In order to clarify the characteristics of the new hybrid rice variety ‘Liangyou 2189’ and its application prospect in production, this study used the data of regional test of middle indica rice in the southern rice area of Henan Province from 2021 to 2022 and the production test data in 2023. The correlation analysis and path analysis of its yield and components were carried out, and the results of rice quality detection and resistance identification were systematically studied. The results showed that the average yield of ‘Liangyou 2189’ in the three-year test were 9295.5 kg/hm2, 9651.0 kg/hm2, and 9930.0 kg/hm2, which increased yields compared with the control variety, and the yield increase rate were 87.5%, 100%, and 100%. The variation coefficients of the yield in two-year regional test were 4.53% and 9.12%, both smaller than the control variety. The high stability coefficients in three-year test were 89.85%, 87.23%, and 92.75%, all higher than the control variety. Among the three elements of yield, the variation coefficient showed: thousand grain weight<grain number per<effective spike number. Thousand grain weight was the most stable, the direct effect played a major role, and effective spike number had the largest variation range, the contribution rate to yield was the largest. In actual production, the key of achieving high yield is to increase the number of basic seedlings, increase the rate of tillers, achieve multiple panicles, take into account the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight, and coordinate the relationship between the three. In summary, the ‘Liangyou 2189’ is a new variety with high yield and stable yield, which can be widely promoted and planted in southern Henan Province and similar ecological areas.
The ground temperature in spring in the low-lying areas of Northeast China is low, which easily leads to poor seedling quality and slow growth of maize. Under the conservation tillage mode, this phenomenon is more obvious. The development of root-promoting and seedling-strengthening technology may be an important way to increase maize yield. Plant growth-promoting bacteria and trace elements can promote root growth and reduce low temperature stress. This study aimed to explore the role of the technologies in promoting the growth and yield of maize in low-lying land. The study was conducted in Changjiadian Village, Liujiaguanzi Town, Lishu County, Jilin Province in 2023 and 2024. Five treatments were set up, which were (1) farmers’ routine; (2) rhizosphere application of microbial phosphate fertilizer; (3) rhizosphere application of growth-promoting bacterial agent A28; (4) rhizosphere application of growth-promoting bacteria agent P24; (5) spraying humic acid trace element foliar fertilizer on plant shoot. Plant samples were collected during the whole growth period of maize, and root and aboveground biomass, leaf area index, yield and its components were measured. The results showed that the root-promoting and seedling-strengthening techniques could improve the growth of maize seedlings. At the seedling stage (the sixth leaf expansion stage), the leaf area index increased by 25.9%-141.2%, the root biomass increased by 15.7%-82.4%, and the aboveground biomass increased by 10.7%-84.6%. At the same time, it also significantly delayed the senescence of leaves and roots in the later stage, increased the 100-grain weight and grain number per ear of maize, and finally significantly increased the yield of maize by 4.9%-18.7%. The effect of increasing yield was shown as growth-promoting bacterial agent > microbial phosphate fertilizer > trace element foliar fertilizer. Among them, the growth-promoting bacterial agent A28 had the best yield-increasing effect and stability, with an average yield increase of 16.2%. This paper believed that the rhizosphere microbial regulation technology could effectively reduce the stress of soil low temperature on the growth of maize seedlings, and ultimately increase the yield of maize, which had a wide application value in the low-lying areas of Northeast China.
