The SWEET gene family of plant sugar transporters is a class of important sugar transporters discovered in recent years, which plays an important role in plant growth and development, physiological metabolism, and resistance to stress by regulating the transport and distribution of sugar in plants. SWEET gene has different biological functions in different species and plays an important role in plant life activities. In this study, we reported the research status of the protein structure, transport mechanism and biological function of the SWEET gene family in plants, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for further study on other structures and functions of SWEET gene family.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is a simple and efficient targeted gene editing technology, which has important application value in plant genetic improvement and crop genetics and breeding. This research mainly introduced the principle and construction method of CRISPR/Cas9, discussed the application and research progress of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant gene function and gene expression regulation, plant genome site-specific editing and crop molecular breeding in recent years. We analyzed the main influencing factors and the optimizing methods of this gene editing technology, as well as problems in its application and the solutions to the problems, and discussed the future development direction of the technology, thus providing reference for the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant genome editing and crop genetics and breeding.

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for animals and plants. Zinc deficiency or excess can seriously affect the growth and development of rice. Maintaining zinc content in rice at a certain level is helpful to improve the yield and quality of rice, increase the zinc content in grain, and solve the current problem of zinc deficiency in human body to a certain extent. Therefore, it is important to understand Zn uptake, transport, distribution, and other molecular mechanisms regulating Zn homeostasis in rice. In this review, we briefly summarized the importance of zinc in plants, especially the ion transporters in rice and the molecular mechanisms. The roles of these ion transporters in the uptake of Zn from soil, the transport from root to shoot, and the distribution of Zn to various parts of rice were summarized. Some molecular mechanisms related to ion transporters were also summarized. This study provides reference for the mining of zinc homeostasis regulatory genes in rice, the study of molecular mechanism, and the creation of high zinc rice germplasm.

ERECTA is a receptor-like kinase isolated from Arabidopsis La-0(Landsberg) that interacts with a variety of genes which control the morphogenesis of various plant organs. Its Arabidopsis mutant Ler (Landsberg erecta) is widely used in molecular genetic studies. It has been found that ERECTA plays an important role in inflorescence structure formation, leaf morphogenesis, stomatal development, disease resistance and etcetera. With the development in the field of molecular biology and genetics, new functions of ERECTA have been discovered. This review summarizes the functions of ERECTA gene in meristem,leaf and floral development,and biological and abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

In this paper, the composition of the ubiquitin proteasome system, the structure of monoubiquitin, polyubiquitin, and ubiquitin-like gene and the role of ubiquitin system in plant growth and development, and the function of E3 ligase in response to biotic and abiotic stress were reviewed. In view of the existing related research, it is proposed that there are few studies on the target protein itself, few reports on the HECT family of E3 ligase, and the timing site of E3 regulatory network and ubiquitination is still unclear. The future research on ubiquitin, such as strengthening the research on cloning related genes and gene interaction, strengthening the research on target protein information and E3 molecular mechanism, is expected to provide references for the research on plant ubiquitin system, the structure and function of ubiquitin genes.

To explore the current research progress of mitochondrial genomes of crops, this study concluded the present research status of 12 crop mitochondrial genomes published in NCBI from the aspects of gene composition, molecular structure and so on. Firstly, we summarized the differences of 12 crops in mitochondrial genome size, coding sequence ratio, intron and horizontal gene transfer among chloroplast, mitochondrion and nucleus. Secondly, we analyzed the hot issues of RNA editing, repeat sequence and recombination in the crop mitochondrial genomes. Finally, we discussed the analysis and progress of the association between crop mitochondrial genome and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).

The aim of this study was to provide reference for the functional study of early nodulation protein ENOD93 in non-legumes. In this study, bioinformatics method was used to identify rice ENOD93 gene family. The physical and chemical properties, chromosome location, gene structure, protein structure, expression spectrum and evolutionary relationship of the members were analyzed. The results showed that there were 7 members of rice ENOD93 gene family, which were distributed on chromosomes 2 and 6, and the gene structure was relatively simple. Moreover, most ENOD93 genes are highly similar in the distribution and arrangement of conserved domain and motif. The results of RNA-Seq data analysis showed that ENOD93 gene family was highly expressed in pistils, seeds and embryos, and the expression level of some gene was induced by stress. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of nine monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species, 31 ENOD93 gene family members were divided into four distinct groups. The expression of ENOD93 gene in rice was different in different tissues and at different developmental stages, and some genes were induced by stress, suggesting that ENOD93gene family was involved in the development process of many plant tissues and played an important role in the response to stress.

Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2(SnRK2) is a ubiquitous protein kinase in plants. It belongs to the Ser/Thr class of protein kinases, and can play a role in various signal transductions. In order to study the role of SnRK2 protein kinase in plant stress resistance, this study analyzed the characteristics and research process of SnRK2 gene family, summarized the functions of SnRK2 gene in regulating stomatal size of plant leaf, responding to drought stress and salt stress, and responding to seed germination and development. It was pointed out that SnRK2 gene played a role in various signal transductions, which could effectively improve plant stress resistance. It is of great significance for ABA response, plant growth and development, and it provides a reference basis for future research on the molecular mechanism of SnRK2 and plant variety cultivation.

Grass species are the main source of food. NBS-LRR (nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat), which contains the largest number of resistance genes, plays a critical role in resistance to pathogens and pests in plant. In order to study NBS- LRR resistance gene, the authors introduce the structure, function, classification, the number, distribution and evolution model of NBS-LRR genes in grass species. Meanwhile the authors proposed future research direction and put forward issues that need to be further explored.

This article introduced the role of artificial intelligence in landscape architecture research. According to the functions and attribute of artificial intelligence, the commonly used artificial intelligence methods in landscape architecture research were divided into intelligent random optimization, machine learning and artificial life. The application dynamics of different types of artificial intelligence methods in landscape architecture were analyzed. The problems in the application of artificial intelligence in various fields of landscape architecture were pointed out, and the limitation of artificial intelligence methods in landscape architecture research was explored. The establishment of hybrid intelligent system model was an inevitable trend of landscape architecture research towards intelligence, digitalization and automation.

To identify magnesium transporter (MGT) gene in tobacco genome and explore the mechanism of magnesium ion transport by MGT in tobacco plant, seven NtMGTs with conservative Gly-Met-Asn tripeptide motifs were identified from tobacco genome by homologous sequence alignment using the magnesium transporter family genes in rice and Arabidopsis genomes as reference sequences. The results showed that the expression of NtMGTs was tissue-specific and light-induced under different magnesium supply levels and light intensities. The expression of NtMGT1 in roots and NtMGT2, NtMGT4 and NtMGT5 in leaves of tobacco plants increased under strong light intensity. With the increase of magnesium supply, the expression of NtMGT1 gene in the root system increased, which was consistent with the change trend of magnesium content in the root system, suggesting that NtMGT1 gene mainly mediated the absorption of magnesium in the root system of tobacco plant. The expression levels of NtMGT2, NtMGT4 and NtMGT5 genes in leaves increased first and then decreased, indicating that the three genes belonged to a high affinity magnesium ion transport system. These results implied that under the stress of high temperature and strong light intensity, appropriate magnesium supply could increase the expression of NtMGT1 in the root part of tobacco plants, promote the absorption of magnesium ion by the root system, enhance the gene expression of NtMGT2, NtMGT4 and NtMGT5 in shoot part of tobacco plants, promote the transport of magnesium ion, and ensure the normal growth and development of tobacco plants. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance for reasonable application of magnesium in tobacco production.

There are many factors which can affect the yield of sugarcane, including the natural conditions, production conditions, cultivation system, cultivation and management technologies and variety characteristics, and the sugarcane yield is also closely related to meteorological factors. Rainfall has key influence on sugarcane at elongating and maturity stage, and has a positive correlation with the yield. The exploration and utilization of drought resistance genes can improve the drought resistance of sugarcane. Atmospheric relative humidity, temperature and light are important factors affecting sugarcane elongation, sugar content accumulation and yield per unit area. Under the influence of unique climate condition, the yield and sugar content of sugarcane are limited by factors such as drought, typhoon, flood, low temperature and high humidity and etc. Based on the analysis of the influence of meteorological factors of rainfall, humidity, sunshine on sugarcane yield, the research progress of sugarcane stress resistance genes were summarized. It was proposed that the development of molecular-marker assisted selective sugarcane breeding could play an important role in increasing sugarcane yield, and support the research on the relationship between agrometeorology and sugarcane production.

To further promote the application of intelligent management technology in vegetable production and management, this paper puts forward the overall framework of vegetable production intelligent technology, analyzes the vegetable data sources and acquisition means under the background of big data age, summarizes the latest research technology of vegetable disease diagnosis, environment and water and fertilizer regulation, cultivation management decision, intelligent production operation, and the intelligent information service. Then, by analyzing the challenges of vegetable intelligent management technology, the development suggestions for vegetable intelligent management technology are put forward. Intelligentization is an essential factor of modern agricultural development. And the use of intelligent information technology to improve the comprehensive productivity and benefit of the vegetable industry is the ultimate goal. It is necessary to dig into the actual demand, integrate the data of the whole vegetable industry chain, promote the deep integration of intelligent information technology and the vegetable industry, and support the transformation and upgrading of the vegetable industry.

