The global salinization is becoming more and more serious, leading to intensified degradation of cultivated land and threatening plant growth seriously. In the current study, the composition and distribution characteristics of salt ions in saline-alkali soil were summarized. The negative effects of salt stress on plant growth, photosynthesis, rhizosphere secretions and microbial communities were clarified. The current chemical, physical and microbial regulation methods for alleviating plant salt stress were summarized. On this basis, the key problems such as the inconsistent evaluation criteria of salinity and the complexity of soil ion composition in existing studies were revealed, and targeted suggestions were proposed as follows: (1) establishing classification criteria by region; (2) developping a temporal and spatial dynamic model of soil salinity change. Furthermore, synthetic flora (SynComs) is expected to become an important direction for research and application of saline-alkali land improvement with its advantages of functional synergy, ecological stability, improvement of comprehensive benefits and technical scalability. Overall, the current study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the improvement of saline-alkali soil and the enhancement of plant salt tolerance.

Epigenetic regulation refers to the heritable control of gene expression without alterations in the DNA sequence, achieved through mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, RNA modification, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetics provides an additional and flexible source of trait variation for horticultural crop improvement, opening innovative avenues for breeding new varieties capable of addressing challenges like climate change adaptation, disease and pest resistance, and quality enhancement. This review systematically synthesizes current research progress on the epigenetic regulation of key agronomic traits in horticultural crops and summarizes relevant breeding tools and methods developed for their use in horticultural crop breeding. It aims to provide a theoretical reference for further understanding the epigenetic basis of the formation of horticultural crop traits, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion and application of epigenetic breeding in horticultural crops.

Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF) transcription factors belong to the plant AP2/ERF transcription factor superfamily and are key regulatory factors in plants responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They bind to the cis-acting element GCC-box through the conserved AP2/ERF domain, thereby regulating the spatiotemporal expression of target genes. This article reviews the structural characteristics, classification system, distribution patterns, and biological functions of plant ERF transcription factors. Structurally, they contain functional regions such as the DNA-binding domain and transcriptional regulatory domain, among which the amino acids at positions 14 and 19 of the AP2/ERF domain are key markers for classification. In terms of classification, both the ERF and DREB subfamilies can be further divided into 6 subgroups. In terms of distribution, the number of members of this family varies significantly among different plants, and the number of ERF subfamily members in dicotyledonous plants is usually more than that in monocotyledonous plants. The functional mechanism of ERF in biotic stress response is emphatically elaborated as follows. On the one hand, it enhances plant resistance to pathogens by activating disease-resistant genes such as PR and PDF1.2; on the other hand, ERFs containing the EAR motif can act as negative regulators to inhibit the expression of target genes. At the same time, this article summarizes the research status of peanut ERF, including family identification (our research group identified 76 ERF family members in cultivated peanuts in 2022), verification of stress resistance functions (such as AhERF008 and AhERF019 can enhance abiotic stress tolerance), and current limitations (such as insufficient systematic analysis and unclear regulatory mechanisms). Finally, the future research directions are prospected, proposing that multi-omics and gene editing technologies should be combined to analyze the ERF-mediated stress resistance network, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical targets for peanut stress resistance molecular breeding and facilitate research on peanut stress resistance engineering.

Cadmium pollution has become a major global challenge to farmland safety, and safeguarding the quality of farmland is of paramount importance. This paper examined the sources and speciation of cadmium in soil, summarized the efficacy and mechanisms of plant-microbe systems in remediating cadmium-contaminated soils, including root interaction, metabolite regulation and cadmium speciation transformation. This study introduced the primary sources and characteristics of both plants and microorganisms in such synergistic systems, and elucidated the underlying remediation mechanisms as well as key influencing factors. Owing to the synergistic interactions between plants and microorganisms, the combined remediation system demonstrated superior efficiency in remediating cadmium-contaminated soils compared to individual remediation approaches. Finally, in view of the future research direction, it is recommended to introduce eco-friendly functional materials (such as biochar, nanomaterials, etc.) in order to provide efficient and environmentally friendly technical solutions for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil.

To address the issues of anthocyanin content and the types of monomeric anthocyanins in mulberries from the Yunnan region, 39 varieties of mulberries were investigated and analyzed for their anthocyanin content. The total anthocyanin content was determined using the pH differential method, the monomeric anthocyanin content was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the absorbance of red pigments in the edible parts of the mulberries was detected using spectrophotometry. The results showed that total anthocyanins were detected in 32 out of the 39 mulberry samples, and four types of monomeric anthocyanins were identified: cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin. Cyanidin was detected in 36 samples, pelargonidin in 33 samples, peonidin in 1 sample, and malvidin in 4 samples. Red pigments were detected in all 39 samples, with darker-colored mulberry fruits exhibiting higher red pigment content. The varieties ‘YX002’, ‘Hongguo 2’, ‘Jialing 30’, ‘Mengtong 4’, and ‘YX001’ has exhibit high levels of red pigments and anthocyanins, along with a rich diversity of monomeric anthocyanins. Among these, ‘YX002’ can have the highest total anthocyanin content, reaching 59.05 mg/L, and both cyanidin and pelargonidin also be detected in this variety.