To elucidate the effects of room-temperature storage duration on seed germination and physiological characteristics in wild-type Vicia sativa L., this study used seeds stored for 0-2 years to systematically determine dynamic changes in germination parameters, seed coat elemental composition, nutrient contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. The results demonstrated that: (1) the hard seed rate significantly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing storage duration. Both germination percentage (98.52%) and germination potential (97.43%) peaked after 2 years of storage, while seed coat color shifted from gray to reddish-brown. (2) Seed coat calcium (Ca: 3911.64 μg/g) and aluminum (Al: 18.09 μg/g) contents significantly decreased (P<0.05), whereas potassium (K: 5152.93 μg/g), iron (Fe: 92.92 μg/g), and manganese (Mn: 37.43 μg/g) contents significantly increased. (3) Catalase (CAT) activity first increased then decreased, peaking at 346.76 μmol/g after 1 year. Peroxidase (POD) activity significantly declined (P<0.05) to its lowest (232.00 U/g) after 2 years. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased overall, with the highest value (463.03 U/g) at initial storage (0 year). MDA content increased significantly (P<0.05), reaching 9.04 nmol/g at 2 years. (4) Soluble protein (SP) and starch contents initially rose then slightly declined, bottoming at 51.43 mg/g and 60.02 mg/g (respectively) after 2 years. Soluble sugar (SS) content increased steadily, peaking at 8.05 mg/g at 2 years. Lignin content in seed coats showed no significant change (P>0.05). (5) Correlation analysis revealed that germination potential, germination percentage, and MDA content were significantly negatively correlated (P<0.05) with the hard seed rate, and significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with seed coat color. In conclusion, wild-type Vicia sativa seeds stored at room temperature for 2 years exhibit high vigor and are ideal sowing material.
To illustrate the mitigating effect of the melatonin (MT) on the heavy metal cadmium (Cd), Helianthus annuus was used as the test material to study the effect of exogenous MT on seed germination, seedling growth and leaf tissue structure under Cd stress by means of seed imbibition, foliar spraying and conventional paraffin sectioning. The results showed that soaking seeds with 200 µmol/L MT significantly increased the germination rate and germination potential. Under Cd stress, a 400 µmol/L MT treatment significantly improved the growth indicators such as plant height, root length, leaf length, leaf width, and the physiological indicators such as SOD, POD, CAT and the content of soluble protein, but the content of MDA was significantly decreased. By analyzing the microscopic structure of leaves, the leaf thickness, upper and lower epidermis cell thickness, palisade tissue thickness, cell tense ratio and ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue were significantly increased by exogenous application of 200 µmol/L MT. However, the spongy tissue thickness and the spongy ratio were significantly decreased. The above results indicated that the appropriate concentration of exogenous MT could effectively alleviate the seed germination and seedling growth of Helianthus annuus under Cd stress, and enhanced the Cd tolerance.
Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe is a plant resource with food and medicinal value, as well as health-promoting functions. This study aims to investigate the metabolic product differences in flower buds among various Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe varieties in the Wenshan Region. In this study, flower buds from two independently selected varieties (‘Wenhe1’, ‘Wenhe2’) and one locally preserved variety of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe were used as experimental materials. An extensive targeted metabolomics analysis utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was conducted to investigate the differences in metabolites and metabolic pathways among the flower buds of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe varieties. The findings indicated that ‘Wenhe2’ had the highest vitamin C content, whereas the landrace variety possessed the highest crude fiber content. In total, 758 metabolites were identified in Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe buds, including 145 amino acids and derivatives, and 110 flavonoids. Among these metabolites, 94 were differentially expressed between ‘Wenhe1’and ‘Wenhe 2’, 65 between ‘Wenhe1’ and the control group, and 87 between‘Wenhe2’ and the control group. These variations predominantly occurred in amino acids and their derivatives, as well as sugars and their derivatives. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis revealed that both tested varieties exhibited significant upregulation in pathways related to amino acid synthesis and sinigrin synthesis compared to the control group. Additionally, in the comparison between ‘Wenhe1’ and ‘Wenhe2’, the metabolic pathways significantly upregulated in ‘Wenhe1’ included the pentose phosphate pathway and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, which were strongly associated with photosynthesis. Under identical conditions, significant differences were observed in the metabolite profiles of ‘Wenhe1’ and ‘Wenhe2’ compared to local varieties, especially in metabolites of practical significance, including those involved in amino acid synthesis and glucosinolate synthesis. These results offer valuable insights for the functional breeding of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe and the exploration and utilization of effective metabolomic resources.
