Wheat is one of the important food crops. Due to global warming and changes in farming patterns, wheat planting and production processes are facing frequent diseases, insects and weeds damage, which pose a major threat to wheat yield and quality. Plant growth regulators, as substances that control plant growth and improve yield and quality, have been widely used in crop production. However, there are relatively few studies on the application of plant growth regulators in wheat production through basal application. To explore the effects of different plant growth regulators on wheat seed germination, seedling growth and yield, this study selected three plant growth regulators of mepiquat chloride, choline chloride and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, and used the basal application method to study their effects on wheat. The results showed that the three plant growth regulators had significant (P≤0.05) effects on the germination potential and germination rate of wheat seeds, and had different promotion effects on the growth of wheat seedlings. When wheat was treated with 30 mg/L mepiquat chloride, 20 mg/L choline chloride and 4 mg/L diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, plant height, root length, stem and leaf fresh weight and root fresh weight were significantly increased. Meanwhile, in the field experiment, the results showed that the treatment of wheat with 75 g (ai)/hm2 mepiquat chloride, 30 g (ai)/hm2 choline chloride and 30 g (ai)/hm2 diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate had a significant effect on wheat seedlings, and the three plant growth regulators had different degrees of improvement on wheat yield.
A comprehensive analysis of the parental lineage composition of the ‘Hedou’ series of soybean varieties was conducted to provide scientific guidance for parental selection in soybean breeding research. Using 20 ‘Hedou’ series soybean varieties as materials, lineage diagrams and genetic contribution value statistics were employed to explore their parental types, hybridization patterns, and the genetic contributions of nuclear and cytoplasmic ancestor parents. The results indicated that all ‘Hedou’ series soybean varieties were developed through hybridization, primarily utilizing two combination modes: ‘cultivated variety × cultivated variety’ and ‘cultivated variety × high-generation line’. The direct parents of the ‘Hedou’ series included 22 varieties, primarily sourced from Shandong, Henan and Beijing. The nuclear ancestor parents of the ‘Hedou’ series soybean varieties numbered 42, with an average of 2.1 nuclear genetic ancestor parents per variety, and the highest nuclear genetic contribution came from ‘Binhaidabaihua’. There were 4 cytoplasmic ancestral parents of ‘Hedou’ series soybean varieties, with ‘Binhaidabaihua’ having the highest genetic contribution rate. The backbone parents of the ‘Hedou’ series soybean varieties primarily included ‘Zhonghuang 13’, ‘He 84-5’, ‘Hedou No.12’, and ‘Hedou No.20’, with ‘Zhonghuang 13’ serving as the direct parent for 5 derived varieties. The ‘Hedou’ series soybean varieties exhibited a rich nuclear genetic basis but a narrower cytoplasmic genetic basis. Future breeding efforts should optimize parental selection and enhance germplasm innovation. ‘Zhonghuang 13’ and ‘Hedou No.12’ are important backbone parents for soybean variety selection and should be prioritized for use. This study provides important theoretical support and practical guidance for soybean breeding.
In order to preliminarily clarify the application effects of biochar and different urea, providing theoretical basis for the rational application of biochar and urea in purple soil in southwestern arid areas, this paper explores the effects of biochar combined with different urea on soil nutrient, soil respiration, and rapeseed yield. Taking purple soil in arid land as the research object, three kinds of urea, including common urea (UR), slow release urea (RU) and 60% common urea+40% slow release urea (40% RU) were set, and biochar with mass fraction of 0% (C0) and 2% (C1) was added in each pot respectively. The soil nutrient content, soil respiration and rape yield were measured after 233 days. The results indicated that soils nutrient status was significantly improved by the addition of biochar on different urea, with the best treatment being 40% RUC1. Compared with 40%RUC0, the organic matter content, total N, K and alkeline-N in 40%RUC1 were significantly increased by 9.31 g/kg, 0.08 g/kg, 0.19 g/kg and 4.43 mg/kg respectively. Compared with urea, biochar was the main effect factor of soil respiration. After adding biochar under the three urea treatments, the soil carbon flux was increased in each growth period, and the increase of RU was the smallest, while the average soil carbon flux during the growing period of 40%RU was lowest. The number of effective pods, number of grains per pod, thousand-seed weight and yield were increased under the combination of biochar with UR and 40%RU, and 40%RUC1 was the best treatment, while the yield factors and yield of rapeseed under the combination of biochar with RU treatment were decreased compared to RU treatment. Considering the improvement of soil nutrient status, reduction of carbon emissions and promotion of rapeseed yield, 2% biochar with 40%RU are suitable for large-scale application in rapeseed cultivation for purple soil in southwest dryland.
