This paper systematically reviews the technical system of straw returning, the development status of machinery and equipment, and the practice mode of machinery-agronomy integration in rice–wheat annual rotation area, and put forward the prospect of machinery-agronomy integration. Straw returning technology, including crushing rotary tillage, mulching, ploughing and reverse rotary stubble crushing, have been widely promoted in the region, and a series of mechanical equipment such as crushing and returning machines, deep ploughing and returning machines, no-till and mulching seeders, as well as multi-functional integrated machinery have been developed in conjunction. In the process of straw returning, typical models of the machinery-agronomy integration involved “crushing and returning to the field + no-till sowing”“straw crushing + deep loosening and land preparation + wide and narrow row planting”“partial returning to the field + utilization of straw as fertilizer”“straw returning to the field + formula fertilization + comprehensive prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds”, etc. In terms of key technologies, the coordinated combination of straw crushing by machinery and agronomic mulching control helps ensure the smooth emergence of seedlings, the integration of straw crushing and returning to the field with the application of composting agents and organic fertilizers can promote the recycling of nutrients, through measures such as uniform mulching and optimizing the crop rotation system, comprehensive prevention and control of diseases and pests that may be caused by straw returning to the field can be achieved, the combination of “coarse crushing + fine crushing” with the use of water regulation and microbial bacteria agents is conducive to enhancing the efficiency of humification. The machinery-agronomy integration still faces challenges in practical application, such as insufficient adaptability to terrain, low efficiency in straw treatment, prominent soil compaction problems caused by repetitive mechanical operations, and the possible aggravation of the occurrence of pests, diseases and weeds due to straw mulching and returning to the field. In the future, the following aspects should be improved: develop lightweight, multi-functional and modular agricultural machinery, as well as integrate high-power multi-functional integrated machinery with economical and lightweight machinery; improve the crushing device and accelerate the iterative upgrading of integrated machinery for crushing, turning and sowing; optimize agronomic parameters and conduct systematic research on typical integration models; pay attention to the coordinated cooperation between agricultural machinery, agronomic measures and ecological processes. This study provided reference for the optimization of straw returning technology in rice-wheat rotation area.
The breeding process, cultivation characteristics, and key cultivation techniques of the maize variety Fukeyu No.1 were summarized. This variety was developed by crossing the inbred line FS0744 (female parent) with FS0770 (male parent) and was approved by the Anhui Provincial Variety Approval Committee in 2024 (Wanshenyu 2024T009). The plant type was semi-compact, with a total growth period of approximately 100 days. In regional trials, the average plant height was 262.5 cm, and the 1 000-grain weight was 310.0 g. Stable resistance to small spot disease and stalk rot disease, with excellent comprehensive resistance performance. Quality analysis revealed a test weight of 732-742 g/L and a crude protein content of 10.34%-10.59%. Multi-year, multi-location trials indicated that the variety was high yielding and stable, with yield increase of 7.62%-18.6% compared to the control variety Zhengdan 958. This variety is suitable for planting in summer-sown maize production areas north of the Huai River. Key cultivation techniques include the following steps: apply sufficient base fertilizer during land preparation and use granular insecticides to control soil pests; conduct summer sowing from mid-May to early June at a planting density of 63 000-67 500 plants/hm2; sun dry seeds before sowing and apply seed coating or chemical dressing to control pests and diseases and promote robust seedlings; during field management, thin and finalize seedlings in a timely manner, strengthen intertillage and weeding, and manage fertilizer and water appropriately. At the tasseling stage, combine topdressing with soil hilling; supplement water and fertilizer during the grain-filling stage to prevent premature senescence. Delay harvesting appropriately at maturity; mechanically harvest when the kernel milk line disappears and a black layer forms, and dry the grains promptly to a moisture content below 14% for safe storage. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of this variety in similar ecological regions.
To identify high yielding and high quality medium season indica rice varieties suitable for cultivation in Tuanfeng County, Huanggang, Hubei Province, a comparative trial was conducted with 20 varieties, including Luohongyou 1564 and Yiliangyou 311. Their growth duration, agronomic traits, resistance, and yield performance were systematically evaluated. The growth duration of the varieties ranged from 115 to 143 days. 10 varieties, including Yiliangyou 311 and Shengliangyouluojiazhan, exhibited a moderate growth periods ranging from 127 to 133 days. In terms of agronomic traits, plant height varied from 110.1 to 135.3 cm. Most varieties, such as Luohongyou 1564, displayed compact plant architecture, vigorous growth, uniform stands, and strong lodging resistance. None of the varieties showed bacterial leaf blight, and leaf blast incidence was low. Yield ranged from 7 579.5 to 12 331.5 kg/hm2, with Changliangyou 803 achieving the highest yield. The comprehensive selection of varieties with good field growth, good disease resistance, and high yield, as well as excellent field performance, includes Shengliangyouluojiazhan, Wanfengyousizhan, Changliangyou 803, Quanyou 1606, Hualiangyou 919, and Longdao No.3. This study provides a scientific basis for promoting and deploying medium indica rice varieties in the region.
