With the rapid development of aquaculture in China, the environmental problems caused by the discharge of aquaculture tailwater are becoming more and more serious. The treatment of aquaculture tailwater has emerged as a crucial research area in recent years. At present, the main methods of aquaculture tailwater treatments include physical, chemical, and biological treatments, which are often combined in practical production. Based on the research status at home and abroad, the physical, chemical and biological technologies of aquaculture tail water treatment were summarized and analyzed, and the development trend of aquaculture tail water treatment technology in China was prospected, aiming to provide some references and directions for aquaculture tail water treatment.

Auxin is an important regulatory factor in the process of plant growth and development, and plants achieve their own growth and development through the regulation of auxin. As a member of the early auxin response gene family, the SAUR gene family is one of the indispensable regulatory factors in the auxin signal transduction pathway. In order to study the role of SAUR genes in biological processes such as plant growth and development and stress response, the bioinformatics characteristics, expression patterns, and regulatory mechanisms of the SAUR gene family were analyzed. The functions of SAUR genes in plant cell elongation growth, light-mediated cotyledon and apical hook opening, flower organ formation, fruit development, and stress response were summarized. It was pointed out that SAUR genes not only affected plant growth and development in multiple aspects, but also participated in the response of plants to abiotic stress. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms of SAUR genes and the cultivation of plant varieties.

With the intensification of global climate change and land salinization, improving the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to grow in saline and alkaline environments has become a key challenge for agricultural production. The realization of the strategy of " the adaptation of germplasm to land " requires a deep understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of rice, then breeding improvement on this basis. In this study, we summarized the recent research results on salt tolerance regulatory genes in rice, and classified them functionally according to the biological processes involved. The perception of salt stress in rice and the subsequent activation of various physiological regulatory mechanisms, including osmotic regulation, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense system and nutrient balance, were analyzed in detail. In this review, we focus on several key Salt stress signaling pathways in rice, including the SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) pathway, MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) cascade pathway and hormone regulatory pathway. These pathways play crucial roles in rice adaptation salt stress environment. By reviewing the existing literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the salt tolerance regulatory genes and their functions in rice, provide scientific basis on breeding salt-tolerant rice on these grounds, and as a reference in improving the yield and quality of rice under saline and alkaline environments.

Saline-alkali stress is one of the abiotic stresses in the process of plant growth and development, which can cause water deficit, changes in cell membrane permeability, metabolic disorders and blockage of protein synthesis in plants, resulting in crop yield reduction or death. Finding effective methods to reduce the harm of saline-alkali stress and strategies to improve the saline tolerance of plants are of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of saline land. In this paper, the latest researches on the damage and adaptive mechanism of plants under saline-alkali stress in recent years were summarized, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plants responding to saline-alkali stress were summed up. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms of plants under saline-alkali stress were analyzed, which were mainly regulated by accumulating osmotic substances, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and ionic compartmentalization, etc., and the molecular mechanisms were mainly regulated by signal transduction, transcription factor regulation and the expression of plant salt-tolerance-related gene, etc. This study pointed out the trends and urgent problems in the development of plant adaptation to saline-alkali environments, with a view to providing a certain theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of saline and alkali tolerant plants.

The area of saline alkali land in China accounts for one tenth of the total area of saline alkali land in the world, which seriously restricts agricultural production. It is very important to repair and make good use of saline alkali land. At present, the methods of saline-alkali land remediation include chemical remediation, engineering remediation and bioremediation, among which bioremediation is an economical, efficient, green and sustainable method. Bioremediation improves the soil and environment of saline-alkali land through biological resources such as plants and microorganisms. Halophytes can grow and reproduce in saline-alkali soil and have the ability to repair high concentration saline-alkali soil, while common crops can enhance their salt tolerance through gene mining and variety cultivation to achieve the purpose of repairing saline-alkali soil. Microorganisms can also be used to improve crop salt tolerance or degrade salt and alkaline substances in saline-alkali soil. Bioremediation is a green and environmentally friendly method for the remediation of saline-alkali land, which is in line with the development strategy of sustainable agriculture and circular economy in China.

In order to provide new treatment methods and strategies for clinical prevention and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the inherent resistance, acquired resistance and adaptive resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in this paper. With the mechanisms of different resistance, the characteristics, development trends and treatment methods of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance under different situations are also analyzed. This paper points out that Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance mainly depends on its high level of inherent and acquired resistance, while its adaptive resistance mainly depends on the formation of biofilm mediation and quorum sensing. It is proposed that clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance is not the result of a single resistance. In all, the most effective treatment strategy in the future is to carry out combination therapy based on traditional treatment and new treatment.

