Abstract : Total crop residue in China is about 600 million tons every year. Crop residue incorporation has increased crop yield and soil quality. However, there are two main problems, one is residue is difficult to rot under field conditions, which effect next cultivation. The other is field capacity for residue is limit. Therefore, biomass charcoal can be a good choice. Biomass charcoal has a high surface area, high nutrient retention capacity and high water retention capacity due to its porous structure. Transformation of crop residue into stable C pools (black carbon) can reduce the release of the greenhouse gas CO2 into the atmosphere and can increase C sequestration in the soil. Black carbon is also a soil conditioner which increases the CEC, nutrient availability, decreases nutrient leaching and provides more space for microbe. Adding black carbon to soil can significantly increase seed germination, plant growth, and crop yields.

Abstrac:【OBJECTIVE】It is one of the most widely area and damaging environmental problems about soil heavy metal pollution in current. So, it is wide spread concern, and received general attention. A number of assessment methods of heavy metal pollution in soil have proposed at home and abroad, and which had analyzed and made a conclusion by author. Which would lay a foundation for assessment of heavy metal pollution in soil.【METHOD】The single factor index, nemerow index method, comprehensive evaluation mode of geometric mean, pollution load index, index of geo-accumulation, the potential ecological risk index, sediment enrichment factor, potential ecological eisk index, fuzzy mathematical method, grey clustering method, geostatistics method on GIS, method for health risk assessment, method of environment risk index, and so on typical soil heavy metal pollution assessment methods and models in domestic and foreign were summarized. The advantages, disadvantage and application range of those methods were analyzed.【CONCLUSION】It is indicated by the comparison analysis that a variety of evaluation methods have certain limitations and inadequacies. It was necessary for select on better evaluation methods to carry out full analysis of the sample points, comparison of trial and error with the purpose of evaluation and focus on in pollution assessment of soil heavy metals. Finally, combining a variety of methods according to the actual situation were put forward. At the same time，it should start from the ecological effects of heavy metal pollution, development of biological evaluation method.

In order to boost the study and agricultural application of biochar in China, in the article, the research literatures and findings about biochar were retrospected and reviewed, and future research issues were suggested, the summaries were as follows: biochar was a solid byproduct derived from biomass pyrolysis in low or zero oxygen environment, highly organic carbon, porous, alkaline, highly capability of adsorption, multi-propose materials. Biochar was an excellent soil amendment which could increase soil organic carbon content, improve soil water-holding and nutrient-retention capacity, reduce nutrient losses from soils, and was beneficial to inhabit and activity of microbes in soils, especially for mycorrhizal fungi (MF). Biochar alone increased crop growth and yield in specific circumstances, but the effects of the co-application or combination of biochar with fertilizers on crop growth and yield showed positive in nearly all soils, which was attributed to reciprocal or synergistic effects of both fertilizer and biohcar because of fertilizer alleviating nutrient deficiency of biochar itself which endowed fertilizer with nutrient slow release characteristics. Biochar delayed nutrient release of fertilizer to soil, reduced nutrient losses from fertilizer and soil, increased nutrient utilizing efficiency, and was efficient-promoting carrier to fertilizer. Biochar was a carbon-sequestrating carrier which was extremely stable in soil, and could sequestrate carbon in soils for hundreds to thousand years. The multi-win technology was the thermal conversion of biomass wastes into biochar which was used to agriculture. However widely and deeply studies should be given to many issues about biochar. Thus, strong emphasis will given to basic and applied research on biochar in order to boost biochar production and agricultural use, finally agricultural ‘black revolution’ in 21st century.

Plant polysaccharide involved in various physiological metabolism of the body, had broad phacology effect, such as regulation of immune, anti-tumor, resisting guard against a seni1ity, antivirus, hypoglycemic, antioxidation and so on. At present, the studies on increasing the production of polysaccharide and exploring the mechanism of its pharmaceutical activities were very popular. The article summarized the progress in structure, extraction method, pharmacological action, as well as in medicine, food, agricultural and other areas of application in the past years and provides reference for the utilization of plant polysaccharide.

本文分析了国、内外木薯产业的发展近况，包括木薯栽培品种、生产近况、贸易近况、产业研究进展。探讨了我国木薯产业面临的机遇与挑战，通过比对国外木薯产业的发展，得出其对我国木薯产业发展的启示，并提出促进我国木薯产业发展的政策建议。

Abstract：The paper has made detailed summarization of the nitrogen utilization of plants from the the following three parts: the effect of nitrogen on plants growth and development, the physiological and molecular mechanism of the nitrogen utilization in order to provide theotetic guidence for the crop nutritional breeding and improve its nitrogen utilization efficiency.