The comprehensive cultivation techniques for the hybrid rice variety Y Liangyou 1173 were systematically summarized, and its performance in a demonstration planting conducted in Xingning, Guangdong, in 2024 was evaluated. The comprehensive cultivation techniques include ultrasonic seed selection and seed soaking and germination with strong chlorine-based disinfectant; using plastic tray seedling raising combined with seedling strengthening agent to cultivate robust seedlings. Additionally, the methods involve fine land preparation and rational dense planting (255 000-300 000 hills/hm2), the implementation of precise and alternating dry and wet water-saving irrigation strategies, and the adherence to the “prevention first, integrated control” philosophy. A green pest and disease control model was established, based on healthy cultivation practices and incorporating accurate forecasting, physical and chemical attraction control, and scientific pesticide application, with the use of plant protection drones to enhance control efficiency. Mechanical harvesting in the late stage of ripening, safe storage when dried to a moisture content of 14.5% in rice grains. The demonstration results showed that the variety had a total growth period of 112-126 days, effective panicle numbers of 2.49-2.61 million panicles/hm2, and a yield of 9 543.30-9 769.50 kg/hm2. The chalkiness degree ranged from 1.2% to 2.5%. Overall, the variety exhibited excellent characteristics such as high yield, high quality, desirable maturity color, and strong resistance. This study provides a reference for the promotion and cultivation of this variety in similar ecological regions.
To further screen and enrich the types of excellent fresh waxy maize varieties, this study conducted a demonstration trial with 18 fresh waxy maize varieties including Heijin 699, Ruihezaonuo, and Shenketiannuo 99 as test materials, comparing and analyzing their growth period, main agronomic traits, ear traits, occurrence of diseases and insect pests, quality, and yield. The results showed that Ruihebainuo 80 germinated 7 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 213.7 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 20.1 cm, tip barrenness was 0.3 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 35.8 g; the total quality score was 88.8 points, and the yield reached 16 716.7 kg/hm⊃2;. Shenketiannuo 99 germinated 6 days after sowing; its plant height was 207.5 cm, with a lodging rate of 0.4% and no stem breaking; the ear length was 19.6 cm, tip barrenness was 0.9 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 37.2 g; the total quality score was 88.1 points, and the yield was 14 441.7 kg/hm⊃2;. Huanaicaitiannuo 102 germinated 6 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 234.1 cm, with a lodging rate of 0.4% and no stem breaking; the ear length was 21.7 cm, tip barrenness was 1.0 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 42.5 g; the total quality score was 87.8 points, and the yield amounted to 16 039.6 kg/hm⊃2;. Shenbaitiannuo No. 3 germinated 7 days after sowing; its plant height was 196.3 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 19.3 cm, tip barrenness was 1.1 cm, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 41.0 g; the total quality score was 88.2 points, and the yield was 13 981.3 kg/hm⊃2;. Huhongnuo No. 1 germinated 6 days after sowing; it had a plant height of 227.3 cm, with no lodging or stem breaking; the ear length was 19.1 cm, no tip barrenness, and the fresh 100-grain weight was 40.5 g; the total quality score was 90.4 points, and the yield reached 14 731.3 kg/hm⊃2;. Heijin 699 germinated 7 days after sowing; its plant height was 188.1 cm, with no lodging but a stem breaking rate of 1.7%; the ear length was 18.0 cm, tip barrenness was 0.4 cm, the fresh 100-grain weight was 34.7 g, and it had purple kernels; the total quality score was 88.5 points, and the yield was 12 708.3 kg/hm⊃2;. For all the above varieties, the incidence grade of sheath blight, stem rot and Asian corn borer was grade 1. Comprehensively, Ruihebainuo 80 had an outstanding yield advantage and excellent quality performance; three varieties, namely Huanaicaitiannuo 102, Shenketiannuo 99 and Shenbaitiannuo No. 3, showed good yield and quality, with good comprehensive traits; Huhongnuo No. 1 had relatively high yield, excellent quality and good marketability; although Heijin 699 had no prominent yield advantage, it had a sweet, tender and glutinous taste, good quality and purple kernels, with good commercial appearance. All the 6 above-mentioned varieties had good comprehensive performance and could be promoted for cultivation in the study area.
The green and efficient cultivation techniques for the intercropping of Brassica oleracea and Cucurbita moschata were systematically summarized and analyzed. This model should choosen sandy loam soil with a pH of 6-7, deep soil layers, convenient irrigation and drainage, and a previous crop that was non cruciferous plant. For Brassica oleracea, varieties with strong stress resistance were selected, such as Baodaoqinggeng. Seedlings were raised from late November to December, and transplanted in early February of the following year. For Cucurbita moschata, varieties such as Mobaonangua were selected, with seedlings raised in early February. Intercropping begins in early March, adopting a configuration of “two ridges of Brassica oleracea, one ridge of Cucurbita moschata”, to improve land use efficiency and fully utilize solar and thermal resources. Brassica oleracea seedlings were cultivated using plug trays and transplanted on overcast days or in the afternoon of sunny days when they had developed 5-6 true leaves, with a planting spacing of 50 cm between rows and 25 cm between plants. Base fertilization primarily consists of sulfate of potash compound fertilizer (750 kg/hm2), organic fertilizer (7 500 kg/hm2), and borax (7.5 kg/hm2). Seven days after transplanting, calcium ammonium nitrate (225 kg/hm2) was applied as a topdressing, followed by an additional application of compound fertilizer (150 kg/hm2) during the rosette stage. After transplanting, frequent watering was carried out to promote seedling establishment, while soil moisture was maintained during the growth period, with particular attention to drainage during the rainy season. The prevention and control of pests and diseases were mainly based on agricultural, physical, and biological measures, supplemented by chemical control. Specifically, this includes timely plowing and weeding, cleaning the fields, hanging insect traps, and spraying 68% metalaxyl-M·mancozeb and Bacillus thuringiensis to control downy mildew and cabbage green pests. Harvesting takes place when the curds were fully expanded and firm. Cucurbita moschata seedlings were raised using plug trays and transplanted when they develop 3-4 true leaves. When the plants reach the 5-leaf stage, the growing tips were pinched, and 4-5 robust lateral vines were selected and retained. Once the vines reach 50-70 cm in length, they were guided and pinned down to promote rooting. Water management follows the principle of “restricting early, promoting during mid-growth, and restricting later”. During the fruiting period, adequate water supply was ensured, while irrigation was halted 10 days before harvest. For disease control, Bacillus spp., zineb, and imidacloprid were used to manage diseases such as phytophthora blight, downy mildew, and cutworms. The fruits were harvested when the skin became thick and a distinct waxy bloom was evident. This intercropping model effectively utilizes light, heat, and land resources, achieving a balance between increased yield and efficiency and green production, with significant economic and ecological benefits.