This study focuses on evaluating the application of anaerobic digestion technology in the treatment of organic waste, conversion into renewable energy and organic fertilizers, and exploring the mitigation effects of that on the environment. The effects of temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, volatile fatty acids, hydraulic residence time and pH on the efficiency and stability of anaerobic digestion were analyzed by literature review. The results show that these parameters have significant effects on promoting microbial activity, accelerating organic decomposition and maintaining stable operation of the system. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion technology is verified by the typical studies of organic wastes such as corn stalks, livestock manure and food waste, and the structure and function of key microbial communities in the process are elaborated, including the mechanisms of action of bacteria and archaea at different stages such as hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. In addition, the generation of toxic substances and its management strategies are also discussed. Finally, the findings of this study suggest that improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion, developing new reactor technologies, and strengthening research on microbial population will help make anaerobic digestion technology more efficient, stable, and widely applied in the future.

Digital soil mapping is a novel and efficient soil mapping technique that utilizes 3S technology and is theoretically based on soil formation science, geography and mathematics. Domestic and foreign scholars had conducted extensive research on the generation of environmental collaborative variables, the acquisition of sample data, the selection of digital soil mapping models or methods, and the generation and validation of soil maps, especially on mapping methods. This paper introduced five categories of digital soil mapping techniques, including geostatistical methods, deterministic interpolation, mathematical statistics, machine learning, and expert knowledge models. At the same time, the mapping method suitable for the study area was chosen based on the merits of various approaches, from the aspects of target variables, topography and geomorphological features, sample density and distribution status and more. The future development direction of digital soil mapping included incorporating human activity factors into environmental synergistic variables; establishing more effective sampling methods based on machine learning and data mining; the application of new modeling methods (deep learning and multimodal methods).

To enhance the efficient application of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids in agricultural production, and to promote green, high-quality development of agriculture. The study reviewed the source and production technology of amino-acids raw material, the functional characteristics, the development status, the application in agricultural production and the future development trend of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids. The results showed that water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids were widely used in food crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops and cash crops, had positive effects on crop growth, formation of fruit quality and soil improvement. However, the application of fertilizer on different crops needed to be further explored according to the growth and development rules and nutritional requirements of the plant. The water-soluble fertilizers containing single amino-acids cannot satisfy the market demand, it is necessary to develop new types of fertilizers combining function and nutrition of amino acids.

Polyethylene (PE), as one of the most used plastics in the world, has widely existed in the natural environment because of its wear-resistant, high molecular weight and indestructible properties. PE would break down into microplastics (MPs) and accumulate in large quantities, and currently MPs has become an important pollutant that affects the ecosystem. Currently, many studies have been demonstrated that PE could be partially degraded, but further research is needed in screening of microorganisms or enzymes that could completely degrade PE and construct a complete biodegradation pathway for PE. Therefore, this paper summarizes the classification, recycle methods and characterization methods of PE, microorganisms and enzymes that degrade PE, biodegradation pathways and influencing factors, and proposes future research directions of PE biodegradation. These findings provide theoretical basis for the degradation mechanism of PE.

The genus Polygonatum Mill, commonly referred to as "Huang Jing," are plants renowned for their medicinal and edible properties. Their active constituents, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins, exhibit notable pharmacological effects. Recent studies have predominantly centered on the extraction of saponin components from the genus Polygonatum, which are attributed with anti-fatigue, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and immune-enhancing properties. While there has been some advancement in the structural analysis of the genus Polygonatum saponins, their biosynthetic pathways remain underexplored. The synthesis of saponins in the genus Polygonatum occurs via the mevalonic acid pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, encompassing multiple enzymatic steps. This research indicates that the genus Polygonatum saponins exert diverse biological effects, including anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune regulatory activities, and hold significant potential in medicine, food, cosmetics, and other sectors. Nonetheless, current studies are limited by inadequate structural analysis, an incomplete understanding of biosynthetic pathways, and ambiguous mechanisms of pharmacological action. Future endeavors should prioritize the isolation, structural analysis, synthetic biology, and pharmacology of the genus Polygonatum saponins to advance their scientific investigation and product development, thereby laying a foundation for the creation of novel therapeutic agents.

Vermicomposting is a simple, feasible, low-cost and environmentally friendly bio-microbial coupled organic waste recycling technology. The physicochemical and microbial characteristics of vermicomposting in the treatment of organic waste were summarized. The application research progress of vermicomposting in agricultural production was introduced, and the following suggestions were proposed in view of the problems existing in the practical application of vermicomposting. (1) In order to develop and produce high quality commercial earthworm manure, it is suggested to use the relevant factors affecting the quality of earthworm compost products to carry out mathematical modeling of vermicomposting, so as to efficiently optimize the parameters of vermicomposting, reduce research and development costs and improve production efficiency for large-scale production of earthworm manure; (2) in order to ensure the stable output of high quality earthworm manure, equipment with intelligent control of pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, temperature and humidity and light should be developed to form automatic and large-scale vermiculture; (3) in order to promote the development of the circular economy of "planting and breeding integration", the effective parts containing humic acid in the process of culturing earthworms can be reused, and the efficiency of vermicompost utilization in agricultural planting and soil remediation should be strengthened.