Salinity is one of the important environmental factors on plant growing. The paper summarized the research progress of the effects of salt stress on seed germination, growth and development and photosynthesis, and reviewed the adaptive mechanism of the plant to salinity, including the structure of plant, active oxygen scavenging , osmo-regulation matter, ionic homeostasis.

In order to study the sources, functions and affecting factors of soil enzymes, prospect the development of soil enzyme, soil enzyme research progresses at home and abroad were analyzed and summarized. Soil enzymes are mainly from soil microbial activity, soil plants and animals. Soil enzymes are metabolic power of soil organism, they play an important role in the material cycle and energy flows of the soil ecosystems. Soil enzymes are biological activity of soil quality and can evaluate soil fertility. Soil enzyme activities are significantly related to soil nutrients, soil animalcule, plants, fertilizer, farming and other agricultural management practices, pesticides and heavy metals pollutions can also affect soil enzyme.

As an efficient tool to measure the nuclear DNA content and ploidy level, flow cytometry has been playing very important role in many fields of botany research. Through plenty of flow cytometry experiments, a set of universal experimental procedure for detecting the nuclear DNA content and ploidy level was summarized in the laboratory of molecular ecology, Lanzhou University. At the same time, we had elaborated key points at every experimental stage and solutions to the problems caused by too much fragments which could result in the failure of an experiment, which might provide guidance for the future experiments, and promote applications of flow cytometry in plant research.

The role of plant endogenous hormones lies in regulating plant growth and development and improving crop yield and quality, and its accurate determination has important implications for the regulation of plant growth and development, the genetics and breeding of crop, the promotion of cultivation technology and the identification of hormone residues. This article will summarize three aspects of plant hormones: the physiological action, the molecular mechanisms, the regulation of production and quality and the determination method, in order to provide reference index for the study of plant hormones.

The purpose of this experiment was to identify the best cultivation method of maize and provide references for enhancing yield of maize cultivars. To study the effects of different tillage methods on soil physical properties and yield with different growing stages, a field experiment was conducted with randomized block design. The effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture content, bulk density, porosity in 0-45 cm soil depth varied with different growing stages. Among all the 6 tillage methods, the effect of 25-35 cm subsoiling depth on those physical properties mentioned above was the most obvious. In addition, after the subsoiling treatment, maize yield components, such as corn ear length, ear diameter, barren-tip length, number of rows per ear, kernels per row and 100-grain weight were improved at different degrees compared with CK. The maize yield with subsoiling treatment was 0.06%-3.13% higher than CK, but not significantly. Subsoiling could increase soil moisture, decrease soil bulk density, increase the porosity, function as water conservation and increase maize yield. Among them, the combination of 35 cm subsoiling depth and rotary tillage was the most optimal.

Nonstandard wireless data communication is realized, based on the RF chip nRF2401 for the 2.4GHz ISM band. The main characteristics of nRF2401 are introduced. The hardware interface circuit between the +5V microchip AT89C51 and nRF2401 is designed to solve the problem of level conversion. The control process of software is introduced in detail. Actual operation indicates that the system can be easily controlled, it run steadily, and the bi-directional data transfer is realized.

To study the effects of drought stress on chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber seedlings, the author carried pot experiments by using cucumber seedlings as materials to research the effects of PEG imitation drought stress on them. The results showed that the decreasing amplitude of chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of cucumber seedlings increased by improving drought stress concentration and prolonging stress time. The different of total chlorophyll content between compare (CK) and 5% PEG was indifferent, but their of 10% and 20% PEG treatment decreased by 5.2% and 16.3% respectively than CK at drought stress first day. The total chlorophyll content of 5%, 10% and 20% PEG treatment reduced by 8.6%, 12.0% and 37.2% respectively than CK at drought stress second day. The different of net photosynthetic rate(Pn), transpiration rate(E), stomatal conductance(Gs) between compare (CK) and 5% PEG was indifferent, while the different of intercellular concentrations of carbon dioxide (Ci) among treatments of CK, 5%, 10% and 20% PEG was different at drought stress first day, but the different of Pn, E and Ci among treatments of CK, 5%, 10% and 20% PEG was different at drought stress second day. At drought stress second day, the effective photochemical efficiency of PSII (YIELD) of 5% , 10% and 20% PEG treatment reduced by 2.4% , 8.7% and 13.2% respectively than CK, the photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) reduced by 4.6%, 9.3% and 12.7%，while non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence but increased (qN) reduced by 8.7%, 18.1% and 66.6%.