To investigate the growth and quality differences of main flue-cured tobacco varieties in the Honghe tobacco-growing area across different years, a relatively fixed micro-ecological zone within the area was selected. Changes in growth period, agronomic traits, appearance quality, physical characteristics, and chemical components and sensory quality of cured tobacco leaves of varieties K326 and Yunyan 87 from 2020 to 2024 were analyzed. The results showed that, except for 2024, the sowing and transplanting dates were consistent for both varieties. K326 exhibited slightly later growth stages than Yunyan 87, while the field growth periods were similar. From 2020 to 2024, the agronomic traits of both varieties showed significant interannual variation. The average values for plant height, internode distance, and length and width of the waist leaves of K326 were generally smaller than those of Yunyan 87, while stem girth was comparable. Yunyan 87 overall outperformed K326 in leaf structure and oil content, but had slightly poorer leaf identity. Differences in color, maturity, and chroma between the two varieties were minimal. Physical characteristics showed little variation across years. K326 had suitable leaf surface density and tensile strength, while Yunyan 87 had moderate tensile strength but slightly lower leaf surface density. Both varieties exhibited a relatively high stem ratio. The chemical components of both varieties showed little interannual fluctuation. The contents of total alkaloids, total nitrogen, reducing sugars, and other indicators in the middle leaves fell within the range for high-quality tobacco. The sensory quality of middle leaves was relatively better in 2021 and 2022, with K326 slightly outperforming Yunyan 87 in this aspect. This study provides a reference for the sustainable development of the local flue-cured tobacco industry.
To further optimize the grape planting structure in the Weinan area of Shaanxi Province, this paper took the main grape variety Sunshine Muscat in the study area as the control and conducted introduction experiments on the 2 introduced grape varieties, Yongyou No.1 and Xinyu. The phenological period, net photosynthetic rate and other photosynthetic characteristics of leaves, single grain weight and other fruit physical and chemical indicators, soluble solid content and other fruit physical and chemical indicators of 3 tested grape varieties were determined. The results showed that Yongyou No.1 was a late-maturing variety and Xinyu was a mid-maturing variety. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves of Xinyu were significantly higher than those of the control group. It could produce and accumulate more carbohydrates within a unit of time, which was beneficial to fruit growth. The fruit of Xinyu had a relatively heavy individual weight, high hardness, large longitudinal and transverse diameters, and showed good fruit characteristics. Among the 3 tested varieties, the contents of soluble solids, reducing sugar and ascorbic acid in the fruits of Xinyu were all relatively high, which were 20.17%, 194.74 g/L and 5.47 mg/100 g respectively. The titratable acid content of Xinyu fruits was relatively low, and the solid-acid ratio of the fruits was higher than that of Yongyou No.1 and Sunshine Muscat, which was 77.58. The fruit maturity, sweetness and taste flavor were good. In conclusion, both the Yongyou No.1 and Xinyu grape varieties were able to ripen normally in the study area, and their overall fruit traits were good. Among them, the overall performance of Xinyu is rather prominent,and it has a promising prospect for promotion and application in production.
To explore the effect of drought stress on anthocyanin metabolism in grape fruits, this study used ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes as the experimental subjects and set up a drought stress group (DR) and a normal growth control group without drought stress (CK). Fruit samples at the mature stage were collected for non-targeted metabolomics sequencing. Metabolic substances related to anthocyanins were analyzed through methods such as partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), cluster analysis and metabolic analysis. PLS-DA indicated that the contribution rates of principal component 1 (PC1) and principal component 2 (PC2) to the total variation were 59.31% and 21.05% respectively, and the cumulative contribution rate of the two reached 80.36%, with significant classification effects among samples. Cluster analysis indicated that a total of 17 differential metabolites of anthocyanidins such as Peonidin-3-O-alpha-arabinopyranoside and 7 differential metabolites of proanthocyanins such as Procyanidin B1 were detected in DR and CK. The content of anthocyanidin substances in grapes after drought stress was significantly lower than that of CK, while the content of proanthocyanidins was higher than that of CK. This study provides a reference for the stress-resistant cultivation of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes and the improvement of their quality.