An important goal of soil management in the Songnen Plain is improvement of soda saline-alkali soil. Summing up the previous research results on soil improvement, this article summarized the application types, action mechanisms, improvement effects, existing problems of improvers in soil improvement, and looked forward to the application prospects of improvers, in order to provide reference for future in-depth research. The results showed that improvers could be divided into inorganic improvers, organic improvers, and microbial agents. The use of combined improvers was better than that of single improver. The application of improvers improved soil physical and chemical properties, structure, nutrient content, and micro ecological environment, and promote plant growth. The research and development of new organic improvers were the focus of future research.

In order to elucidate the response of crop nitrogen absorption and utilization to salt and alkali stress and the regulation mechanisms, based on domestically and internationally research progress, this article summed the effect of salt and alkali stress on crop growth from the aspects of seed germination, seedling growth, root growth, photosynthesis, osmotic regulation system, redox system, and ion balance; discussed the impact of salt and alkali stress on crop nitrogen absorption and utilization and the undying mechanisms from the aspects of soil nitrogen cycling, root nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen assimilation; summarized the regulatory methods on crop nitrogen uptake and utilization under salt alkali stress such as nitrogen efficient variety selection, soil conditioner application, organic matter application, growth regulator application, and endophytic mycorrhizal colonization, and discussed the undying mechanisms. This article pointed out that soil salinization was one of the key soil barrier factors limiting crop production. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application was an effective way to alleviate salt stress, but improper nitrogen fertilizer application could lead to a decrease in nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further in-depth research on crop nitrogen response mechanisms and regulatory pathways under salt stress from the soil-crop system could be of great significance for crop nutrient management and stable and high crops yield under soil salinization.

Modern breeding techniques based on biotechnology have a great impact on crop genetic improvement. CRISPR/Cas gene editing system’s components, mechanisms, breakthrough progresses of gene editing technology in the gene functional verification and crop genetic improvement, current utilization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, watermelon, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, and others, were summarized in this review. The CRISPR/Cas gene editing system stands out as the most extensively utilized gene-editing tool. This review aims to enhance comprehension of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system and promote its vital role in vegetable crop improvement. This review discusses the factors affecting genetic transformation efficiency, methods to improve genetic transformation efficiency, the defects of the CRISPR gene editing system and the constraints in its current utilization in vegetable crops, including challenges related to the transformation and regeneration processes, and the genotype dependent for certain crops. In conclusion, this review suggests that future research should focus on extensive genotype screening to facilitate easier genetic transformation, the advancement of efficient crop transformation and regeneration systems, and the development of more efficient, innovative, precise, and multi-functional gene editing tools.

In order to effectively control Huanglongbing (HLB) and reduce the loss of HLB to the global citrus industry, this study reviewed the latest research on the control of HLB in recent years. The results showed that there were no effective agents and disease-resistant varieties. At present, the main methods of controlling HLB include traditional ‘three fast methods’, namely planting disease-free seedlings to control HLB from the sources, preventing and controlling Diaphorina citr to block its transmission path, and digging infected trees to eliminate the infection source; expanded physical control technologies include seedling virus-free, light, steam heat treatment, etc.; multi-directional chemical drug control technologies include antibiotics, nanomaterials, immune inducers and antimicrobial peptides; emerging biological control technologies include various probiotics, microbial preparations, etc. Finally, the application prospect of soil amendment and biological control agent combined treatment of HLB and citrus transgenic disease resistance technology based on genetic improvement was prospected, to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for effective control of HLB.

Embryo transfer technology is a modern reproductive technology that can accelerate the expansion and reproduction rate of domestic animal populations. It has been widely applied in the promotion and rapid expansion of excellent animal breeds such as cattle, sheep, and horses. This article reviews the superovulation technology, synchronous estrus technology and factors affecting embryo transfer involved in sheep embryo transfer, so as to provide ideas for the improvement of sheep embryo transfer technology and its application in the sheep industry, and lay a foundation for subsequent technological progress.

The storage environment of grain affects the growth, development, reproduction, survival rate and population dynamics of stored grain pests, and the main influencing factors are temperature, humidity, food, gas and so on. In order to clarify the effects of different environmental factors on the development of grain storage pests, the status quo, and latest progress of research about the effects of different storage environments on grain storage pests in recent years were reviewed. The environmental requirements of grain storage pests vary from species to species, and their growth, development, reproductive potential, vitality and seasonal behavioral activities will change along with the environment change. In recent years, the studies on using environmental factors to control the damage of grain storage pests have been carried out extensively, and most of them focus on the control of grain storage pests through temperature, humidity and gas regulation, to achieve the purpose of green grain storage. Based on the analysis and summary, the development prospect of using environmental factors to control pests in stored grain is prospected, which provides a theoretical basis for the selection and implementation of pest control methods in the future, and provides a reference for the further development of technical equipment.