Landscape plants can intercept and retain atmospheric dust, which are important filters for purifying the city. In order to address the pollution issues of TSP and PM2.5, an experiment was taken using Rizhao Botanical Garden as the research object. Through the determination of the concentration of TSP and PM2.5 in the park and the survey of plant groups, it quantitatively analyzed the reduction effects of different plant groups on the concentration of TSP and PM2.5, the diurnal and seasonal changes of TSP and PM2.5 concentrations, the relationship between the changes of TSP and PM2.5 concentrations and the characteristics of plant communities, and the changes of heavy metals in PM2.5 under different populations. The results showed that: (1) the effect of plant population structure on the reduction of TSP and PM2.5 in different seasons was significantly different. However, the order was consistent as Weigela florida ‘Red Prince’> Ligustrum compactum> Platanus orientalis> Fraxinus pennsylvanica> Prunus lannesiana ‘Hatzakura’> grassland. In summer, the highest reduction rates of TSP and PM2.5 were 21.2% and 36.5%, respectively, in the pure forest of the W. florida ‘Red Prince’ belt. (2) The diurnal variation of TSP and PM2.5 concentrations showed a “W” pattern, which gradually decreased from 8:00 to 16:00, then began to rise, reached a small peak at 20:00, then decreased, and gradually increased after 24:00. The seasonal variation rule was that the concentrations of TSP and PM2.5 were the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. (3) The concentrations of TSP and PM2.5 in summer were significantly positively correlated with tree canopy density, average height and planting density. (4) The total mass concentration of 12 heavy metals in summer was grassland (813.2 ng/m3)> pure forest of P. lannesiana ‘Hatzakura’ (754.2 ng/m3)> F. pennsylvanica (724.5 ng/m3)> P. orientalis (658.9 ng/m3)> L. compactum (626.7 ng/m3)> W. florida ‘Red Prince’ (587.2 ng/m3), the changes in heavy metal concentration and PM2.5 concentration were basically consistent. The mass concentration of Zn and Pb was the highest, and the mass concentration of Cd, Ni, V and Co was relatively low. The conclusion is that the W. florida ‘Red Prince’ pure forest has a strong effect on reducing TSP and PM2.5, and the heavy metal content in PM2.5 is low. It can be used as an effective pure forest structure to improve urban air quality and reduce TSP and PM2.5 concentrations.
This study investigated the effects of proportional fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and photosynthetic physiology in Carya cathayensis seedlings to provide technical guidance for fertilization management during seedlings cultivation. Using an L9(34) orthogonal experiment design with non-fertilization as control, three fertilization factors (N, P, K) were applied on May 12, 2023. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and photosynthetic physiological indices were measured on August 17, followed by comprehensive evaluation of different treatments. Fertilization significantly increased the chlorophyll (a+b) content and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). The T3 treatment (urea 32.61 g/plant, calcium superphosphate 333.33 g/plant, potassium chloride 129.04 g/plant) achieved the highest Pn [16.59 μmol/(m2·s)]. The T4 treatment (urea 65.22 g/plant, calcium superphosphate 83.33 g/plant, potassium chloride 64.52 g/plant) showed the highest transpiration rate [Tr=7.49 mmol/(m2·s)], significantly exceeding the control. All fertilization formulas significantly improved photochemical efficiency [Y(Ⅱ)], photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm). The T1 treatment (urea 32.61 g/plant, calcium superphosphate 83.33 g/plant, potassium chloride 64.52 g/plant) yielded the highest Y (Ⅱ) (0.53), and CK, T7 treatment was the lowest (0.49). T5 (urea 65.22 g/plant, calcium superphosphate 166.66 g/plant, potassium chloride 129.04 g/plant) achieved peak qP (0.79). The T8 treatment showed maximum NPQ (0.99), and T3 attained the highest Fv/Fm (0.81). Strong positive correlations were observed between Pn and both Tr (P<0.01) and Y(Ⅱ) (P<0.01). Based on membership function analysis, T3 demonstrated optimal fertilization effects, exerting the greatest influence on photosynthetic characteristics.