To clarify the differences in aroma and flavor characteristics between the two main cultivated cigar filler tobacco leaf varieties, Piloto Cubano (PC) and Criollo 98 (C98), this paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the conventional chemical components such as potassium and chlorine, sensory evaluation of aroma and flavor, and volatile aroma components such as carotenoid degradation products of 11 cigar filler tobacco leaf of two varieties, PC and C98, and conducts a correlation analysis between the characteristics of fruit-flavored aroma and volatile aroma components. The results showed that there were significant differences in the chlorine content and potassium-chlorine ratio between the two varieties. The overall aroma characteristics of C98 are mainly spicy and plant-based scents, while those of PC are mainly plant-based, fruity, spicy and coffee-like scents. The total volatile aroma component of PC was 2.201 μg/g, which was higher than that of C98. The Maillard reaction products and other types of products of PC increased by 73.19% and 86.84% respectively compared with C98. 12 volatile aroma components such as geranione, pyridine, 2-heptanone and methyl 2-hydroxyisobutyrate were positively correlated with the characteristics of fruity aroma. Overall, the main difference in the aroma characteristics between PC and C98 lay in the fruity fragrance. The significant difference components between the two varieties were isophorone, geranylacetone, dihydroactylactone, N-methyl-2-pyrroformaldehyde, 3-acetylpyridine and indole. This article provides a reference for exploring the differences in aroma style characteristics among high quality imported cigar filler tobacco leaf varieties.
The CiteSpace software was used to analyze 3 634 articles on tomato abiotic stress from the Web of Science (WOS) database and 550 articles from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database (1990—2024) in terms of publication output, contributing institutions, keywords, and burst terms, aiming to explore research hotspots and frontiers in this field. The results showed that research on tomato abiotic stress has exhibited a stepwise growth trend since 2004. Northwest A&F University is a leading institution in terms of publication output, with 99 articles in WOS and 51 in CNKI. Thematic analysis of keywords revealed that research in this field mainly focuses on response mechanisms and gene expression under abiotic stresses such as salt stress and temperature stress. The keywords from the CNKI and WOS databases formed 12 and 13 clusters, respectively, all including 3 major categories: tomato growth performance and yield loss under abiotic stress, tomato molecular mechanisms under abiotic stress, and physiological responses and strategies for coping with tomato abiotic stress. Timeline mapping indicated that research in CNKI formed a tight cluster centered on melatonin and spermidine after 2015, while research in WOS focused on genome-wide identification and saline-alkali resistance after 2020, with an emphasis on mining stress-resistant genes at the molecular level. Burst term analysis revealed that research hotspots are shifting from salt tolerance to low-temperature stress, and the newly emerging keyword “diversity” suggested that future research will focus on cross-resistance to multiple stresses and the exploration of stress-resistant germplasm resources. The findings of this study provide a reference for in-depth research on tomato stress resistance.
The research progress on abiotic stress resistance in Onobrychis viciifolia was systematically reviewed, and its potential applications were prospected. Under drought stress, moisture balance was maintained and oxidative damage was mitigated through the regulation of genes related to dehydrin synthesis and antioxidant enzymes, as well as lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways. Under cold stress, cold resistance was enhanced by the accumulation of protective substances such as proline and the activation of the antioxidant system. Under saline-alkali stress, ion homeostasis was maintained primarily through the regulation of ion uptake and transport and the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities. Under heavy metal stress, toxicity was alleviated by changes in the content of osmotic adjustment substances and enzyme activities. Future studies should deeply integrate multi-omics technologies to identify key stress resistance genes, and genetically engineer new Onobrychis viciifolia varieties with high stress resistance, while expanding their applications in stress agriculture and soil ecological remediation. This review provides references for leveraging Onobrychis viciifolia to promote sustainable development in agriculture and animal husbandry.
Based on the practice of land-based circular tank recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in Taihe County, Fuyang City, Anhui Province, key technical aspects, including system construction, pre-stocking preparations, fingerling release, and feeding management were summarized, and the economic benefits of this farming model were analyzed. The land-based circular tank RAS technology involved selecting an area with abundant water sources, convenient transportation, and stable power supply to construct the system, which included circular farming tanks, water intake and drainage systems, supporting equipment, a tailwater treatment system, and an online water quality monitoring system. Before stocking, comprehensive system ventilation and disinfection were carried out. Fish seeds from reliable sources, healthy and free of parasites were selected. During the farming process, precise feeding was conducted based on the condition of the fish. Daily monitoring of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and other physicochemical indicators in the tanks was performed using online water quality monitoring equipment (dissolved oxygen ≥ 5.5 mg/L, pH 7.0-8.0, ammonia nitrogen content < 0.4 mg/L, nitrite content < 0.1 mg/L). Solid waste in the micro-screen filters and three-stage sedimentation tanks was regularly treated. Herbal or chemical agents were periodically applied to the aquaculture water for parasite control and disinfection. Farming practice results show that after 200 days of land-based circular tank farming, the average feed conversion ratio for Pelteobagrus fulvidraco was 1.50, with an average survival rate of 89.67%. The average yield per tank was 1 222.33 kg, with an output value of 30 558 RMB and a net profit of 4 524 RMB. In summary, this technical model offers advantages such as flexible installation, small land footprint, recycling of water resources, and easy tailwater treatment with minimal pollution, aligning with the green development direction of modern fisheries while achieving favorable economic benefits, making it suitable for promotion and application in production.
