The harmless and reuse of agricultural waste not only turns waste biomass into treasure, but also reduces pollution to the ecological environment and improves the living environment, which is an effective way to achieve green, circular, low-carbon, efficient and sustainable development. In this article, we conducted bibliometric statistics of the relevant literature on agricultural waste resource utilization published in China and abroad from 1990 to 2022, and comprehensively analyzed the annual trend of the number of articles published in this field and the key words with the help of CiteSpace and VOSviewer bibliometric tools. Domestic research in this area started nearly 10 years earlier than overseas, the research intensity and importance of international research in this field since 2002 have been significantly higher than that of domestic research, the growth trend of the number of annual publications is also significantly higher than that of domestic research, and the gap between the number of publications at home and abroad is also widening year by year. The research hotspots in the field are not exactly the same at home and abroad. We focus more on the use of waste for the production of organic fertilizers to realize the recycling of green and low-carbon agriculture in China; the foreign countries focus more on biomass materialization and energy utilization of waste to compensate for the consumption of non-renewable resources. Based on China's basic condition of having more people and less land, China should strive to broaden the disposal methods of agricultural waste by classifying and disposing of agricultural waste raw materials and subsequently using them for substrate, feed, fertilizer, materialization and energy. And waste gas, heat and residue should be recycled in order to realize the multi-level utilization of harmless, reduced and diversified biomass resources. The results of the study provide a reference for the development of the field of agricultural waste resource utilization in China.

With the increase of global temperature, heat stress has emerged as one of the major factors affecting plant growth and development. The substantial losses caused by heat, particularly for staple crops like rice, pose a significant impact on economic benefits. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying plant response to heat stress, the adverse effects of heat stress on the morphology, physiology, biochemistry and photosynthesis have been presented. Furthermore, the three molecular mechanisms employed by plants to cope with heat stress, including signal transduction pathways, transcriptional factor regulatory networks and the expression of heat-resistance related genes have been introduced as well. Based on these insights, this review suggests that bioinformatics, genetic engineering, cell biology and molecular biology may be further employed as tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms of heat stress in plants. At last, this review offers a prospective outlook on future research directions in this field.

With the rapid development of aquaculture in China, the environmental problems caused by the discharge of aquaculture tailwater are becoming more and more serious. The treatment of aquaculture tailwater has emerged as a crucial research area in recent years. At present, the main methods of aquaculture tailwater treatments include physical, chemical, and biological treatments, which are often combined in practical production. Based on the research status at home and abroad, the physical, chemical and biological technologies of aquaculture tail water treatment were summarized and analyzed, and the development trend of aquaculture tail water treatment technology in China was prospected, aiming to provide some references and directions for aquaculture tail water treatment.

With the intensification of global climate change and land salinization, improving the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to grow in saline and alkaline environments has become a key challenge for agricultural production. The realization of the strategy of " the adaptation of germplasm to land " requires a deep understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of rice, then breeding improvement on this basis. In this study, we summarized the recent research results on salt tolerance regulatory genes in rice, and classified them functionally according to the biological processes involved. The perception of salt stress in rice and the subsequent activation of various physiological regulatory mechanisms, including osmotic regulation, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense system and nutrient balance, were analyzed in detail. In this review, we focus on several key Salt stress signaling pathways in rice, including the SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) pathway, MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) cascade pathway and hormone regulatory pathway. These pathways play crucial roles in rice adaptation salt stress environment. By reviewing the existing literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the salt tolerance regulatory genes and their functions in rice, provide scientific basis on breeding salt-tolerant rice on these grounds, and as a reference in improving the yield and quality of rice under saline and alkaline environments.

Auxin is an important regulatory factor in the process of plant growth and development, and plants achieve their own growth and development through the regulation of auxin. As a member of the early auxin response gene family, the SAUR gene family is one of the indispensable regulatory factors in the auxin signal transduction pathway. In order to study the role of SAUR genes in biological processes such as plant growth and development and stress response, the bioinformatics characteristics, expression patterns, and regulatory mechanisms of the SAUR gene family were analyzed. The functions of SAUR genes in plant cell elongation growth, light-mediated cotyledon and apical hook opening, flower organ formation, fruit development, and stress response were summarized. It was pointed out that SAUR genes not only affected plant growth and development in multiple aspects, but also participated in the response of plants to abiotic stress. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms of SAUR genes and the cultivation of plant varieties.

