The global salinization is becoming more and more serious, leading to intensified degradation of cultivated land and threatening plant growth seriously. In the current study, the composition and distribution characteristics of salt ions in saline-alkali soil were summarized. The negative effects of salt stress on plant growth, photosynthesis, rhizosphere secretions and microbial communities were clarified. The current chemical, physical and microbial regulation methods for alleviating plant salt stress were summarized. On this basis, the key problems such as the inconsistent evaluation criteria of salinity and the complexity of soil ion composition in existing studies were revealed, and targeted suggestions were proposed as follows: (1) establishing classification criteria by region; (2) developping a temporal and spatial dynamic model of soil salinity change. Furthermore, synthetic flora (SynComs) is expected to become an important direction for research and application of saline-alkali land improvement with its advantages of functional synergy, ecological stability, improvement of comprehensive benefits and technical scalability. Overall, the current study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the improvement of saline-alkali soil and the enhancement of plant salt tolerance.

Epigenetic regulation refers to the heritable control of gene expression without alterations in the DNA sequence, achieved through mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, RNA modification, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetics provides an additional and flexible source of trait variation for horticultural crop improvement, opening innovative avenues for breeding new varieties capable of addressing challenges like climate change adaptation, disease and pest resistance, and quality enhancement. This review systematically synthesizes current research progress on the epigenetic regulation of key agronomic traits in horticultural crops and summarizes relevant breeding tools and methods developed for their use in horticultural crop breeding. It aims to provide a theoretical reference for further understanding the epigenetic basis of the formation of horticultural crop traits, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion and application of epigenetic breeding in horticultural crops.

Cadmium pollution has become a major global challenge to farmland safety, and safeguarding the quality of farmland is of paramount importance. This paper examined the sources and speciation of cadmium in soil, summarized the efficacy and mechanisms of plant-microbe systems in remediating cadmium-contaminated soils, including root interaction, metabolite regulation and cadmium speciation transformation. This study introduced the primary sources and characteristics of both plants and microorganisms in such synergistic systems, and elucidated the underlying remediation mechanisms as well as key influencing factors. Owing to the synergistic interactions between plants and microorganisms, the combined remediation system demonstrated superior efficiency in remediating cadmium-contaminated soils compared to individual remediation approaches. Finally, in view of the future research direction, it is recommended to introduce eco-friendly functional materials (such as biochar, nanomaterials, etc.) in order to provide efficient and environmentally friendly technical solutions for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil.

Facing increasingly stringent standards for aquaculture tail water discharge, China's Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming industry urgently needs to upgrade and transform. This article summarizes the research progress on ecological healthy aquaculture technology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in China, including technical models such as healthy intensive aquaculture in ponds, ecological mixed aquaculture in ponds, comprehensive cultivation in rice fields, symbiotic aquaculture of aquatic plants, ecological three-dimensional aquaculture, enclosure of reservoirs and lakes, etc, and discussed the direction of ecological aquaculture. Additionally, the future development direction of Macrobrachium rosenbergii industry in our country was also prospected, in order to provide reference for the green, healthy and sustainable development of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii industry in our country.

To establish an efficient and sustainable RNAi breeding control system, this paper summarizes the application potential of RNAi technology in crop disease and pest resistance, reviews the current research and development status of transgenic RNAi crops, and analyzes the design strategies and synergistic resistance mechanisms of multi-target tandem RNAi. The key points of elaboration include the "dsRNA/microRNA stable expression system", the "combined control model of complex pests and diseases (wheat scab - aphids, cotton wilt - cotton aphids)", and the "precise gene intervention approach for delaying resistance evolution", etc. It is pointed out that low delivery efficiency, poor environmental stability of dsRNA and high production cost remain the bottlenecks for large-scale application. This paper proposes that through the precise release technology of nano-carrier-plant symbiotic delivery, tandem expression of multi-gene silencers, and combined with ecological balance monitoring, the coordinated management of multiple pests and diseases can be achieved within 5 to 10 years. It is believed that this system will promote the transformation of agriculture towards a sustainable model of "precise genetic intervention + ecological balance maintenance", providing key support for global food security.

As an important food crop in the world, rice plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security. However, rice production faces many challenges, especially the increasingly serious problem of pests and diseases, which poses a major threat to yield and quality. This paper reviews the major rice pests and diseases worldwide, along with biological control and ecological regulation technologies. It analyzes the types, occurrence patterns, and current progress in the prevention and control of rice pests and diseases in China, emphasizing the importance of biological control and non-chemical pest management in reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides. Key challenges in the integrated management of major rice pests and diseases, such as insufficient scientific and technological support, weak regulatory oversight, and the low level of industrialization of control technologies, are discussed. In response, the paper proposes the main objectives and key directions for technological innovation during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period, including research on the formation mechanisms of pest outbreaks, the development of rice immune mechanisms, and green control technologies. Furthermore, it highlights the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and gene editing, to enhance the comprehensive management of rice pests and diseases, ensuring the sustainable development of the rice industry.