The network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques were employed to investigate the potential mechanism of action by which rosmarinic acid alleviates heat stress in poultry. First, the PubChem and Genecards databases were used to obtain potential targets of rosmarinic acid and heat stress, respectively. Subsequently, a “rosmarinic acid-heat stress-target” network was constructed to screen for core targets, with simultaneous GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis conducted. Finally, molecular docking was performed between rosmarinic acid and each core target individually. The results showed that a total of 37 related targets were screened, among which 8 were core targets including EGFR, MMP2, and CASP3. GO enrichment analysis revealed that these 37 related targets were involved in 24 biological processes (such as extracellular matrix organization), 12 cellular components (such as plasma membrane), and 15 molecular functions (such as zinc ion binding). KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the 37 related targets were associated with 9 KEGG pathways, including focal adhesion, cell adhesion molecules, and the MAPK signaling pathway. Except MMP1,molecular docking results demonstrated that the binding energies of other 7 core targets were less than -5 kJ/mol. Collectively, these findings suggested that rosmarinic acid may alleviate heat stress-induced damage in poultry by acting on 7 core targets (MMP2, MMP13, EGFR, MMP9, CASP3, MMP3, and ESR1), regulating signaling pathways such as MAPK, ErbB, and GnRH, and mediating processes including the regulation of cell apoptosis and autophagy, reduction of intestinal damage, and protection of reproductive function.
To investigate the immunomodulatory effect of astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on pigeons intoxicated with Avermectin (AVM), this study randomly divided 40 king pigeons into 4 groups (10 pigeons per group): the blank control group (free access to food and water), the model group (fed with pigeon feed contaminated with 60 mg/kg AVM for 30 consecutive days), the low-dose APS group (after modeling, 5 mg/d APS was added to drinking water), and the high-dose APS group (after modeling, 10 mg/d APS was added to drinking water). The condition of pigeons in each group was observed, and their body weight, spleen index, and serum indicators including immunoglobulin A (IgA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and Interleukin-4 (IL-4) were measured. The results showed that pigeons in the blank control group were in good mental condition. Pigeons in the model group showed signs of fatigue and lethargy, with a tendency to attack conspecifics, while the overall condition of the high-dose APS group was improved compared with the model group. Compared with the blank control group, the model group showed a significant decrease in body weight and spleen index（P<0.05）, as well as in the serum levels of IgA and IFN-γ（P<0.05、<0.01）, while the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-4 increased significantly（P<0.01）. After treatment, compared with the model group, the high-dose APS group exhibited a significant increase in body weight and spleen index（P<0.05）, along with significantly elevated serum levels of IgA and IFN-γ（P<0.05）, and a significant decrease in serum levels of TNF-α and IL-4（P<0.01、<0.05）; the serum TNF-α level in pigeons of the low-dose APS group decreased significantly（P<0.05）,. In conclusion, APS exerts a certain immunomodulatory effect on pigeons intoxicated with AVM, with the high-dose treatment (10 mg/d) demonstrating a better efficacy.
This article introduces the growth characteristics of the Celtis sinensis tree and the varieties suitable for making bonsai. It focuses on elaborating the bonsai making methods such as bending the main stem, bending the branches, pruning the top plate, and forming a top with multiple branches, as well as management measures such as repotting, disease and pest control, fertilization, bud removal, and aluminum wire removal. Celtis sinensis, a deep-rooted deciduous tree of the genus Celtis in the Ulmaceae family, has the advantages of strong sprouting ability, tolerance to pruning, and tolerance to smoke and dust. It is an excellent material for making bonsai and can be used to create various types of bonsai such as straight-trunk, slanting-trunk, and curved-trunk. The varieties of Celtis sinensis suitable for making bonsai mainly include Celtis julianae, Celtis koraiensis, Celtis bungeana, and Celtis tetrandra. In terms of bonsai making, the seedlings of the Celtis sinensis cultivated in the current year should be planted in pots at a 45° angle in the spring of the following year. By the winter of the third year, the first-level branches need to be pruned and shaped, and the second-level branches need to be pruned and bent, with bending and top pruning done. In the late autumn of the fourth year, carry out the selection and pruning of the third-level branches, adjust the trend of the second-level branches, and prune and fix the branches that have sprouted from the third-level branches based on the principles of removing the strong and retaining the weak. Retain the chicken claw branches through re-pruning. In terms of bonsai management, the best time for repotting bonsai is from late October to early March of the following year in autumn. Repotting should be done once every 1 to 2 years. Pest and disease control can be carried out by using agricultural control methods (such as strengthening fertilizer and water management), physical control methods (such as stabbing the insect body with bamboo sticks), and chemical control methods (such as spraying cypermethrin). The amount of fertilizer should be strictly controlled. Bud removal should be carried out in batches. After the shape of the branches and trunks stabilizes, the aluminum wires should be removed as needed. This article provides a reference for the promotion of the techniques of production and management Celtis sinensis bonsai.