The condition of soil aggregates within mining-disturbed areas critically determines the selection and design of ecological restoration strategies for mined ecosystems. This study focused on open-pit mining-disturbed sites in eastern Yunnan. Specifically, representative soil samples were systematically collected from five typical mining-disturbed sites and one undisturbed control site at Dushi Mountain Mine, to characterize the stability of soil aggregates and their fractal dimension properties in mining-impacted environments. The results showed that mining operations significantly altered the distribution of mechanical soil aggregates and water-stable aggregates, further influencing key soil aggregate parameters including mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and the proportion of aggregates exceeding 0.25 mm in diameter (R>0.25). These changes led to reduced soil structural stability, evidenced by the percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) in both surface and subsurface layers of the mining-disturbed sites, which were 1.88-28.66 percentage points higher than control (CK) plots. Conversely, the water-stable aggregate stability rate (WASR) in mining areas was consistently lower than that of CK. Notably, under both dry and wet sieve methodologies, the fractal dimension of soil aggregates decreased significantly with increasing content of aggregates >0.25 mm. Therefore, the fractal dimension could be reduced and soil structural stability enhanced by increasing the content of soil aggregates larger than 0.25 mm. This study elucidated the stability and fractal characteristics of soil aggregates in mining-disturbed sites, providing a scientific basis for the selection and configuration of ecological restoration measures in post-mining ecosystems.
As an important part of cultivated land, slope farmland is the agricultural production fundamental resource in mountain areas. Particularly in the hilly areas of central and western China, slope farmland accounts for a significant proportion of the total cultivated land. Slope farmland has become one of the land use types with the highest intensity of soil and water erosion and the greatest risk of agricultural non-point source pollutant migration due to the limitation of natural conditions and farming practices. This study analyzed the influencing factors of soil organic carbon (SOC) loss in slope farmland, elaborating on both environmental and anthropogenic factors. The main environmental factors include water erosion, wind erosion, frost-thaw erosion and their interactive erosive processes, while the human factors mainly include farming, fertilization, and irrigation. Given that soil and water loss from slope farmland leads to organic carbon loss, from the perspective of carbon sequestration/carbon emission reduction in sloping farmland, this study proposed improvements in agronomic practices such as tillage, fertilization, irrigation, straw mulching and biochar application. These improvements aim to modify slope characteristics, reduce surface runoff, enhance soil quality, and increase crop yields. Finally, the study summarized research on soil carbon pool reserves and carbon sequestration algorithms, fostering consensus on the accounting of SOC sinks in slope farmland and determining the technical methods for accounting organic carbon sinks in slope farmland under the influence of soil and water loss.
To clarify the effects of different exogenous organic matter additions on soil enzyme activities, bacterial diversity, and crop yield in the sandy soil area of the Yellow River old course, this study conducted a field experiment based on the full straw return mode with no application of exogenous organic matter as the control (CK), and three treatments were set up: additional application of nitrogen fertilizer and biological agents (NM), additional application of organic fertilizer (F), and additional application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additives (FE). Indicators such as soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial diversity and wheat yield components after adding different exogenous organic matters were analyzed. The results showed that: application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive (FE treatment) significantly increased soil pH by 2.28% compared to CK, but had no significant effect on soil organic matter and total nitrogen. The addition of different exogenous organic materials significantly promoted the activities of soil enzymes α-glucosidase (AG), β-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and β-xylosidase (XYL), with the FE treatment showing the best performance. Compared to CK, the enzyme activities in the FE treatment increased by 83.09%, 75.47%, 186.43%, 112.01% and 67.83%, respectively. There were significant differences in microbial composition between different treatments. The addition of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive significantly affected the bacterial richness indices Chao1, ACE, and Shannon, which increased by 3.43%, 1.95% and 2.26% respectively, compared to CK. The nitrogen fertilizer and bio-inoculant treatment (NM) increased the relative abundance of Bacillus and Flavobacterium in the soil bacteria, while the organic fertilizer treatment (F) significantly increased the relative abundance of Kouleothrix. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer and bio-inoculant effectively promoted the increase of wheat single-spike grain weight and grains per spike. The addition of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive significantly increased the number of wheat spikes number, thousand-grain weight, and yield. The spike number, thousand-grain weight and yield of FE treatment were 7.50 %, 9.67 % and 11.46 % higher than those of CK, respectively. The NM treatment had 9.72% higher single-spike grain weight and 6.09% more grains per spike compared to CK. In summary, the application of organic fertilizer and soil enzyme additive can promote soil pH, increase soil enzyme activity, improve soil bacterial diversity and community richness, and increase wheat yield, providing a theoretical basis for rational fertilization and high and stable yield of crops in the Yellow River floodplain agricultural system.