Maize is the crop with the largest planting area in China, playing a crucial role in safeguarding national food security. Dwarfing breeding is a core approach to break the bottleneck of maize yield per unit area by optimizing plant architecture and increasing planting density. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on maize dwarf genes, with a focus on clarifying the biological significance of maize plant height traits, the practices of dwarf genetic breeding, and the regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones on plant height, while proposing future research directions. The results show that: (1) maize plant height is co-regulated by the number of internodes and internode length. Dwarf plants can reduce lodging risk by shortening internode length, optimize canopy structure, and improve light energy use efficiency and adaptability to dense planting, but it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between dwarfing and yield traits. (2) Maize dwarf genetics is divided into two major systems: single-gene and multi-gene. In the single-gene system, the br2 gene has the clearest molecular mechanism—it inhibits the elongation of stem cells, reducing stem length by 40% to 50% compared with the wild type, with a more significant effect on internodes below the ear position—and it is the most widely used major gene at present. The multi-gene system can avoid the defect of pleiotropy by accumulating minor-effect genes, and varieties such as 'Aidan 268' that balance dwarfing and high yield have been bred. (3) Gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and auxin (IAA) are the core hormones regulating plant height: mutations in GA synthesis-related genes (d1, an1) or signal genes (d8, d9) lead to dwarfing, loss of function of BR synthesis genes (brd1, na2) or signal genes (ZmBRI1a) causes stunted plants, and abnormal function of the IAA polar transport gene (br2) results in dwarfing of lower stem nodes. Currently, maize dwarf breeding has problems such as a relatively small number of applicable genes (more than 60 dwarf genes have been discovered, and about 40 have been cloned), genetic linkage drag restricting the coordination of traits, and insufficient functional verification of novel dwarf genes (such as the mapped genes K718d and d8227). In the future, it is necessary to explore medium dwarf genes suitable for dense planting, use genome-wide selection technology to aggregate multiple genes, and integrate phenomics with artificial intelligence to screen for ideal plant architecture, so as to breed maize varieties with the characters of dwarf stalks for lodging resistance, dense planting for high yield, wide adaptability and easy mechanical harvesting, and provide support for the sustainable development of the maize industry.

Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF) transcription factors belong to the plant AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily and are key regulatory factors in plants responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They bind to the cis-acting element GCC-box through the conserved AP2/ERF domain, thereby regulating the spatiotemporal expression of target genes. This article reviews the structural characteristics, classification system, distribution patterns, and biological functions of plant ERF transcription factors. Structurally, they contain functional regions such as the DNA-binding domain and transcriptional regulatory domain, among which the amino acids at positions 14 and 19 of the AP2/ERF domain are key markers for classification. In terms of classification, both the ERF and DREB subfamilies can be further divided into 6 subgroups. In terms of distribution, the number of members of this family varies significantly among different plants, and the number of ERF subfamily members in dicotyledonous plants is usually more than that in monocotyledonous plants. The functional mechanism of ERF in biotic stress response is emphatically elaborated as follows. On the one hand, it enhances plant resistance to pathogens by activating disease-resistant genes such as PR and PDF1.2; on the other hand, ERFs containing the EAR motif can act as negative regulators to inhibit the expression of target genes. At the same time, this article summarizes the research status of peanut ERF, including family identification (our research group identified 76 ERF family members in cultivated peanuts in 2022), verification of stress resistance functions (such as AhERF008 and AhERF019 can enhance abiotic stress tolerance), and current limitations (such as insufficient systematic analysis and unclear regulatory mechanisms). Finally, the future research directions are prospected, proposing that multi-omics and gene editing technologies should be combined to analyze the ERF-mediated stress resistance network, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical targets for peanut stress resistance molecular breeding and facilitate research on peanut stress resistance engineering.

This study aims to explore how the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can drive the intelligent transformation of modern agriculture, with the intention of providing a theoretical basis for the development of smart agriculture. This study employs the literature review method to systematically sort out the current application status of key technologies, including IoT, big data, and AI, in modern smart agriculture against the backdrop of the big data era. The findings indicate that IoT technology enables real-time monitoring of agricultural environments, big data technology provides data support for agricultural production decision-making, and AI demonstrates immense potential in areas such as intelligent breeding, yield prediction, and pest and disease identification. The deep integration of IoT, big data, and AI is the key for improving the level of intelligent production. At the same time, this paper analyzes the current challenges in data, cost, standards and talents, and looks forward to the future directions of cross-modal data fusion, lightweight AI, transfer learning, blockchain security and human-machine collaboration, in order to provide reference for related research and promote theoretical innovation and practice in this field.

Soil salinization poses a severe threat to global food security and ecological environments. Cultivating salt-tolerant crop varieties and enhancing crop salt tolerance can effectively address salinization stress and utilize saline-alkali lands. We elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance and focus on the cutting-edge technologies in crop salt tolerance breeding, systematically elaborating on the principles and application achievements of technologies such as multi-omics integrated analysis, gene editing, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and epigenetic modifications in crop salt tolerance breeding. These advanced technologies provide guidance for crop salt tolerance breeding. Through technological integration and innovation, it may be hold the potential to rapidly and precisely develop new salt-tolerant crop varieties, thereby promoting efficient and sustainable agricultural development in saline-alkali lands.

The purpose of this study is to deeply explore the research trends of Perilla leaf's active chemical components and clarify its chemical composition and active mechanisms, and offers theoretical support for future research directions and the multi-domain development of Perilla leaf resources. Through bibliometrics and systematic review, we analyzed the research path and mechanisms of Perilla leaf's active components. We summarized the evolution and cutting-edge trends of its active component research, focusing on key components like essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins. Their chemical structures, structure-activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of functional activities (e.g., antioxidant and antibacterial properties) were clarified. This study highlights the research progress and direction of Perilla leaves functional components, and probes into its resource potential in food, medicine, cosmetics and other fields.

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the major advancements in growth models and smart planting technologies for greenhouse tomatoes, providing scientific insights for sustainable development in greenhouse tomato industry. Using bibliometrics, combined with InCites and VOSviewer, this study systematically reviews and analyzes research outcomes and trends in the field across dimensions of country, institution, author, and research topic. Over the past two decades, global research attention on greenhouse tomatoes has significantly increased, with active research in China, Spain, and Canada. Foreign studies focus on environmental sustainability and resource-use efficiency, while domestic research emphasizes integrated water-fertilizer management and soil micro-environment regulation. Among growth models, explanatory models demonstrate superior performance. Smart sensing and decision-making technology have substantially improved production efficiency and product quality in irrigation-fertilization, pest and disease monitoring, and fruit identification and harvesting, while optimizing production management and laying the foundation for agricultural automation and intelligence. Future research should deepen growth-model developments to enhance predictive accuracy and adaptability, promote integrated development of intelligent technologies to advance smart greenhouse tomato cultivation, strengthen breeding for stress-resistant cultivars and precision irrigation-fertilization techniques, and advance the precision and intelligence of pest and disease identification technologies.