To accurately evaluate the herbicidal effect of the mixture of saflufenacil and glyphosate, determine its optimal mixing ratio and applicable application conditions, 2 methods including indoor pot cultivation and field experiments were adopted, and a variety of Poaceae weeds (such as Digitaria sanguinalis), broad-leaved weeds (such as Conyza canadensis), and Cyperaceae weeds (Cyperus rotundus) were selected as the research objects. With clear water as the control (CK), two experimental methods were adopted: indoor pot experiments and field experiments. For the indoor pot experiments, treatments 1-5 were 30% glyphosate SL, 70% saflufenacil WG, 30% glyphosate SL + 2% saflufenacil WG, 30% glyphosate SL + 0.67% saflufenacil WG, and 30% glyphosate SL + 0.4% saflufenacil WG, respectively. For the field experiments, treatments 1-5 of experiment Ⅰ were foliar sprays of 30% glyphosate SL, 70% saflufenacil WG, and 30% glyphosate SL + 70% saflufenacil WG diluted 6 000-fold, 7 500-fold, and 10 000-fold, respectively; based on the 5 treatments of the pot experiments, experiment Ⅱ added treatment 6: 30% glyphosate SL + 6% glufosinate-ammonium. The control effects of 30% glyphosate SL, 70% saflufenacil WG, and their mixtures with different ratios on weeds were analyzed. The results of the indoor pot experiments showed that 3 days after application, the plant control effects of treatments 3-5 on Digitaria sanguinalis and Eleusineindica were significantly higher than those of treatments 1 and 2 (P<0.05); 7 days after application, the fresh weight control effects of treatments 3-5 on Conyza canadensis and Eleusine indica were significantly higher than those of Treatments 1 and 2 (P<0.05). Among them, treatment 3 exhibited the most prominent weed control effect, with plant control efficacy ranging from 76.00% to 100% and fresh weight control efficacy from 84.49% to 96.38%. The field experiment results indicated that the plant control effects of treatments Ⅰ-3, Ⅰ-4, and Ⅰ-5 on Echinochloa crus-galli and Digitaria sanguinalis were significantly higher than those of Treatments Ⅰ-1 and Ⅰ-2 (P<0.05); Treatment Ⅰ-1 had no control effect on Conyza canadensis, while the plant control effects of treatments Ⅰ-3, Ⅰ-4, and Ⅰ-5 on this weed all reached 100%. For experiment Ⅱ, the plant control effects of treatments Ⅱ-3, Ⅱ-4, and Ⅱ-5 on Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Beckmannia syzigachne, Solidago canadensis, and Pterocypsela indica were significantly higher than that of treatment Ⅱ-2 (P<0.05). In conclusion, the control effects of the mixed formulations of 30% glyphosate SL and 70% saflufenacil WG with different ratios on weeds were superior to those of the single agents. This study provides a reference for the innovation of weeding technology in non-cultivated land.
To explore the effects of compound microbial agents on the forms of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), as well as soil enzyme activities in jujube orchard soils, and to screen the optimal application dosage, this study took jujube-planting soil as the research object, with clear water set as the control group. Five dosage treatments of compound microbial agents (with a strain ratio of Bacillus subtilis : rhizobia : Pseudomonas spp. : Rhodopseudomonaspalustris = 1:3:3:3) were designed, namely T1 (1.50 kg/hm⊃2;), T2 (3.00 kg/hm⊃2;), T3 (4.50 kg/hm⊃2;), T4 (6.00 kg/hm⊃2;), and T5 (7.50 kg/hm⊃2;). The contents of different forms of Pb and Cd in soil, as well as the activities of urease, sucrase, and catalase, were determined for each group. The results showed that the T4 treatment exhibited the best regulatory effect on the forms of soil Pb and Cd: compared with the control group, the content of exchangeable Pb in T4 decreased by 19.88%, while the content of residual Pb increased by 181.76%; the content of exchangeable Cd decreased by 57.14%, and the content of residual Cd increased by 200.00%. In terms of soil enzyme activities, the T4 treatment also showed overall superiority: it had the highest catalase activity among all treatments, the urease activity was 105.17% higher than that of the control group, and the sucrase activity was higher than that of the control group and the T1 group. Comprehensively considering the transformation efficiency of heavy metal forms and the promotion effect on soil enzyme activities, the optimal recommended application dosage of the compound microbial agent for jujube orchards was determined to be 6.00 kg/hm⊃2;. This study can provide a reference for the biological regulation of heavy metal pollution in jujube orchard soil and the safe production of forest fruits.
To accurately assess the quality of flue-cured tobacco oil, this study employed sensory analysis technology to create reference samples for the greasiness of flue-cured tobacco. The greasiness was classified into different grades and corresponding descriptive words were established. The Friedman test method was used to rank the greasiness of tobacco leaves of each grade, and their appearance quality, chemical composition, and internal quality were evaluated. The results showed that when the greasiness of the reference samples were classified into 7 grades: greasy, relatively greasy, slightly greasy, medium, slightly dry, relatively dry and dry, there were significant differences among the 7 scale grades of the greasiness of tobacco leaf reference sample. With the increase of greasiness, the external quality (maturity, oil content and color), chemical composition (reducing sugar, total sugar, potassium), and internal quality (aroma quality, aroma quantity, impurities, vigor, irritation, aftertaste) of tobacco leaves all showed an upward trend. In conclusion, the different grades of the reference sample for the greasiness of tobacco leaves can be intuitively distinguished through sensory perception. This feature has strong operability and practicality in the practice of tobacco leaf grading.