This study investigated the effects of coconut coir mulching on wheat growth, soil physical and chemical properties, and bacterial community structure in saline-alkali environments, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for wheat cultivation under such conditions. Using ‘Yangmai 29’ as the test material, a field experiment was conducted with four treatments, including blank control (no fertilization, rice straw removed from the field), conventional control [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm2, jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm2, rice straw removed from the field], straw cover [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm2, jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm2, rice straw cover thickness 2 cm], and coconut coir cover [base application of compound fertilizer (15:15:15) 600 kg/hm2, jointing fertilizer urea 300 kg/hm2, coconut coir cover thickness 2 cm]. The effects of coconut coir mulching on wheat yield, soil physical chemical properties, and soil bacterial community structure were analyzed. The results demonstrated that coconut coir mulching significantly reduced soil water evaporation, thereby mitigating surface salt accumulation. It enhanced soil nutrient availability and organic matter content, and the contents of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter were 4.44%, 2.26%, 1.22% and 4.51% higher than those of the conventional control, respectively. At the same time, the soil structure was significantly improved. Compared with the conventional control treatment, the emergence rate (31.57%) and yield (11.54 %) of wheat were significantly increased under coir mulching treatment, showing a significant effect of controlling alkali and inhibiting salt. In addition, the coconut coir mulching treatment changed the soil bacterial community structure, significantly increased the abundance of plant growth promoting bacteria (GPA) with nitrogen fixation function, and reduced the abundance of some functional bacterial groups (FBA, CTA) that may be involved in denitrification and other processes, thus potentially improving the nitrogen fixation capacity of the soil. In summary, coconut coir mulching is a feasible agricultural measure to effectively improve saline-alkali soil and promote wheat yield, and has important application prospects.
To explore the effects and mechanisms of biochar and nitrification inhibitors on the emission of main reactive nitrogen gases (NH3 and N2O) in protected vegetable cultivation soil, soil from vegetable greenhouses in Zhejiang was collected, and a pot experiment was conducted using a closed chamber-gas chromatography method to observe the impacts of straw biochar and nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) on soil N2O and NH3 emissions during crop growth. Five treatments were set up for the experiment, including CK (control), urea (N), urea + nitrification inhibitor (N+DMPP), urea + biochar (N+C), and urea + biochar + nitrification inhibitor (N+C+DMPP). The results showed that the cumulative N2O emission of the N treatment was 16.69 mg N/m2, and that of the N+C treatment was 14.73 mg N/m2, indicating that biochar reduced the cumulative N2O loss in vegetable field soil by approximately 11.74%. The cumulative N2O emissions of the N+DMPP, N+C+DMPP, and CK treatments were 8.36, 2.82 and 2.58 mg N/m2, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the N treatment. DMPP inhibited nitrification by suppressing the growth and reproduction of AOB (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria), thereby reducing the cumulative N2O loss from the nitrification process. The cumulative ammonia volatilization in the soil of the N+C treatment was 45.08 kg N/hm2, 59.75% higher than that of the N treatment, and the N+C+DMPP treatment was 24.24% higher than the N treatment. There was no significant difference in ammonia volatilization between the single DMPP addition and the N treatment. The number of nosZ genes in the biochar and nitrification inhibitor combined treatment was 80% higher than that in the single application, indicating that the combined application significantly enhanced soil denitrification, which was conducive to the reduction of N2O to N2. Considering the global warming potential (GWP) caused by direct N2O emissions and indirect N2O emissions from ammonia volatilization, the N+C treatment reduced N2O emissions but promoted ammonia volatilization, thereby increasing its GWP. In the protected vegetable cultivation system, compared with single application measures, the combined application of 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and biochar can more significantly inhibit greenhouse gas emissions during soil nitrogen transformation, showing the best GWP reduction effect during the critical fertilization period, providing an efficient and feasible technical path for achieving green and low-carbon production in protected agriculture.