6 introduced rare Camellia plants were observed and evaluated comprehensively for a period of 4 years, in order to provide a reference for the future conservation and introduction of rare Camellia plants, as well as the development, utilization and propagation of landscape appreciation, tea and food production. 6 introduced species of rare Camellia (C. cucphuongensis, C. flava, C. calcicola ‘Juanhong’, C. rubriflora, C. longissima, C. zhaiana) were used as test materials to observe the phenological phase, growth characteristic and ecological adaptability, as well as to carry out grafting propagation and cultivation tests. Based on the analytic hierarchy process, 6 species of Camellia plants introduced from Vietnam, Longzhou and Longan were comprehensively evaluated in terms of morphological characteristics, ecological habits and utilization value. C. calcicola ‘Juanhong’, C. rubriflora, C. cucphuongensis all showed better growth adaptability, when the minimum outdoor temperature was -2℃, the plants and leaves grew normally without freezing phenomenon. At the high temperature of 38℃ in summer, it showed more vitality and no burning phenomenon. However, under high temperature, the leaf edge of the young leaves of C. flava and C. longissima was easy to burn and became yellow and withered. C. calcicola ‘Juanhong’, C. rubriflora, C. cucphuongensis had strong reproductive ability. After 18 months of transplanting, the grafted seedlings showed good growth performance, the height, ground diameter, crown width and leaf number of C. calcicola ‘Juanhong’ were the largest, indicating that it had the best growth adaptability and was suitable for growth in Nanning. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a hierarchy analysis model was constructed for the 6 introduced rare Camellia species based on 13 indicators directly related to the introduction goals and adaptability evaluation, including morphological characteristics, ecological habits, and utilization value. A 5-point scoring system was established to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the adaptability of the 6 introduced Camellia species. The overall score in descending order was: C. calcicola ‘Juanhong’ (4.970 points)> C. rubriflora (4.589 points)> C. cucphuongensis (3.863 points)> C. zhaiana (3.561 points)> C. flava (3.028 points)> C. longissima (3.008). C. calcicola ‘Juanhong’, C. rubriflora and C. cucphuongensis were suitable for cultivation and application in Nanning, while C. zhaiana, C. flava and C. longissima need further introduction and domestication.
In this study, the effects of two different reflective films and bagging treatments on fruit quality in the upper, middle and lower canopy of orchard were studied. The results showed as follows. (1) The fruit coloration area was significantly improved by covering the ground with reflective film and bagging, and the fruit coloration area was significantly increased by 158% in the lower crown fruits treated with reflective film and bagging. The color area of the lower canopy fruit treated with silver-black reflective mulch+ bagging was significantly increased by 75.01% compared with that treated with bagging alone. (2) The total phenol content of fruit in upper crown and flavonoid content in middle crown were significantly increased by the treatment of ground-covered fruit enhanced reflective film and bagging. Both the ground-covered fruit enhanced reflective film+ bagging treatment and the silver-black reflective film+ bagging treatment can increase the contents of anthocyanins and soluble solids in the middle crown fruits, and the contents of glucose and fructose in the lower crown fruits, while reducing the kernel hardness of the lower crown fruits. The contents of malic acid and citric acid were significantly reduced by silver-black reflective mulch and bagging treatment, but the two treatments had no significant effects on single fruit weight, kernel weight, longitudinal diameter, peel thickness, ascorbic acid, sucrose and tartaric acid. (3) Compared with silver-black reflective film+ bagging treatment, fruit enhanced reflective film+ bagging treatment can significantly increase the total phenol content of upper crown fruits, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents of middle crown fruits, glucose and fructose contents of lower crown fruits, reduce the grain hardness of lower crown fruits, and promote the fruit coloring of lower crown fruits. Silver-black reflective mulch film+ bagging treatment only had a better treatment effect on malic acid and citric acid than fruit enhanced reflective film+ bagging treatment. In summary, the fruit enhanced reflective film+ bagging treatment has the best effect, and can become an effective means to promote the improvement of fruit quality in production.