The study aims to assess the current degradation of arable land quality in southern red soil region, analyze the key technological chokepoints in enhancing arable land quality, and propose an innovation-driven development plan. Focusing on red soil sloping arable land and medium and low-yield fields in southern China, this study systematically clarified the current acidification situation of red soil sloping arable land and the soil fertility status of medium and low-yield fields. Our results indicate that severe degradation of farmland quality in southern red soil areas significantly constrains high-quality agricultural development in the region. The southern red soil region exhibits extensive acidification with severe trends. In Jiangxi and Fujian Province, 92.3% and 85.4% of arable land soils, respectively, have an average pH below 5.5, indicating that red soil acidification severely threaten crop production. Nearly two-thirds of the paddy soils in the red soil region of southern China are low-yielding fields, which greatly limit the increase of crop productivity. This paper identifies the key technological chokepoints for improving the quality of arable land in the southern red soil region from three aspects: theory, technology, and products, respectively. The future scientific and technological innovation development plan for improving the quality and production capacity of arable land in the southern red soil region is proposed. The main objectives, key directions, and detailed task lists are formulated.

To explore the law of water and salt transportation under different improvement modes of saline-alkali land in the Yellow River Delta, this study innovatively adopted a combination of continuous dynamic monitoring ( June-November 2024 ) and multi-factor ( soil-groundwater-drain ) comprehensive analysis. Taking Kenli District of Dongying City as the research area, the response mechanism of water and soil environment in the process of saline-alkali land improvement was systematically studied through field fixed-point sampling. The results showed as follows. (1) Under the condition of subsurface pipe drainage, the soil total salt content in the rice-improved area decreased by 82.81%-91.73% at the end of the growth period, which was significantly higher than that in the rain-fed area (71.79% -81.54%). (2) Following the conversion to rice cultivation, the soil pH increased, and salt leaching led to a pH increase of 6.55%-13.10%, showing a typical 'desalination and alkalization' feature; Notably, except for HCO₃^-, there was a significant correlation observed between other ion indicators, total salinity and soil pH. (3) The total salt content of groundwater was driven by irrigation-precipitation coupling, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The buried depth from July to September was generally <1.2 m, and the water quality from August to November (total salt content >2g/L) exceeded the standard of farmland irrigation and should not be directly used for farmland irrigation. The results of this study can provide some theoretical and technical support for the regulation and control of soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta.

To expand the application of attapulgite in the fertilizer field and enhance its added value, this review summarized the modification methods of attapulgite and its application research progress in fertilizers, to provide references for developing new fertilizers with low cost and high efficiency. The structural characteristics of attapulgite, common modification methods(thermal activation, acidification, surface organic modification, etc.), and their mechanisms were outlined. Emphasis was placed on analyzing the application effects, mechanisms, and existing challenges of modified attapulgite in various fertilizer systems, including slow-release fertilizers, controlled-release fertilizers and soil conditioners. Finally, future research directions for attapulgite-based functional fertilizers were prospected.

Microbial driven nitrogen cycle processes play a crucial role in promoting material cycling within aquaculture systems, purifying aquaculture water environments, and maintaining ecosystem balance. Compared to natural ecosystems, aquaculture systems receive higher anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen, exhibit a rich diversity of nitrogen forms, and have their nitrogen cycling processes and associated microorganisms influenced and regulated by intertwined, complex, and easily fluctuating environmental factors. This article elucidates the ecological characteristics of aquaculture environments and reviews research progress on the major nitrogen cycle processes, including nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and their associated microbial communities within aquaculture ecosystems. It summarizes the environmental impact characteristics of nitrogen-cycling functional microorganisms. It discusses other potential ion redox reactions coupled with nitrogen cycling processes in aquaculture environments. Finally, the future research directions for the nitrogen cycle in aquaculture environments are prospected. The aim is to deepen the understanding of nitrogen cycling processes and their functional microorganisms in aquaculture systems, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the purification of nitrogen in aquaculture environments.

Global food security is facing the growing threat of cropland salinization, urgently calling for the development of sustainable remediation solutions. Salt stress inhibits crop growth by inducing osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage. Although traditional physical and chemical remediation techniques are effective in the short term, they often lead to secondary pollution and high operational costs. In this context, bioremediation has emerged as a promising and environmentally sustainable alternative. This study systematically reviews recent advances in the mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions under salt stress. It firstly analyzes the impacts of salt stress on plants; then, it elucidates the intrinsic mechanisms of plant salt tolerance, including the synthesis of organic osmolytes, the regulation of hormone metabolism and photosynthetic pathways, and the activation of antioxidant enzymes and stress-responsive genes. It then focuses on rhizosphere-associated plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Pseudomonas) and endophytic fungi (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma), which enhance plant salt tolerance through multiple mechanisms such as maintaining ion homeostasis, improving nutrient uptake, activating antioxidant defense systems, and coordinating hormonal signaling. Finally, we emphasize the importance of integrating multi-omics approaches with synthetic biology technologies to elucidate the interactions among microorganisms, plants, and the environment, thereby facilitating the sustainable remediation of saline soils and the utilization of marginal lands.