To establish an efficient and sustainable RNAi breeding control system, this paper summarizes the application potential of RNAi technology in crop disease and pest resistance, reviews the current research and development status of transgenic RNAi crops, and analyzes the design strategies and synergistic resistance mechanisms of multi-target tandem RNAi. The key points of elaboration include the "dsRNA/microRNA stable expression system", the "combined control model of complex pests and diseases (wheat scab - aphids, cotton wilt - cotton aphids)", and the "precise gene intervention approach for delaying resistance evolution", etc. It is pointed out that low delivery efficiency, poor environmental stability of dsRNA and high production cost remain the bottlenecks for large-scale application. This paper proposes that through the precise release technology of nano-carrier-plant symbiotic delivery, tandem expression of multi-gene silencers, and combined with ecological balance monitoring, the coordinated management of multiple pests and diseases can be achieved within 5 to 10 years. It is believed that this system will promote the transformation of agriculture towards a sustainable model of "precise genetic intervention + ecological balance maintenance", providing key support for global food security.

Facing increasingly stringent standards for aquaculture tail water discharge, China's Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming industry urgently needs to upgrade and transform. This article summarizes the research progress on ecological healthy aquaculture technology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in China, including technical models such as healthy intensive aquaculture in ponds, ecological mixed aquaculture in ponds, comprehensive cultivation in rice fields, symbiotic aquaculture of aquatic plants, ecological three-dimensional aquaculture, enclosure of reservoirs and lakes, etc, and discussed the direction of ecological aquaculture. Additionally, the future development direction of Macrobrachium rosenbergii industry in our country was also prospected, in order to provide reference for the green, healthy and sustainable development of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii industry in our country.

As an important food crop in the world, rice plays an irreplaceable role in ensuring food security. However, rice production faces many challenges, especially the increasingly serious problem of pests and diseases, which poses a major threat to yield and quality. This paper reviews the major rice pests and diseases worldwide, along with biological control and ecological regulation technologies. It analyzes the types, occurrence patterns, and current progress in the prevention and control of rice pests and diseases in China, emphasizing the importance of biological control and non-chemical pest management in reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides. Key challenges in the integrated management of major rice pests and diseases, such as insufficient scientific and technological support, weak regulatory oversight, and the low level of industrialization of control technologies, are discussed. In response, the paper proposes the main objectives and key directions for technological innovation during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period, including research on the formation mechanisms of pest outbreaks, the development of rice immune mechanisms, and green control technologies. Furthermore, it highlights the integration of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and gene editing, to enhance the comprehensive management of rice pests and diseases, ensuring the sustainable development of the rice industry.

Maize is the crop with the largest planting area in China, playing a crucial role in safeguarding national food security. Dwarfing breeding is a core approach to break the bottleneck of maize yield per unit area by optimizing plant architecture and increasing planting density. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on maize dwarf genes, with a focus on clarifying the biological significance of maize plant height traits, the practices of dwarf genetic breeding, and the regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones on plant height, while proposing future research directions. The results show that: (1) maize plant height is co-regulated by the number of internodes and internode length. Dwarf plants can reduce lodging risk by shortening internode length, optimize canopy structure, and improve light energy use efficiency and adaptability to dense planting, but it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between dwarfing and yield traits. (2) Maize dwarf genetics is divided into two major systems: single-gene and multi-gene. In the single-gene system, the br2 gene has the clearest molecular mechanism—it inhibits the elongation of stem cells, reducing stem length by 40% to 50% compared with the wild type, with a more significant effect on internodes below the ear position—and it is the most widely used major gene at present. The multi-gene system can avoid the defect of pleiotropy by accumulating minor-effect genes, and varieties such as 'Aidan 268' that balance dwarfing and high yield have been bred. (3) Gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and auxin (IAA) are the core hormones regulating plant height: mutations in GA synthesis-related genes (d1, an1) or signal genes (d8, d9) lead to dwarfing, loss of function of BR synthesis genes (brd1, na2) or signal genes (ZmBRI1a) causes stunted plants, and abnormal function of the IAA polar transport gene (br2) results in dwarfing of lower stem nodes. Currently, maize dwarf breeding has problems such as a relatively small number of applicable genes (more than 60 dwarf genes have been discovered, and about 40 have been cloned), genetic linkage drag restricting the coordination of traits, and insufficient functional verification of novel dwarf genes (such as the mapped genes K718d and d8227). In the future, it is necessary to explore medium dwarf genes suitable for dense planting, use genome-wide selection technology to aggregate multiple genes, and integrate phenomics with artificial intelligence to screen for ideal plant architecture, so as to breed maize varieties with the characters of dwarf stalks for lodging resistance, dense planting for high yield, wide adaptability and easy mechanical harvesting, and provide support for the sustainable development of the maize industry.

This study aims to comprehensively analyze the major advancements in growth models and smart planting technologies for greenhouse tomatoes, providing scientific insights for sustainable development in greenhouse tomato industry. Using bibliometrics, combined with InCites and VOSviewer, this study systematically reviews and analyzes research outcomes and trends in the field across dimensions of country, institution, author, and research topic. Over the past two decades, global research attention on greenhouse tomatoes has significantly increased, with active research in China, Spain, and Canada. Foreign studies focus on environmental sustainability and resource-use efficiency, while domestic research emphasizes integrated water-fertilizer management and soil micro-environment regulation. Among growth models, explanatory models demonstrate superior performance. Smart sensing and decision-making technology have substantially improved production efficiency and product quality in irrigation-fertilization, pest and disease monitoring, and fruit identification and harvesting, while optimizing production management and laying the foundation for agricultural automation and intelligence. Future research should deepen growth-model developments to enhance predictive accuracy and adaptability, promote integrated development of intelligent technologies to advance smart greenhouse tomato cultivation, strengthen breeding for stress-resistant cultivars and precision irrigation-fertilization techniques, and advance the precision and intelligence of pest and disease identification technologies.