To improve soil nutrient utilization efficiency and deal with single manure application problems such as dosage, fertilizer efficiency, and nutrient leaching, “biochar”, “compost”, “biochar manure application”, “soil properties” and “crop nutrients” were used as keywords to search and summarize relevant literatures on sources of Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Internet and others. The results showed that: (1) biochar improved the maturity of composting, increased the abundance of microbial communities, and reduced the risk of nutrient leaching in organic fertilizers, thus effectively reducing the environmental impact of traditional composting; (2) manure combined with biochar could improve soil moisture condition, and increase the contents of the available phosphorus and available potassium of different types of soils. Meanwhile, it could also provide better living materials and an environment for soil organisms and microorganisms; (3) the combination of biochar and organic fertilizer could increase the yield of crops and improve the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while different types of crops responded to them differently. The combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer enhanced soil fertility and plant nutrition, and its effect varied with the application rate, type of soil and crop and other factors. Our studies could provide a reference for efficient utilization of livestock and poultry manure resources in agricultural production.

Anoectochilus roxburghii is a rare and precious medicinal and ornamental plant of the Orchidaceae. It is favored by people for the rich variety of medicinal and nutritional components, and its market demand has been increasing in recent years. In order to promote the industrial development and basic research of A. roxburghii, this paper summarizes previous studies on A. roxburghii research, briefly compares the phylogenetic differences of Anoectochilus, focus on the research results of genomics (structural genomics/functional genomics) and adversity (biotic/abiotic interaction) response, analyzes the main factors affecting the quality of A. roxburghii (processing methods, cultivation models, strains). This paper systematically reviews the studies on germplasm resources, genomics, environmental interaction, quality difference and embryo reproduction that have not been carried out in depth, and puts forward corresponding strategies and prospects for the main problems and the solutions. It provides a feasible reference for the molecular biology research of precious medicinal plants in the era of big data.

The area of saline alkali land in China accounts for one tenth of the total area of saline alkali land in the world, which seriously restricts agricultural production. It is very important to repair and make good use of saline alkali land. At present, the methods of saline-alkali land remediation include chemical remediation, engineering remediation and bioremediation, among which bioremediation is an economical, efficient, green and sustainable method. Bioremediation improves the soil and environment of saline-alkali land through biological resources such as plants and microorganisms. Halophytes can grow and reproduce in saline-alkali soil and have the ability to repair high concentration saline-alkali soil, while common crops can enhance their salt tolerance through gene mining and variety cultivation to achieve the purpose of repairing saline-alkali soil. Microorganisms can also be used to improve crop salt tolerance or degrade salt and alkaline substances in saline-alkali soil. Bioremediation is a green and environmentally friendly method for the remediation of saline-alkali land, which is in line with the development strategy of sustainable agriculture and circular economy in China.

In order to provide new treatment methods and strategies for clinical prevention and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the inherent resistance, acquired resistance and adaptive resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in this paper. With the mechanisms of different resistance, the characteristics, development trends and treatment methods of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance under different situations are also analyzed. This paper points out that Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance mainly depends on its high level of inherent and acquired resistance, while its adaptive resistance mainly depends on the formation of biofilm mediation and quorum sensing. It is proposed that clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance is not the result of a single resistance. In all, the most effective treatment strategy in the future is to carry out combination therapy based on traditional treatment and new treatment.

Cotton is the most important cash crop in Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is the main cotton production area, which yield accounts for 80% of the whole Xinjiang. For a long time, the planting mode of "wet sowing and dry emergence" was widely adopted in the cotton areas of southern Xinjiang, which meant that in addition to conventional irrigation during the cotton growth period, winter irrigation and spring irrigation were also needed to play a role in pressing salt and improving soil moisture during the sowing period. However, with the continuous expansion of cultivated land area and the increasing shortage of water resources, the cotton production of southern Xinjiang began to try the cultivation method in northern Xinjiang of "dry sowing and wet emergence" to grow cotton, but the overall effect was not ideal. Through the literature review, this paper tries to explore the reasons for the ineffective implementation of the "dry sowing and wet emergence" cultivation method in southern Xinjiang, and puts forward possible solution strategies on this basis.

Chalkiness is one of the important indexes to evaluate the appearance quality of rice. It is a bad character that seriously affects the grinding, appearance and taste quality of rice, and plays an important role in the market value evaluation of rice. This paper summarized the effects of environmental factors, physiological mechanisms and genetic mechanisms on the formation of chalkiness in rice, and pointed out the difficulties existing in the improvement of chalkiness in rice breeding. Based on the current research results and the development of related technologies, some suggestions for improvement were put forward to provide a certain research basis for the production of high-quality rice.