In this paper, the research status and development trend of rice quality at home and abroad were reviewed, the genetic basis of rice quality formation, regulatory molecular mechanisms and strategies for optimizing rice quality were summarized, and the correlation between rice quality and related genes such as starch, protein, lipid, aroma and color was revealed. Two specific countermeasures to improve rice quality, gene editing technology and molecular marker-assisted technology, were described. The challenges in rice quality research, such as imbalance between rice quality and yield, difficulty in transforming and popularizing rice quality improvement technology, regional adaptability of rice in breeding process, high breeding cost and long breeding cycle, and consumer acceptance of improved rice, were pointed out. Countermeasures were put forward from the aspects of multi-party cooperation and resource sharing, strengthening basic research and innovative technology, efficient screening and evaluation methods, considering diversified needs, and promoting the integration of industry-university-research and technology transformation, so as to provide theoretical guidance for optimizing rice quality and cultivating high-quality rice varieties.

To clarify whether Spodoptera frugiperda poses a threat to fruit and vegetable production in China, a comparative analysis of the feeding selectivity of 3rd-5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda on maize, sweet potato, tomato, and dongzao jujube leaves was conducted by leaf disc method. The feeding preferences of primary larvae initially domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves until they developed to the 3rd-5th instar larvae stages were examined. We assessed their selectivity for the initial food used for domestication and three other foods, compared feeding selectivity between various plant parts. The feeding preferences of S. frugiperda across all instar stages were as follows: maize (43.23%-61.82%)> sweet potato (20.37%-25.62%)> tomato (10.91%-24.3%)> dongzao jujube (5.45%-9.26%). Notably, after being domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves to 5th instar larvae, S. frugiperda exhibited heightened selectivity for the food they were initially domesticated on compared to maize. In contrast, although 3rd and 4th instar larvae retained a strong preference for maize leaves, they also demonstrated a substantial increase in selection rates for the food initially used for domestication. This increase ranged from 16.42-24.11 percentage points for sweet potato and 18.07-20.89 percentage points for tomato, compared to uncultivated larvae. Furthermore, the feeding selectivity analysis for different plant parts revealed that younger larvae displayed a preference for new leaves and corn whiskers of maize, whereas older larvae exhibited a preference for old leaves and male panicles. Concerning plant parts, younger larvae favoured plant stalks, whereas older larvae showed a preference for plant leaves. Our findings indicate that although S. frugiperda larvae exhibit lower feeding selectivity for sweet potato, tomato and dongzao jujube compared to maize, they still pose a potential threat to the production of these crops after domestication or under environmental stress. Notably, distinct variations in feeding choices for different parts of the plant were observed among younger and older larvae.

The herbicide glyphosate is widely used in agriculture because of its high efficiency and low cost, but it also poses certain harm. This paper provided a brief introduction to glyphosate toxicity and mechanism. It was clarified that the harm of glyphosate to water environment was mainly in the aspects of affecting water quality, aquatic organisms and ecosystems. The harm to soil was mainly reflected in the destruction of soil microbial ecology, the destruction of soil microbial community structure and function, and the influence of soil enzyme activity. The research progress of bioremediation of glyphosate-contaminated soil was introduced. The bioremediation of glyphosate-contaminated soil was mainly microbial degradation methods. Compared with non-biodegradation such as adsorption and photolysis, microbial degradation was more environmentally friendly, efficient and promising. Finally, the microbial degradation methods of glyphosate contaminated soil remediation were prospected, in order to provide reference for the application and improvement of glyphosate microbial degradation technology in glyphosate contaminated soil.

To explore the growth differences among different green manure varieties and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over, the winter fallow field (CK) was used as the control, three common green manures (Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.) were selected to conduct field experiments to analyze the differences in the characteristics of green manures during the growth period and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over. The results showed that the performance of plant height and biomass in the three types of green manure was as followed: Vicia villosa var. > Vicia sativa L. > Astragalus sinicus L., with Vicia villosa var. being the best and suitable for planting in the region. After turning over green manures, the rice yield significantly increased compared to CK, with the yield under Vicia villosa var. reached 10.47 t/hm², which was 58.88% higher than that of CK. Green manure turning over could improve the taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Compared with CK, the taste value of rice treated with Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. increased by 5.58%, 9.46% and 11.16%, respectively, and total potassium accumulation in rice straw increased by 50.88%, 42.87% and 67.70%, respectively, the total nitrogen accumulation in rice grains increased by 17.25%, 45.62% and 47.74%, respectively and the total potassium accumulation in rice seeds increased by 17.96%, 54.28%, and 48.88%, respectively, the total phosphorus accumulation in rice shoots increased by 11.32%, 62.16% and 27.41%, respectively, the total accumulation of total potassium increased by 45.53%, 44.73% and 64.64%, respectively, with the best comprehensive effect being the Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.. Green manure could improve soil properties and had the potential to improve soil fertility. Among them, the treatment of Vicia sativa L. had a pH increase of 2.96%, organic matter increased by 10.05%, and total nitrogen content increased by 4.41% compared to CK. The treatment of Astragalus sinicus L. had an organic matter increase of 1.43%, total nitrogen content increase of 24.25%, total phosphorus content increase of 9.20%, and available phosphorus content increase of 10.95% compared to CK. In summary, the biomass and nutrient accumulation of Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. were both high, and their flipping could improve the yield, taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Therefore, they were recommended as green manure varieties for planting in this region; Astragalus sinicus L. and Vicia sativa L. had the potential to increase soil fertility through tillage, while Vicia sativa L. had a better effect. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of green manure and sustainable agricultural production in the northern Jiangsu region.