Enzymatic inhibition method, immunoassay and biosensor are playing an increasingly important role in rapid detection of pesticide residues, drawing developing attention of the international society. This article introduced the testing principle, research status and practical application situation of enzymatic inhibition method, immunoassay and biosensor in detail, and discussed the future development trend of the technology of rapid detection of pesticide residues.

With the rapid development of agriculture and industry, soil contamination has become a very serious environmental problem facing today, while the contamination of soil by heavy metals is one of the important parts. Physical remediation and chemical remediation and bioremediation are the important methods for solving heavy metal pollution in soil, combined remediation is raised as the research continues. The sources and current situation of soil heavy metal contamination in our country and its repair mechanism, advantages and disadvantages, the standards and evaluation methods after remediation and research progresses both in domestic and abroad are discussed carefully in the text, on this basis, the author comes up with some issues in the future research and looks forward to the future, in order to have contributions to subsequent researches.

In recent decades, with the rapid expansion of the global population and the stride forward of the process of industrialization, a lot of heavy metals had been emitted in soil environment, which had led great harm to our health. Due to the low cost of the phytoremediation of heavy metal pollution, the advantages of wide adaptability, no secondary pollution, it had been widely studied and paid attentions by many scholars in recent years. The present situation and the characteristics of soil heavy metal pollution and the general situation of the type of soil heavy metal phytoremediation technology were summarized in this paper. And the research progress of hyperaccumulator and was summarized. And the paper analyzed the limits of hyperaccumulators in recent years; it also made an outlook of phytoremediation.

Soil of 3 different forest types in Yachang forest region, Guangxi (mixed conifer and broadleaved forest, evergreen-deciduous broadleaf-mixed forest, broadleaf forest) as the research object, the content and ecological stoichiometry of C, N, P, K in soil were analyzed. As the forest succession, the content of C, N, P, K in soil under 3 different forest types showed that the content of N in soil accumulated all through the forest succession while the content of C, P, K in soil firstly increased and then decreased, the carbon-nitrogen ratio had a decreasing tendency while C/P, C/K, N/P, N/K and P/K took on an increasing tendency. Correlation analyses revealed that the soil organic C had highly significant correlation with N/P and N/K, the total N had highly significant correlation with C/P while had significant correlation with C/K, the total P had highly significant correlation with C/K and N/K.

With the rapid development of proteomics, biological mass spectrometry technology had provided the profound application in proteomics, it was gradually becoming the core technology in this field. In order to reveal the specific application of biological mass spectrometry technology systemly in proteomics. In this paper, we reviewed the development of biological mass spectrometers and the applications of biological mass spectrometry technology in protein identification, posttranslational modifications and quantitation of proteins. Biological mass spectrometry technology promoted the process of the proteomics, but the complexity of the sample and the tremendous of data analysis was inevitable challenge for the technology. We believe that with the consummation and evolution of biological mass spectrometry technology, it would play a greater role in the proteomics.

The occurrence area of corn diseases, pests and damage in 2012 was most serious in recent years. Ostrinia nubilalis cause sustained and serious damage. Northern corn leaf blight and armyworms were serious outbreak in the northern spring maize zone. This paper summarized the characteristic of corn diseases and pest in 2012. The serious occurrence of corn diseases and pest in 2012 is mainly caused by suitable weather conditions, the source of diseases and pests accumulated year by year and unreasonable cultivation measures. To control the corn diseases and pest, guarantee corn production safety, several countermeasures are recommended, such as attaching importance to the corn forecast, improve the scientific level of disease and pest control.

In order to obtain the SSR-PCR reaction system for oil sunflower, the method of control variable had been used to optimize the main factors influencing the SSR reaction system, which include the concentration of Mg² , dNTPs, Taq enzyme, primer, and annealing temperature. Results showed that the optimized SSR reaction system was Mg² 2.5 mmol/L, dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L, Taq polymerase 0.5 U, primer 0.4 μmol/L and the annealing temperature 53.9℃. Through the testing system after optimization, 19 pairs of polymorphic good primer could be used for the next research from 50 pairs of primers screening.