Soil salinization poses a severe threat to global food security and ecological environments. Cultivating salt-tolerant crop varieties and enhancing crop salt tolerance can effectively address salinization stress and utilize saline-alkali lands. We elucidate the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance and focus on the cutting-edge technologies in crop salt tolerance breeding, systematically elaborating on the principles and application achievements of technologies such as multi-omics integrated analysis, gene editing, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and epigenetic modifications in crop salt tolerance breeding. These advanced technologies provide guidance for crop salt tolerance breeding. Through technological integration and innovation, it may be hold the potential to rapidly and precisely develop new salt-tolerant crop varieties, thereby promoting efficient and sustainable agricultural development in saline-alkali lands.

To explore the law of water and salt transportation under different improvement modes of saline-alkali land in the Yellow River Delta, this study innovatively adopted a combination of continuous dynamic monitoring ( June-November 2024 ) and multi-factor ( soil-groundwater-drain ) comprehensive analysis. Taking Kenli District of Dongying City as the research area, the response mechanism of water and soil environment in the process of saline-alkali land improvement was systematically studied through field fixed-point sampling. The results showed as follows. (1) Under the condition of subsurface pipe drainage, the soil total salt content in the rice-improved area decreased by 82.81%-91.73% at the end of the growth period, which was significantly higher than that in the rain-fed area (71.79% -81.54%). (2) Following the conversion to rice cultivation, the soil pH increased, and salt leaching led to a pH increase of 6.55%-13.10%, showing a typical 'desalination and alkalization' feature; Notably, except for HCO₃^-, there was a significant correlation observed between other ion indicators, total salinity and soil pH. (3) The total salt content of groundwater was driven by irrigation-precipitation coupling, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The buried depth from July to September was generally <1.2 m, and the water quality from August to November (total salt content >2g/L) exceeded the standard of farmland irrigation and should not be directly used for farmland irrigation. The results of this study can provide some theoretical and technical support for the regulation and control of soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta.

The study aims to assess the current degradation of arable land quality in southern red soil region, analyze the key technological chokepoints in enhancing arable land quality, and propose an innovation-driven development plan. Focusing on red soil sloping arable land and medium and low-yield fields in southern China, this study systematically clarified the current acidification situation of red soil sloping arable land and the soil fertility status of medium and low-yield fields. Our results indicate that severe degradation of farmland quality in southern red soil areas significantly constrains high-quality agricultural development in the region. The southern red soil region exhibits extensive acidification with severe trends. In Jiangxi and Fujian Province, 92.3% and 85.4% of arable land soils, respectively, have an average pH below 5.5, indicating that red soil acidification severely threaten crop production. Nearly two-thirds of the paddy soils in the red soil region of southern China are low-yielding fields, which greatly limit the increase of crop productivity. This paper identifies the key technological chokepoints for improving the quality of arable land in the southern red soil region from three aspects: theory, technology, and products, respectively. The future scientific and technological innovation development plan for improving the quality and production capacity of arable land in the southern red soil region is proposed. The main objectives, key directions, and detailed task lists are formulated.

Wheat is one of the important food crops. Due to global warming and changes in farming patterns, wheat planting and production processes are facing frequent diseases, insects and weeds damage, which pose a major threat to wheat yield and quality. Plant growth regulators, as substances that control plant growth and improve yield and quality, have been widely used in crop production. However, there are relatively few studies on the application of plant growth regulators in wheat production through basal application. To explore the effects of different plant growth regulators on wheat seed germination, seedling growth and yield, this study selected three plant growth regulators of mepiquat chloride, choline chloride and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, and used the basal application method to study their effects on wheat. The results showed that the three plant growth regulators had significant (P≤0.05) effects on the germination potential and germination rate of wheat seeds, and had different promotion effects on the growth of wheat seedlings. When wheat was treated with 30 mg/L mepiquat chloride, 20 mg/L choline chloride and 4 mg/L diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, plant height, root length, stem and leaf fresh weight and root fresh weight were significantly increased. Meanwhile, in the field experiment, the results showed that the treatment of wheat with 75 g (ai)/hm² mepiquat chloride, 30 g (ai)/hm² choline chloride and 30 g (ai)/hm² diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate had a significant effect on wheat seedlings, and the three plant growth regulators had different degrees of improvement on wheat yield.

Microbial driven nitrogen cycle processes play a crucial role in promoting material cycling within aquaculture systems, purifying aquaculture water environments, and maintaining ecosystem balance. Compared to natural ecosystems, aquaculture systems receive higher anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen, exhibit a rich diversity of nitrogen forms, and have their nitrogen cycling processes and associated microorganisms influenced and regulated by intertwined, complex, and easily fluctuating environmental factors. This article elucidates the ecological characteristics of aquaculture environments and reviews research progress on the major nitrogen cycle processes, including nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and their associated microbial communities within aquaculture ecosystems. It summarizes the environmental impact characteristics of nitrogen-cycling functional microorganisms. It discusses other potential ion redox reactions coupled with nitrogen cycling processes in aquaculture environments. Finally, the future research directions for the nitrogen cycle in aquaculture environments are prospected. The aim is to deepen the understanding of nitrogen cycling processes and their functional microorganisms in aquaculture systems, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the purification of nitrogen in aquaculture environments.