In response to multiple challenges facing China's animal husbandry industry, including major animal diseases, zoonotic diseases, parasitic diseases, and bacterial resistance, the proposal of this study aims to establish a systematic scientific and technological innovation strategy for the comprehensive prevention and control of animal diseases during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period, thereby safeguarding industrial and public health security. By analyzing the current situation and bottlenecks in animal disease prevention and control in China, the study focuses on five key areas: pathogenic mechanisms, zoonotic diseases, parasitic diseases, bacterial resistance, and the development of new veterinary drugs, outlining core research pathways and objectives. A blueprint for scientific and technological during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period is proposed. Basic research focuses on pathogenic mechanisms and immune evasion strategies, while key technological initiatives include the development of novel vaccines, new veterinary drugs, and intelligent monitoring and diagnostic systems. Specific strategies are also outlined for addressing parasitic diseases and bacterial resistance. The implementation of this proposal is expected to achieve breakthroughs in core technologies, enhance China's comprehensive capacity for major animal disease prevention and control, and hold significant strategic importance for ensuring the development of the breeding industry and public health security. It provides a top-level design for animal disease prevention efforts during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period.

As an advanced means of information acquisition, remote sensing technology has been widely used in crop production. This study systematically reviewed the research progress of remote sensing technology in crop production monitoring, crop yield estimation, crop nutritional quality monitoring, and crop pest and disease monitoring. In the field of crop growth monitoring, it focuses on inversion methods for physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content and leaf area index based on multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar remote sensing. For yield estimation, it summarizes the development history and technical approaches of constructing yield models using multi-source remote sensing data globally. In nutritional quality monitoring, it synthesizes correlation models between spectral characteristics and biochemical components of crops. Regarding pest and disease monitoring, it elucidates the spectral response mechanisms and identification techniques under biotic stress. The review indicates current limitations in multi-source data fusion accuracy and universal applicability of crop quality monitoring. Future research should integrate artificial intelligence algorithms to enhance multi-platform collaborative monitoring, providing more efficient technical support for smart agriculture.

In order to identify safe and efficient foliar herbicides suitable for cotton fields in Hubei Province, the effect and safety of 9 herbicides on weed control and cotton yield were compared and analyzed in this study by directional spray of stems and leaves after seedling. The results showed that 21 days after treatments, the control effect of 30% topramezone SC 27 ga.i./hm², 5% imazethapyr AS 100 ga.i./hm², 21% glufosinate-P-ammonium SL 820 ga.i./hm², 51% flumioxazin WG 60 ga.i./hm² and 50% prometryn WP 1050 ga.i./hm² on total grass fresh weight in cotton field were 99.40%, 86.07%, 91.17%, 98.81% and 99.34%, respectively. It was significantly higher than 25% sulfonsulfuron WG 26 ga.i./hm², 15% nitrone SC 190 ga.i./hm² and 10% pyrisulfuron WP 30 ga.i./hm². Yield analysis indicated that all herbicide treatments significantly increased the yield of ‘Gangmian 13’ cotton, with 21% glufosinate-P-ammonium SL 820 ga.i./hm² and 51% flumioxazin WG 60 ga.i./hm², showing the greatest yield increase. Safety evaluation revealed that only 15% mesotrione SC 190 ga.i./hm² posed potential risks to cotton, manifested as a significant reduction in root diameter. Field demonstration (compared to manual weeding) confirmed that both 21% glufosinate-P-ammonium SL 820 ga.i./hm² and flumioxazin WG 60 ga.i./hm² enhanced the yield of ‘Gangmian 13’. In conclusion, 21% glufosinate-P SL and 51% flumioxazin WG applied via directional foliar spraying at tested rates are recommended for weed control in cotton fields. This approach delivers significant efficacy while maintaining crop safety.

Faced with the dual challenges of increasingly severe water scarcity and sustainable agricultural development, the importance of integrated water and fertilizer management as an efficient water-saving fertilization model is becoming increasingly prominent. To further analyze the problems and challenges encountered during the development of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology, this study employed a systematic literature analysis, summarized the development history and current status of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology, and synthesized its effects on soil physicochemical properties, crop yield, and water- and fertilizer-use efficiency, as well as research progress on drip fertigation equipment and system intelligent technologies. On this basis, the main existing problems are pointed out, such as imperfect irrigation scheduling, equipment clogging, and unreasonable design and layout of field pipelines. It is suggested that future efforts should focus on formulating scientific and rational irrigation schedules tailored to local conditions, optimizing field planning, establishing a more comprehensive index system for water and fertilizer management, and strengthening the intelligent development of technical equipment. The research aims to provide a theoretical basis for application and innovation of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology and to promote agricultural productivity enhancement and sustainable use of water resources.

This study systematically reviews the origins, developmental trajectory, and future trends in research on the market entry of collectively-owned commercial construction land. It identifies gaps in existing studies, explores new scientific questions, and provides theoretical and practical insights to deepen land system reform, promote urban-rural integration, and advance rural revitalization. Using literature surveys, bibliometric analysis and qualitative review, this paper conducts a structural analysis of core literature from the CNKI database on the market entry of collectively-owned commercial construction land. Through keyword co-occurrence, burst detection, and clustering analysis via CiteSpace, the research hotspots and evolutionary pathways in this field are revealed. The findings indicate that current research can be categorized into four subfields: land revenue distribution, land resource allocation, legal frameworks, and pilot reform cases. Existing studies predominantly focus on market entry models and revenue distribution mechanisms, while research on legal system refinement and regionally differentiated policies remains underdeveloped. The conclusions suggest that future efforts should prioritize optimizing revenue distribution mechanisms, strengthening legal safeguards, and aligning with national strategies such as rural revitalization and urban-rural integration. This will facilitate market-oriented reforms of land resources and establish a theoretical and practical framework for achieving integrated urban-rural development and common prosperity.