Agro-ecosystem is not only one of the important contributors to greenhouse gases, but also plays an important role in carbon sequestration and emission reduction. Under the background of “CO₂ emission peak” and “carbon neutrality”, agro-ecosystem has great potential for carbon sequestration and emission reduction. In this paper, we mainly reviewed the sources, fixed pathways, and influencing factors of main greenhouse gases in China’s typical agro-ecological types. Meantime, the specific contents were discussed including the existing research results, emission reduction potential and existing problems of carbon sequestration and emission reduction in agro-ecosystem. New research directions and exploration approaches were summarized to promote the research in the field of carbon sequestration in the entire agroecological system. It provided an important theoretical reference for China to further carbon sequestration and emission reduction, sustainable development of agriculture, and the realization of the “double carbon” goal as soon as possible.

To comprehensively understand the current status and development trend of quinoa research at home and abroad in the past decade, this paper used bibliometric methods to comprehensively study the relevant literature on quinoa research, which were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Chinese Journal Full-text Database and Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection Database from 2012 to 2022. The year of publication, research institutions, journal distribution, and subject field distribution of the literature were statistically analyzed, and the main research frontiers and hotspots of quinoa at home and abroad were summarized by keyword co-occurrence network analysis. The results show that quinoa research has been growing rapidly since 2013, “The International Year of Quinoa”, and has been in a period of rapid growth in the past three years. Although the research on quinoa started late in China, the number of published papers has surpassed that of the European and American countries, ranking first in the world. However, the paper quality needs to be further improved, and the average citation frequency is ranked after Germany, Italy, Chile, the United States and Spain. Foreign research institutions are mainly distributed in the origin area of quinoa in South America and developed countries in Europe and North America, while domestic research institutions are mainly concentrated in the quinoa planting areas such as Northwest China and North China. The distribution of journals is mainly in the field of food science, and the research hotspots are mainly focused on breeding and cultivation, nutritional quality, and processing characteristics. As a kind of healthy grain, quinoa is emerging in China, and promoting its industrialization has broad development prospects and application space.

The basement membrane is a specialized structure of extracellular matrix, which exists in most tissues. It not only provides supporting structure for various cell types such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, but also plays an important role in maintaining the tissue structure and function. Matrigel is the soluble basement membrane preparation extracted from the mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumors rich in extracellular matrix protein. It contains almost all components of the basement membrane and can mimic its biological properties, which becomes the crucial biological material for many experimental models in life science research, especially the important media of organoids. In this review, the biological characteristics of matrigel, its extraction and preparation technology, and its main uses are summarized, and its potential application fields and values are discussed. Additionally, the current status of its production both at home and abroad and the existing problems are analyzed, and the future development trend of matrigel production is prospected. This study aims to provide reference for the development and application of matrigel in China.

Crop variety identification is an important guarantee for breeding and promoting excellent varieties, and the appropriate detection method is the key for the accurate identification of varieties. With the development of molecular marker techniques, the third-generation molecular marker SNP has gradually been applied in the field of variety identification. This paper outlines the characteristics of SNP molecular markers, analyses the features and applicability of five commonly used high-throughput detection methods in crop research, including high resolution melting, competitive allele specific PCR, gene chips, sequencing and genotyping by target sequencing. The research and application of SNP markers in the identification of variety authenticity, purity testing, and analysis of genetic relationships and classification are summarized as well, in order to provide technical reference for subsequent variety identification.

Digital soil mapping is a novel and efficient soil mapping technique that utilizes 3S technology and is theoretically based on soil formation science, geography and mathematics. Domestic and foreign scholars had conducted extensive research on the generation of environmental collaborative variables, the acquisition of sample data, the selection of digital soil mapping models or methods, and the generation and validation of soil maps, especially on mapping methods. This paper introduced five categories of digital soil mapping techniques, including geostatistical methods, deterministic interpolation, mathematical statistics, machine learning, and expert knowledge models. At the same time, the mapping method suitable for the study area was chosen based on the merits of various approaches, from the aspects of target variables, topography and geomorphological features, sample density and distribution status and more. The future development direction of digital soil mapping included incorporating human activity factors into environmental synergistic variables; establishing more effective sampling methods based on machine learning and data mining; the application of new modeling methods (deep learning and multimodal methods).

In order to analyze the research progress and dynamics of denitrifying bacteria, we analyzed the research overview and development trend of denitrifying bacteria from 1990 to 2022 based on the core database of Web of Science, using tools such as VOSviewer and Citespace. The field has experienced three processes of origin, exploration and development. There are many countries involved but the cooperation is weak, among which the European countries have stronger regional cooperation and higher quality of publications; although China started late, it has developed rapidly, with a large number of publications but insufficient influence; among the core authors, academician Peng Yongzhen of China has published the most articles; and there is less cooperation and communication among the core authors. The keywords present three types of "tool-object-method", and the current research is mainly concerned with the performance of biological denitrification and dedicated to improving the denitrification efficiency of wastewater. Future research will pay more attention to the deepening and expansion of nitrogen oxide emission, the screening of new denitrifying bacteria, the development and application of denitrifying agents, research on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, and removal of nitrate nitrogen.

