Saline-alkali stress is one of the abiotic stresses in the process of plant growth and development, which can cause water deficit, changes in cell membrane permeability, metabolic disorders and blockage of protein synthesis in plants, resulting in crop yield reduction or death. Finding effective methods to reduce the harm of saline-alkali stress and strategies to improve the saline tolerance of plants are of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of saline land. In this paper, the latest researches on the damage and adaptive mechanism of plants under saline-alkali stress in recent years were summarized, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of plants responding to saline-alkali stress were summed up. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms of plants under saline-alkali stress were analyzed, which were mainly regulated by accumulating osmotic substances, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and ionic compartmentalization, etc., and the molecular mechanisms were mainly regulated by signal transduction, transcription factor regulation and the expression of plant salt-tolerance-related gene, etc. This study pointed out the trends and urgent problems in the development of plant adaptation to saline-alkali environments, with a view to providing a certain theoretical basis for the selection and cultivation of saline and alkali tolerant plants.

In order to effectively control Huanglongbing (HLB) and reduce the loss of HLB to the global citrus industry, this study reviewed the latest research on the control of HLB in recent years. The results showed that there were no effective agents and disease-resistant varieties. At present, the main methods of controlling HLB include traditional ‘three fast methods’, namely planting disease-free seedlings to control HLB from the sources, preventing and controlling Diaphorina citr to block its transmission path, and digging infected trees to eliminate the infection source; expanded physical control technologies include seedling virus-free, light, steam heat treatment, etc.; multi-directional chemical drug control technologies include antibiotics, nanomaterials, immune inducers and antimicrobial peptides; emerging biological control technologies include various probiotics, microbial preparations, etc. Finally, the application prospect of soil amendment and biological control agent combined treatment of HLB and citrus transgenic disease resistance technology based on genetic improvement was prospected, to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for effective control of HLB.

China faces significant challenges of large population and limited arable land resources. In recent years, extreme weather events and ongoing soil degradation have significantly influenced China's agricultural production. With advances in agricultural science and technology, incorporating new materials into agricultural practices has been proven to be an effective strategy for adapting to these developments and environmental shifts. Seaweed extract, specifically seaweed oligosaccharides, are natural active substances derived from seaweed using modern technology. They are employed in agriculture as inducers for plant stress and disease resistance, biostimulants, and fertilizer enhancers. With continuous research progresses on the potential applications of seaweed oligosaccharides in agriculture, significant advancements have been achieved in their study and use. To further systematically understand and apply seaweed oligosaccharides, this paper discussed their sources, classification, and production methods. It summarized their impact on bolstering crop stress and disease resistance, fostering growth and development, and improving nutrient absorption, as well as their effectiveness and mechanisms across various crops. This provided innovative approaches and tools for the sustainable and efficient development of Chinese agriculture in the current context.

The global warming rate and the frequency of extreme high temperature weather are continuously increasing, which could bring catastrophic impacts to rice production. To further clarify the response mechanism of rice to high temperature, this article summarized the research progress in the direction of rice heat damage from high temperature, focused on the impact of high temperature on rice production, and deeply analyzed the physiological (photosynthetic characteristics/antioxidant system) and gene molecular mechanisms of rice’s response to high temperature. We concluded that the heat tolerance characteristics of rice were formed by the interaction between varieties and the environment. Results showed that, the photosynthetic characteristics of rice were influenced by both stomatal and non-stomatal limiting factors, and the antioxidant process was achieved by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing the content of malondialdehyde; rice improved plant heat adaptability by activating the expression of key genes and stimulating the transduction of heat signals within the plant; by optimizing “Before production-During production-After production” comprehensive management and monitoring system, we could explore innovative cultivation systems, and thoroughly investigate the high temperature defense mechanisms of rice. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rice in response to high temperature stress, providing a scientific reference for future heat-tolerant rice breeding work and improving rice sustainable production.

The research aims to study the status of molybdenum (Mo) in soils of China, optimize the application technology of molybdenum fertilizer, improving the absorption and utilization efficiency of Mo by crops, and promoting crop growth and yield. The content of total Mo and available Mo in soils of China was clarified through collecting data, the supply of soil Mo was evaluated, and the effects of different molybdenum fertilizer application rates and methods on crop growth and yield were studied. The range of total Mo content in soils of China was 0.1-6 mg/kg, with an average of 1.7 mg/kg, slightly lower than the world average; the content of available Mo in soil was affected by parent material of soil formation, soil pH value, etc., and the available Mo content was low in northern loess parent material soil and acidic soil in the south; the application of molybdenum fertilizer could significantly improve the yield and quality of crops such as soybeans, and the effects of seed treatment and foliar spraying were significant. The content of Mo in soils of China is insufficient, especially in northern loess parent material soil and acidic soil in the south, and molybdenum fertilizer should be applied to improve the availability of soil Mo; the rational application of molybdenum fertilizer is of great importance for improving crop yield and quality, especially in areas with low Mo content; the application methods of molybdenum fertilizer are diverse, and seed treatment and foliar spraying are effective application methods that can improve the absorption and utilization of Mo by crops.