The advantages, types, production processes, color treatment technologies, and preservation methods of dried flowers were systematically explored, aiming to provide practical technical references for dried flower production enthusiasts and theoretical support for the standardized and large-scale development of the dried flower industry. The core advantages of dried flowers lie in using natural plants as raw materials, which can retain the original shape and color of plants, have a long ornamental period, break through the limitation of flowering periods to realize free matching, and feature diverse application methods as well as low costs and low risks in the circulation link. In terms of classification, dried flowers can be divided into three-dimensional flowers and flat flowers by shape; by color treatment method, they can be divided into original-color dried flowers, bleached dried flowers, dyed dried flowers, and painted dried flowers. In terms of production processes, the collection of flower materials should be selected according to application scenarios, and post-harvest flower materials need to be preserved, trimmed and matched with appropriate equipment; drying methods include pressed flower drying, natural drying, desiccant embedding drying, and artificial environment-controlled drying. Color treatment technologies include chemical color retention, dyeing, and painting. For preservation, it is necessary to avoid light, high humidity, and insect infestation; dried flowers are recommended to be placed in a dry, well-ventilated, and clean environment, and insect prevention measures should be taken when necessary. In the future, with the innovation of dried flower technology and the expansion of application scenarios, the dried flower industry is expected to play a greater role in the fields of decoration, art, and environmental protection, further contributing to the sustainable development of related industries.
To cultivate interdisciplinary talents, this study conducts a systematic teaching reform focusing on the course Aquatic Animal Disease Science. The reform strategies mainly include 4 aspects: first, updating and optimizing teaching content. In the basic principles section of the course, green prevention and control technologies such as multivalent vaccines, probiotics, and Chinese herbal medicines are supplemented, and new pathogen detection technologies like multiplex PCR and LAMP are added; in the monograph section of the course, combined with the trend of complex pathogenesis and the transformation of aquaculture species structure, the epidemiology and prevention technologies of major diseases such as Nocardia disease in largemouth bass are emphasized. Second, integrating curriculum ideology and politics organically. Through concept innovation and model innovation, the unification of knowledge impartment and moral education is realized, and concepts such as ecological civilization and food safety are conveyed. Third, enriching teaching methods. An integrated model of regular classroom teaching + online teaching is constructed, and teaching resources are integrated relying on platforms such as MOOC and Chaoxing Learning Tong to enhance the interactivity and intuition of teaching. Fourth, optimizing the assessment system. The total score is adjusted to regular attendance (10%) + classroom performance (20%) + in-class tests (30%) + final assessment (40%), emphasizing the evaluation of daily learning and knowledge application ability. In terms of the effectiveness of teaching reform， students’ enthusiasm for course learning and comprehensive application ability of professional knowledge have been significantly improved; the course has deeply integrated theory with practice. Students have participated in aquatic pathogen detection and investigation and published academic papers, won awards in the National Undergraduate Life Science Competition, and the results of the national-level innovation and entrepreneurship training program they participated in have been published in relevant agricultural journals. This study provides a reference for the teaching reform of related courses.
To cultivate interdisciplinary talents, this study aims to explore the integration of ecological civilization education into Animal Biology teaching. Firstly, it excavates the ecological connotations in the Animal Biology curriculum, including the ecological value of environmental indicator organisms such as protozoa and insects, the symbiotic and commensal relationships between organisms (e.g., ants and aphids), and content related to the protection of endangered animals like the Chinese sturgeon, thereby clarifying the intrinsic connection between the curriculum and ecology and environmental protection issues. Secondly, an online-offline blended teaching model for Animal Biology based on the concept of ecological knowledge is constructed. Taking chaoxing xuexitong as the online platform, resources such as courseware, videos, documents related to ecological civilization, and assessment exercises are integrated; the curriculum’s training objectives and syllabus are revised to incorporate ecological civilization education throughout the entire teaching process. Before class, tasks and scientific questions are released through the platform to guide preview; during class, interactive activities such as quick-answer quizzes and group discussions are organized; after class, extended learning and tests are carried out based on the platform. In addition, differentiated plans for integrating ecological civilization education are designed for chapters on invertebrates and vertebrates. Finally, the implementation of this teaching model achieves the organic unification of the imparting of basic theories of Animal Biology, the stimulation of students’ interest in professional learning, and the cultivation of their awareness of ecological civilization, forming a closed-loop learning effect of “preview-learning-consolidation”. It helps students establish a deep integration of the concept of ecological civilization and professional knowledge, and improves their ability to solve ecological problems from a professional perspective. In summary, integrating ecological civilization education into the blended teaching of Animal Biology is not only an important practice in the ideological and political construction of university Animal Biology courses, but also a key path to cultivating interdisciplinary talents with solid professional literacy and a strong sense of ecological responsibility. This paper provides a reference for the teaching of related courses.
To address the issues partly existing in the conventional teaching of the course Appreciation and Production of Plant Disease Specimens, such as the need to improve students’ learning interest, strengthen the adaptation to students’ academic backgrounds across different majors, and tackle the insufficiency in classroom interaction and feedback, this study conducts teaching practice exploration with the concept of PBL (project-based learning) as the core. Specifically, the exploration is carried out through three key measures: creating a project-oriented immersive learning environment, integrating on-campus field observation and situational teaching to enhance students’ practical participation and stimulate their willingness for active learning; reconstructing interdisciplinary teaching resources by incorporating knowledge of art design, digital technology, etc., and taking 6 progressive course modules-navigation course, microscopic observation, specimen preparation, manual production, digital transformation, and thematic art exhibition-as carriers to adapt to the cognitive differences among students from various majors such as ideological and political education and geographic science; implementing a group cooperation mechanism, guiding students to form groups freely and rotates role assignments, so as to strengthen classroom interaction and real-time feedback on problems and improve students’ collaborative ability. The results of the reform show that the overall course satisfaction, as well as the satisfaction with students’ self-directed learning ability and problem-solving ability, all exceed 90%, and the comprehensive evaluation score of teachers reaches 94.46. In conclusion, this reform provides a feasible path for the teaching of general elective courses. In the future, the scope of practice can be expanded and systematic effect evaluation can be carried out to provide references for the in-depth application of PBL in general education.