The effects of different conditions, including chloride salt solution concentration, cyclic water absorption-drying, and evaporation on the long-term water absorption-release performance and water retention of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) were investigated, to provide a basis for the evaluation of the applicability of SAP in saline environments. Using four polyacrylic SAPs (18, 60, 120 and 200 mesh), we conducted standard water absorption test, six cycles of drying-rehydration tests, and the water retention tests under different evaporation conditions to evaluate their water absorption-release capacity, salt tolerance and water retention. The results showed that as chloride salt solution concentration increased, the water absorption ratio of all SAPs decreased. In deionized water, the 60-mesh SAP exhibited the highest absorption ratio (602.0 g/g), but its salt tolerance was poor, at 2000 mg/L salt concentration, absorption dropped to 112.7 g/g (a reduction of 81.3%). The water absorption ratio of 120-200 mesh SAPs was only 53%-66.8% of the 60 mesh SAP in deionized water, but their salt tolerance was superior, indicating a negative correlation between particle size and salt tolerance. After six drying-rehydration cycles, the 60 mesh SAP still retained 90.1% of its initial absorption capacity, while the 200 mesh SAP showed the poorest durability, only 55.7%. Under 60°C constant temperature and natural evaporation (indoor/outdoor), water retention declined linearly. No significant relationship was observed between water retention and salt concentration, nor were there significant differences among the four SAPs.The comprehensive analysis suggested that 18-60 mesh SAPs were more suitable for environments with salt solution concentrations ≤450mg/L, while 120-200 mesh SAPs perform better at 450-2000 mg/L. The 60 mesh SAP had the best comprehensive performance, balancing high water absorption and retention stability. These findings provided practical data support for the feasibility of SAPs in saline-alkali soil remediation.
The problem of global soil salinization is becoming increasingly serious, leading to the decline of soil productivity, inhibition of plant growth, threats to food security, and economic losses. Consequently, it poses a significant threat to agricultural production and ecological balance. Due to its unique properties such as expansibility, high water absorption and ion exchange, bentonite water-retaining agent has shown great potential in improving saline-alkali land. It can enhance soil aggregate structure, reduce soil bulk density, regulate water and salt migration, reduce salt accumulation on the surface and mitigate the soil hardening caused by salinization. Moreover, it provides a more favorable growth environment for soil microorganisms and plants. Therefore, it is considered as a promising material for soil remediation. In this study, the literature related to bentonite water-retaining agent retrieved from Web of Science and CNKI was systematically analyzed using bibliometric methods. Specifically, the structural characteristics of bentonite water-retaining agent and its effects on water and salt migration in saline soils were summarized. In addition, the application outcomes of bentonite water-retaining agent in improving soil structure, enhancing nutrient utilization efficiency, promoting microbial activity and increasing crop yield were evaluated. Furthermore the potential applications and limitations of bentonite water-retaining agent were discussed. The results showed that bentonite water-retaining agent could increase the stability of soil aggregates in saline-alkali soil by 15%-30%, and the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by crops by 20%-40%. The bentonite water-retaining agent has significant synergistic advantages of ‘water absorption-salt suppression-ecological friendliness' and is a potential material for saline-alkali land improvement. Future research can focus on the composite modification and multi-functional synergistic application of bentonite water retaining agent to further improve its water retention, salt regulation and nutrient synergistic regulation ability, in order to provide theoretical support for low-cost, environmentally friendly improvement and sustainable agricultural development of saline-alkali land.