In order to explore the stress of water environment changes on cultured fish in the development of intensive aquaculture, the effects of environmental factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen and heavy metals on fish body were studied. From the five aspects of growth performance, blood biochemistry, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity and immunity, the related mechanism of environmental stress factors affecting fish health was reviewed, and the importance of environmental stress factor research was revealed. It was suggested that comprehensive methods such as field investigation, long-term monitoring and calculation models should be more widely used in the future to comprehensively explore and evaluate the coping strategies and health status of fish in the actual environment, and to explore the molecular mechanism of environmental stress factors on fish health. Future experiments need to study the whole process of fish growth in different periods, which is helpful to predict the impact of future environmental changes on fish community structure and ecosystem function. By studying the adverse effects of environmental stress factors on fish health, the occurrence of stress can be avoided or weakened, which provides a reference for ensuring efficient and healthy aquaculture of fish.

Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a soil-borne fungal disease that causes crop wilting, which is a serious constraint to the sustainable development of agriculture. Effectors are key factors in pathogen-plant interactions, and their mechanism of action can be analyzed to provide effective strategies for controlling plant diseases. When Fo infects crops, it secretes a protein in the xylem of vascular bundles, which is called Secreted In Xylem effector protein (SIX). In order to study the role of SIX effectors between Fo and plants, the structural characteristics of SIX on the Fo genome were analyzed. The functional attributes of SIX in identifying different formae speciales and physiological races of Fo, influencing the pathogenicity of Fo, and affecting the immune response of plants were summarized. It was pointed out that SIX had toxic effects on plants and could interact with plants in an incompatible manner to influence the invasion of pathogens. The results of this study reveal the effects of SIX on plants in different aspects and provide theoretical support for the study of the molecular mechanism of plant disease resistance and the selection and breeding of disease-resistant varieties.

Peppermint is an herb with a long history in China, and China is also one of the largest peppermint growing countries in the world. Peppermint contains volatile oil and flavonoids, of which menthol is the key component, which has antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Menthol has attracted attention due to its cool aroma and pharmacological effects. This paper reviewed the research progress of menthol detection, extraction and application, including its physical and chemical properties and pharmacological effects. The detection techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the extraction techniques such as CO₂ supercritical extraction, organic solvent extraction and microwave-assisted extraction were introduced. The article also summarized the application of menthol in medicine, food, cosmetics and other fields, and prospects its future development. In depth study of menthol is of great significance to the implementation of national agricultural, rural and farmer policies and rural revitalization strategies.

Cold stress directly affects plant growth and development, and under extreme conditions, it may result in infertility or even lead to plant mortality. To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which plants respond to cold stress, this review synthesizes the diverse effects of cold stress on plants. It discusses the impact of cold stress on plant plasma membranes, the ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway, plant hormones, and cellular metabolism. Additionally, recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms underlying plant cold tolerance are examined and discussed. This review aims to provide a foundation for the practical application of these findings in the genetic improvement of crops. Based on the above, the paper suggests that a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating genetic engineering, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and bioinformatics should be employed to further explore the molecular mechanisms behind plant cold tolerance. Furthermore, potential future research directions in this field are proposed.

Hyperspectral remote sensing is an important technology for crop research. In order to promote the healthy development and basic research of crop growth cycle, improve the application level of remote sensing technology in crop research, this paper summarizes the analysis algorithms of hyperspectral in crop research, focus on the research progress of hyperspectral in crop growth, crop information monitoring, and crop information extraction. This paper systematically reviews the studies on leaf area index, biomass estimation, nitrogen monitoring, chlorophyll monitoring, pest and disease monitoring, heavy metal monitoring, crop carbon to nitrogen ratio, and water content, which still need to be further developed. Analysis shows that the combination of hyperspectral technology and artificial intelligence has achieved initial results in crop research which is still difficult to meet the intelligent needs of modern agriculture. If the new generation of information technology and large models are used to empower, enormous research potential will be unleashed.