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature stress on Lactuca sativa var. ramosa in prefabricated solar greenhouse, with a view to laying the foundation for the high quality cultivation of facility vegetables and improving the level of environmental regulation and management. L. sativa var. ramosa was used as the test material, and four temperature treatment groups (5, 10, 15, 23℃) were set up during the seedling stage. Each temperature treatment group was treated for 3, 6 and 9 d respectively. The effects of different treatments on plant height, fresh weight, water content, leaf number and leaf area during the growth were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the longer the treatment days, the more significant the difference on plant height and fresh weight caused by different temperatures. Among them, T923 (23℃ treatment for 9 days) showed the most significant growth in culture, with plant height 127%, 86.98%, 72.60%, and fresh weight 104%, 79.25%, 60.16% higher than T95 (5℃ treatment for 9 days), T910 (10℃ treatment for 9 days), T915(15℃ treatment for 9 days) at maturity, respectively. (2) Under the condition of 3 d treatment, the difference of water content at four temperature levels was not obvious, but under the condition of 6 and 9 d treatments, 5, 10, 15℃ treatments had different degrees of inhibition. (3) The leaf number at four temperature levels was not significantly different under the conditions of 3 and 6 d treatments, and increased by 3 to 4 times in the mature stage. Under the condition of 9 d treatment, the leaf number at lower temperatures (5, 10, 15℃) was significantly less than 23℃. The mature stage only increased by 2.3-2.6 times compared to the initial stage of cultivation. (4) For leaf area, there was no significant difference among the four temperature levels under 3 d treatment conditions. While under 6 and 9 d treatments conditions, the leaf area at 23℃ was significantly higher than that at lower temperatures (5, 10, 15℃). Among them, the maturity period under the 6 d treatment was 119%, 86.25%, 71.46% higher than that under the 5, 10, 15℃ treatments. While under the condition of 9 d treatment, it was 174%, 143%, 113% higher, respectively. Research has shown that the plant height, fresh weight, water content, leaf number and leaf area could be significantly improved by pretreatment at 23℃ for 9 d during the seedling stage. Temperature below 15℃ for more than 3 d is not conducive to the growth and development of L. sativa var. ramosa.
Selenium deficiency is a common issue in China’s arable land. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of aminopolysaccharide selenium water-soluble fertilizer (ASe) and organic selenium-rich phytonutrient (ZSe) on the growth performance and selenium fortification of quinoa greens (Chenopodium quinoa ‘Huai quinoa 1’). Different concentrations of ASe and ZSe were applied via foliar spraying to assess their impact on the growth and nutritional composition of quinoa greens. The results showed that under the 4.50 L/hm2 ASe treatment, the fresh weight, dry weight and yield of quinoa greens reached their maximum, with yield increasing by 23.46% compared to the control (CK). Appropriate concentrations of selenium significantly enhanced the relative chlorophyll content as well as the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels. Foliar application of exogenous selenium significantly increased the soluble sugar, protein, and selenium content in quinoa greens, although nitrate levels also rose. Fuzzy membership function analysis indicated that an ASe concentration of 3.75 L/hm2 had the best overall effect on improving the quality of quinoa greens. In conclusion, applying appropriate concentration of ASe could significantly enhance the growth performance, quality, and selenium fortification of quinoa greens, offering great potential for widespread application.
The paper aims to simplify the factory seedling rearing procedure of a new variety of Dendrobium officinale ‘Minghu No.5’ and shorten the seedling rearing time. Using stem segment as explants, L9(34) orthogonal test was used to research the effects of hormones (6-BA, NAA), additives (banana puree, activated carbon AC) on the one-step seedling growth of D. officinale ‘Minghu No.5’. The results showed that the medium suitable for the one-step seedling growth of D. officinale ‘Minghu No.5’ was 1/2MS+ 6-BA 3 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L+ banana puree 50 g/L+ AC 1 g/L, after 120 days of inoculation, the proliferation coefficient of buds reached 2.85, and the average plant height of seedlings was 9.00 cm, stem diameter was 6.10 mm, leaf length was 4.50 cm, leaf width was 1.07 cm, leaf number was 5.33, root number was 6.00, root length was 6.70 cm, individual plant weight was 0.78 g. The range analysis results showed that the primary and secondary relationship of the four factors on the proliferation of ‘Minghu No.5’ was 6-BA> NAA> AC> banana puree. The inter-subject effect test showed that the four factors had extremely significant effects on the growth rate, stem segment proliferation coefficient, germination rate and bud proliferation coefficient of one-step seedlings (P<0.01). 6-BA was the main factor affecting the growth rate of one-step seedlings, and NAA was the main factor affecting the growth rate of one-step seedlings, stem proliferation coefficient and bud proliferation rate. This study could provide technical reference for factory seedling cultivation of D. officinale and other new varieties.