The purpose of this study is to deeply explore the research trends of Perilla leaf's active chemical components and clarify its chemical composition and active mechanisms, and offers theoretical support for future research directions and the multi-domain development of Perilla leaf resources. Through bibliometrics and systematic review, we analyzed the research path and mechanisms of Perilla leaf's active components. We summarized the evolution and cutting-edge trends of its active component research, focusing on key components like essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins. Their chemical structures, structure-activity relationships, and molecular mechanisms of functional activities (e.g., antioxidant and antibacterial properties) were clarified. This study highlights the research progress and direction of Perilla leaves functional components, and probes into its resource potential in food, medicine, cosmetics and other fields.

Plant-derived pesticides are processed natural agents obtained from botanical sources. Reviewing extraction advances of their active ingredients provides valuable references for the development and application of these pesticides. This article focuses on the extraction methods for active ingredients of plant- derived pesticides, systematically summarizing the basic principles, application examples, and extraction effects of both traditional and modern extraction methods through a literature review. Traditional extraction methods, such as maceration and Soxhlet extraction, are simple to operate and low-cost, but they have limited extraction efficiency and are prone to contamination. Rapid extraction methods can improve extraction efficiency, they are still limited by solvent selection and extraction conditions. Modern extraction technologies, such as microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasonic extraction, significantly enhance the efficiency and purity. Supercritical fluid extraction achieves efficient separation and purification, while dynamic countercurrent extraction using tank arrays improves extraction efficiency through optimized process layout. Membrane separation technology and high- speed countercurrent chromatography further purify components. Extraction methods for active ingredients of plantderived pesticides are diverse, with each traditional and modern extraction technique having its own strengths and weaknesses. In the future, extraction methods should be scientifically and reasonably selected and applied based on the characteristics of plant-derived pesticides and production needs.

To effectively address the escalating heavy metal contamination in water bodies and soils, microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology, based on biomineralization, has recently garnered significant attention for remediating heavy metal pollution. Compared to conventional removal methods, MICP aims to induce calcium carbonate precipitation through microbial activity, offering cost-effectiveness and robust stability. This approach not only immobilizes heavy metals but also enhances the quality of contaminated matrices, demonstrating promising application prospects. This paper reviews recent advances in MICP and its applications in environmental engineering, encompassing mineral precipitation mechanisms, metabolic pathways, influencing factors, and progress in heavy metal remediation. Furthermore, it discusses the potential for large-scale implementation and three suggestions are put forward. Firstly, the internal and external factors of MICP process should be optimized to determine the optimal process conditions for microbial growth and mineral formation; the second is to further improve the treatment method of NH₄⁺ produced in the urea hydrolysis process of MICP to reduce the negative impact on the environment; the third is to optimize the process and automation steps to reduce the cost of MICP technology and realize the large-scale application of MICP. The research is expected to provide theoretical insights to advance MICP technology in environmental restoration and biomaterial synthesis.

Faced with the dual challenges of increasingly severe water scarcity and sustainable agricultural development, the importance of integrated water and fertilizer management as an efficient water-saving fertilization model is becoming increasingly prominent. To further analyze the problems and challenges encountered during the development of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology, this study employed a systematic literature analysis, summarized the development history and current status of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology, and synthesized its effects on soil physicochemical properties, crop yield, and water- and fertilizer-use efficiency, as well as research progress on drip fertigation equipment and system intelligent technologies. On this basis, the main existing problems are pointed out, such as imperfect irrigation scheduling, equipment clogging, and unreasonable design and layout of field pipelines. It is suggested that future efforts should focus on formulating scientific and rational irrigation schedules tailored to local conditions, optimizing field planning, establishing a more comprehensive index system for water and fertilizer management, and strengthening the intelligent development of technical equipment. The research aims to provide a theoretical basis for application and innovation of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology and to promote agricultural productivity enhancement and sustainable use of water resources.

Pioneer plants are the first plants appearing in the community succession, which are of great significance to the development of the ecosystem. In order to give full play to the role of pioneer plants in the ecological restoration of saline-alkali land, this article systematically analyses the ecological value of pioneer plants and conducts in-depth discussions in combination with typical restoration cases. At the same time, specific measures and policy recommendations are put forward for the protection and application of pioneer plants. The research shows that pioneer plants have various ecological values such as improving saline soil, increasing soil fertility, improving soil structure, promoting community succession, etc. They can be used to comprehensively treat saline and alkaline land by selecting and breeding suitable salt-tolerant varieties and combining them with physicochemical methods. Therefore, the study of the ecological value and application of pioneer plants is an important inspiration and experience for the comprehensive management of saline and alkaline land, the effective protection of arable land, and the restoration of ecologically damaged areas.

As an advanced means of information acquisition, remote sensing technology has been widely used in crop production. This study systematically reviewed the research progress of remote sensing technology in crop production monitoring, crop yield estimation, crop nutritional quality monitoring, and crop pest and disease monitoring. In the field of crop growth monitoring, it focuses on inversion methods for physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content and leaf area index based on multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar remote sensing. For yield estimation, it summarizes the development history and technical approaches of constructing yield models using multi-source remote sensing data globally. In nutritional quality monitoring, it synthesizes correlation models between spectral characteristics and biochemical components of crops. Regarding pest and disease monitoring, it elucidates the spectral response mechanisms and identification techniques under biotic stress. The review indicates current limitations in multi-source data fusion accuracy and universal applicability of crop quality monitoring. Future research should integrate artificial intelligence algorithms to enhance multi-platform collaborative monitoring, providing more efficient technical support for smart agriculture.