In this paper, the research status of edible dock was briefly described from the aspects of nutritional value, safety, extraction technology of protein and active substances, food and health products, feeding, soil improvement and cultivation technology, etc. It was analyzed that the values of nutrition, health care, food use, feeding use and soil improvement of edible dock were high, but people’s recognition of leaf-eating grass was low, the related basic and applied technology research was still in the initial stage, and the development of the industry was slow. Three suggestions were put forward to promote the research and industrial development of edible dock, to improve people’s recognition of edible dock through propaganda and production of high-value products of edible dock; accelerate the research on the introduction and cultivation of edible dock, and promote intensive and large-scale planting; strengthen the research on the basic and applied technology of edible dock in animal husbandry and soil improvement.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a widely distributed Gram-positive bacterium that can produce a series of insecticidal proteins during its vegetative growth and sporulation phases. It is commonly used as a biocontrol agent in agriculture, forestry and public health practice. The Bt crops developed based on genetic engineering technology provide an efficient and environmentally friendly biological control method for agricultural pest management. However, the extensive and prolonged cultivation of Bt crops has led to the gradual development of Bt resistance in pests, which has greatly reduced the insecticidal effect of Bt proteins and the long-term benefits of Bt crops. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the mechanism of action of Bt proteins and the occurrence of Bt resistance in insects, this paper summarized the structural and functional characteristics of various Bt toxins, and elaborated the molecular mechanism of Bt resistance in insects from three main aspects: immune system regulation, changes in toxin activation, and mutations in toxin receptor genes. In addition, two insect resistance management strategies, gene stacking and ‘high dose/shelter’ were also introduced. Finally, the future research directions of Bt crops were pointed out, including further in-depth analysis of the mode of action of Bt toxins and the mechanism of Bt resistance in insects, exploration of new Bt proteins, strengthening the popularization and publicity of Bt crops, and establishing resistance monitoring network as well as early warning system.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current application status and research progress of Gymnema sylvestre, with a particular emphasis on its pivotal role in agricultural practices and plant protection strategies. From the analysis of chemical constituents and the exploration of pharmacological mechanisms, it reviews the research endeavors on the resources of the Gymnema genus. The bioactive compounds within G. sylvestre, including alkaloids, flavonoids, polysaccharides are crucial to its pharmacological effects in areas such as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Concurrently, the article delves into the potential of G. sylvestre as a natural biopesticide or growth regulator, emphasizing its capacity to significantly reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides. The total triterpenoid saponins, flavonoid glycosides, anthocyanins, and other components extracted from G. sylvestre exhibit pesticidal effects against agricultural pests, attract beneficial predators, and inhibit the expression of genes associated with pest resistance, thereby offering novel insights into green plant protection. As a plant resource with vast potential for application, the research of G. sylvestre not only enriches the fields of plant chemistry and pharmacology but also presents new avenues for addressing practical issues in modern agriculture. Its significance lies in promoting the green development of agriculture and enhancing human health levels, marking a milestone in advancing sustainable and holistic agricultural practices.

The microorganism has the strong material decomposition and the transformation ability, may produce the rich secondary metabolite, the fermentation Chinese traditional medicine is an important processing technology of Chinese traditional medicine processing. Probiotics can regulate the balance of animal gastrointestinal flora, produce many kinds of active enzymes and other metabolites, promote the development of animal immune system organs, participate in many physiological functions of the body, such as substances synthesis of sugar, nitrogen, lipids, inorganic salt metabolism and vitamin, and enhance the body’s disease resistance. The technology of probiotics fermenting traditional Chinese medicine has many advantages, such as improving drug effect, degrading macromolecular active substance, reducing toxic and side effects, promoting animal growth and improving immunity, etc., which is an ideal feed additive after end prohibition. In this paper, the kinds of probiotics, technological types, mechanism and efficacy of probiotics fermenting traditional Chinese medicine and its application in animal breeding are described respectively; it provides a theoretical reference for the development of new anti-feed additives.

The microbial composition and function in the rhizosphere is the research focus of microbial ecology. Analysis of the diversity of soil microbial communities in the root system of paddy rice and the effects of environmental factors on soil microorganisms can provide reference value for the sustainability of soils in the growing areas of paddy rice and the conservation of land resources. In this study, we used 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the bacterial composition of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere of paddy rice, and analyze the composition and diversity of microbial communities sampled from different regions, and explore the relationship between soil microbial diversity and soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that a total of 33862 OTUs, belonging to 38 phylums, 88 orders, 214 orders, 514 families and 2268 genera, were obtained from the paddy rice rhizosphere soil samples collected from the four regions by sequencing. At the phylum level, the dominant phyla of paddy rice rhizosphere soil bacteria collected from the four regions were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. At the genus level, Limisphaera was the dominant taxon of paddy rice rhizosphere soil bacteria. As shown by the Alpha diversity index, the species diversity and richness of paddy rice inter-root soil bacteria collected from the four regions were generally as followed: 68^th Regiment of the Corps (D)> Dairy Farm of Yili Prefecture (A)> Chabchal Town (B)> Sundzach Niuzhu Township (C); the Beta diversity index indicated that the paddy rice rhizosphere soil collected from the four regions differed accordingly in their bacterial community compositions, with greater differences existed between group A and other groups. The correlation analysis between soil bacteria and environmental factors concluded that the main influencing factors on the composition of microbial bacterial communities in paddy rice rhizosphere soils might be nitrogen, total potassium, and organic carbon. This study clarified the rhizosphere soil conditions and rhizosphere soil bacterial community characteristics of paddy rice distributed in the Ili River Valley, and provided theoretical support for the study of soil ecosystems in the Ili River Valley.

The rapid and real-time acquisition of soil moisture in a large range can provide powerful data support for dealing with drought. In this paper, three drought index models, namely perpendicular drought index (PDI), modified perpendicular drought index (MPDI) and temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI), were constructed to discuss the accuracy and applicability of soil moisture inversion in the winter wheat planting area in Dingxing and Yixian of Hebei based on multi-spectral remote sensing data Landsat-8 and field measured soil moisture data. Three drought index models indicated that the study area was dry, and the spatial distribution of different drought indices was different, among which the difference between PDI and the other two drought indices was the biggest. All the three drought indices were negatively correlated with measured soil moisture, and MPDI, TVDI had obvious linear correlation with soil moisture. MPDI had the highest fitting degree and was used to invert the soil moisture. The inversion results showed that the soil moisture in the study area was relatively low, mainly ranging from 12% to 15%, and the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture were consistent with that of land cover. Our study indicated that the MPDI index had great potential for drought monitoring in the winter wheat planting area in winter.

