The leaf protection efficacy and pest population control efficacy were systematically evaluated at 7 and 15 days after application. The results showed that the A3-B1 treatment exhibited the best performance among all treatments, with leaf protection efficacies of 93.77% and 92.58%, and pest population control efficacies of 94.76% and 94.10% at 7 and 15 days after application, respectively. The analysis of variance indicated that the spraying volume had a significant effect on the control efficacy against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (P<0.01), while the spraying height and its interaction with the spraying volume showed no statistically significant impact (P>0.05). Considering both control efficacy and operational efficiacy, two parameter combinations were recommended: a spraying volume of 45.0 L/hm2×spraying height of 3 m (optimal operational efficiency) and a spraying volume of 67.5 L/hm2×spraying height of 3 m (optimal control efficacy). The research results provide a reference for precise prevention and control of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis by crop protection drones.
To promote sustainable agricultural development, the efficient water-saving irrigation technologies and their advantages were briefly introduced, the application of water-saving irrigation technologies was analyzed such as water conveyance, irrigation, and intelligent irrigation in agricultural water conservancy projects, and the targeted promotion strategies were proposed. Efficient water-saving irrigation technologies include drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro irrigation, as well as water and fertilizer integration, and other intelligent irrigation technologies, which can provide precise, timed, and quantitative irrigation based on the actual water demand and soil conditions of crops. In terms of application in agricultural water conservancy projects, water-saving irrigation technologies such as pipeline water supply and anti-seepage channel water supply can reduce water leakage and evaporation during the transportation process. Drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and other water-saving irrigation technologies can transport water to crops through local irrigation and other methods, which have advantages such as water conservation and yield increase; the intelligent irrigation system effectively improves the water-saving effect by real-time collection and processing of soil moisture and other information, and implementing intelligent management. The promotion strategy includes strengthening the unified planning of water-saving irrigation projects, increasing the acceptance and participation of growers; differentiated selection of suitable water-saving irrigation methods and provision of supporting operational training services; Apply water and fertilizer integrated intelligent irrigation system to provide personalized irrigation solutions. This article provides references for achieving efficient utilization of water resources and promoting the promotion of efficient water-saving irrigation technology in agricultural water conservancy projects.
To improve the teaching quality of the course of Fruit Tree Breeding and cultivate professional talents meeting the needs of the concept of diversified food supply, the teaching reform of this course guided by the concept of diversified food supply was explored. The current teaching situation of Fruit Tree Breeding was analyzed, The teaching reform measures integrating the concept of diversified food supply were put forward. Research has found that current teaching practices suffer from issues such as low student engagement, insufficient professional skills among teachers, an imperfect evaluation system, and limited practical resources. To address these issues, firstly, to update teaching objectives, focusing on cultivating students' comprehensive quality and innovative ability; secondly, to optimize teaching content and reconstruct a breeding knowledge system with nutritional quality as the core; in addition, adopting diversified teaching methods such as case analysis and project practice to improve students' practical ability. Meanwhile, strengthening the cooperation between practical teaching and enterprises to provide more practical opportunities for students, and improve the teaching evaluation system. The research showed that integrating the concept of diversified food supply into the teaching reform of the Fruit Tree Breeding course enables fruit tree breeding to play a key role in fields such as nutritional health and sustainable development, and cultivates more excellent fruit tree breeding talents with forward-looking vision, innovative ability. This paper provides a reference for the exploration of teaching reform in professional courses of pomology in the field of agricultural science.