This study focuses on evaluating the application of anaerobic digestion technology in the treatment of organic waste, conversion into renewable energy and organic fertilizers, and exploring the mitigation effects of that on the environment. The effects of temperature, carbon to nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, volatile fatty acids, hydraulic residence time and pH on the efficiency and stability of anaerobic digestion were analyzed by literature review. The results show that these parameters have significant effects on promoting microbial activity, accelerating organic decomposition and maintaining stable operation of the system. The effectiveness of anaerobic digestion technology is verified by the typical studies of organic wastes such as corn stalks, livestock manure and food waste, and the structure and function of key microbial communities in the process are elaborated, including the mechanisms of action of bacteria and archaea at different stages such as hydrolysis, acidification, acetogenesis and methanogenesis. In addition, the generation of toxic substances and its management strategies are also discussed. Finally, the findings of this study suggest that improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion, developing new reactor technologies, and strengthening research on microbial population will help make anaerobic digestion technology more efficient, stable, and widely applied in the future.

To enhance the efficient application of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids in agricultural production, and to promote green, high-quality development of agriculture. The study reviewed the source and production technology of amino-acids raw material, the functional characteristics, the development status, the application in agricultural production and the future development trend of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids. The results showed that water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids were widely used in food crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops and cash crops, had positive effects on crop growth, formation of fruit quality and soil improvement. However, the application of fertilizer on different crops needed to be further explored according to the growth and development rules and nutritional requirements of the plant. The water-soluble fertilizers containing single amino-acids cannot satisfy the market demand, it is necessary to develop new types of fertilizers combining function and nutrition of amino acids.

Polyethylene (PE), as one of the most used plastics in the world, has widely existed in the natural environment because of its wear-resistant, high molecular weight and indestructible properties. PE would break down into microplastics (MPs) and accumulate in large quantities, and currently MPs has become an important pollutant that affects the ecosystem. Currently, many studies have been demonstrated that PE could be partially degraded, but further research is needed in screening of microorganisms or enzymes that could completely degrade PE and construct a complete biodegradation pathway for PE. Therefore, this paper summarizes the classification, recycle methods and characterization methods of PE, microorganisms and enzymes that degrade PE, biodegradation pathways and influencing factors, and proposes future research directions of PE biodegradation. These findings provide theoretical basis for the degradation mechanism of PE.

Modern breeding techniques based on biotechnology have a great impact on crop genetic improvement. CRISPR/Cas gene editing system’s components, mechanisms, breakthrough progresses of gene editing technology in the gene functional verification and crop genetic improvement, current utilization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, watermelon, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, and others, were summarized in this review. The CRISPR/Cas gene editing system stands out as the most extensively utilized gene-editing tool. This review aims to enhance comprehension of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system and promote its vital role in vegetable crop improvement. This review discusses the factors affecting genetic transformation efficiency, methods to improve genetic transformation efficiency, the defects of the CRISPR gene editing system and the constraints in its current utilization in vegetable crops, including challenges related to the transformation and regeneration processes, and the genotype dependent for certain crops. In conclusion, this review suggests that future research should focus on extensive genotype screening to facilitate easier genetic transformation, the advancement of efficient crop transformation and regeneration systems, and the development of more efficient, innovative, precise, and multi-functional gene editing tools.

The storage environment of grain affects the growth, development, reproduction, survival rate and population dynamics of stored grain pests, and the main influencing factors are temperature, humidity, food, gas and so on. In order to clarify the effects of different environmental factors on the development of grain storage pests, the status quo, and latest progress of research about the effects of different storage environments on grain storage pests in recent years were reviewed. The environmental requirements of grain storage pests vary from species to species, and their growth, development, reproductive potential, vitality and seasonal behavioral activities will change along with the environment change. In recent years, the studies on using environmental factors to control the damage of grain storage pests have been carried out extensively, and most of them focus on the control of grain storage pests through temperature, humidity and gas regulation, to achieve the purpose of green grain storage. Based on the analysis and summary, the development prospect of using environmental factors to control pests in stored grain is prospected, which provides a theoretical basis for the selection and implementation of pest control methods in the future, and provides a reference for the further development of technical equipment.

Embryo transfer technology is a modern reproductive technology that can accelerate the expansion and reproduction rate of domestic animal populations. It has been widely applied in the promotion and rapid expansion of excellent animal breeds such as cattle, sheep, and horses. This article reviews the superovulation technology, synchronous estrus technology and factors affecting embryo transfer involved in sheep embryo transfer, so as to provide ideas for the improvement of sheep embryo transfer technology and its application in the sheep industry, and lay a foundation for subsequent technological progress.