In response to multiple challenges facing China's animal husbandry industry, including major animal diseases, zoonotic diseases, parasitic diseases, and bacterial resistance, the proposal of this study aims to establish a systematic scientific and technological innovation strategy for the comprehensive prevention and control of animal diseases during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period, thereby safeguarding industrial and public health security. By analyzing the current situation and bottlenecks in animal disease prevention and control in China, the study focuses on five key areas: pathogenic mechanisms, zoonotic diseases, parasitic diseases, bacterial resistance, and the development of new veterinary drugs, outlining core research pathways and objectives. A blueprint for scientific and technological during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period is proposed. Basic research focuses on pathogenic mechanisms and immune evasion strategies, while key technological initiatives include the development of novel vaccines, new veterinary drugs, and intelligent monitoring and diagnostic systems. Specific strategies are also outlined for addressing parasitic diseases and bacterial resistance. The implementation of this proposal is expected to achieve breakthroughs in core technologies, enhance China's comprehensive capacity for major animal disease prevention and control, and hold significant strategic importance for ensuring the development of the breeding industry and public health security. It provides a top-level design for animal disease prevention efforts during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period.

To expand the application of attapulgite in the fertilizer field and enhance its added value, this review summarized the modification methods of attapulgite and its application research progress in fertilizers, to provide references for developing new fertilizers with low cost and high efficiency. The structural characteristics of attapulgite, common modification methods(thermal activation, acidification, surface organic modification, etc.), and their mechanisms were outlined. Emphasis was placed on analyzing the application effects, mechanisms, and existing challenges of modified attapulgite in various fertilizer systems, including slow-release fertilizers, controlled-release fertilizers and soil conditioners. Finally, future research directions for attapulgite-based functional fertilizers were prospected.

The paper aims to simplify the factory seedling rearing procedure of a new variety of Dendrobium officinale ‘Minghu No.5’ and shorten the seedling rearing time. Using stem segment as explants, L₉(3⁴) orthogonal test was used to research the effects of hormones (6-BA, NAA), additives (banana puree, activated carbon AC) on the one-step seedling growth of D. officinale ‘Minghu No.5’. The results showed that the medium suitable for the one-step seedling growth of D. officinale ‘Minghu No.5’ was 1/2MS+ 6-BA 3 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L+ banana puree 50 g/L+ AC 1 g/L, after 120 days of inoculation, the proliferation coefficient of buds reached 2.85, and the average plant height of seedlings was 9.00 cm, stem diameter was 6.10 mm, leaf length was 4.50 cm, leaf width was 1.07 cm, leaf number was 5.33, root number was 6.00, root length was 6.70 cm, individual plant weight was 0.78 g. The range analysis results showed that the primary and secondary relationship of the four factors on the proliferation of ‘Minghu No.5’ was 6-BA> NAA> AC> banana puree. The inter-subject effect test showed that the four factors had extremely significant effects on the growth rate, stem segment proliferation coefficient, germination rate and bud proliferation coefficient of one-step seedlings (P<0.01). 6-BA was the main factor affecting the growth rate of one-step seedlings, and NAA was the main factor affecting the growth rate of one-step seedlings, stem proliferation coefficient and bud proliferation rate. This study could provide technical reference for factory seedling cultivation of D. officinale and other new varieties.

To investigate the effects of different cultivation methods on the growth and quality of different varieties of water spinach, ‘Daye baigu’, ‘Zhongye qingguliuye’ and ‘Bobai kongxincai’ were used as experimental materials to explore the effects of soil cultivation, perlite substrate cultivation, hydroponics, and floating cultivation of seedling trays methods in facilities. The results showed that all three varieties of water spinach had the fastest plant height growth rate under floating cultivation of seedling trays conditions, which could shorten the time from sowing to first harvest by 21-24 days compared to soil cultivation. In the early stage, the harvesting interval under floating cultivation of seedling trays conditions was the shortest, while in the later stage, the harvesting interval of perlite substrate cultivation had an advantage. The main stem thickness showed no significant difference between soil and perlite cultivation conditions in all three varieties, but was both significantly higher than those under hydroponic and floating cultivation of seedling trays conditions. The leaf length, petiole length, and number of leaves were the highest in soil cultivation, followed by perlite cultivation. Under soil cultivation conditions, the content of vitamin C and cellulose were higher, while the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein were lower. Under perlite cultivation conditions, the content of soluble protein and dry matter were higher, while the content of vitamin C was lower. Under hydroponic conditions, the content of soluble sugar and chlorophyll were higher. The comprehensive quality was shown as perlite substrate cultivation > hydroponic > soil cultivation > floating cultivation of seedling trays. Water spinach grew fastest under floating cultivation of seedling trays conditions, and had the best quality under perlite substrate cultivation conditions.