This study was conducted against the backdrop of the New Agricultural Science Initiative, addressing issues such as insufficient industry-education integration and inadequate practical skills in current agricultural talent cultivation. It constructs a “dual integration of science-education and industry-education” educational model. By implementing an undergraduate mentorship system to enhance teacher-student interaction, leveraging research projects and academic competitions to create a second classroom, and deepen collaboration with agricultural enterprises and research institutes to establish a dynamic third classroom for production practice, the study forms a synergistic “three-classroom” educational system. Through the practice of this educational model, a mechanism for teacher-student interaction and communication has been established, enabling the integration of science and education to be implemented effectively; formed a multi-party collaborative education mechanism, achieving precise alignment between talent cultivation and enterprise needs; established an open faculty team to enhance teachers’ practical teaching abilities; promoted the construction of disciplines such as agriculture and veterinary medicine; the employment rate and postgraduate entrance examination rate of students have increased, and their enthusiasm for scientific research has also increased; formed a service team to establish a connection between industry and grassroots services, promote the integration of industry and education, and promote the development of the school enterprise political consultative conference. This study provides a reference for agricultural universities to cultivate applied talents who can adapt to the needs of modern agricultural development.
To cultivate talents in the field of environmental science, the problems existing in the Environmental Monitoring Experiments course were analyzed, such as rigid teaching mode, single content, one-sided assessment and insufficient innovation. Based on the OBE concept, reforms are carried out from 5 dimensions: teaching methods, teaching content, assessment system, laboratory management and innovative ability training. Specifically, a progressive teaching structure is constructed, the teaching syllabus is integrated, digital tools and modern monitoring technologies are introduced, a diversified assessment mechanism is established, the functional zoning of the laboratory is optimized, and practical innovation is strengthened by relying on the open laboratory and virtual simulation platform. After 8 years of practice, a series of achievements have been made, including the completion of relevant teaching reform projects, the compilation of 1 experimental instruction book and 1 set of multimedia courseware, and the establishment of a multi-dimensional performance evaluation system. In terms of students’ achievements, they have obtained 1 national-level innovation project, 2 first prizes in the college-level professional skills competition, and the relevant team has been awarded the provincial excellent practice team. The practice shows that the reform under the OBE concept can effectively improve the quality of experimental teaching, enhance students’ ability to solve practical environmental problems, and provide a reference for the practical teaching of environmental majors.
To explore effective approaches for improving the teaching quality of the Chinese Medicinal Resources course, this study focused on curriculum development and systematically investigated the implementation pathways of teaching reform for specialized courses by incorporating a small-class teaching model. Based on the characteristics of the Chinese Medicinal Resources course, a new teaching system was constructed, integrating theoretical instruction, practical training, and interactive discussions. Through reforms such as optimizing teaching content, innovating practical sessions, and improving evaluation mechanisms, the study emphasized the cultivation of students’ core professional competencies, including Chinese medicinal resource surveys and authentication of geo-authentic medicinal materials. The small-class teaching model was adopted, which effectively facilitated in-depth teacher-student interaction, enhanced the outcomes of practical teaching, improved students’ professional competence and self-directed learning abilities, and elevated overall teaching quality. This study provided valuable insights for the development of the Chinese Medicinal Resources course and held significant practical implications for cultivating high quality professionals to meet industry demands.
To cultivate high-quality applied talents in synthetic biology, this study carried out a systematic teaching reform on the course of Biopharmaceutical Engineering Equipment. It analyzed the current teaching situation of the course, including problems such as the dominance of conventional lecture methods, the lack of practical teaching content, and the imperfection of the assessment system. By integrating the BOPPPS model and the double-teacher system to optimize the teaching content, a practical teaching method covering the whole process of gene operation, fermentation technology, separation and purification, and preparation preparation was constructed. Moreover, a diversified evaluation system consisting of “usual performance + experimental report + basic assessment + comprehensive assessment” was established. The reform has achieved remarkable results in the past 2 years: the scores of students show a normal distribution, the proportion of students in the 2021 grade who scored above 90 points reached 7.4%, which is an improvement compared with that before the reform, with zero failure, and the average score of teaching evaluation reached 98.5 points. The research shows that the teaching reform of this course has strengthened students’ systematic understanding of pharmaceutical engineering equipment and improved their ability to analyze and solve practical problems. This paper provides a reference for the reform of similar biology courses.