Abundant crop straw production in our country makes anaerobic dry fermentation for biogas production an important way to utilize crop straw resources. However, the dense structure of lignocellulose in straw limits the hydrolysis and acidification of straw, making it difficult for anaerobic bacteria to degrade straw and produce biogas. Currently, pretreatment of straw is considered to be an effective way to enhance the rate of anaerobic digestion and improve biogas yield. The text elaborates on the mechanism of anaerobic dry fermentation, and reviews the common pretreatment methods that can increase the efficiency of biogas production in straw anaerobic dry fermentation, including physical, chemical, biological, and combined pretreatment methods, and provides a perspective on the technology of straw pretreatment.

L-theanine is a special free amino acid in tea leaves and one of the main flavor substances in tea. Due to its health benefits such as relaxation, fatigue relief, anti-tumor effects, and blood pressure reduction, it has received widespread attention in the food and healthcare industries. In order to study the synthesis pathway and methods of L-theanine, this paper summarized the current main pathways for L-theanine synthesis, which were divided into plant-derived synthesis and microbial-derived synthesis according to their sources; and bioenzymatic catalysis and chemical synthesis according to their synthesis methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each synthesis method were analyzed. Meanwhile, the applications of L-theanine in food and medical fields were summarized, and future research directions for efficient theanine synthesis were proposed, aiming to provide a reference for the production and application of L-theanine.

The cultivation area of Astragalus membranaceus was expanding year by year. However, due to the continuous cropping obstacles, the problems of pests and diseases are becoming more and more serious year by year. In order to provide a basis for the identification and integrated prevention and control of diseases in the planting process of A. membranaceus, this paper reviews the occurrence patterns, pathogen species and prevention and control measures of the main diseases of A. membranaceus. The common diseases of A. membranaceus mainly include root rot, verticillium wilt, powdery mildew, downy mildew, damping-off and leaf spot, etc. Among these diseases, root rot and powdery mildew are particularly harmful to A. membranaceus. For these diseases, traditional prevention and control measures mainly rely on chemical agents, such as carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl and fludioxonil, etc. However, long-term dependence on chemical agents may not only have a negative impact on A. membranaceus itself, but also cause environmental pollution. The use of microorganisms such as Bacillus, Trichoderma and Streptomyces can effectively control the occurrence of diseases, while reducing the impact on the environment. In addition to the above methods, the cultivation of A. membranaceus varieties with strong resistance can fundamentally reduce the occurrence of diseases. Moreover, optimizing cultivation methods and strengthening field management, such as rational crop rotation, improving soil structure, controlling irrigation and fertilization, are also key measures to prevent diseases. In summary, the prevention and control of A. membranaceus diseases should adopt a comprehensive management strategy, including biological control, breeding of disease-resistant varieties, optimization of cultivation techniques and strengthening of field management, so as to achieve efficient and environmentally friendly disease control.

Excessive or irrational application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer not only increases N losses, decreases N use efficiency (NUE) and affect yield improvement in cropland, but also causes some environmental problems. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) can reduce N losses and improve NUE through inhibiting nitrification process. Although numerous studies about NIs focused on the reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and promotion of yield in cropland in China, systematic analysis was still poor. In this paper, meta-analysis was used to study the effects of N fertilizer combined with NIs on the reduction of N₂O emissions, major crop yield and NUE in cropland in China, so as to clarify the influences of soil pH, N application amounts and crop types on effects of NIs. The results showed that N fertilizer combined with NIs reduced the N₂O emissions effect from cropland by 38.66% significantly (P<0.05), increase the effect of major crop yield by 7.31% (P>0.05), and enhance the effect of crop N uptake and NUE by 10.97% (P>0.05) and 25.64% (P>0.05), respectively. Among the different types of NIs, DMPP reduced the effect of N₂O emissions to maximum extent (57.30%), followed by CP and DCD, which reduced the effect of N₂O emissions by 35.07% and 32.28%. CP enhanced the effect of yield to maximum extent (12.76%), followed by DCD (5.65%) and DMPP (4.25%). The reduction size of NIs on N₂O emissions in high N input cropland (≥300 kg/hm²) was greater than that in medium and low N input cropland (<300 kg/hm²). The increasing effect of NIs on yield of main crops in medium N input cropland (200-300 kg/hm²) was greater than that in high and low N input cropland. The effects of NIs on reducing N₂O emissions and increasing crop yield in neutral soil were greater than those in acidic and alkaline soil. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that soil pH was the main factor affecting crop yield and N₂O emission under the condition of N fertilizer applied with NIs. To sum up, N fertilizer combined with NIs could reduce N₂O emissions significantly, increase crop yield, improve N uptake and NUE to a certain extent, which was an effective path to decrease N losses and promote N utilization.

Cold plasma technology has gained significant traction in agriculture due to its advantages, including low operational temperature, green, residue-free, high efficiency, and remarkable effectiveness in seed treatment, as well as in activating the internal physiological and biochemical processes of plants to improve resistance and yield. This paper reviews the progress of cold plasma technology in seed disinfection, breaking seed dormancy to promote germination, enhancing plant resistance, and increasing yield, etc. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the primary active ingredients of this technology and elucidates their mechanisms of action at the physicochemical, physiological and biochemical levels. In view of the differences in physical, chemical and physiological effects of different treatment objects after discharge by different types of cold plasma equipment, the future research direction is proposed: optimizing and establishing cold plasma treatment system, and clarifying the long-term effect of cold plasma treatment on the phenotypic genetic changes of plant growth cycle.