Bolting and flowering days are the two critical quantitative traits of flowering Chinese cabbage, at the same time, these traits are also affected by various environmental factors (temperature, light, soil, hormones, etc.), so clarifying the molecular genetic mechanism of the bolting and flowering process of flowering Chinese cabbage is quite difficult. In this experiment, two plant materials with significant differences in bolting and flowering days were selected as parents for crossbreeding. A total of 150 lines were selected from the F₂ population for genetic map construction. The map constructed contained 4253 loci, representing 10940 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers spanning 1030.04 centi Morgans (cM) over 10 linkage groups (LGs). A total of 4 QTLs for bolting time and flowering time were obtained. Mixed linear composite interval mapping method was used to conduct QTL analysis for bolting and flowering traits of flowering Chinese cabbage, and bioinformatics was applied to identify some candidate genes. Three candidate genes (Bra004125, Bra004162 and Bra004165) were identified in the main QTL regions, which could control the formation of floral organs and interact with multiple signaling pathways that induce early flowering in plants.

In order to screen out the maize varieties with low-nitrogen tolerance, and provide the technologies for identifying and screening low-nitrogen-resistant corn varieties, 36 corn cross combinations were used as test materials, the phenotypic value of genotypic agronomic traits was determined under the condition that the amount of nitrogen used was reduced by 70% compared to the normal amount of nitrogen applied. Based on the phenotypic value, the comprehensive coefficient of low nitrogen stress was calculated, and then the genotype's ability to low nitrogen resistance was evaluated. The results showed that there were significant or very significant differences in the performance of most agronomic traits among different genotypes under low nitrogen stress. The comprehensive coefficient of low nitrogen stress varied greatly among 36 genotypes, with a maximum value of 1.0319, a minimum value of -0.1139, and an average of 0.4506. There were 6 and 4 genotypes with very significantly and significantly greater coefficients than the average, respectively; 16 genotypes had no significantly different from the average; there were 2 and 8 genotypes with significantly and very significantly smaller coefficients than the average, respectively. Genotypes with extremely significant and significantly greater coefficients than the average were rated as varieties with strong and stronger low-nitrogen resistances. Vigorous growth, higher plants, and wide ear leaves could be used as important characteristics for selecting low-nitrogen-resistant varieties under low-nitrogen stress.

To explore the inheritance and genetic loci of melon rind color, the yellow-rind line B432 and green-rind lines B168 and B421 were used as parent to construct six generations of genetic population (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, BC1P2) to analyze the inheritance of melon rind color. In addition, the BSA-seq and whole genome resequencing technology were used to locate the genetic loci responsible for melon rind color. The results show that the melon rind color is controlled by two genes, of which green has a dominant epistatic effect on white and white is dominant to yellow. The rind color related genes are mapped to the 0.02-5.7 Mb and 0.08- 9.5 Mb intervals of chromosome 4 and chromosome 10, respectively. This experiment preliminarily elucidates the genetic mechanism and the location of the genes controlling the rind color of melon, and could provide a basis for the subsequent fine-grained gene mapping and molecular marker-assisted selection of melon rind color.

5-Azacytidine is a DNA methylation inhibitor, which can regulate gene expression by reducing the methylation level of DNA, thus providing epigenetic regulation for biological growth and development. It has been widely studied as well as applied in animal and medical field and its research and application in plant gene expression regulation have been reported increasingly in recent years. This review provided an overview of the types of plant DNA methylation, the causing factors, the influencing factors and the role of inhibitors, focusing on the regulation and effects of 5-Azacytidine on plant gene expression levels. The effects of 5-Azacytidine on growth and development, stress adaptation, fertility regulation and secondary metabolism in rice, wheat, cotton and other important crops were summarized, and a new insight for the study and application of epigenetic regulation of plant gene expression was also presented.