To clarify whether Spodoptera frugiperda poses a threat to fruit and vegetable production in China, a comparative analysis of the feeding selectivity of 3rd-5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda on maize, sweet potato, tomato, and dongzao jujube leaves was conducted by leaf disc method. The feeding preferences of primary larvae initially domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves until they developed to the 3rd-5th instar larvae stages were examined. We assessed their selectivity for the initial food used for domestication and three other foods, compared feeding selectivity between various plant parts. The feeding preferences of S. frugiperda across all instar stages were as follows: maize (43.23%-61.82%)> sweet potato (20.37%-25.62%)> tomato (10.91%-24.3%)> dongzao jujube (5.45%-9.26%). Notably, after being domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves to 5th instar larvae, S. frugiperda exhibited heightened selectivity for the food they were initially domesticated on compared to maize. In contrast, although 3rd and 4th instar larvae retained a strong preference for maize leaves, they also demonstrated a substantial increase in selection rates for the food initially used for domestication. This increase ranged from 16.42-24.11 percentage points for sweet potato and 18.07-20.89 percentage points for tomato, compared to uncultivated larvae. Furthermore, the feeding selectivity analysis for different plant parts revealed that younger larvae displayed a preference for new leaves and corn whiskers of maize, whereas older larvae exhibited a preference for old leaves and male panicles. Concerning plant parts, younger larvae favoured plant stalks, whereas older larvae showed a preference for plant leaves. Our findings indicate that although S. frugiperda larvae exhibit lower feeding selectivity for sweet potato, tomato and dongzao jujube compared to maize, they still pose a potential threat to the production of these crops after domestication or under environmental stress. Notably, distinct variations in feeding choices for different parts of the plant were observed among younger and older larvae.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the most successful microbial insecticide in application. The largest class of insecticidal proteins produced by Bt is Cry toxin, and its application in field is an important means for controlling agricultural pests and increasing crop yields. Cry toxin has the advantages of quick-acting at host organisms, low impact on non-target organisms, environmental friendliness and degradability. This study briefly describes the research on insect resistance caused by Cry toxin when it is put into agricultural use. The research status of structure and function, mechanism of action, protein domain and insect resistance of Cry toxin are summarized. The three main features of the promotion of insect resistance by epigenetic mechanism, receptor regulation and native intestinal flora are concluded. The Countermeasures against resistant insects are analyzed. It is considered that artificial selection of new resistant insects can predict possible resistance pathways, and directional evolution of Cry toxin and interactive use strategy in field are the research priorities. The paper is aimed to provide theoretical basis for successful application of Cry toxin in agricultural biological control.

In order to elucidate the response of crop nitrogen absorption and utilization to salt and alkali stress and the regulation mechanisms, based on domestically and internationally research progress, this article summed the effect of salt and alkali stress on crop growth from the aspects of seed germination, seedling growth, root growth, photosynthesis, osmotic regulation system, redox system, and ion balance; discussed the impact of salt and alkali stress on crop nitrogen absorption and utilization and the undying mechanisms from the aspects of soil nitrogen cycling, root nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen assimilation; summarized the regulatory methods on crop nitrogen uptake and utilization under salt alkali stress such as nitrogen efficient variety selection, soil conditioner application, organic matter application, growth regulator application, and endophytic mycorrhizal colonization, and discussed the undying mechanisms. This article pointed out that soil salinization was one of the key soil barrier factors limiting crop production. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application was an effective way to alleviate salt stress, but improper nitrogen fertilizer application could lead to a decrease in nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further in-depth research on crop nitrogen response mechanisms and regulatory pathways under salt stress from the soil-crop system could be of great significance for crop nutrient management and stable and high crops yield under soil salinization.

Long-term addition of antibiotics in feed can cause the problems such as drug residues and bacterial resistance, leading to a decline in the quality of livestock and poultry products, threats to human health, and damage to the ecological environment. In 2020, Announcement No. 194 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs officially implemented, and the use of growth promoting antibiotic additives in feed was completely prohibited, marking the arrival of the era of "anti antibiotic" in the livestock and poultry industry. Non antibiotic breeding has become a major trend in the development of the livestock and poultry industry. Antibiotic substitutes can improve the growth performance of animals, improve intestinal health, and regulate the host immune system. They have the advantages of safety, efficiency, low residue, and low pollution, and have great prospects in the application of feed additives. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress in the application and action mechanism of green additives such as antibiotic substitutes, microecological agents, organic acids, plant extracts, Chinese herbal medicines, antimicrobial peptides, etc., in order to provide reference for healthy livestock breeding and promote the green and healthy development of livestock and poultry breeding in China.