Plants and soil microorganisms are closely related, and both play a central role in the carbon cycle mediated by soil microorganisms, they jointly maintain the global carbon balance and the function of ecosystems. Firstly, an overview of the carbon cycle mediated by soil microorganisms was provided. Secondly, the impact of plants on the carbon cycle mediated by soil microorganisms was analyzed, which was specifically reflected in plant photosynthesis, plant respiration, decomposition of plant litter, secretion of plant aboveground secretions, and the rhizosphere effect produced by plants. Among them, the impact of the rhizosphere effect produced by plants on the carbon cycle mediated by soil microorganisms was also reflected in the secretion of plant root exudates and the symbiosis between plants and soil microorganisms. Finally, the impact pathways of plants on the carbon cycle mediated by soil microorganisms were summarized. By reviewing the impact of plants on the carbon cycle mediated by soil microorganisms, it could deepen the understanding of soil carbon cycling and provide a scientific foundation for future environmental protection.

Peppermint is a food-medicine crop with secondary metabolites as core functional components. It has a wide range of biological activities. The bioactivities of peppermint are mainly related to its abundant active constituents, such as menthol, menthone, montaflorin, hesperidin, caffeic acid and other constituents, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumour effects. This paper reviews the distribution of resources and major origins of peppermint, the analytical studies of the major functional components of peppermint, the progress of nutritional and pharmacological studies of the major functional components, as well as the prediction and quality control of the core quality components of peppermint. Finally, the application fields and prospects of peppermint in agricultural product processing are discussed to provide direction and basis for the application of peppermint processing.

In order to further understand the application of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in aquaculture industry, the paper sorted out the development history of IMTA, and outlined the main aquaculture species of IMTA, including fishes, crustaceans, bivalves, echinoderms and algae, et al. It summarized land-based and marine IMTA, and pointed out that freshwater and brackish water IMTA were part of the land-based aquaculture models, while seawater and offshore IMTA belonged to marine IMTA. The article also outlined the advantages of IMTA in terms of aquaculture environment, energy utilization, economic benefits, and reduction of waste discharge. At present, IMTA still has problems in the aspects of technical implementation, ecological impacts and sustainable development. Future research should focus on the interactions among different species components, system optimization, and disease control to promote the sustainable development of aquaculture.

Straw biochar plays an important role in environmental governance and resource recycling. In order to grasp the development process of straw biochar and clarify the focus and preface direction of this research field, this article uses CiteSpace visualization software to conduct bibliometric and knowledge graph analysis on the data retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) core collection database. The results show that the annual publication volume is on the rise, with China ranking first with a total of 3141 articles; among the global research institutions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Institute of Soil Science are representative institutions for straw biochar research; the research results in this field are mainly published in high impact factor journals such as Science of the Total Environment and Bioresource Technology, Wang Hailong from China is the scholar with the highest number of publications; the research hotspots and directions mainly include the raw materials and preparation conditions of straw biochar, the application and mechanisms of straw biochar in carbon sequestration and emission reduction, soil improvement, and pollution remediation. Overall, straw biochar is a hot topic in the resource utilization of agricultural waste. In the future, the modification and preparation of straw biochar, as well as the mechanism and long-term effects of mitigating climate change and repairing environmental pollution, will be the research hotspot and trend.

In order to fully understand the impact of strong wind disaster on the maturity stage of Actinidia arguta, the meteorological data of the maturity stage of Actinidia arguta at four stations in Dandong from 1991 to 2020 were used, and the maximum wind speed ≥12.0 m/s was used as the index of strong wind disaster. Considering the frequency, intensity and duration, the risk levels of mild, moderate and severe strong wind disaster were formulated. The variation law of strong wind disaster of Actinidia arguta was analyzed by the number of disasters and the ratio of stations, and the risk probability of strong wind disaster was evaluated based on information diffusion theory. The results showed that the maximum wind speed during the ripening period of Actinidia arguta in Dandong area showed a downward trend in the past 30 years, and the number of days of strong wind process showed a decreasing trend. Among them, the decrease in Zhen'an area was the smallest, and the number of years and days of strong wind was the most, which was more prone to strong wind disaster risk. The time variation characteristics of the occurrence times of different grades of strong wind disasters in the mature period of Actinidia arguta in Dandong area during 30 years were obvious. The occurrence times of three grades of strong wind disasters were mild > moderate > severe, and the occurrence probability was consistent with them, which were 66.5%, 13.4% and 10.0%, respectively. The corresponding historical recurrence periods were more than 2 years, 10 years and 10 years. At the same time, the high risk probability areas corresponding to the three grades of strong wind disasters were Fengcheng (mild), Zhen 'an (moderate) and Donggang (severe). The probability of gale disaster in each region from high to low was Zhen 'an, Fengcheng, Donggang and Kuandian, and their exceeding probabilities were 95.0%, 89.9%, 86.6% and 33.4%, respectively. The gale disaster was in the range of one to three years. The research results obtained the risk probability and return period law of different gale disasters at each site, which provided a reference for scientific response to the gale disaster in the mature period of Actinidia arguta.