Hyperspectral remote sensing is an important technology for crop research. In order to promote the healthy development and basic research of crop growth cycle, improve the application level of remote sensing technology in crop research, this paper summarizes the analysis algorithms of hyperspectral in crop research, focus on the research progress of hyperspectral in crop growth, crop information monitoring, and crop information extraction. This paper systematically reviews the studies on leaf area index, biomass estimation, nitrogen monitoring, chlorophyll monitoring, pest and disease monitoring, heavy metal monitoring, crop carbon to nitrogen ratio, and water content, which still need to be further developed. Analysis shows that the combination of hyperspectral technology and artificial intelligence has achieved initial results in crop research which is still difficult to meet the intelligent needs of modern agriculture. If the new generation of information technology and large models are used to empower, enormous research potential will be unleashed.

The global warming rate and the frequency of extreme high temperature weather are continuously increasing, which could bring catastrophic impacts to rice production. To further clarify the response mechanism of rice to high temperature, this article summarized the research progress in the direction of rice heat damage from high temperature, focused on the impact of high temperature on rice production, and deeply analyzed the physiological (photosynthetic characteristics/antioxidant system) and gene molecular mechanisms of rice’s response to high temperature. We concluded that the heat tolerance characteristics of rice were formed by the interaction between varieties and the environment. Results showed that, the photosynthetic characteristics of rice were influenced by both stomatal and non-stomatal limiting factors, and the antioxidant process was achieved by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the content of malondialdehyde; rice improved plant heat adaptability by activating the expression of key genes and stimulating the transduction of heat signals within the plant; by optimizing “Before production-During production-After production” comprehensive management and monitoring system, we could explore innovative cultivation systems, and thoroughly investigate the high temperature defense mechanisms of rice. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rice in response to high temperature stress, providing a scientific reference for future heat-tolerant rice breeding work and improving rice sustainable production.

Long-term addition of antibiotics in feed can cause the problems such as drug residues and bacterial resistance, leading to a decline in the quality of livestock and poultry products, threats to human health, and damage to the ecological environment. In 2020, Announcement No. 194 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs officially implemented, and the use of growth promoting antibiotic additives in feed was completely prohibited, marking the arrival of the era of "anti antibiotic" in the livestock and poultry industry. Non antibiotic breeding has become a major trend in the development of the livestock and poultry industry. Antibiotic substitutes can improve the growth performance of animals, improve intestinal health, and regulate the host immune system. They have the advantages of safety, efficiency, low residue, and low pollution, and have great prospects in the application of feed additives. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress in the application and action mechanism of green additives such as antibiotic substitutes, microecological agents, organic acids, plant extracts, Chinese herbal medicines, antimicrobial peptides, etc., in order to provide reference for healthy livestock breeding and promote the green and healthy development of livestock and poultry breeding in China.

The issue of agricultural carbon emission is getting increasingly concern, and the study of agricultural carbon emission at provincial-level is of great significance for carbon reduction. To clarify the spatio-temporal variation rules and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Anhui Province, the agricultural carbon emissions in Anhui Province was calculated by IPCC method in this study according to the Statistical Yearbook of Anhui Province from 2003 to 2022 and the statistical yearbook of each city. The influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions and their contribution degrees were analyzed by LMDI method. The results showed that: (1) from 2002 to 2021, the total agricultural carbon emission in Anhui Province showed a trend of increase first and then decrease with fluctuation, reaching a peak of 21.8962 million tons in 2003, which decreased with fluctuation from 2004 to 2021 of 12.4336 million tons. (2) Livestock and poultry breeding was the largest source of carbon emissions in Anhui Province, accounting for 82.09% in 2002, of which the carbon emissions from cattle farming accounted for more than 50%. (3) The total agricultural carbon emissions of Tongling, Wuhu and Maanshan were in the growth mode, while the total agricultural carbon emissions of other cities were in the decline stage. (4) Agricultural production efficiency was the key negative driving factor of agricultural carbon emissions in Anhui province, and its contribution rate reached the lowest value of 0.66 in 2011. The development level of agricultural economy was the key factor of positive driving force, and the contribution rate reached the highest value of 1.34 in 2004. These results could provide theoretical reference for agricultural carbon reduction methods and policy formulation.