The compound microbial agent can effectively improve the quality of aquaculture water and reduce the harmful factors in the pond water, which is suitable for the ecological regulation of large-scale green aquaculture. At present, the beneficial microorganisms commonly used in aquaculture mainly include Bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrobacteria, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Pseudomonas, Bifidobacterium and so on. In order to explore the application status and research progress of compound microbial agents in pond water quality regulation, this paper summarized the factors affecting the water quality, the composition of microbial agents, the function of microbial agents and the application of microbial agents in pond culture. In view of the lack of scientific management, ecological imbalance caused by excessive dependence, the lack of scientific basis, water quality deterioration caused by miscellaneous bacteria pollution, solutions were proposed as follows. (1) Supporting the scientific management technology, to avoid over-dependence; (2) Optimizing the compatibility of bacteria, playing the synergistic effect of multiple bacteria to degrade organic pollutants, and optimizing the microbial community structure of water; (3) Developing highly stable microbial agents and constructing a control scheme to provide technical support for the construction of a healthy and stable water micro-ecosystem.

As bioindicators, soil nematodes’ distribution patterns reflect soil-plant health. Environmental changes regulate nematode communities via resource-environment pathways, with impacts varying across ecosystems and disturbance durations. Studies indicated that these effects varied across ecosystem types, with differing responses to short-term and long-term disturbances. From the perspective of soil ecology, this review systematically examined the spatial heterogeneity of nematode distribution and their responses to typical environmental changes in forests, grasslands, farmlands, wetlands and deserts. Future research should focus on the effects of specific trophic groups of nematodes, comprehensively assess their roles across ecosystems and contribute to ecosystem sustainability.

Cover crops, as an effective measure of farmland management, have been widely recognized for their positive roles in preventing soil erosion, alleviating soil degradation, enhancing soil quality and reducing the input of pesticides and fertilizers. This paper comprehensively analyzed the effects of cover crops on controlling soil erosion, their impact on soil carbon pools and greenhouse gas emissions, their regulatory effects on soil nutrients and moisture, as well as their effectiveness in controlling pests, diseases and weeds. By reviewing and summarizing current research progress, this paper aimed to provide theoretical support for the improvement of cover crop planting technology and to offer scientific basis for the selection of cover crops and the trade-offs in ecological and environmental benefits. The study found that cover crops reduced the risk of water and wind erosion by improving soil physical properties, increased soil carbon storage, reduced nutrient loss, enhanced water retention capacity, and to some extent suppressed pests, diseases, and weeds. However, the impact of cover crops was complex, and their effects on soil moisture and nutrients needed to be weighed according to specific crop types and planting conditions. This paper emphasized the importance of cover crops in sustainable agricultural development and points out directions for future research.

This study systematically reviews the origins, developmental trajectory, and future trends in research on the market entry of collectively-owned commercial construction land. It identifies gaps in existing studies, explores new scientific questions, and provides theoretical and practical insights to deepen land system reform, promote urban-rural integration, and advance rural revitalization. Using literature surveys, bibliometric analysis and qualitative review, this paper conducts a structural analysis of core literature from the CNKI database on the market entry of collectively-owned commercial construction land. Through keyword co-occurrence, burst detection, and clustering analysis via CiteSpace, the research hotspots and evolutionary pathways in this field are revealed. The findings indicate that current research can be categorized into four subfields: land revenue distribution, land resource allocation, legal frameworks, and pilot reform cases. Existing studies predominantly focus on market entry models and revenue distribution mechanisms, while research on legal system refinement and regionally differentiated policies remains underdeveloped. The conclusions suggest that future efforts should prioritize optimizing revenue distribution mechanisms, strengthening legal safeguards, and aligning with national strategies such as rural revitalization and urban-rural integration. This will facilitate market-oriented reforms of land resources and establish a theoretical and practical framework for achieving integrated urban-rural development and common prosperity.

To investigate the effects of different crops on the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities, this study analyzed the rhizosphere soils of soybean (Glycine max), maize (Zea mays), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) using high-throughput sequencing technology to assess bacterial community composition and diversity. The results demonstrated significant differences in the composition, richness, and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities among the crops. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the most dominant groups, with Proteobacteria exhibiting the highest relative abundance (39%-48% of the total bacterial community). At the genus level, distinct variations were observed among the crops, particularly in the soybean treatment, which showed significant differences compared to the other two groups. Notably, Bradyrhizobium was the most dominant genus in the soybean rhizosphere, accounting for 7% of the total bacterial community. Analysis of community richness indices (Chao1 and ACE) and diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson) revealed that the soybean rhizosphere soil had the highest bacterial richness and diversity, while the sugar beet treatment group exhibited the lowest values. In conclusion, cultivating different crops significantly influences the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities. These findings provide a scientific basis for further understanding the relationship between crops and soil microbiota.