This paper reviews the aroma characteristics of Phalaenopsis plants. It focuses on the main components, metabolic synthesis pathways, and regulatory mechanisms related to the fragrance of Phalaenopsis. It summarizes the fragrant varieties of Phalaenopsis, the primary floral scent components, the main factors influencing the release of fragrance in Phalaenopsis, and the molecular regulatory mechanisms related to the metabolic pathways of the major fragrant components. Analysis indicates that terpenoids dominate the floral scent components of Phalaenopsis, with endogenous circadian rhythms, light signals, and temperature all affecting the release rate of floral fragrance. The terpene synthase gene (TPS) and bHLH transcription factors are identified as key genes influencing the metabolic pathways of fragrance components in Phalaenopsis. It has been noted that research on the complete metabolic pathways and molecular regulatory mechanisms of fragrance components in Phalaenopsis is lacking. Future research should focus on further exploring the key genes of fragrance components and supplementing and improving the related metabolic pathways to enhance the understanding of floral fragrance traits in Phalaenopsis.

This research aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the production, application, and further exploration of Bacillus licheniformis and its liquid formulations by studying the liquid culture medium of Bacillus licheniformis and the preservation methods of its liquid preparations. Using Bacillus licheniformis as the test material, the liquid culture medium was optimized by orthogonal test, and the optimal medium was verified by fermenter test; different proportions of Lactobacillus plantarum were added to its liquid preparation to determine the best preservation method. The results were as follows. (1) The optimal medium and fermentation conditions were as following: bran 10 g/L, soybean meal 15 g/L, calcium carbonate 0.75 g/L, sodium chloride 10 g/L. The initial pH was 7.5, the temperature was 37℃, and the viable count of effective bacteria in the fermentation broth attained 2.68×10¹⁰ cfu/mL. The fermentation in a 2 t fermenter was completed after approximately 24 hours of cultivation, achieving a viable count of 3.8×10¹⁰ cfu/mL. (2) At indoor temperature, in the experimental groups supplemented with 2.00% and 5.00% Lactobacillus plantarum, the survival rates of Bacillus licheniformis were 84.2% and 84.1%, respectively, after 30 days, and reached 54.3% and 52.4% after 90 days. This study obtained a high-density liquid fermentation medium for this strain of Bacillus licheniformis, and laid a theoretical foundation for the research on the preservation of Bacillus licheniformis liquid preparations.

To investigate the effects of different crops on the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities, this study analyzed the rhizosphere soils of soybean (Glycine max), maize (Zea mays), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) using high-throughput sequencing technology to assess bacterial community composition and diversity. The results demonstrated significant differences in the composition, richness, and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities among the crops. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the most dominant groups, with Proteobacteria exhibiting the highest relative abundance (39%-48% of the total bacterial community). At the genus level, distinct variations were observed among the crops, particularly in the soybean treatment, which showed significant differences compared to the other two groups. Notably, Bradyrhizobium was the most dominant genus in the soybean rhizosphere, accounting for 7% of the total bacterial community. Analysis of community richness indices (Chao1 and ACE) and diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson) revealed that the soybean rhizosphere soil had the highest bacterial richness and diversity, while the sugar beet treatment group exhibited the lowest values. In conclusion, cultivating different crops significantly influences the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities. These findings provide a scientific basis for further understanding the relationship between crops and soil microbiota.

In this study, we focus on the genetic mechanisms underlying culm strength in rice, aiming to provide a robust theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of lodging-resistant varieties. By systematically reviewing and conducting in-depth analyses of academic literature and research reports, we explore the regulatory mechanisms of genes associated with culm strength, culm chemical composition, hormonal regulation, and plant architecture, as well as their molecular mechanisms in conferring lodging resistance. Consequently, rice culm strength is influenced by both morphological traits (e.g., basal internode diameter and culm wall thickness) and chemical components (including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents). Notably, the mechanical properties of lower internodes are key determinants of rice lodging resistance. In terms of genetics, SCM3 (an allele of OsTB1) enhances culm strength via the strigolactone signaling pathway. WAK10 regulates cellulose synthesis in secondary cell walls. OsTCP19 facilitates the balance between lignin and cellulose. IPA1 achieves synergistic improvements in lodging resistance and yield by optimizing plant architecture—specifically, by reducing ineffective tillers, increasing culm diameter, and balancing lodging resistance with an increased number of grains per panicle. In terms of breeding applications, molecular marker-assisted selection has been employed to screen for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with culm strength, such as prl5 and lrt5. Additionally, gene-editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) have been utilized to modify key genes governing culm strength in rice lodging resistance breeding. Through backcrossing to develop near-isogenic lines (NILs), multiple strong culm genes (including SCM1-4) have been pyramided—resulting in NIL-SCM1, NIL-SCM2, NIL-SCM3, NIL-SCM4, as well as double and triple NIL combinations. This approach has enabled the successful development of lodging-resistant varieties, namely 'Sakura Prince' and 'Monster Rice 1'. This study proposes that future work should be carried out in the following aspects: mining novel lodging resistance genes (e.g., the STRONG2 module) and analyzing multi-gene synergistic effects, establishing a genetic balance model involving stem strength, panicle weight, and panicle number, optimizing gene pyramiding strategies in combination with genome-wide association analysis, and exploring the impacts of environmental factors (such as typhoons and dense planting) on culm strength. These efforts aim to achieve enhancement of rice lodging resistance and yield simultaneously.