This study aims to screen one or two kinds of herbicides which are suitable for the control of X. sibiricum in Ningxia region. The plant control effects and fresh weight control effects of 5 herbicides, including 2 methyl 4 chlorodimethylamine salt, fluroxypyr, saflufenacil·glyphosate, nitrosulone, topramezone on X. sibiricum, were determined by field experiments. After 21 days, the results of plant control effects showed that among the five herbicides, 2 methyl 4 chlorodimethylamine salt 60% AS with 750 mL/hm², fluroxypyr 200 g/L EC with 900 mL/hm², and saflufenacil·glyphosate 40% OD with 1500 mL/hm² presented excellent plant control effect, and the control effects were 96.62%, 98.31%, and 100%, respectively; the results of fresh weight control effects showed that fluroxypyr 200 g/L EC with 900 mL/hm² and saflufenacil·glyphosate 40% OD with 1500 mL/hm² had remarkable control effects, which were 93.94% and 100%, respectively. Based on the results of control effects, as well as the different crops, the biocidal herbicide saflufenacil·glyphosate can be selected for the control of X. sibiricum in wasteland, forest land, ditches, etc. In the control of X. sibiricum in gramineous crop fields such as wheat and corn, fluroxypyr herbicides were the first choice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different culture medium components on the germination of maize pollen, in order to screen out the optimal culture medium for in vitro germination of maize pollen, and further select suitable culture media for pollen germination of different maize varieties. In this experiment, in vitro germination method was used to test different maize varieties. Single-factor experiments were conducted to compare the effects of different concentrations of sucrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, boric acid, and calcium chloride on the vitality of maize pollen, and to explore the optimal conditions for maize pollen germination. The results showed that when the culture medium components were 0.35 mol/L sucrose, 0.85% agar, 0.01% boric acid, and 0.03% calcium chloride, the germination effect of the control group was the best, reaching 51.6%. Compared with the control group, the experimental group found that this medium had significant differences in the germination of pollen of different varieties. In this study, the pollen germination rates of 8 experimental groups of maize varieties ranged from 1.8% to 21%, and this medium was most suitable for the germination of pollen of variety ‘e12’, but not suitable for the germination of variety ‘e11’. In conclusion, the optimal culture conditions conducive to in vitro germination of maize pollen were screened out, providing valuable reference and theoretical basis for the study of maize pollen germination mechanism, maize genetic breeding, and other related research areas.

To identify the pathogen species causing a noval desease of leaf spot and stem spot of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. in Guanghan City, Sichuan Province, and provides theoretical basis for the scientific management of this disease, the leaves and stems of diseased H. cordata were collected from Guanghan City, and the pathogen was isolated and identified by tissue isolation, pathogenicity testing, morphological characterization, and molecular identification based on ITS, tef1, cal and his3 gene sequences. The results indicate that the mycelium of the pathogen is gray-white to light brown. The conidiomata, which are produced in the late growth stage, can produce two types of conidia: fusiform to oval-shaped α-type conidia and filamentous or hook-shaped β-type conidia. Multiple gene cluster analysis showed that the pathogen formed an individual branch adjacent to the Diaporthe Sojae and D. phaseolorum branches, and formed a big branch with these two branches in the phylogenetic tree, and a new species named D. houttuynia was suggested to establish to accommodate this pathogen. According to morphology and molecular identification, the pathogen causing the noval desease of leaf spot and stem spot of H. cordata in Guanghan City was identified as D. houttuynia.

Applying chemical fertilizers can increase the yield of crops, but excessive application of chemical fertilizers will cause serious pollution to the environment. The application of traditional organic fertilizer can reduce environmental pollution, but its shortcomings such as insufficient nutrition, unstable quality and slow effectiveness determine that it cannot meet the needs of crop growth. Organic fertilizer small molecule products (small molecule organic fertilizer) is a kind of fertilizer containing multiple types of small molecule organic matter, which can be directly absorbed by crop roots, improving the soil fertility, and soil microbial activity. In addition, it can also chemically bond with fertilizers to achieve the goals of improving fertilizer utilization efficiency, reducing fertilizer application, and improving agricultural quality and efficiency. To study small molecule organic fertilizers that overcome the shortcomings of fertilizers and organic fertilizers, the types of small molecule organic fertilizers were summarized, and its application effects on different crops and its impact on soil physicochemical properties and changes in soil microbial community were elaborated. The main production processes, existing problems, and future development directions of small molecule organic fertilizers were discussed.

China faces significant challenges of large population and limited arable land resources. In recent years, extreme weather events and ongoing soil degradation have significantly influenced China's agricultural production. With advances in agricultural science and technology, incorporating new materials into agricultural practices has been proven to be an effective strategy for adapting to these developments and environmental shifts. Seaweed extract, specifically seaweed oligosaccharides, are natural active substances derived from seaweed using modern technology. They are employed in agriculture as inducers for plant stress and disease resistance, biostimulants, and fertilizer enhancers. With continuous research progresses on the potential applications of seaweed oligosaccharides in agriculture, significant advancements have been achieved in their study and use. To further systematically understand and apply seaweed oligosaccharides, this paper discussed their sources, classification, and production methods. It summarized their impact on bolstering crop stress and disease resistance, fostering growth and development, and improving nutrient absorption, as well as their effectiveness and mechanisms across various crops. This provided innovative approaches and tools for the sustainable and efficient development of Chinese agriculture in the current context.