Taraxacum mongolicum is an important medicinal and edible perennial herb. T. grypodon is widely distributed in Linzhi, Tibet. The research aims to study the contents of flavonoids, polysaccharides, tannins, lignin and other chemical components in the roots and leaves of T. grypodon at different growth periods, which are closely related to its medicinal and edible quality, and provide important guiding significance for the efficient utilization of dandelions resources in Tibet. Taking the whole herb of T. grypodon at different growth stages distributed in four areas of Linzhi as the research materials, contents of total flavonoids, polysaccharides, tannins and lignin in the leaves and roots were measured and analyzed respectively. The results showed that: (1) The flavonoid content in the leaves was 72.83-162.93 mg/g, and that in the roots was 12.73-34.32 mg/g. The flavonoid content in the leaves was significantly higher than that in the roots (P<0.05). The flavonoids mainly accumulated in the leaves and showed significant changes with the growth period. (2) The total sugar content of leaves at different growth stages was 26.26-81.09 mg/g, and that in the roots was 243.08-528.08 mg/g. The total sugar content in the roots was significantly higher than that in the leaves (P<0.05), and the change trends of the total sugar content in the roots and leaves were opposite under different growth periods. (3) The reducing sugar content in the leaves was 13.73-63.38 mg/g, while that in the roots was 44.61-122.2 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that in the leaves. (4) The polysaccharide content in the leaves was 12.53-35.56 mg/g, with no significant difference at different growth stages. The polysaccharide content in the roots was 141.35-483.46 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that in the leaves. (5) The tannin content in the leaves was 18.99-49.74 mg/g, and that in the roots was 6.35-16.88 mg/g. The tannin content in leaves was significantly higher than that in the roots (P<0.05), and there were significant differences in the tannin content at different growth stages. (6) The lignin content in the leaves was 58.68-104.93 mg/g, and that in the roots was 72.90-139.92 mg/g. The lignin content in the roots was higher than that in the leaves, but the difference was not significant. Therefore, flavonoids and tannins of T. grypodon in Linzhi mainly accumulate in the leaves, and the leaves are its main medicinal tissues. The change rules of flavonoids and tannins contents are similar at different growth periods of the plants. On the contrary, saccharides mainly accumulate in the root tissues, and the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, and polysaccharide are all the lowest during the fruiting stage. Lignin content in the leaves is less than 10%, and there is little difference at different growth stages. T. grypodon is a superior medicinal and edible plant resource with high flavonoid and polysaccharide content, but low tannin and lignin content. In order to maximize the economic effect, the leaf and root tissues should be collected separately according to demand during harvest.
The paper aims to investigate the characteristics and driving mechanisms of soil fauna communities in different urban forest types. In this study, 27 samples of three forest types (road forest, affiliated forest, and landscape forest) were selected in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, and the vegetation characteristics, soil physicochemical properties and soil fauna distribution characteristics were investigated and measured. A total of 1755 soil fauna were captured in this study, belonging to 21 orders and 11 phyla in 2 families, among which the dominant taxa were 3 groups of Collembola, Parasitiformes and Acariformes; the common taxa were Archaeopteryx, Sphingidae, Diptera, Symphyta, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera; the remaining 12 taxa were rare and very few in number. Among all forest types, the highest density of soil fauna was found in road forest with 5742 individuals/m2, followed by affiliated forest and landscape forest with densities of 1979 and 1978 individuals/m2, respectively, and the soil fauna evenness index and richness index of road forest were significantly lower than those of landscape forest and affiliated forest. Vegetation characteristics and soil physicochemical properties had significant correlation with soil fauna diversity, and soil fauna Shannon’s diversity index was significantly and positively correlated with soil available phosphorus, tree height, diameter at breast height and crown width, but Pielou homogeneity index and Menhinnick richness index were both negatively correlated with pH, electrical conductivity and bulk density. Although the density of soil fauna in road forest was the highest, the species richness was the lowest, and the variation in vegetation characteristics was the key factor that led to the difference in soil fauna among different forest types.