To identify the pathogen species causing a noval desease of leaf spot and stem spot of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. in Guanghan City, Sichuan Province, and provides theoretical basis for the scientific management of this disease, the leaves and stems of diseased H. cordata were collected from Guanghan City, and the pathogen was isolated and identified by tissue isolation, pathogenicity testing, morphological characterization, and molecular identification based on ITS, tef1, cal and his3 gene sequences. The results indicate that the mycelium of the pathogen is gray-white to light brown. The conidiomata, which are produced in the late growth stage, can produce two types of conidia: fusiform to oval-shaped α-type conidia and filamentous or hook-shaped β-type conidia. Multiple gene cluster analysis showed that the pathogen formed an individual branch adjacent to the Diaporthe Sojae and D. phaseolorum branches, and formed a big branch with these two branches in the phylogenetic tree, and a new species named D. houttuynia was suggested to establish to accommodate this pathogen. According to morphology and molecular identification, the pathogen causing the noval desease of leaf spot and stem spot of H. cordata in Guanghan City was identified as D. houttuynia.

An important goal of soil management in the Songnen Plain is improvement of soda saline-alkali soil. Summing up the previous research results on soil improvement, this article summarized the application types, action mechanisms, improvement effects, existing problems of improvers in soil improvement, and looked forward to the application prospects of improvers, in order to provide reference for future in-depth research. The results showed that improvers could be divided into inorganic improvers, organic improvers, and microbial agents. The use of combined improvers was better than that of single improver. The application of improvers improved soil physical and chemical properties, structure, nutrient content, and micro ecological environment, and promote plant growth. The research and development of new organic improvers were the focus of future research.

Saline-alkali stress is one of the abiotic stresses in the process of plant growth and development, which can cause water deficit, changes in cell membrane permeability, metabolic disorders and blockage of protein synthesis in plants, resulting in crop yield reduction or death. Finding effective methods to reduce the harm of saline-alkali stress and strategies to improve the saline tolerance of plants are of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of saline land. In this paper, the latest researches on the damage and adaptive mechanism of plants under saline-alkali stress in recent years were summarized, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plants responding to saline-alkali stress were summed up. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms of plants under saline-alkali stress were analyzed, which were mainly regulated by accumulating osmotic substances, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and ionic compartmentalization, etc., and the molecular mechanisms were mainly regulated by signal transduction, transcription factor regulation and the expression of plant salt-tolerance-related gene, etc. This study pointed out the trends and urgent problems in the development of plant adaptation to saline-alkali environments, with a view to providing a certain theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of saline and alkali tolerant plants.

Vermicomposting is a simple, feasible, low-cost and environmentally friendly bio-microbial coupled organic waste recycling technology. The physicochemical and microbial characteristics of vermicomposting in the treatment of organic waste were summarized. The application research progress of vermicomposting in agricultural production was introduced, and the following suggestions were proposed in view of the problems existing in the practical application of vermicomposting. (1) In order to develop and produce high quality commercial earthworm manure, it is suggested to use the relevant factors affecting the quality of earthworm compost products to carry out mathematical modeling of vermicomposting, so as to efficiently optimize the parameters of vermicomposting, reduce research and development costs and improve production efficiency for large-scale production of earthworm manure; (2) in order to ensure the stable output of high quality earthworm manure, equipment with intelligent control of pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, temperature and humidity and light should be developed to form automatic and large-scale vermiculture; (3) in order to promote the development of the circular economy of "planting and breeding integration", the effective parts containing humic acid in the process of culturing earthworms can be reused, and the efficiency of vermicompost utilization in agricultural planting and soil remediation should be strengthened.

To better understand the current research status of Spodoptera litura, taking the relevant literatures of Spodoptera litura collected in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) database and WOS (Web of Science) database as the object, the CiteSpace bibliometric method was used to compare and analyze, and visual charts were drawn from three aspects of author, organization and keywords, respectively, to summarize the evolution trend and research hotspots of Spodoptera litura. The research shows that the control of Spodoptera litura has been the main research at home and abroad. In recent years, China's research on Spodoptera litura has mainly focused on the unreasonable application of chemical pesticides in the control process, which leads to soil and environmental damage and induces the evolution of resistance mechanisms in Spodoptera litura. Under the background of advocating pollution-free, green and organic, the control measures of Spodoptera litura tend to biological control, while foreign research focuses on its internal structure and viral pesticides. To sum up, the current research on Spodoptera litura is mainly divided into two parts. One is the combination of biological and chemical control to develop efficient and low pollution control methods or pesticides. The other is the research on the growth, development and internal structure of Spodoptera litura, reducing the population number of certain pests and reducing the harm without destroying biodiversity.