Flue-cured tobacco planting is highly sensitive to climatic conditions. In order to make rational use of climatic resources and explore the influence of climatic factors on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, this study carried out the climatic suitability regionalization of flue-cured tobacco in Yuxi area, aiming to provide scientific support for the optimization of flue-cured tobacco planting layout. Based on conventional meteorological observation data and geographic information data from towns across Yuxi, and its unique climatic conditions and the actual production situation of its tobacco-growing areas, the evaluation indicators for climatic suitability were screened and their weights were determined using the Delphi method and an objective weighting method. Membership function models for different climate indicators were established using fuzzy mathematics statistics. On the GIS platform, meteorological elements were spatialized, and a fine-grid calculation model was comprehensively applied to quantitatively estimate the values of the climatic suitability evaluation indicators, thereby achieving refined climatic zoning that reflects the suitability of flue-cured tobacco cultivation in Yuxi. The results indicated that the most suitable areas for tobacco cultivation were mainly distributed in the central-west and northeast parts of Yuxi, centered on the urban district; suitable planting areas were primarily located in the central, northern, and southwestern border regions; less suitable areas were scattered across all counties and districts of Yuxi; unsuitable areas were relatively concentrated, mainly in low-altitude areas of the Yuanjiang to Xinping river valley and the western border region of Xinping County, the east part of Yimen County, the central part of Huaning County, and the high-altitude north part of Yuxi’s urban district. The fine-grid calculation model for each zoning indicator demonstrated high accuracy, with a spatial resolution of 30 m × 30 m. The zoning results showed strong agreement with the current distribution of flue-cured tobacco planting in Yuxi, providing a scientific basis for the region to respond to future climate change and optimize the layout of tobacco cultivation zones.
This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity and mechanism of honokiol against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc). This experiment used Pcc as the test strain and honokiol as the test compound, to determine the antibacterial effect of honokiol against Pcc using the inhibition zone method and turbidimetric method, and explored its antibacterial mechanism by testing cell wall integrity, cell membrane integrity and permeability, and respiratory activity. The results of the antibacterial experiment showed that the inhibition zone diameter of 10 mg/mL honokiol was 23.71±0.86 mm, and its minimum inhibitory concentration value was 0.0156 mg/mL. After honokiol treatment, extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence intensity, extracellular nucleic acid leakage, and protein leakage increased significantly (P<0.05), whereas cell membrane potential and total ATPase (T-ATPase) activity decreased significantly (P<0.05).These results indicated that honokiol exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Pcc by disrupting cell wall and membrane structures, increasing membrane permeability, and inhibiting respiratory function.
Root knot nematodes have a wide host range, spread rapidly, and difficult to control, posing a serious threat to the cultivation of Codonopsis pilosula. It is urgent to establish an efficient comprehensive control system. This study reviews the current harm status and latest research progress in prevention and control techniques of root knot nematode disease in Codonopsis pilosula, with a focus on the application of agricultural, physical, chemical, and biological pest control methods in agricultural production. The review found that agricultural control is the key to effectively implementing other control measures in the prevention and control of root knot nematodes, chemical control is the main measure, and biological control is gradually becoming a widely used control method. A comprehensive prevention and control scheme for root knot nematode disease of Codonopsis pilosula was proposed. The scheme includes: (1) implementing a scientific farming system and a reasonable crop rotation pattern; (2) breeding and promoting disease resistant varieties; (3) apply chemical pesticides accurately and efficiently; (4) cooperate with the application of effective biological agents. This scheme can provide reference for the prevention and control of root knot nematode disease.