To address the issues of anthocyanin content and the types of monomeric anthocyanins in mulberries from the Yunnan region, 39 varieties of mulberries were investigated and analyzed for their anthocyanin content. The total anthocyanin content was determined using the pH differential method, the monomeric anthocyanin content was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the absorbance of red pigments in the edible parts of the mulberries was detected using spectrophotometry. The results showed that total anthocyanins were detected in 32 out of the 39 mulberry samples, and four types of monomeric anthocyanins were identified: cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin. Cyanidin was detected in 36 samples, pelargonidin in 33 samples, peonidin in 1 sample, and malvidin in 4 samples. Red pigments were detected in all 39 samples, with darker-colored mulberry fruits exhibiting higher red pigment content. The varieties ‘YX002’, ‘Hongguo 2’, ‘Jialing 30’, ‘Mengtong 4’, and ‘YX001’ has exhibit high levels of red pigments and anthocyanins, along with a rich diversity of monomeric anthocyanins. Among these, ‘YX002’ can have the highest total anthocyanin content, reaching 59.05 mg/L, and both cyanidin and pelargonidin also be detected in this variety.

In order to select the optimal red and blue light ratio for the growth of hydroponic leeks in an artificial light plant factory hydroponic system, Chinese chives ‘791’ were utilized as test materials, and five different red and blue light ratio treatments (R:B) were established, namely T₂ (1:1), T₃ (3:1), T₄ (5:1), T₅ (7:1), and T₆ (9:1). A white light treatment (T₁) was employed as a control. The impact of varying red and blue light ratios on the growth indicators, physiological markers, and flavor quality of hydroponic Chinese chives was studied. The results showed that compared with the control, treatments from T₂ to T₄ had no significant effect on the growth indicators of Chinese chives, but significantly increased yield. The yield increases for T₄, T₅, and T₆ treatments reached 38.10%, 41.26%, and 57.19% respectively. Although the T₆ treatment significantly improved the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo), the total phenols, flavonoids, and vitamin content decreased significantly by 32.43%, 31.18%, and 55.68% respectively. Flavor analysis showed that an increase in the proportion of red light promoted the production of specific flavor substances such as W5S, W2S, and CSO, while the content of W1S decreased correspondingly. In the T₆ treatment, the increase in high red light proportion promoted growth, yield, and accumulation of specific flavor substances, while reduced nutritional value and photosynthetic pigment content. Comprehensive analysis of yield, nutritional quality, and flavor factors suggested that in the cultivation of chives, it was recommended to use a red-blue light ratio range of T₄ (R:B=5:1) to T₅ (R:B=7:1), which can yield higher outputs and superior flavor quality in Chinese chives cultivation.

As an important economic shrimp species, the Litopenaeus vannamei is frequently affected by bacterial diseases, especially Vibriosis (including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio cholerae, etc.) during intensive aquaculture. This represents a significant risk to the long-term sustainability of aquaculture. With the widespread use of antibiotics, resistance genes of pathogenic bacteria are prevalent and widespread in the aquatic environment, posing new challenges to the prevention and treatment of Vibriosis. Therefore, it is extremely important to emphasize the maintenance of aquaculture environment and water quality monitoring. This review describes a series of biological control measures, including the use of biofloc technology, probiotics, antimicrobial peptides, quorum sensing inhibitors, and the use of biological control methods such as Bdellovibrio and like organisms and bacteriophage. The combination of biofloc technology and probiotics can improve water quality and enhance immunity. However, it is greatly affected by the environment, making it difficult to control the stability of bacteria flora. Antimicrobial peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and they are safe and not easily resistant to drugs. However, they are difficult to preserve and have a high cost. Quorum-sensing inhibitors provide precise prevention and treatment with minimal environmental impact, but the mechanism research on them is limited. Bdellovibrio are effective at lysing Gram-negative bacteria but have a poor effect on Gram-positive bacteria and grow slowly. Bacteriophages are highly specific but have a narrow host range. Although these biological control measures are less effective than antibiotics, they are environmentally friendly, less prone to drug resistance, and aim to reduce chemical drug dependency, protect the ecosystem, and improve aquaculture efficiency. In the future, innovative and sustainable biological control technologies should be developed to address the challenges posed by pathogenic bacterial resistance and environmental protection.

In order to obtain a safe, reliable, time-saving and labor-saving pre-treatment technology for pesticide residue detection, this paper focused on the application of nanomaterials in the detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, discussing various pretreatment methods including solid phase extraction (SPE), matrix-dispersive solid phase extraction (MSPD), QuEChERS, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and molecularly imprinted polymer Extraction (MIPs). The research progress in the detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables was also analyzed. The review found that pre-treatment technology was still the key to determine whether the detection of pesticide residues was accurate and efficient. At the same time, the future pre-treatment technology of fruits and vegetables was prospected, aiming at providing theoretical reference for the inspection and detection of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and food safety supervision.