This study systematically reviews the scientific and technological advancements in wheat breeding for saline-alkali farmland in China, analyzes current technical bottlenecks, and provides theoretical support for enhancing wheat productivity in saline-alkali soils. Through literature review and empirical analysis, we integrated research achievements in salt-alkali-tolerant germplasm development, gene discovery, variety breeding, and demonstration promotion, while considering regional saline-alkali soil characteristics and policy orientations. The results demonstrate significant progress in salt-alkali-tolerant wheat breeding innovations in China. A series of novel salt-alkali-tolerant germplasms have been developed, with key functional genes such as TaSRO1 and TaHKT1;5-D being identified. Ten nationally certified salt-alkali-tolerant wheat varieties, including 'Jingmai 189', have been bred, achieving an average yield of 7410 kg/hm² in regional trials with a 7.3% yield increase. Two major saline-alkali tolerance testing systems have been established in the Bohai Rim and Southern Xinjiang, with demonstration and promotion areas exceeding 18700 hm². However, the study also reveals existing challenges, including suboptimal breeding efficiency, incomplete technical systems, and inadequate promotion efforts. Therefore, future efforts should focus on enhancing gene discovery and molecular design breeding, establishing an efficient technical system, and promoting large-scale application of salt-alkali-tolerant varieties to provide scientific and technological support for China's food security strategy in saline-alkali regions.

To achieve efficient mechanized production in orchards, this paper first clarifies the key technologies from four aspects: aerial and ground inspection of orchards, autonomous navigation of power platforms, mechanized management of production under orchard trees, and intelligent production control. The paper particularly highlights the current status of technologies such as orchard task map construction, autonomous navigation, integrated fertilization and irrigation, targeted grass cutting, precision pesticide application, three-dimensional pruning, flexible flower thinning, mechanical pollination, intelligent harvesting, and multi-machine collaborative control. It then reviews the challenges in orchard mechanization in China, particularly in the context of hilly and mountainous regions. These challenges include the development of application scenarios, the establishment of machine-compatible infrastructure, the research and development of key core technologies and equipment, as well as the improvement of machinery operation quality and the enhancement of operator skills. Finally, the paper outlines five key areas for development: increasing subsidies for machinery and focusing on guiding young talent, promoting standardized orchard construction and management, addressing equipment gaps in orchard operations using new principles, methods, and technologies, advancing the intelligent integration of equipment in hilly and gentle slope orchards, and strengthening the integration and application of intelligent technological equipment in standardized orchards on gentle slopes.

In order to fully explore the application potential of cockroaches and provide scientific references for the development of biological resources, this study summarizes the biological characteristics of cockroaches from aspects such as species and origins, and analyzes the specific situations of cockroaches in environmental pollution and disease transmission. This paper systematically expounds the applications of cockroaches in the fields of medicine, environment, food industry and etc., which points out that the current research and development of cockroaches are still in the early stage, especially in the intestinal microorganism of cockroaches. And the acceptance of applications related to cockroaches by humans is also relatively low. Collectively, the breeding and processing technology should be optimized in the future, and the potential application should be developed from multiple perspectives. In addition, its biodegradability should be quantitatively optimized, and theoretical and applied research as well as environmental management should be strengthened, laying a foundation for the continuous development of cockroach resources.

Pruning is an essential technical measure in the process of forest cultivation. Reasonable pruning is conducive to promoting the growth of forest trees, improving the trunk shape, increasing trunk completeness and timber outturn percentage, reducing the number of dead and live knots, and improving the overall quality of wood. This paper comprehensively analyzed the influence and mechanism of pruning on the growth of tree diameter at breast height and tree height, the physical properties of wood, and the tree trunk quality, and revealed that the growth promotion effect was achieved by regulating the distribution of photosynthetic products and improving the efficiency of nutrient transport. At the same time, the complex regulation rules of pruning intensity and seasonal difference on wood density, mechanical properties and knot scar formation were clarified. On this basis, it further summarized the deficiencies and problems in the past research and put forward the main research directions for the future as follow. (1) To construct the theoretical model of precise pruning based on tree species characteristics and growth stages; (2) to research and develop intelligent pruning equipment and digital operation systems; (3) to establish a standardized technical system covering material improvement and economic benefit evaluation. The research results provide theoretical support and technical path for directional cultivation of high-quality industrial materials.

To explore the quality differences among different colored waxy and sweet-waxy maize types, providing a basis for the rational selection of production varieties, 36 waxy maize varieties of six types, including white waxy, white sweet-waxy, colored waxy, colored sweet-waxy, black waxy, and black sweet-waxy in Jiangsu provincial regional trial, were used as materials. We determined the genotype differences of grain dry weight, grain moisture content, residue ratio, starch and amylopectin content. The results indicated that the quality differentiation between types was significant. 100-grain dry weight of white sweet-waxy variety was the highest (20.5 g). Grain moisture content of colored sweet-waxy variety was the highest (66.0%). Residue ratio of black sweet-waxy variety was the highest (2.1%). Compared with different colored maize, white maize variety had the highest grain dry weight, the lowest grain moisture content and the highest starch and amylopectin contents. The residue ratio of black maize variety was the highest, which was 0.3% and 0.2% higher than white and colored maize, respectively. The starch content of colored maize was the lowest, which was 16.6% and 9.6% lower than white and black maize, respectively. The amylopectin content showed: white maize > black maize > color maize. Compared with waxy maize, sweet-waxy maize had higher moisture content, higher residue ratio, and lower starch and amylopectin content. The grain starch content of white waxy variety was the highest. The grain dry weight of white sweet-waxy variety was the highest. The grain moisture content of colored sweet-waxy variety was the highest. The grain residue ratio of black sweet-waxy variety was highest. Overall, different types of fresh maize varieties can be selected according to different market and consumer demand in production.