In order to screen out the maize varieties with low-nitrogen tolerance, and provide the technologies for identifying and screening low-nitrogen-resistant corn varieties, 36 corn cross combinations were used as test materials, the phenotypic value of genotypic agronomic traits was determined under the condition that the amount of nitrogen used was reduced by 70% compared to the normal amount of nitrogen applied. Based on the phenotypic value, the comprehensive coefficient of low nitrogen stress was calculated, and then the genotype's ability to low nitrogen resistance was evaluated. The results showed that there were significant or very significant differences in the performance of most agronomic traits among different genotypes under low nitrogen stress. The comprehensive coefficient of low nitrogen stress varied greatly among 36 genotypes, with a maximum value of 1.0319, a minimum value of -0.1139, and an average of 0.4506. There were 6 and 4 genotypes with very significantly and significantly greater coefficients than the average, respectively; 16 genotypes had no significantly different from the average; there were 2 and 8 genotypes with significantly and very significantly smaller coefficients than the average, respectively. Genotypes with extremely significant and significantly greater coefficients than the average were rated as varieties with strong and stronger low-nitrogen resistances. Vigorous growth, higher plants, and wide ear leaves could be used as important characteristics for selecting low-nitrogen-resistant varieties under low-nitrogen stress.

This study utilized the fruit appearance indicators and effective nutritional composition indicators of Xinjiang Elaeagnus moorcroftii, combined with principal component analysis and cluster analysis to comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Xinjiang E. moorcroftii. The results showed that there were significant differences in fruit appearance quality of different varieties of E. moorcroftii; the comprehensive evaluation results were ‘Hongling’ (3^#)> ‘Hongyu’ (8^#)> ‘Jinsha’ (2^#)> ‘Jinhuanghou2’ (26^#)> ‘Bachu 1’ (5^#)> ‘Jinhuanghou’ (6^#)> ‘Baishatian’ (7^#)> ‘Yafeng’ (1^#)> ‘Hongling2’ (33^#) by the principal component analysis, and 3^#, 8^#, and 2^# could be used for breeding, promotion, and development and utilization. The 9 varieties of E. moorcroftii were divided into three categories by the cluster analysis. The first category was 3^#, which was mainly characterized by high solid acid ratio, tannin and total phenol, low protein and crude fiber, and could be used for making cakes, high-grade fruit juices and drinks. The second category was 2^# and 8^#, which were mainly characterized by high edible rate, high content of total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, tannins and total phenols were also higher than the average value, and could be used for deep processing and extraction of effective functional nutrients for health care and medical treatment. Other varieties belonged to the third category, with average indicators, could be eaten and processed fresh, and could also be used as ecological forests.

Excessive or irrational application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer not only increases N losses, decreases N use efficiency (NUE) and affect yield improvement in cropland, but also causes some environmental problems. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) can reduce N losses and improve NUE through inhibiting nitrification process. Although numerous studies about NIs focused on the reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and promotion of yield in cropland in China, systematic analysis was still poor. In this paper, meta-analysis was used to study the effects of N fertilizer combined with NIs on the reduction of N₂O emissions, major crop yield and NUE in cropland in China, so as to clarify the influences of soil pH, N application amounts and crop types on effects of NIs. The results showed that N fertilizer combined with NIs reduced the N₂O emissions effect from cropland by 38.66% significantly (P<0.05), increase the effect of major crop yield by 7.31% (P>0.05), and enhance the effect of crop N uptake and NUE by 10.97% (P>0.05) and 25.64% (P>0.05), respectively. Among the different types of NIs, DMPP reduced the effect of N₂O emissions to maximum extent (57.30%), followed by CP and DCD, which reduced the effect of N₂O emissions by 35.07% and 32.28%. CP enhanced the effect of yield to maximum extent (12.76%), followed by DCD (5.65%) and DMPP (4.25%). The reduction size of NIs on N₂O emissions in high N input cropland (≥300 kg/hm²) was greater than that in medium and low N input cropland (<300 kg/hm²). The increasing effect of NIs on yield of main crops in medium N input cropland (200-300 kg/hm²) was greater than that in high and low N input cropland. The effects of NIs on reducing N₂O emissions and increasing crop yield in neutral soil were greater than those in acidic and alkaline soil. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that soil pH was the main factor affecting crop yield and N₂O emission under the condition of N fertilizer applied with NIs. To sum up, N fertilizer combined with NIs could reduce N₂O emissions significantly, increase crop yield, improve N uptake and NUE to a certain extent, which was an effective path to decrease N losses and promote N utilization.

In order to understand how the herbivores-induced plant volatiles attract natural enemies for pest defense, the recent research status, influencing factors and progress of research on herbivores-induced plant volatiles around the world were reviewed. The release and action effect of plant volatiles are influenced by multiple factors, and their action pathways are closely related to the chemoreceptor genes of insects. In recent years, studies on the action mechanisms of plant volatiles attracting natural enemies have been carried out extensively at home and abroad, and most of them focus on the identification of volatile compounds, behavioral selection experiments and the identification and functional analysis of chemoreceptor genes associated with natural enemies. By analyzing and summarizing the studies, the future development directions on the biological control of pests by natural enemies lured by plant volatiles and related genes were discussed, aiming to provide theoretical support for future development of green plant protection and sustainable agriculture.