Dry direct seeding is an important future direction of rice production with a large area in South Asia and Southeast Asia of Indica rice growing regions. However, Japonica rice planting in tropical and subtropical areas mostly adopts traditional transplanting method. Mesocotyl length (ML) is an important factor affecting the emergence and vigor of rice seedlings in dry direct seeding. Breeding long mesocotyl germplasm based on molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) is the most economical and efficient way to promote the popularization of rice direct seeding. So far, four rice mesocotyl elongation genes have been cloned and reported, namely OsGSK2, GY1, OsPAO5 and OsSMAX1, respectively. In this study, we selected the TROP and TEMP Japonica rice subpopulations originated from the 3K re-sequencing project for analysis, determined the length of mesocotyl and identified superior haplotypes of OsGSK2, GY1, OsPAO5 and OsSMAX1. The results showed that the ML of TROP and TEMP populations presented a typical continuous normal distribution. OsGSK2, GY1, OsPAO5 and OsSMAX1 include 3, 3, 3 and 6 haplotypes, respectively. The frequency of haplotype distribution was different in TROP and TEMP panels for the same gene. OsGSK2-Hap1, GY1-Hap2, OsPAO5-Hap3, OsSMAx1-Hap2 and OsSMAx-Hap3 were identified as superior genes in TROP panel; whereas superior haplotypes OsGSK2-Hap1, OsPAO5-Hap2 and OsSMAX1-Hap2 were identified in TEMP panel. In addition, the seedling height for superior haplotype accessions was higher than that of un-superior haplotype accessions in the TROP and TEMP panels, which was easy to form a growth advantage in growth. The superior haplotypes identified showed significant additive effects in TROP and TEMP panels, which could be used in MAS breeding. This study provides reference for the breeding of direct seeding Japonica rice in different regions, and promotes the rapid popularization of dry direct seeding technology.

This study aims at using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to knock out the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and investigating its effect on 2,3-butanediol production. Designing donor and guide RNA (gRNA) based on glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd2) of S. cerevisiae W5, and linking the knockout vector could express Cas9 protein to the gRNA fragment, then the recombinant plasmid and donor DNA fragment were transformed into S. cerevisiae W5 cells. The gpd2 gene knocked-out strain was obtained through phenotypic screening and PCR validation, indicating that the gpd2 gene was successfully knocked out. Compared with the original strain, the gpd2 gene knocked-out strain increased ethanol production by 24.65%, and decreased glycerol production by 22.01% and 2,3-butanediol production by 10.60%. The production of 2,3-butanediol did not increase by knocking out the gpd2 gene, probably because that gradually accumulated NADH was preferentially oxidized by a large amount of alcohol dehydrogenase in the cell, and affected the production of ethanol rather than the synthesis of 2,3-butanediol. In this study, a suitable gene knockout system is constructed for S. cerevisiae, which has practical reference for further exploring the relationship between other metabolites of S. cerevisiae synthesis and 2,3-butanediol synthesis.

In order to cultivate dwarf maize varieties, six generations of population were obtained by crossing the cultivated material DN132610 and the mutant material DN132610-1 to explore the genetic characteristics of the mutant plant height. Six generation populations of P₁, P₂, F₁, B₁, B₂, and F₂ were selected as test materials and joint analysis was conducted using plant quantitative trait segregation analysis software. The results revealed that the optimal genetic model for the dwarf mutant was E-1, which was a mixed genetic model with 2 pairs of additive-dominant-epistasis master genes + additive-dominant polygenes. The additive effect values of both 2 pairs of master genes were -11.205 and dominant effect values were -28.303 and -15.840, respectively. The main gene heritability was 57.26% for B₁, 30.06% for B₂, 76.85% for F₂, and 0%, 28.06% and 0% for polygenic heritability, respectively. The variation caused by environmental factors accounted for 42.74 %, 41.88 % and 23.15 %, respectively. The above experiments showed that the two pairs of genes controlling maize plant height were dominated by dominant effects with high heritability of the main gene. The heritability of B₁ and F₂ polygenes was 0% and maize plant height was influenced by the environment. There was a genetic and environmental interaction effect, which could be combined with environmental identification for early selection on plant height traits.

To reveal the genetic basis of anther color in foxtail millet at molecular level, an F2 segregating population derived from a crossing between‘E1005’(female parent) and‘Pinzi 39’(male parent) was used as mapping population. With bulked segregation analysis (BSA) and recessive-class analysis (RCA), the Siac1 related to anther color was finely mapped. Genetic analysis showed that the segregation ratio of yellow anther plants to white anther plants was consistent with the Mendelian segregation of 3:1 in the F2 generation, which suggested that the white anther color trait was controlled by a pair of recessive nuclear genes. The Siac1 was preliminary mapped onto an interval of about 282 kb between markers GSA07025 and GSA07037 on chromosome VI by SSR markers and SV markers. Furthermore, fine mapping of Siac1 was conducted using newly developed InDel markers based on the sequence differences between the two parents, and the results indicated that the Siac1 was narrowed down onto a genomic region of around 94.7 kb between markers MRI579 and MRI583. Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were 10 Open Reading Frames (ORFs), and Seita.6G227100,eita.6G227200, Seita.6G227300 and Seita.6G227900 could be speculated to be four candidates for Siac1. This research lays a foundation for the cloning of Siac1 and the analysis of developmental mechanism of anther color.