This study utilized the fruit appearance indicators and effective nutritional composition indicators of Xinjiang Elaeagnus moorcroftii, combined with principal component analysis and cluster analysis to comprehensively evaluate the fruit quality, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Xinjiang E. moorcroftii. The results showed that there were significant differences in fruit appearance quality of different varieties of E. moorcroftii; the comprehensive evaluation results were ‘Hongling’ (3^#)> ‘Hongyu’ (8^#)> ‘Jinsha’ (2^#)> ‘Jinhuanghou2’ (26^#)> ‘Bachu 1’ (5^#)> ‘Jinhuanghou’ (6^#)> ‘Baishatian’ (7^#)> ‘Yafeng’ (1^#)> ‘Hongling2’ (33^#) by the principal component analysis, and 3^#, 8^#, and 2^# could be used for breeding, promotion, and development and utilization. The 9 varieties of E. moorcroftii were divided into three categories by the cluster analysis. The first category was 3^#, which was mainly characterized by high solid acid ratio, tannin and total phenol, low protein and crude fiber, and could be used for making cakes, high-grade fruit juices and drinks. The second category was 2^# and 8^#, which were mainly characterized by high edible rate, high content of total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, tannins and total phenols were also higher than the average value, and could be used for deep processing and extraction of effective functional nutrients for health care and medical treatment. Other varieties belonged to the third category, with average indicators, could be eaten and processed fresh, and could also be used as ecological forests.

Plants of Ilex have high medicinal value. They generally contain triterpenoids, flavonoids and other chemical components. They can reduce blood lipids, protect cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, and fight bacteria and inflammation in clinical practice. With the development of science and technology and the discovery of the medicinal value of Ilex, great progress has been made in the research of Ilex. This paper summarized the research progress of chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of commonly used medicinal plants of Ilex in recent years and put forward relevant suggestions, which would provide reference for the systematic research of Ilex in the future and facilitated the better utilization of resources.

In this paper, the research status and development trend of rice quality at home and abroad were reviewed, the genetic basis of rice quality formation, regulatory molecular mechanisms and strategies for optimizing rice quality were summarized, and the correlation between rice quality and related genes such as starch, protein, lipid, aroma and color was revealed. Two specific countermeasures to improve rice quality, gene editing technology and molecular marker-assisted technology, were described. The challenges in rice quality research, such as imbalance between rice quality and yield, difficulty in transforming and popularizing rice quality improvement technology, regional adaptability of rice in breeding process, high breeding cost and long breeding cycle, and consumer acceptance of improved rice, were pointed out. Countermeasures were put forward from the aspects of multi-party cooperation and resource sharing, strengthening basic research and innovative technology, efficient screening and evaluation methods, considering diversified needs, and promoting the integration of industry-university-research and technology transformation, so as to provide theoretical guidance for optimizing rice quality and cultivating high-quality rice varieties.

In order to systematically evaluate the application potentials of chlorantraniliprole against Conpomorpha sinensis, the bioactivity of chlorantraniliprole to eggs, adults and the effect of chlorantraniliprole on longevity and fecundity were determined in laboratory, and the control effect was tested in the field. The result showed that the LC₅₀ of chlorantraniliprole to eggs of C. sinensis which were laid for 48 h was 10.650 mg/L, and the ovicidal activity of chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that of lambda-cyhalothrin and lower than diflubenzuron. The 24 h LC₅₀ of chlorantraniliprole to adults of C. sinensis was 145.856 mg/L, which was equal to lambda-cyhalothrin. The LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ doses of chlorantraniliprole had small effects on the longevity of C. sinensis male adult and egg hatchability, but they could effectively reduce the longevity and fecundity of female adult. When C. sinensis was in peak oviposition period to egg incubation period, insecticides were sprayed one time. The results of 14 days after treatment showed that effect of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC which was diluted 1500 and 3000 times respectively was 95.29%, and the effect of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC which was diluted 4500 times was 84.71%. The effects of above three treatments were significantly higher than that of 200 g/L diflubenzuron SC 1000 times and 25 g/L lambda-cyhalothrin 500 times. This study suggested that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the potential to be exploited as a control strategy for C. sinensis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different culture medium components on the germination of maize pollen, in order to screen out the optimal culture medium for in vitro germination of maize pollen, and further select suitable culture media for pollen germination of different maize varieties. In this experiment, in vitro germination method was used to test different maize varieties. Single-factor experiments were conducted to compare the effects of different concentrations of sucrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, boric acid, and calcium chloride on the vitality of maize pollen, and to explore the optimal conditions for maize pollen germination. The results showed that when the culture medium components were 0.35 mol/L sucrose, 0.85% agar, 0.01% boric acid, and 0.03% calcium chloride, the germination effect of the control group was the best, reaching 51.6%. Compared with the control group, the experimental group found that this medium had significant differences in the germination of pollen of different varieties. In this study, the pollen germination rates of 8 experimental groups of maize varieties ranged from 1.8% to 21%, and this medium was most suitable for the germination of pollen of variety ‘e12’, but not suitable for the germination of variety ‘e11’. In conclusion, the optimal culture conditions conducive to in vitro germination of maize pollen were screened out, providing valuable reference and theoretical basis for the study of maize pollen germination mechanism, maize genetic breeding, and other related research areas.