Taking the practical characteristics of agricultural vocational education and the scientific and technological needs of comprehensive rural revitalization as the starting point, this paper systematically analyzed the foundation, feasibility and implementation paths of scientific and technological linkage between agricultural vocational education and comprehensive rural revitalization. At the level of linkage foundation, agricultural vocational education needs to address the optimization requirements for the cultivation of agricultural science and technology talents and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements; meanwhile, comprehensive rural revitalization is confronted with the practical demands for the supply of agricultural and rural technical talents and the empowerment of industrial science and technology. At the level of feasibility, there is a functional alignment between the two: comprehensive rural revitalization requires scientific and technological drive for industrial development, while agricultural vocational education possesses the functions of social service and advantages in technical resources. Moreover, the natural resources in rural areas and the technical resources of talents in vocational education can form a complementarity, providing support for linkage development. In terms of implementation paths, a multi-stakeholder linkage mechanism involving “policy - institution - industry” is constructed. Through 4 dimensions, including, linkage of scientific and technological talents, linkage of scientific and technological project topic selection, linkage of scientific and technological achievement transformation, and linkage of scientific and technological services, the agricultural science and technology innovation chain and talent cultivation chain are connected. The research shows that this scientific and technological linkage mechanism can effectively promote the organic connection of education, talents, industry. It not only improves the social service capacity of agricultural vocational colleges, but also injects sustained impetus into the quality and efficiency improvement of rural industries. This paper provides a reference for similar regions to promote the coordinated development of vocational education and comprehensive rural revitalization.
Spring plowing preparation refers to the production preparation activities carried out by farmers to create optimal growth conditions for crops and ensure agricultural harvests and food security before sowing. The current situation of spring plowing preparation in Chaohu, Anhui, was focused on and elaborated, its areas needing improvement were further analyzed, and targeted development suggestions were finally put forward. At present, the planting intentions in the study area showed a diversified trend; the market supply of major agricultural means of production such as seeds, pesticides and agricultural films was relatively sufficient; agricultural technologies such as soil testing and formulated fertilization and intelligent irrigation have been widely promoted and applied; scientific field management measures were implemented according to the differences in seedling conditions of early spring wheat and rapeseed in production. However, areas such as rural labor force, agricultural information access channels, agricultural production funds and agricultural infrastructure still needed further strengthening and improvement. Based on this, a series of development suggestions were put forward, including establishing a diversified attraction mechanism to enhance the attractiveness of rural areas to young and middle-aged people in terms of employment opportunities and living security, so as to promote the return of the labor force; analyzing information such as agricultural markets and science and technology, and accurately convey it to farmers through radio, online platforms and other channels to provide references for scientific decision-making; increasing agricultural-related investment, implementing various subsidies to ensure farmers’ benefits; increasing capital and technology investment in farmland water conservancy, field roads and other fields to improve infrastructure. This paper provides a reference for the sustainable agricultural development of relevant regions.
To delve into the actual status of drug-grain (oil) intercropping patterns in the field of patent applications, this study used the HimmPat patent database as the data source and adopted a keyword search method - with search terms including “intercropping”, “relay cropping”, “crop rotation” and names of major grain （oil) crops. It collected national invention patents related to drug-grain (oil) intercropping patterns published as of 2024, obtaining a total of 99 valid patents. Statistical analyses were conducted on the patents regarding application trends, legal status, applicant types, geographical distribution, planting methods, as well as the types and taxonomic families of medicinal plants and grains （oil) involved. The results showed that patent applications and authorizations exhibited fluctuating characteristics. Applications started in 2007, and after 2014, the number of applications stabilized at more than 5 per year, reaching a peak of 12 in 2019. In terms of legal status, rejected and withdrawn patents accounted for 54.5%, while authorized patents accounted for 16.2%. The core applicants were research institutes, with 47 applications (75% of which were authorized), followed by enterprises (24 applications, with 25% authorized). Intercropping was the dominant planting method, involving 53 patents (accounting for 53.54%), followed by crop rotation (27 patents) and relay cropping (19 patents). In terms of resource application, 52 types of traditional Chinese medicines were involved (with Fabaceae, Liliaceae, and Asteraceae being the most widely used), along with 8 types of grain （oil) crops (120 application cases, with corn accounting for over 50% and Poaceae crops accounting for 86 cases). In summary, the patent applications for drug-grain (oil) intercropping patterns demonstrate the characteristics of continuous release of innovation vitality while requiring quality improvement. Research institutes serve as the core innovation entities, and intercropping, along with corn and traditional Chinese medicines from Fabaceae and Liliaceae, constitute the mainstream application directions. In the future, it is necessary to promote the sustainable development of this pattern and enhance the quality and efficiency of the traditional Chinese medicine industry by improving the patent mechanism, strengthening industry-university-research collaboration, establishing a market monitoring system, and increasing investment in research and development of ecological regulation technologies.