The resource advantages of rich selenium planting, breeding, and processing industries in Haidong City of Qinghai Province were analyzed, as well as areas needing improvement, and corresponding industrial development strategies were proposed. The study area was endowed with unique rich selenium soil resources, which were conducive to the development of the rich selenium industry and regional economic growth. However, the rich selenium industry in this region was faced with shortcomings in talent, enterprise scale, public awareness, capital investment, and brand influence. Based on these challenges, several measures were proposed: the talent team was strengthened through intensified training and technical enhancement via collaboration with universities; key enterprises were supported to develop deep-processed products such as rich selenium tartary buckwheat tea, thereby extending the industrial chain and improving overall industrial efficiency; cooperation and exchanges were promoted to increase the technological content of rich selenium products and enhance brand recognition; external funding support was secured to boost investment attraction; and publicity efforts were intensified to expand multi-platform, multi-level sales channels, comprehensively upgrading the competitiveness and influence of the rich selenium industry. This study provided a reference for the high quality development of the rich selenium industry in related regions.
Based on the current status of ratoon rice production in Qianshan City, Anhui Province, the aspects needing improvement were analyzed, and its corresponding industrial development strategies were proposed. The ratoon rice production was incorporated into the high quality agricultural development project in the study area, with a steady increase in planting area. In 2023, the demonstration planting of ratoon rice Quanyou 822 in Huangpu Town achieved a total yield of 13 609.5 kg/hm2 and a profit of 10 341.27 yuan/hm2. However, deficiencies were identified in varietal selection, cultivation techniques, brand building level, scale of operation, and socialized services. To address these issues, several countermeasures were proposed: lodging resistant and machine harvestable varieties were promoted; optimized sowing and seedling-raising techniques, precision fertilization, integrated “three-prevention and two-control” pest management, and simplified mechanical harvesting systems were implemented; regional public brands were established with “three certifications and one standard” accreditation, and agritourism demonstration parks were developed; new agricultural business entities were fostered, and “one-stop” agricultural machinery service cooperatives were established to improve the supply and marketing system and reduce production costs. This article provides reference for the high-quality development of the ratoon rice industry in the research area and similar regions.
To further exert the important role of agricultural extension in crop farming, the core functions and practical paths in agricultural planting were systematically analyzed. The research shows that agricultural technology extension ensures effective supply of agricultural products, promotes agricultural modernization, and facilitates the transformation of the agricultural economic structure by optimizing variety selection, introducing advanced machinery, and popularizing technologies such as water-saving irrigation and facility agriculture. In terms of promotion strategies, innovating information-based communication methods, strengthening the publicity of agricultural technologies, cultivating high-quality promotion teams, and improving infrastructure and institutional guarantee systems are the keys to enhancing promotion efficiency. This study proposes to empower agricultural extension with science and technology, improve resource utilization efficiency, and enhance the market competitiveness of agricultural products. It provides theoretical support and practical guidance for agricultural extension work, which is conducive to improving the pertinence and effectiveness of agricultural extension work.
The current status and innovative practices of forestry development were outlined in Liuzhai Village, Jieshou. The forestry industry in the study area faces issues such as suboptimal management and operation, underdeveloped understory economy, insufficient market-oriented industrial chains, and a lack of technological support. In response, four targeted strategic models have been developed: large-scale cultivation of Catalpa bungei and Blue Ice Cypress through “village-enterprise” cooperation to improve operational efficiency; diversified understory economy through composite models such as forest-sheep, forest-poultry, and forest-cicada systems, alongside the cultivation of Arundo donax and Artemisia argyi; value-added processing and brand packaging of Ziziphus jujuba Yulingdang to enhance market competitiveness; and collaboration with research institutions to apply soil improvement and mycorrhizal fertilizer technologies to strengthen scientific demonstration and extension. The study area has established a development model centered on large-scale operation, characterized by a composite understory economy, supported by technology-driven forestry, and driven by brand building. This study provides insights for optimizing forestry resource allocation and improving rural forestry industrial chains.