To solve the problems of excessive application of chemical fertilizer, low crop nutrient utilization efficiency and high risks of non-point source pollution in rice production, the impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer on nutrient absorption, partial productivity of fertilizer, nutrient balance and rice yield were studied. The optimum management practices were identified in this study, which provided a theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer use, increasing use efficiency and improving soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out in the early rice growing season of western Guangdong in 2021. Four local recommended fertilization methods were tested, including optimized fertilization treatment (OPT), and reducing the rate of farmers’ conventional fertilizer application by 10%, 20% and 30% while applying organic fertilizer denote as OM1, OM2, and OM3 treatment, respectively. The results showed that the grain yield and grain-to-straw ratio varied from 5667-5967 kg/hm² and 1.09-1.31, respectively. The partial factor productivity of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer were 30.4-47.2, 96.0-122.1 and 47.2-105.9 kg/kg, respectively. The apparent balance of N, P and K were 54.2-115.3, 17.1-29.8 and 1.2-67.0 kg/hm², respectively. All of them were in a surplus state. In the treatments of organic fertilizer application, the rice grain yields, ratios of grain to stem, N, P, K fertilizer partial productivity, P absorption rate and K absorption rate increased along with the decrease of synthetic fertilizer application rate, while the apparent balance of N, P and K decreased. The straw K content and K partial factor productivity of each organic fertilizer substitution treatment were significantly higher than those of OPT treatment (P<0.05). Compared with farmers’ conventional fertilizer application, OPT, OM1, OM2 and OM3 treatments could maintain the paddy yield, and improve the ratio of grain to stem, the P content and K contents of grain and straw. Considering the ratio of grain to stem, P and K partial productivity, OM3 treatment was identified as optimum management practice. While considering the partial productivity of N fertilizer, N absorption rate, N surplus rate in soil and output-input ratio, OPT treatment was identified as optimum management practice.

The genus Polygonatum Mill, commonly referred to as "Huang Jing," are plants renowned for their medicinal and edible properties. Their active constituents, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins, exhibit notable pharmacological effects. Recent studies have predominantly centered on the extraction of saponin components from the genus Polygonatum, which are attributed with anti-fatigue, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, and immune-enhancing properties. While there has been some advancement in the structural analysis of the genus Polygonatum saponins, their biosynthetic pathways remain underexplored. The synthesis of saponins in the genus Polygonatum occurs via the mevalonic acid pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, encompassing multiple enzymatic steps. This research indicates that the genus Polygonatum saponins exert diverse biological effects, including anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune regulatory activities, and hold significant potential in medicine, food, cosmetics, and other sectors. Nonetheless, current studies are limited by inadequate structural analysis, an incomplete understanding of biosynthetic pathways, and ambiguous mechanisms of pharmacological action. Future endeavors should prioritize the isolation, structural analysis, synthetic biology, and pharmacology of the genus Polygonatum saponins to advance their scientific investigation and product development, thereby laying a foundation for the creation of novel therapeutic agents.

A turbidimetry-based method was developed to rapidly detect available potassium in soil. The solution of NaHCO₃—Na₂SO₄—NaOH—DTPA was used to extract soil available potassium, the solution of 0.02 mol/L cupric sulfate was used to mask ammoniumion, and the solution of 0.20 mol/L EDTA acid disodium salt was used to eliminate the interference of metal ions. The soil turbidity solution was determined at 680 nm after 10 min of reaction time. The result showed that the range of available potassium was from 1.30×10^-5 to 3.12×10^-4 mol/L, and the detection limit was 2.29×10^-6 mol/L. The recovery rate of soil available potassium was 90.71%-109.14%, and RSD was 2.61%-4.32%. The available potassium was determined in 161 soil samples from Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Hunan and Henan Provinces. Compared with the flame photometer method in NY/T889—2004, the regression equation was y=0.6437x-3.5714, and the correlation coefficient was r=0.9732. Overall, this method could be applied to the rapid detection of soil available potassium.