The new flue-cured tobacco variety ‘Yunyan 121’ has strong growth vigor in the field and is easy to cure, and the yield and leaf quality can be balanced. In order to evaluate the potential of ‘Yunyan 121’ as a reserve variety in Qujing tobacco area, new varieties screening tests were carried out in 9 counties in Qujing from 2018 to 2020. The method was to plant 0.66-1.0 hm² of ‘Yunyan 121’ while the main control variety was planted in adjacent field. In Qujing, the tobacco growing season experienced high temperatures in early stage of 2018 and drought later; in 2019, there was drought in May and the first ten days of June, with less rainfall in August; in 2020, severe drought occurred from May to July. The results of 3-year multi-point test showed that in the planting area of ‘Yunyan 97’, the plant height of ‘Yunyan 121’ was 2 cm higher than that of the control ‘Yunyan 97’, the number of available leaves was 1-2 more than that of the control ‘Yunyan 97’, and the output value of ‘Yunyan 121’ was equivalent to that of ‘Yunyan 97’. In the ‘Yunyan 87’ area, ‘Yunyan 121’ was 4 cm higher in plant height, 4% higher in yield than the control ‘Yunyan 87’. The differences of sugar-nicotine ratios of the upper and middle leaves among varieties were smaller in the same place, and the differences between locations were significantly greater than those between varieties. The differences between locations in ‘Yunyan 97’ planting area were greater than those in ‘Yunyan 87’ planting area. Middle leaf raw tobacco samples were ranked by 4-5 Chinese tobacco industrial companies according to their sensory quality, and the overall ranking of ‘Yunyan 121’ was between ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’. From 2021 to 2023, ‘Yunyan 121’ had a cumulative promotion of 42733 hm² in Qujing. ‘Yunyan 121’ had good promotion value in areas with heavy PVY damage or weak growth of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’.

Soil salinization is a global ecological environment problem, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of agriculture, especially in the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation area, which significantly affects the yield and quality of maize. This study aimed to analyze the response mechanism of different silage maize varieties under salt stress, and then screen out high yield and good quality varieties with strong salt-tolerance ability. Nine silage maize varieties were used as test materials. The germination test of salt-tolerant seeds in indoor hydroponics and in-situ identification test in the field were carried out. Salt tolerance was evaluated by analyzing the agronomic traits and physiological and biochemical indexes of different varieties using principal component analysis and membership function method. The results showed that 180 mmol/L NaCl treatment could effectively distinguish the differences of salt tolerance among varieties, with an average salt damage index of 42.16% and a coefficient of variation of 51.16%. Correlation analysis showed that dry matter, ear diameter, axis diameter and grain yield could significantly affect the nutritional quality of silage maize, and starch content was positively correlated with grain weight per cob (P<0.05). The cumulative contribution rate of the four principal components extracted by principal component analysis reached 91.483%. It fully reflects the comprehensive salt tolerance of the variety. Of which, ‘Kehe 699’, ‘Yinyu 238’ and ‘Huayi 1204’ had the best salt tolerance, with D-values of 0.607, 0.591 and 0.531, respectively. Among them, the plant height of ‘Kehe 699’ was 325.17 cm, dry matter mass was 290.27 g, and the grain yield reached 9.82 t/hm², which were significantly higher than the control variety. The comprehensive evaluation showed that the above three varieties had outstanding salt tolerance, biomass accumulation ability and yield potential, and were suitable for planting as whole-plant silage maize varieties in moderate saline-alkali land of the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area.

This paper focuses on the application of UAV remote sensing in crop nitrogen diagnosis, and comprehensively summarizes the development of nitrogen diagnosis technology from traditional nitrogen diagnosis technology, diagnosis technology based on digital image analysis to diagnosis technology of UAV remote sensing. The research and application progress of UAV remote sensing technology in nitrogen diagnosis of various crops are deeply analyzed. It is pointed out that the technology has the advantages of strong mobility, high degree of automation, non-destructive and high efficiency in precision agriculture. At the same time, the current challenges of the technology are objectively analyzed, such as massive data processing, limited model generalization ability, high application cost, and vulnerability to environmental interference. Finally, the future directions of deepening the mechanism and innovation model, breaking through the bottleneck of core technology, building intelligent application ecology, and promoting standardization and scale are prospected, aiming to provide theoretical support for promoting the in-depth application of UAV remote sensing technology in the field of precision agriculture.

To promote the modernization of agricultural aviation technologies and the high-quality development of the industry, this study adopts methods such as regional comparative analysis, technology hotspot tracking, case study analysis, industrial chain structure examination, and comparison of key technical parameters. It systematically analyzes the current status and development trends of global agricultural aviation technologies and equipment, provides a comprehensive assessment of China’s advantages and gaps relative to developed countries, identifies core issues such as insufficient original equipment development and missing links in the industrial chain, and proposes priority directions and pathways for China’s agricultural aviation technology innovation during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Global agricultural aviation technology is developing rapidly. China leads the world in the total number of agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), operational acreage, and flight control technology. However, it still faces prominent issues such as a lack of original technologies, suboptimal performance of key components, incomplete industrial chains, and inadequate cross-domain integrated solutions. The United States dominates international competition due to its mature industrial chain and advanced original technologies. To address these challenges, this study suggests enhancing original technological innovation, accelerating the improvement of the industrial chain, establishing specialized testing platforms, and promoting cross-sector technology integration to overcome existing technical bottlenecks. Meanwhile, policy support, funding input, and talent development should be strengthened to build a low-altitude economic ecosystem for agriculture and promote the sustainable development of China’s agricultural aviation industry.