The aims are to analyze the biological function of SlMYB44 gene and provide a scientific basis for exploring its mechanism of resisting chilling injury. In this study, the Russian cultivated tomato bolgogragsky was used as the material, and according to the sequencing results of transcriptome, the differentially expressed gene SlMYB44 was selected as the research object. The conservative functional domain, hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, signal peptide and promoter cis-acting elements of tomato SlMYB44 gene were analyzed by using various bioinformatics databases. The expression vector pMDC43-MYB44 was constructed for subcellular localization analysis. SlMYB44 gene encoded 372 amino acids with a total length of 1551 bp. SlMYB44 protein had no potential signal peptide site and membrane spaning domain, which belonged to labile protein and hydrophilic protein. The analysis of cis-acting elements of SlMYB44 gene promoter showed that most of them were related to adversity stress and hormone response. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that the expression product of SlMYB44 gene was localized in the cell nucleus. In conclusion, the SlMYB44 gene responds to chilling injury, it is further speculated that it might affect the tomato chilling mechanism.

Nanomaterials play an important role in the sustainable development of agriculture, but they are also toxic. Understanding the bidirectional effect of nanomaterials on plant gene level can provide reference for the development of plant, sustainable agriculture and food safety. In this paper, the authors reviewed the effect of plant gene expression and genetic toxicity, and discussed the future development direction, from the metal (oxide) nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, graphene oxide and nanomaterials and nano fullerene soot gene carrier in nanomaterials.

Bacterial blight severely restricts the production of rice. The discovery and utilization of disease-resistant genes is currently the most environment-friendly and effective way to control the disease. In order to efficiently discover, study and utilize bacterial blight resistance genes, this paper summarized the interaction mechanism between bacterial blight and rice, concluded the location and cloning status of bacterial blight resistance genes, and classified their functional types. Research progress on disease resistance-related factors was reviewed. In view of the current situation that the research progress of bacterial blight resistance genes is slow and the overview research reports are relatively lagging behind, we put forward the research prospect, and believe that more in-depth research should be done on the location cloning and utilization of rice bacterial blight resistance genes, and the synergistic relationship between genes and disease resistance-related factors should be explored.

Reduced-representation Genome Sequencing (RRGS) is a technology developed on the basis of next-generation sequencing to sequence specific regions based on enzyme digestion to reduce the complexity of the genome. This methodological step is simple, low cost, independent of the reference genome, and enables molecular markers at the genome-wide level. This paper summarizes the development process and main technical types of RRGS, and sums up the application of RRGS in plant genetic map construction, quantitative trait locus mapping, and population genetic analysis. At the same time, the defects and deficiencies in the analysis of population genetics by RRGS are put forward, in order to provide reference for the research methods of plant genetic evolution, trait mapping, and etc.

To explore a novel and valuable gene for plant height in rice breeding, a residual heterozygous line (RHL) RHL1030 (F₁₀) derived from a cross between ‘Katy’ and ‘Xiang743’, with a heterozygous interval of RM11383-RM1198 on chromosome 1 was used as the genetic material. Genetic analysis of RHL1030-derived population showed that a QTL for plant height was identified in the interval, the additive-effect QTL came from ‘Xiang743’. Two individual plants respectively with heterozygous intervals of RM3411-RM11782 and RM6703-RM1198 were selected from the RHL1030-derived population on the basis of SSR genotypes, and self-pollinated to develop two F₂ populations. The QTL was validated and further delimited in the interval of RM6703-RM1198. Three individual plants with heterozygous intervals of RM6703-RM8085 and one individual plant with a heterozygous interval of RM5389-RM1198 were selected from the population derived from a RHL with a heterozygous interval of RM6703-RM1198, and self-pollinated to develop four resultant F₂ populations. Forty maternal homozygotes, paternal homozygotes and heterozygotes respectively were selected from the four F₂ populations to develop near isogenic lines for ANOVA analysis. The QTL was finally delimited in the interval of RM11782-RM5389, and the corresponding physical position was from 34.17 Mb to 35.73 Mb. This study identifies a novel QTL for plant height, and provides a resource for improving plant architecture in rice.

TIFY transcription factors play an important role in regulating plant growth and development as well as stress response, therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze TIFY transcription factors in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Based on the genome data of sugar beet, bioinformatics techniques were used to identify and analyze the members of sugar beet TIFY family at the whole genome level. The results showed that there were 21 TIFY genes in sugar beet with low sequence similarity. Collinearity analysis showed that only BvTIFY15 and BvTIFY18 had gene replication events. The family of BvTIFY transcription factors included 2 TIFY proteins, 8 JAZ proteins, 6 ZML proteins and 5 PPD proteins. Protein-protein interaction prediction showed that members of the JAZ family played an important role in the regulation of JA signaling. This study analyzed the structure and function of BvTIFY genes and discovered the salt stress responsive genes BvTIFY13 and BvTIFY15 in sugar beet roots. It can provide a theoretical basis for subsequent functional studies on BvTIFY genes.