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a soil-borne fungal disease that causes crop wilting, which is a serious constraint to the sustainable development of agriculture. Effectors are key factors in pathogen-plant interactions, and their mechanism of action can be analyzed to provide effective strategies for controlling plant diseases. When Fo infects crops, it secretes a protein in the xylem of vascular bundles, which is called Secreted In Xylem effector protein (SIX). In order to study the role of SIX effectors between Fo and plants, the structural characteristics of SIX on the Fo genome were analyzed. The functional attributes of SIX in identifying different formae speciales and physiological races of Fo, influencing the pathogenicity of Fo, and affecting the immune response of plants were summarized. It was pointed out that SIX had toxic effects on plants and could interact with plants in an incompatible manner to influence the invasion of pathogens. The results of this study reveal the effects of SIX on plants in different aspects and provide theoretical support for the study of the molecular mechanism of plant disease resistance and the selection and breeding of disease-resistant varieties.

The rapid and real-time acquisition of soil moisture in a large range can provide powerful data support for dealing with drought. In this paper, three drought index models, namely perpendicular drought index (PDI), modified perpendicular drought index (MPDI) and temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI), were constructed to discuss the accuracy and applicability of soil moisture inversion in the winter wheat planting area in Dingxing and Yixian of Hebei based on multi-spectral remote sensing data Landsat-8 and field measured soil moisture data. Three drought index models indicated that the study area was dry, and the spatial distribution of different drought indices was different, among which the difference between PDI and the other two drought indices was the biggest. All the three drought indices were negatively correlated with measured soil moisture, and MPDI, TVDI had obvious linear correlation with soil moisture. MPDI had the highest fitting degree and was used to invert the soil moisture. The inversion results showed that the soil moisture in the study area was relatively low, mainly ranging from 12% to 15%, and the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture were consistent with that of land cover. Our study indicated that the MPDI index had great potential for drought monitoring in the winter wheat planting area in winter.

Fish blood cells are important part in fish body immunity. They participate in many physiological activities, such as body phagocytosis, secretion, damage repair, defense and others. They are sensitive to changes in their own physiological state as well as to the stimulation of external environmental factors. Blood cells play an important role in indicating and maintaining the physiological homeostasis of fish. Based on recent research reports of domestic and international developments, this paper investigated the progress of fish blood, blood cells and their immune defense functions, and reviewed the blood composition, blood cell genesis, differentiation and related immune defense mechanisms of fish. This review is helpful to deepen the understanding of fish blood immune defense system and its related molecular mechanism, and provides references for further exploration of molecular markers related to fish blood immune defense and screening of molecular phenotypes of fish disease and stress resistance.

In order to systematically evaluate the application potentials of chlorantraniliprole against Conpomorpha sinensis, the bioactivity of chlorantraniliprole to eggs, adults and the effect of chlorantraniliprole on longevity and fecundity were determined in laboratory, and the control effect was tested in the field. The result showed that the LC₅₀ of chlorantraniliprole to eggs of C. sinensis which were laid for 48 h was 10.650 mg/L, and the ovicidal activity of chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that of lambda-cyhalothrin and lower than diflubenzuron. The 24 h LC₅₀ of chlorantraniliprole to adults of C. sinensis was 145.856 mg/L, which was equal to lambda-cyhalothrin. The LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ doses of chlorantraniliprole had small effects on the longevity of C. sinensis male adult and egg hatchability, but they could effectively reduce the longevity and fecundity of female adult. When C. sinensis was in peak oviposition period to egg incubation period, insecticides were sprayed one time. The results of 14 days after treatment showed that effect of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC which was diluted 1500 and 3000 times respectively was 95.29%, and the effect of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC which was diluted 4500 times was 84.71%. The effects of above three treatments were significantly higher than that of 200 g/L diflubenzuron SC 1000 times and 25 g/L lambda-cyhalothrin 500 times. This study suggested that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the potential to be exploited as a control strategy for C. sinensis.

In order to improve the operation efficiency, a simple and effective method for crop total RNA extraction was developed. Total RNA was extracted from different tissues of rape, cotton, peanut, wheat, potato, corn, soybean, zucchini and other crops by CTAB method, improved CTAB method and TanSzol Reagent kit method. The detection results showed that the quality of total RNA extracted by improved CTAB method was higher. High total RNA yields were obtained in rape petals, wheat, peanut and zucchini leaves, which were 24.5, 23.7, 26.4 and 17.35 μg/mL, respectively; and the OD_260/280 and OD_260/230 values were 1.90, 1.73, 1.72, 1.80 and 2.10, 1.50, 2.01, 1.70, respectively. By comprehensive comparison of the above three methods, the improved CTAB method is suitable for total RNA extraction of rape, wheat, peanut, zucchini and other crops, which lays a foundation for subsequent molecular biological detection.