This study comprehensively evaluated the preparation techniques of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and conducted an in-depth analysis of the effects of COS and microbial metabolites on plant growth, crop quality enhancement, and pest management, aiming to enhance agricultural production efficiency and promote environmental sustainability. The results revealed the importance of COS and microbial metabolites in improving agricultural yield and maintaining environmental stability. In response to the challenges posed to food security by climate and ecosystem changes caused by natural and human activities, we propose that future research should focus on the activities of organic nanoparticles such as COS and microbial metabolites, and emphasize the necessity of advancing emerging fertilizer research to provide scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of agricultural production.

To evaluate the field control effects of several chemical control agents on potato late blight in Matou Town of Tancheng County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, 687.5 g/L fluopyram-penoxifen wettable powder, 72% mancozeb-manganese zinc, 42.8% fluopyram-iprovalent wettable powder, and 10 billion/g Bacillus subtilis biological preparation were selected, and a control group and treatment groups were set up, and the incidence index, control effect, and yield were monitored. The results showed that the 687.5 g/L fluopyram-penoxifen wettable powder had a significant control effect on the disease. In 2020, the incidence index was 3.21, 5.13, and 6.02 after three applications of the treatment, with an average control effect of over 80% and a maximum of 85.14%, and an increase in yield of 27.9%. In 2021, the incidence index was 2.95, 4.75, and 5.45 after three applications of the treatment, with an average control effect of over 84% and an increase in yield of 26.0%. The 42.8% fluopyram-iprovalent wettable powder had a slightly lower control effect but was better than other pesticides. The importance of selecting control agents based on regional specific conditions was emphasized, and fluopyram-penoxifen wettable powder was recommended as the preferred control agent for late blight of potato in the study area. The research results provide scientific control guidelines for farmers.

The transcription profile of Micropterus salmoides against LMBV infection was analyzed to reveal the immune response mechanism of Micropterus salmoides in response to LMBV infection. The head kidney tissues of largemouth bass infected with LMBV 72h were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform. A total of 5953 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, of which 1704 were up-regulated and 4249 were down-regulated. Through GO function annotation, DEGs were mainly related to single-organism process, metabolic process, membrane, cell, binding, catalytic activity, etc. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, primary bile acid biosynthesis. There were 4 immune response-related signaling pathways enriched including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ECM-receptor interaction, phagosome and intestinal immune network for IgA production. The immune-related increased DEGs were cxcr4, il10, mrc, ncf4, itgb2, il27, ccl25, etc. while the decreased degs were cxcl12, tgfb3, il20ra, col4a5, itgb1, etc. PPI analysis showed that itgb1, itga8 and itgb6 were the hub genes of immune-related DEGs. This study analyzed the transcription profile of largemouth bass infected with LMBV to provide a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism and disease prevention of largemouth bass immunity against LMBV.

This study aims to explore the impact of different extraction methods on the antioxidant activity and stability of polysaccharides from broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, and provide a scientific basis for commercial production and stability optimization of products. Polysaccharides were prepared by hot water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted extraction. The polysaccharide yield and antioxidant capacity were determined. Through simulating food processing conditions, the oxidation stability of polysaccharides was systematically evaluated. The polysaccharides extracted from broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder by enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted method (LPE) had the highest yield and uronic acid content, which were 5.05% and 6.55% respectively. LPE had the strongest antioxidant capacity. The highest scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals was 77.24%, and the highest scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals was 83.04%. Light exposure had a great influence on the antioxidant stability of LPE. Under acidic conditions, it had better antioxidant activity. The scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals exceeded 85%. Moreover, LPE showed good heat resistance. In addition, sweeteners and alkaline additives had a significant impact on the antioxidant stability of LPE. For product sterilization, high-pressure sterilization can be preferred. LPE had the strongest antioxidant activity. During the processing and storage of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide products, prolonged light exposure should be avoided, and the dosage of sweeteners and alkaline additives should be controlled to ensure product quality.

The yield and agronomic traits of rice are affected by the cultivation environment and their adaptability, and the varieties with wide adaptability are less affected by the cultivation environment. This study aims to clarify the adaptability of ‘Yunjing 37’, a new japonica rice variety with good eating quality. The stability of yield and agronomic traits of ‘Yunjing 37’ and control varieties were analyzed by AMMI model, which planted in 6 sites in Yunnan Province for two consecutive years. All traits showed highly significant differences between varieties and environment, along with significant interaction effects between varieties and environment. Based on the stability parameters ASV, Di, WAASBi, the grain number, seed setting, 1000-weight, plant height, length and angle of the flag leaf, which were closely related to yield and plant type, ‘Yunjing 37’ showed the best stability among the four varieties. This indicates that different environmental conditions have relatively little influence on the yield and plant type of ‘Yunjing 37’. Therefore, ‘Yunjing 37’ has wide adaptability and is suitable for widespread application in Yunnan japonica rice area.