The objectives are to construct the overexpression vector with Flag tagged OsAAA₁, obtain positive transgenic plants and detect expression of OsAAA₁, in positive transgenic rice. The sequence of OsAAA₁, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the cDNA template of Nip. The PCR product was cloned into Flag-tagged pU1301; after confirmation of PCR, enzyme digestion and sequencing, recombinant plasmid was transformed to Nip by agrobacterium; when positive transgenic plants were verified by molecular identification, the expression of OsAAA₁, was detected by Real-time PCR. The recombinant plasmid of OsAAA₁,-pU1301-Flag was successfully constructed; after genetic transformation, thirty-three plants were differentiated; twenty-six transgenic plants were verified to be positive by molecular identification; the Real-time PCR results indicated that the expression of OsAAA₁, was up-regulated to different degrees in twenty-three plants. Compared with the Nip, the expression of OsAAA₁, was over 30 times in eight positive transgenic plants, in five of which the expression was even over 40 times. The overexpression vector with Flag tagged OsAAA₁, was successfully constructed. Genetic transformation results showed that OsAAA₁, with Flag-tag could be integrated into the genomic DNA of Nip, which could increase the expression of OsAAA₁,. This study provides a basis for discovering functional proteins interacting with OsAAA₁, in rice by using the Flag tag.

Strain ZX67 belonging to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is the pathogen of konjac soft rot disease. In order to further understand the characteristics of the pathogen and effectively control and prevent konjac soft rot disease, the whole genome of the strain was sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that its total genome length was 4,909,724 bp and GC-content was 51.27%. It contained 4,977 coding genes, and the sequence accounted for 85.25% of the total genome. The predicted non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mainly included tRNA (74), rRNA (22) and sRNA (100). There were 10 gene islands, and 6 transposons. Two prophages were predicted, the average length of each prophage was 26,258 bp. Five CRISPR sequences were predicted, with the average length of each sequence of 621 bp. In the coding genes, the pectate lyases and other enzymes related to degradation of host plant cells were analyzed. There were five protein secretory systems related to the infected plants. The results provided a new and comprehensive idea for further understanding the characteristics of the pathogen, and studying its prevention and control measures.

Genome wide association study (GWAS) is a method by applying single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to find genetic variation that affect complex traits at the genome-wide level. In order to strengthen the application of GWAS in flax breeding, in this article, its advantages and analysis process were summarized, the marker sites and candidate genes located by GWAS at home or abroad in recent years were enumerated, which were about the yield-related traits and quality-related traits of flax. The research status of flax powdery mildew and the related research of other crops in GWAS were concluded. The future development trend of GWAS in flax breeding and disease resistance was discussed. The study could provide a theoretical basis for GWAS in flax research.

As an important part of modern agricultural production development, intelligent agricultural machinery equipment plays an crucial role in improving resource allocation and ecological environment, enhancing economic development, promoting rural revitalization and ensuring food security, while accelerating the development of agricultural modernization. Shandong Province, as a large province of agricultural machinery equipment manufacturing and application, still has problems such as unbalanced development of agricultural machinery equipment industry, low level of intelligent equipment, insufficient integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, and backward construction of basic conditions for mechanization. This study analyzes the status quo of the intelligent agricultural machinery equipment. In view of the problems of the development of intelligent agricultural machinery industry in Shandong Province, we deeply dissect the domestic and foreign cutting-edge technologies and the industrial developing trends. In combination with the urgent needs of the modern agricultural and rural development, we put forward future research and application targets of intelligent agricultural machinery equipment in Shandong Province, and further clarify the innovation and support fields of government, enterprises and scientific research institutes, and the key technology research direction in line with the national strategic needs and the requirements of agricultural modernization.

The study aims to investigate the sequence characteristics of garlic chitinase gene and its response to salt stress, and to identify its function in resistance to stresses. The AsCHI1 gene was isolated by RT-PCR technology using garlic cultivar ‘Cangshan siliuban’ as the research material. BioXM 2.6, ProtParam, DNAMAN, SignalP 5.0, SOPMA, SWISS-MODEL, NCBI and MEGA5 were adopted to analyze the sequence characteristics of nucleotides and its encoded amino acids. Fluorescent quantitative PCR technology was introduced to detect its expression in different tissues and under salt stress. The open reading frame of the gene was 933 bp in length encoding 310 amino acids. The protein encoded by AsCHI1 gene belonged to chitinase Class I and GH19 family. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that AsCHI1 contained a signal peptide region at the N-terminus possessed by most chitinases, whereas the C-terminus was highly consistent with the amino acid sequences of CHI from other species. In terms of genetic relationship, it was relatively close to Lilium longiflorum LlCHI (QBZ68892.1) in the Liliaceae family and tea CsCHI (XP_028075045.1) in the Theaceae family. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that the AsCHI1 gene was expressed in garlic roots, garlic cloves and leaves, but the highest expression was observed in the roots. In addition, salt stress could significantly induce the expression of AsCHI1 gene in various tissues. This gene may play an important role in the resistance to salt stress in garlic plants.