In this study, we focus on the genetic mechanisms underlying culm strength in rice, aiming to provide a robust theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of lodging-resistant varieties. By systematically reviewing and conducting in-depth analyses of academic literature and research reports, we explore the regulatory mechanisms of genes associated with culm strength, culm chemical composition, hormonal regulation, and plant architecture, as well as their molecular mechanisms in conferring lodging resistance. Consequently, rice culm strength is influenced by both morphological traits (e.g., basal internode diameter and culm wall thickness) and chemical components (including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents). Notably, the mechanical properties of lower internodes are key determinants of rice lodging resistance. In terms of genetics, SCM3 (an allele of OsTB1) enhances culm strength via the strigolactone signaling pathway. WAK10 regulates cellulose synthesis in secondary cell walls. OsTCP19 facilitates the balance between lignin and cellulose. IPA1 achieves synergistic improvements in lodging resistance and yield by optimizing plant architecture—specifically, by reducing ineffective tillers, increasing culm diameter, and balancing lodging resistance with an increased number of grains per panicle. In terms of breeding applications, molecular marker-assisted selection has been employed to screen for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with culm strength, such as prl5 and lrt5. Additionally, gene-editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) have been utilized to modify key genes governing culm strength in rice lodging resistance breeding. Through backcrossing to develop near-isogenic lines (NILs), multiple strong culm genes (including SCM1-4) have been pyramided—resulting in NIL-SCM1, NIL-SCM2, NIL-SCM3, NIL-SCM4, as well as double and triple NIL combinations. This approach has enabled the successful development of lodging-resistant varieties, namely 'Sakura Prince' and 'Monster Rice 1'. This study proposes that future work should be carried out in the following aspects: mining novel lodging resistance genes (e.g., the STRONG2 module) and analyzing multi-gene synergistic effects, establishing a genetic balance model involving stem strength, panicle weight, and panicle number, optimizing gene pyramiding strategies in combination with genome-wide association analysis, and exploring the impacts of environmental factors (such as typhoons and dense planting) on culm strength. These efforts aim to achieve enhancement of rice lodging resistance and yield simultaneously.

Pruning is an essential technical measure in the process of forest cultivation. Reasonable pruning is conducive to promoting the growth of forest trees, improving the trunk shape, increasing trunk completeness and timber outturn percentage, reducing the number of dead and live knots, and improving the overall quality of wood. This paper comprehensively analyzed the influence and mechanism of pruning on the growth of tree diameter at breast height and tree height, the physical properties of wood, and the tree trunk quality, and revealed that the growth promotion effect was achieved by regulating the distribution of photosynthetic products and improving the efficiency of nutrient transport. At the same time, the complex regulation rules of pruning intensity and seasonal difference on wood density, mechanical properties and knot scar formation were clarified. On this basis, it further summarized the deficiencies and problems in the past research and put forward the main research directions for the future as follow. (1) To construct the theoretical model of precise pruning based on tree species characteristics and growth stages; (2) to research and develop intelligent pruning equipment and digital operation systems; (3) to establish a standardized technical system covering material improvement and economic benefit evaluation. The research results provide theoretical support and technical path for directional cultivation of high-quality industrial materials.

This study aims to explore how the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies can drive the intelligent transformation of modern agriculture, with the intention of providing a theoretical basis for the development of smart agriculture. This study employs the literature review method to systematically sort out the current application status of key technologies, including IoT, big data, and AI, in modern smart agriculture against the backdrop of the big data era. The findings indicate that IoT technology enables real-time monitoring of agricultural environments, big data technology provides data support for agricultural production decision-making, and AI demonstrates immense potential in areas such as intelligent breeding, yield prediction, and pest and disease identification. The deep integration of IoT, big data, and AI is the key for improving the level of intelligent production. At the same time, this paper analyzes the current challenges in data, cost, standards and talents, and looks forward to the future directions of cross-modal data fusion, lightweight AI, transfer learning, blockchain security and human-machine collaboration, in order to provide reference for related research and promote theoretical innovation and practice in this field.

In the process of fish reproduction, GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone), as a key factor in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis of vertebrates, plays a crucial regulatory role in gonadal development and sex hormone secretion. Its physiological functions are essential for the success of fish reproductive activities. This paper reviews recent domestic and international research progress on GnRH in fish reproduction, including the structural classification, main functions, mechanisms of action, and applications of GnRH analogs in fish reproduction. By analyzing the roles of GnRH in regulating fish gonadal development, sex hormone secretion, and ovulation induction, the core position of GnRH in fish reproduction is revealed. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of fish reproductive mechanisms, while offering references for improving fish reproductive efficiency and developing GnRH-related reproductive regulation technologies. It also lays the foundation for further research on the application potential of GnRH in fish reproduction.

The new flue-cured tobacco variety ‘Yunyan 121’ has strong growth vigor in the field and is easy to cure, and the yield and leaf quality can be balanced. In order to evaluate the potential of ‘Yunyan 121’ as a reserve variety in Qujing tobacco area, new varieties screening tests were carried out in 9 counties in Qujing from 2018 to 2020. The method was to plant 0.66-1.0 hm² of ‘Yunyan 121’ while the main control variety was planted in adjacent field. In Qujing, the tobacco growing season experienced high temperatures in early stage of 2018 and drought later; in 2019, there was drought in May and the first ten days of June, with less rainfall in August; in 2020, severe drought occurred from May to July. The results of 3-year multi-point test showed that in the planting area of ‘Yunyan 97’, the plant height of ‘Yunyan 121’ was 2 cm higher than that of the control ‘Yunyan 97’, the number of available leaves was 1-2 more than that of the control ‘Yunyan 97’, and the output value of ‘Yunyan 121’ was equivalent to that of ‘Yunyan 97’. In the ‘Yunyan 87’ area, ‘Yunyan 121’ was 4 cm higher in plant height, 4% higher in yield than the control ‘Yunyan 87’. The differences of sugar-nicotine ratios of the upper and middle leaves among varieties were smaller in the same place, and the differences between locations were significantly greater than those between varieties. The differences between locations in ‘Yunyan 97’ planting area were greater than those in ‘Yunyan 87’ planting area. Middle leaf raw tobacco samples were ranked by 4-5 Chinese tobacco industrial companies according to their sensory quality, and the overall ranking of ‘Yunyan 121’ was between ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’. From 2021 to 2023, ‘Yunyan 121’ had a cumulative promotion of 42733 hm² in Qujing. ‘Yunyan 121’ had good promotion value in areas with heavy PVY damage or weak growth of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’.