This study aims to compare the in vitro antioxidant capacities of four commercially available natural plant extracts, namely isochlorogenic acid, tannic acid, curcumin, and β-carotene, and to clarify their antioxidant activities and effectiveness. Using above four natural extracts as test materials, antioxidant-related indicators were evaluated through free radical scavenging assays, reduction capacity measurements and a red blood cell oxidative stress model. The test results showed that the DPPH radical scavenging rates were 60.91% for isochlorogenic acid, 82.87% for tannic acid, 65.11% for curcumin, and 6.23% for β-carotene when the concentration of natural plant extract was 100 μg / mL. The FRAP value of isochlorogenic acid was the highest, reaching 1096.89 μmol Fe2+/mL. In the red blood cell oxidative stress model, compared with the AAPH model group, the hemolysis rates in the isochlorogenic acid, tannic acid, and curcumin groups were significantly decreased by 42.66% (P<0.05), 68.48% (P<0.05), and 33.29% (P<0.05), respectively; and the MDA contents were significantly decreased by 52.88% (P<0.05), 60.90% (P<0.05), 47.28% (P<0.05), and 4.01% (P<0.05), respectively. The SOD activity in the tannic acid group was significantly increased by 45.09% (P<0.05), while the isochlorogenic acid, curcumin, and β-carotene groups were increased by 8.41% (P>0.05), 3.98% (P>0.05), and 6.65% (P>0.05), respectively, with no significant differences. In summary, all four natural plant extracts showed good in vitro antioxidant activities, and the order of their antioxidant capacities from strong to weak was: tannic acid > isochlorogenic acid > curcumin > β-carotene.
In order to understand and analyze the differences in Amadori compounds in different tobacco, different types of tobacco (flue-cured tobacco, oriental tobacco, burley tobacco) and different flavor types of tobacco leaves were selected, and the content of 22 Amadori compounds and their parent compounds were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering and amino acid automatic analyzer. The results showed that the content of Amadori compounds in different tobacco varied greatly and was closely related to the content of their parent compounds. The total amount of Amadori compounds in tobacco is about 2.42% of the dry weight, about 1.70% in oriental tobacco, and about 0.136% in burley tobacco. The total amount of Amadori compounds in the fresh flavor type tobacco is about 1.25 times that of the intermediate flavor type and about 1.5 times that of the strong flavor type. The total amount of Amadori compounds in tobacco stems is about 1.5 times that of the corresponding tobacco leaves. This study provides data support for the detection of Amadori compound and Maillard reaction research in different types of tobacco and different flavor types of tobacco leaves.
This study aims to systematically investigate research trends and knowledge architecture in the field of soil fauna. Based on the Web of Science Core Collection database, a comprehensive retrieval of relevant literature published between 2000 and 2024 was conducted. Bibliometric analysis was performed on 7106 selected publications using CiteSpace 6.2.R4 to identify the evolutionary trajectory and frontier hotspots in this domain. The results revealed a consistent upward trend in annual publication output. Research on soil fauna encompasses 116 disciplinary fields, including soil science, ecology, and environmental science, forming 14 interdisciplinary clusters. The research focus has evolved from fundamental ecological functions to responses to climate change, and further to soil health and pollution remediation. Under the context of global change, future research priorities are likely to include quantifying the physiological adaptation thresholds of soil fauna, elucidating the ecotoxicological mechanisms of multi-media co-contaminants, developing ‘soil fauna-microbe-plant’ synergistic remediation technologies, and leveraging the potential of artificial intelligence integrated with multi-source data mining.