The physiological changes and the expression of EjICE1 gene related to cold resistance embryos of two young loquat fruit under low temperature stress were studied to provide theoretical basis for the screening of new cold-resistant materials and the analysis of cold-resistant molecular mechanism of loquat. Using Dongting loquat (yellow-flesh) and its mutant type (white-flesh) that were growing in pots with fruits (DTM) as materials, the effects of simulated low temperature stress on the relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) activity and the expression of EjICE1 gene were studied. The results showed that the relative electrical conductivity (REC) of embryos of two young loquat fruits presented an ‘S’ type curve change pattern, and the Logistic equation showed that the semi-lethal temperature of Dongting loquat and its mutant type was -4.759 and -2.811℃, respectively. The cold resistance of DTM was stronger than Dongting loquat. The SOD, POD and CAT activities of the two loquats and the MDA contents of Dongting loquat showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing change pattern with the different time point of reaching the peak, while the MDA contents of Dongting loquat showed a slowly increased trend. SOD activity of Dongting loquat reached the peak at 1℃, and the content of MDA, POD, CAT activity reached peak at -1℃. The SOD, POD and CAT activity of DTM reached the peak at -3℃, while the content of MDA reached the peak at -5℃. The expression level of EjICE1 gene of DTM was higher than that of Dongting loquat at the same time. The expression of EjICE1 gene in DTM was the highest at -3℃, and that in Dongting loquat was the highest at -1℃. The expression level of EjICE1 gene was strongly inhibited in the two loquats under low temperature stress at -5℃. The cold resistance of DTM was stronger than Dongting loquat, under low temperature stress, DTM could rapidly activate higher protective enzyme activity and the expression of genes related to cold resistance, activate the low temperature response mechanism to resist and adapt to low temperature injury.

Apolipoprotein B (apoB), an essential structural component of lipoproteins responsible for lipid transportation, circulates in two forms in human, apoB-100 and apoB-48. The generation of apoB-48 is due to the apoB-100 mRNA editing. ApoB-48-containing lipoproteins cannot be converted into the atherogenic low dendity lipoproteins. ApoB RNA editing involves precise deamination of a single nucleotide by a coordinated protein, which is regulated by many elements. Accurate components in the editosome and their role remain unclear. Understanding of the mechanism responsible for apoB mRNA editing will provide the theoretical basis for lipoprotein-related diseases.

The objective is to address the issue of Carbon Catabolite Repression (CCR) in Klebsiella pneumoniae during mixed carbon source fermentation for 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) production, which leads to a decrease in production efficiency. In this study, a Cm resistance gene was used as a marker, and the ptsG gene deletion strain of K. pneumoniae HD79-N was successfully constructed using the λRed homologous recombination technique. Furthermore, the fermentation results using a mixed carbon source of glucose and xylose (glucose:xylose=2:1) demonstrated that the K. pneumoniae HD79-N strain, with the ptsG gene deletion, significantly alleviated CCR, enabling simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose for 2,3-BD production with a final yield of 9.81±0.38 g/L. Moreover, the xylose utilization rate of K. pneumoniae HD79-N strain [0.23±0.01 g/(L·h)] was also increased by 57.82% compared to that of K. pneumoniae HD79 strain [0.15±0.00 g/(L·h)]. The findings of this study provide technical insights into alleviating the CCR effect caused by the ptsG gene in K. pneumoniae strains and enhancing the production of 2,3-BD.

The aim is to inhibit the synthesis of ethanol, a by-product of haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae H14, and increase the yield of 2,3-butanediol. The vector pWCL-pdc1 was constructed by genetic engineering to obtain the homologous recombinant fragment loxP-kanMX-loxP containing 40 bp pdc1 at both ends. The pdc1 deleted strain S. cerevisiae H14-01 (Δpdc1) was obtained by Cre/loxP technique. The shaking flask fermentation experiment was carried out with the wild type strain S. cerevisiae H14 as the control. The growth of S. cerevisiae H14-01 was significantly lower than that of the original strain. During the whole fermentation period, the maximum yield and conversion rate of 2,3-butanediol were 0.373 ±0.016 g/L and 0.005 g/g, respectively, which were 37.30% and 4.66% higher than that of the original strain, respectively. However, acetoin and 2,3-BD production was not detect in the original strain. In addition, the ethanol conversion of S. cerevisiae H14-01 decreased by 33.24%, but the glycerol production increased by 15.76%. It showed that after the carbon flow to ethanol was blocked, the production of 2, 3-butanediol could be increased, and part of the carbon flow will flow to glycerol. Therefore, the study lays a good foundation for further obtaining an engineering microbial population with high yield of 2,3-butanediol.