To reduce the white pollution of farmland and promote the sustainable development of agricultural ecology, this study selected 117 farmland sample plots from 9 typical agricultural counties, including east, central, west and north of Henan, to investigate the residual plastic film in farmland, and the effects of key factors such as film mulching years, tillage methods and crop types were analyzed emphatically. The results showed that the residual amount of plastic film in typical agricultural areas of Henan Province ranged from 0 to 11 kg/hm², with an average value of 2.72 kg/hm². The plastic film residual amount under the mechanical film mulching method was 8.8% higher than that of the manual method. With the increase of film mulching years and use time, the residual amount of plastic film in farmland showed an increasing trend. There were significant differences in plastic film residues in plots planted with different crop types, the residual amount of plastic film in garlic field was the highest (3.07 kg/hm²), and the residual amount of plastic film in sandy soil was also higher (3.17 kg/hm²), which was significantly higher than that in fluidic soil, clay and loam. The residual amount of plastic film in large-scale farmland was higher than that in small-scale farmland, and plastic film residue in fields was higher than that in greenhouses. Mulched crops, mulching duration, and mulching methods are the main factors affecting the residual amount of plastic film. In general, the residual amount of plastic film in farmland in typical agricultural areas of Henan Province is at a low level, which is mainly due to the application of thickened high-strength plastic film, fully biodegradable plastic film and residual film mechanical recovery technology in Henan Province. The results of this study provide an empirical basis for Henan Province to formulate a scientific and reasonable farmland plastic film management strategy, and also provide a useful reference for the prevention and control of plastic film pollution in similar agricultural areas in China.

Lactic acid bacteria, as beneficial microorganisms, are of great significance in ensuring food safety, improving quality, and promoting health in the food industry. To clarify the mechanism of action of lactic acid bacteria in ensuring food safety and explore effective ways to enhance their application efficiency, this study summarizes current research on lactic acid bacteria in alleviating microbial contamination and degrading toxic and harmful substances, and discusses the feasibility of improving the growth efficiency of lactic acid bacteria and the quality of fermentation products by optimizing medium components (including the selection and combination of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, and growth factors). Meanwhile, it analyzes the current challenges in balancing production costs with meeting consumers' demands for food safety, nutrition, and flavor. Future research will focus on developing economical and efficient composite medium systems to strengthen their role in enhancing the food safety functions of lactic acid bacteria. This study aims to provide a theoretical reference for the selection and research of raw materials for food-applied lactic acid bacteria culture media.

The novelty of floral organ morphology serves as one of the critical indicators for the ornamental value of flowering plants. This article summarized the influences of relevant floral developmental genes, temperature, hormones, and other external factors on the floral organ variation of Rosa chinensis ‘Viridiflora’. Analysis indicated that the formation of unique floral organ traits in R. chinensis ‘Viridiflora’ was associated with the inherent characteristics of floral organs, external factors, and molecular mechanisms. Finally, suggestions were made for future research directions. (1) Conducting physiological and anatomical studies on the leaf-like structures of R. chinensis ‘Viridiflora’ to determine their evolutionary orientation. (2) Performing functional verification of the screened related genes to determine whether this gene can cause flower type variation. (3) Constructing interaction network diagrams illustrating relationships between genes. (4) Utilizing rose plant regeneration and genetic transformation systems to cultivate novel floral cultivars.

The problem of global soil salinization is becoming increasingly serious, leading to the decline of soil productivity, inhibition of plant growth, threats to food security, and economic losses. Consequently, it poses a significant threat to agricultural production and ecological balance. Due to its unique properties such as expansibility, high water absorption and ion exchange, bentonite water-retaining agent has shown great potential in improving saline-alkali land. It can enhance soil aggregate structure, reduce soil bulk density, regulate water and salt migration, reduce salt accumulation on the surface and mitigate the soil hardening caused by salinization. Moreover, it provides a more favorable growth environment for soil microorganisms and plants. Therefore, it is considered as a promising material for soil remediation. In this study, the literature related to bentonite water-retaining agent retrieved from Web of Science and CNKI was systematically analyzed using bibliometric methods. Specifically, the structural characteristics of bentonite water-retaining agent and its effects on water and salt migration in saline soils were summarized. In addition, the application outcomes of bentonite water-retaining agent in improving soil structure, enhancing nutrient utilization efficiency, promoting microbial activity and increasing crop yield were evaluated. Furthermore the potential applications and limitations of bentonite water-retaining agent were discussed. The results showed that bentonite water-retaining agent could increase the stability of soil aggregates in saline-alkali soil by 15%-30%, and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by crops by 20%-40%. The bentonite water-retaining agent has significant synergistic advantages of ‘water absorption-salt suppression-ecological friendliness' and is a potential material for saline-alkali land improvement. Future research can focus on the composite modification and multi-functional synergistic application of bentonite water retaining agent to further improve its water retention, salt regulation and nutrient synergistic regulation ability, in order to provide theoretical support for low-cost, environmentally friendly improvement and sustainable agricultural development of saline-alkali land.

The feasibility of the combination of chemical fungicides and biological fungicides to control tomato gray mold was explored to deal with the contradiction between the enhancement of fungicide resistance and the demand for pesticide reduction in the chemical control of tomato gray mold. The best combination scheme of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and fludioxonil was determined by individual virulence determination, compatibility analysis and compound screening, and the control effect was verified by in vitro fruit and pot experiment. The results revealed that fludioxonil demonstrated the highest virulence against Botrytis cinerea (EC₅₀=0.0889μg/mL), while B. amyloliquefaciens showed strongest antifungal activity (EC₅₀=0.5940μg/mL), with good mutual compatibility preserved (even at 1500μg/mL fludioxonil, B. amyloliquefaciens viable cells remained at10.8×10⁸ CFU/mL). When compounded at their respective EC₅₀ values, the 7:3 (v/v) ratio exhibited the highest pathogen inhibition rate, with a virulenceratio of 1.81 and an inhibition rate of 90.81%, showing a significant synergistic effect. At registered label-recommended concentrations, the preventive and therapeutic effects of the mixture on detached fruits were 82.62% and 64.56%, while greenhouse pot trials recorded 75.23% and 74.24%, respectively, both significantly superior to single-agent treatments, and with a 30% reduction in fludioxonil amount. These findings indicate that the 7:3 (v/v) combination of fludioxonil and B. amyloliquefaciens at registered concentrations provides a highly effective, synergistic, and environmentally friendly strategy for managing tomato gray mold.