This paper reviews the aroma characteristics of Phalaenopsis plants. It focuses on the main components, metabolic synthesis pathways, and regulatory mechanisms related to the fragrance of Phalaenopsis. It summarizes the fragrant varieties of Phalaenopsis, the primary floral scent components, the main factors influencing the release of fragrance in Phalaenopsis, and the molecular regulatory mechanisms related to the metabolic pathways of the major fragrant components. Analysis indicates that terpenoids dominate the floral scent components of Phalaenopsis, with endogenous circadian rhythms, light signals, and temperature all affecting the release rate of floral fragrance. The terpene synthase gene (TPS) and bHLH transcription factors are identified as key genes influencing the metabolic pathways of fragrance components in Phalaenopsis. It has been noted that research on the complete metabolic pathways and molecular regulatory mechanisms of fragrance components in Phalaenopsis is lacking. Future research should focus on further exploring the key genes of fragrance components and supplementing and improving the related metabolic pathways to enhance the understanding of floral fragrance traits in Phalaenopsis.

Semanotus bifasciatus is a major pest that damages Platycladus orientalis and other cypress trees. Its strong destructive power towards forest trees can lead to severe ecological and economic losses. Currently, Semanotus bifasciatus is mainly distributed in northern China and classified as a highly hazardous pest. In recent years, with global climate change and ecological environmental variations, the occurrence range and damage severity of Semanotus bifasciatus have shown an increasing trend. This study provides a detailed review of the distribution, occurrence and spread, feeding habits, physiological characteristics, monitoring and early warning technologies of the Semanotus bifasciatus, as well as research progress in control strategies. It also looks forward to future research directions, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the Semanotus bifasciatus and the spread of the trunk-boring pests of Platycladus orientalis in China.

Medicinal plants are affected by various factors during the cultivation process, among which rhizosphere microorganisms exhibit a close relationship with medicinal plants, with both interacting and influencing each other. In this paper, the research progress of the interaction between medicinal plants and rhizosphere microorganisms in recent years is summarized, focusing on the effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on growth, secondary metabolic products, disease resistance and continuous cropping obstacles of medicinal plants, as well as the effects of medicinal plant types (or varieties), production area, growth period, planting age and planting pattern on rhizosphere microorganisms. In addition, the paper also identifies the current problems in this research field and proposes directions for future investigations. This review aims to provide theoretical insights and methodological references for rationally utilizing the interaction between medicinal plants and rhizosphere microorganisms to enhance plant growth, resist pathogen invasion, alleviate continuous cropping obstacles, increase yield and improve the quality of medicinal materials.

This study explored the structural variations and diversity of soil rhizosphere microbial communities in dryland loam walnut orchards, aiming to establish a theoretical basis for improving high-quality walnut production. The research was conducted at the walnut experimental orchard of the Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, through long-term positioning experiments utilizing various fertilization regimes. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, along with one-way ANOVA, was employed to assess the community structures of soil rhizosphere bacteria and fungi under different fertilization treatments, including CK (no fertilization with natural grass cover), MG (sheep manure with artificial grass cover), and M (sheep manure with natural grass cover). The results revealed that organic fertilizer application significantly enhanced soil nutrient content, with the combination of sheep manure and natural grass cover exhibiting the most substantial effect. Furthermore, the application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil enzyme activity, particularly when sheep manure was combined with artificial grass cover, thereby effectively accelerating soil nutrient cycling. Moreover, the integration of organic fertilization with grass cover had been shown to enhance bacterial and fungal populations and community structures, thereby increasing the abundance of microorganisms involved in nitrogen and carbon cycles and facilitating nutrient cycling and transformation. In the context of dryland conditions in Shanxi, the promotion of organic fertilization and inter-row grass cover in loam walnut orchards could significantly improve the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities, enhance soil nutrient availability, and optimize soil ecological conditions.

This research aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the production, application, and further exploration of Bacillus licheniformis and its liquid formulations by studying the liquid culture medium of Bacillus licheniformis and the preservation methods of its liquid preparations. Using Bacillus licheniformis as the test material, the liquid culture medium was optimized by orthogonal test, and the optimal medium was verified by fermenter test; different proportions of Lactobacillus plantarum were added to its liquid preparation to determine the best preservation method. The results were as follows. (1) The optimal medium and fermentation conditions were as following: bran 10 g/L, soybean meal 15 g/L, calcium carbonate 0.75 g/L, sodium chloride 10 g/L. The initial pH was 7.5, the temperature was 37℃, and the viable count of effective bacteria in the fermentation broth attained 2.68×10¹⁰ cfu/mL. The fermentation in a 2 t fermenter was completed after approximately 24 hours of cultivation, achieving a viable count of 3.8×10¹⁰ cfu/mL. (2) At indoor temperature, in the experimental groups supplemented with 2.00% and 5.00% Lactobacillus plantarum, the survival rates of Bacillus licheniformis were 84.2% and 84.1%, respectively, after 30 days, and reached 54.3% and 52.4% after 90 days. This study obtained a high-density liquid fermentation medium for this strain of Bacillus licheniformis, and laid a theoretical foundation for the research on the preservation of Bacillus licheniformis liquid preparations.