The aim is to screen out SSR core primers suitable for sugar beet molecular biology experiments, and lay a foundation for subsequent construction of sugar beet fingerprint maps and genetic diversity analysis. In this paper, four different sugar beet germplasm resources and four different sugar beet varieties were used for the preliminary screening of 247 pairs of SSR primers designed based on the sequence of the whole genome coding region of sugar beet. The results showed that the majority of the 247 primer pairs had no polymorphism or poor polymorphism, while only 27 primer pairs had high polymorphism. These 27 primer pairs amplified a total of 103 bands, including 95 polymorphic bands, with a polymorphism ratio of 90.43%. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of these primers ranged from 0.549 to 0.983, with an average PIC value of 0.841 for each primer pair. The results of the experiment showed that despite the screening by e-PCR, it was still difficult to find suitable SSR primers for sugar beet, indicating that the genetic base of sugar beet was relatively narrow. These 27 pairs of SSR primers are suitable for sugar beet molecular marking, and could be a foundation for large-scale construction and application of the standardized identification system for sugar beet varieties.

The aims of this study are to construct overexpression and silence vectors by using new technologies and new vectors, optimize the genetic transformation system, verify the function of LsE3 gene and explore the mechanism of high temperature bolting in lettuce. Using pCAMBIA1304 and pFGC5941 as materials, the transgenic vector of lettuce was constructed by seamless cloning, and the genetic transformation system was optimized by screening medium formula. Based on pCAMBIA1304, the dsRNA expression frame sequence derived from pFGC5941 was successfully inserted into pCAMBIA1304. The new RNAi empty vector pCAMBIA1304-pFGC5941 was obtained, LsE3 silencing vector was constructed. And LsE3 overexpression vector was successfully constructed by binary plasmid vector pCAMBIA1304. Hygromycin concentration, direct bud induction medium formula and rooting medium formula of easy bolting leaf lettuce variety ‘GB-31’ were screened in this experiment. The suitable concentration of hygromycin was determined to be 5 mg/L, and the optimal medium formula for bud induction and rooting was established. This experiment successfully obtained a new RNAi empty vector and transgenic vectors, and optimized the genetic transformation system, which provided a new idea for solving the complex problem of vector construction, and laid the foundation of lettuce transgenic technology.

This research used China National Knowledge Network (CNKI) and Web of Science database from 2005 to 2020 as the document source, and bibliometric method was used to analyze the current status of soil microbial metagenomics research field. The results show that the studies on soil microbial metagenomics conducted by Chinese and foreign scholars using high-throughput technology increase continuously. The research objects are mainly about bacteria and fungi. The research habitats involve rhizosphere, sediment, and etc. There is close cooperation between research institutions and authors of English publications, while the cooperation between institutions and authors of Chinese publications is mainly centered on the Chinese Academy of Sciences system. In terms of publication quality, the citation rate of the literature published by American scholars is the highest, while the citation rate of literature published by Chinese scholars is relatively low. Based on the results of literature analysis, we suggest that the future high-throughput sequencing-based soil microbial metagenomics research should focus on interdisciplinary study, further strengthen cooperation among institutions and researchers, and use innovative thinking to comprehensively analyze soil microbial at different levels such as gene and function level, thus deeply exploring the ecological functions of soil microorganisms and providing services for the sustainable development of the ecosystem.

AT-hook gene is a kind of genes that encode the proteins specifically binding to the sequence rich in AT bases in DNA minor groove. The encoded protein contains DNA binding protein motif centered on three amino acid residues of glycine-arginine-proline (GRP). In this paper, the characteristics and functions of AT-hook genes and their regulatory roles in flowering in Arabidopsis and rice were reviewed. AT-hook genes are not only involved in plant growth and development, stress and hormone signaling responses, but also play an important regulatory role in the formation of flower organs and the flowering of plants. The expression level of this gene is the highest in flower tissues, which affects the expression of the florin genes, and its encoding protein can regulate the transcription of genes related to flowering at the epigenetic level by changing chromatin status or recruiting protein complex, thus affecting the flowering of plants. AT-hook gene may provide a new perspective for epigenetic regulation of plant flowering.