In order to provide theoretical basis, identification method and selection index for the identification and screening of low nitrogen tolerant maize varieties, the research reports on the influence of low nitrogen stress on maize growth and development, the material basis of low nitrogen tolerance and the selection of low nitrogen tolerant varieties in maize at home and abroad in the past 20 years were summarized. It was found that low nitrogen stress seriously affected the growth and development of maize roots and plants, and grain yield. However, different genotypes of maize showed great differences in morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and grain yield. Under low nitrogen stress, the low nitrogen tolerant genotype showed that the root system grew well, root-shoot ratio was larger, the root system vigor was stronger. Meanwhile, the changes in plant height and stem thickness were not obvious, while the ear leaf area was larger. It was higher for the content of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and amino acids in its root secretions as well as the contents of chlorophyll and nitrogen in ear leaf. Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity were stronger in the cells, and the ear was larger, grains per ear were much and 100-grain weight was higher, these genotypes could obtain the high grain yield. It was considered that under low nitrogen stress, the biomass of roots and plants was high, the root-shoot ratio and ear leaf area were large, the content of soluble protein and soluble sugar in root exudates, the content of chlorophyll and nitrogen in ear leaves were high, the activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in cells was strong, the number of grains per ear was large, and the weight of 100 grains and the weight of grains per ear were high. The above information could be used as important indicators for selecting low nitrogen tolerant maize genotypes.

This study explores the demand for low temperature accumulation during the germination process of apricot trees and analyzes the impact of warm winter phenomena caused by global warming on apricot yield. In this study, using the high-quality apricot variety ‘Haitanghong’ and its bud variant ‘Zaoyan’ from southern China as experimental materials, through transcriptomic analysis of 550 hours of treatment at 4℃, 3124 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and many were associated with plant hormones and protein dephosphorylation. By observing the branch color of the two varieties under low-temperature treatments, we found that the cultivar with the lower chilling requirement was more tolerant to cold. These results suggest that compared to ‘Haitanghong’, ‘Zaoyan’ has a lower low-temperature requirement, and the difference in chilling requirements between the two varieties may be related to plant hormones and post-transcriptional modification. And the reason for these differences of alternative splicing may be associated with the varied chilling requirement in the two cultivars. These results can provide a reference for mitigating the decrease of apricot yield under climate warming.

Further understanding the genetic regularity of rice harvest index in different segregating generations is beneficial to provide theoretical references for rice breeding based on the rice harvest index. In this research, isolated descendants from four distinct rice hybrid combinations were selected based on their harvest index. And then the coefficient of variation for main agronomic traits and the selection efficiency regarding the harvest index were subsequently compared and analyzed across different generations. The characteristics such as SPAD value at booting stage, plant height, and panicle length exhibited stability among different rice materials. In contrast, there was considerable variability in sword leaf length, thousand-grain weight, seed setting rate, and harvest index among hybrid rice progeny; however, these four traits remained stable in their parental lines. Notably, aboveground biological yield and panicle number per plant displayed significant variation both in hybrid parents and their offspring. The generalized heritability of the harvest index for F₃, F₃ lines and F₄ lines across all tested hybrid combinations exceeded 97%. Furthermore, selection efficiency for the harvest index in F₄ lines derived from ‘Hongxin-1S/Yuxiangyouzhan’, ‘Hongxin-1S/FL478’, and ‘Hongxin-1S/HD-YX’ surpassed that observed in their respective F₃ and F₃ lines; thus indicating a pronounced effect of single-plant selection based on harvest index within these three hybrids. Conversely, single-plant selection among offspring of ‘Hongxin-1S/Guanghong 3’ with high harvest indices did not enhance selection efficiency. It was effective to select individual plant with elevated harvest index for most of the tested rice materials from F₂ generation, which could significantly improve the selection efficiency of harvest index.

By investigating the dynamic changes of Cyclocodon lancifolius fruit in different growth periods under light conditions, it provides a scientific basis for the determination of the reasonable harvest period of C. lancifolius and the selection of artificial cultivation light conditions. The external quality and internal quality indexes of C. lancifolius fresh fruit under different growth periods and light conditions were measured and the correlation analysis was carried out. The fruit quality of C. lancifolius was the best under the condition of no shading light. In general, from October, with the delay of harvest time, fruit size, single fruit weight, soluble solids, soluble sugar, total acid and Vc all increased to varying degrees, and fruit hardness gradually decreased. Most of the indicators reached the best in early January, so early January was determined as the best mature harvest period. This study basically proved the cultivation light conditions and the best harvest time of C. lancifolius, which laid a theoretical foundation for the standardized planting of C. lancifolius.

The development of dye industry makes the treatment of dye waste liquid a challenge for environmental protection. Due to the high specific surface area and rich surface functional groups, biochar has excellent performance in adsorption of waste liquid dye substances, which makes it an efficient, economical and environmentally friendly adsorption material. This paper reviewed the adsorption mechanism and influencing factors of biochar in the dye adsorption process. It was pointed out that: (1) the adsorption mechanism of biochar on dye waste liquid including hydrogen bonding, π-π interaction, electrostatic interaction, coordination and ion exchange, jointly determined the interaction and adsorption efficiency of biochar and dye molecules. (2)The factors affecting the adsorption capacity of biochar included the raw materials, modification methods and preparation processes of biochar. (3)The properties of waste liquid, such as solution pH and ion concentration, also affected the adsorption capacity of biochar for dyes. Finally, the problems in the current biochar adsorption research, such as the single research object, the process and cost, and the impact on environment, had yet to be solved. This paper provides a reference for subsequent research to promote the practical application of biochar in the treatment of dye waste liquid.