The aims of this study were to investigate the growth performance, coloration, blood biochemical indicators, and nutritional quality differences among the hybrid combinations of four selective lines of Oujiang color common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. color) with different body colors and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and to provide a theoretical foundation for development of the complete set lines breeding in common carp and the further germplasm utilization in Oujiang color common carp. A nested breeding design was employed to construct hybrid combinations by using the four selective lines of Oujiang color common carp with different body colors ("Quanhong," "Mahua," "Fenyu," and "Fenhua") as the female parents and wild common carp as the male parent. The growth performance of the hybrid offspring was evaluated by the same pool polyculture marker, and the countable traits of the external morphology were counted. The number and size of pigment cells were assessed using microscopic observation method, and the expression profiles of the color-related genes were tested using fluorescence quantitative PCR technology. The blood biochemical indices under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions were measured with an automatic biochemical analyzer. The amino acid composition and content in dorsal muscles were measured by an amino acid automatic analyzer, and fatty acid profiles and contents were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The hybrid combination of "Fenyu"♀ × common carp♂ exhibited significant growth advantages, with significantly higher of the final weight, absolute growth rate and specific growth rate than the other combinations (P<0.05) and with the lowest coefficient of variation in body weight and the highest survival rate. No significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in the 12 countable morphological traits across the four hybrid combinations. All hybrids exhibited gray coloration which was similar to the male parent, but the "Fenyu"♀ × common carp♂ combination had the significantly highest number of melanocytes and the fewest number of erythrophore (P<0.05) compared to the other combinations. The expression levels of two melanogenesis-related genes (Tyrp1, Slc24a5) and two carotenoid-related genes (Bco1, Scarb1) did not show significant differences (P>0.05) among the skin tissues of the four hybrid combinations. The obvious fluctuation was observed in relative blood biochemical indices among the four hybrid combinations under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions; however, the "Fenyu"♀ × common carp♂ combination exhibited notably higher survival rates under hypoxic stress than the other combinations. The six key flavor amino acids contributed more than 46% of the total amino acids in the four combinations, and the "Quanhong"♀ × common carp♂ combination showed significantly higher crude fat content and total DHA + EPA levels than the other combinations (P<0.05). The "Fenyu" selective line of Oujiang color common carp exhibits strong compatibility and maternal effects in hybridization, and is a good genetic material for conducting the complete set lines breeding in common carp.
To investigate the characteristics of the plankton community structure in Guangrong Reservoir in Neijiang City, Sichuan Province, and to propose suggestions for improving the fisheries ecology of the reservoir, plankton samples were collected from the reservoir in October 2020 and June 2021, and the collected samples were identified, classified, and counted. The community structure was analyzed by Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Margalef richness index and Pielou evenness index, and the fish productivity was estimated by ecological model. A total of 86 species of phytoplankton belonging to 8 phyla were identified during the two surveys, with an average density of 2.77×108 ind./L and an average biomass of 19.7 mg/L. Among them, cyanobacteria had a higher density, with dominant species including Pseudanabaena, Nitzschia linearis, and Cryptomonas erosa. A total of 39 species of zooplankton were identified, with an average density of 5493.7 ind./L and an average biomass of 5.768 mg/L. Rotifers and protozoa had higher densities, with dominant species being Polyarthra trigla and Trichocerca pusilla. Diversity index analysis results showed that the average Shannon-Wiener diversity index for phytoplankton was 0.98, and was 2.16 for zooplankton. The average Margalef richness index for phytoplankton was 3.09, and was 2.72 for zooplankton. The average Pielou evenness index for phytoplankton was 0.24, and was 0.69 for zooplankton. Based on the density and biomass of plankton, the fish productivity of Guangrong Reservoir was estimated to be approximately 87.52 tons. The study indicated that the water quality of Guangrong Reservoir is generally at the level of medium to heavy pollution. To ensure the survival rate of released fish species, it is recommended to release 47000 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and 11000 Aristichthys nobilis, along with some benthic and detritus-feeding fish species, thereby effectively slowing down or controlling eutrophication in the water body and providing certain economic benefits.