Soil fertility significantly influences soil respiration rate and carbon emission in farmland ecosystem. The study took four soils with different fertility levels as influencing factors, and they were named F1, F2, F3 and F4 according to fertility from low to high. The research focused on the change patterns of soil respiration rate (including microbial respiration rate, root respiration rate and total respiration rate) and their relationships with soil moisture and temperature during growth periods of rapeseed. The characteristics of soil respiration under different fertility conditions were elucidated. Correlation analysis showed that soil respiration rates were positively correlated with soil moisture and temperature, and highly significant correlations observed between microbial respiration rate, total respiration rate and moisture, temperature. The results indicated that soil moisture, temperature and soil respiration rates exhibited an increasing trend during the growth period of rapeseed, and the specific performance was: seedling stage (bud stage) < flowering stage (pod stage). The soil moisture, temperature and soil respiration rates were higher in F4 compared to the other three fertility levels, with soil respiration rates reaching a significant level. Total carbon emissions from F4 were the highest, being 71.83%, 43.35% and 25.98% higher than those from F1, F2, and F3, respectively. Additionally, the yield of F4 was significantly higher by 147.35%, 59.50% and 19.98% compared to F1, F2, and F3, respectively. In terms of carbon emission efficiency, F3 showed significantly higher efficiency (5.13%-57.70%) compared to the other three fertility levels, and its total carbon emissions were significantly lower by 25.98% compared to F4. In summary, while F4 achieved high rapeseed yields, it also had higher total carbon emissions; F3 demonstrated relatively low total carbon emission. These findings suggested that human intervention could regulate these outcomes in future studies. The results provided valuable insights into understanding carbon emission behavior and the sensitivity of soil respiration rates to soil moisture and temperature in rapeseed fields.
To improve acidic soil and promote crop growth in Pucheng County, this experiment took Pucheng long straw Chinese cabbage as the material to study the soil improvement after applying three different soil conditioners, and the effect on the yield and quality of cabbage. The results showed that in acidic soil with pH 4.8, the soil pH could be increased by 0.8 to 1.1 units and the total amount of exchangeable base could be increased by 65.6%-75.7% under the dosage of 3000 kg/hm2. The availability of heavy metals in soil reduced significantly, effective chromium, effective mercury and effective lead decreased by 2.7% to 13.6%, 9.1% to 50.0% and 7.1% to 17.2%, respectively. The application of soil conditioner could improve the yield and quality of Pucheng long straw Chinese cabbage, and the application of slow release silicon had the greatest effect on the yield.
To explore the difference in nutrient loss between aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of solid-liquid integrated slurry, an experiment was conducted to compare these two fermentation processes. The study analyzed the changes of physicochemical indexes such as pH, electrical conductance (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and nitrogen indexes during fermentation process, and the maturity of pig slurry was evaluated by germination index (GI). The results showed that both aerobic and anaerobic fermentation significantly influenced the physicochemical properties and organic matter decomposition of pig slurry. Pig slurry of aerobic fermentation reached maturity standards (GI≥70%) after about 15 days, but suffered a high nutrient loss of 31.8%. Pig slurry of anaerobic fermentation reached maturity standards after about 45 days with minimal nitrogen loss (<5.6%). At 45 days, BOD5 and COD decreased by over 70% in aerobic fermentation, while they decreased by 33.7% and 39.6% respectively in anaerobic fermentation. In conclusion, anaerobic fermentation was recommended for treating solid-liquid integrated slurry in Northeast China. When determining the application amount, the fermentation time and maturity of the pig slurry should be taken into account to maximize resource utilization.
To determine the suitable improvement measures for heavy saline-alkali soil with clay interlayer in southern Xinjiang, this study took heavy saline-alkali interlayer soil as the research object, and analyzed the effects of different improvement measures on soil salinity and desalination effect under the same winter irrigation quota from 2020 to 2023. The results showed that by the end of winter irrigation in 2023, after three times of winter irrigation, perforated sand irrigation, perforated irrigation, ditching drilling sand irrigation and no-measure treatment were reduced from 11.37, 11.44, 8.81 and 13.50 g/kg to 3.35, 4.47, 1.54 and 7.17 g/kg, respectively. In particular, the rate of deep plowing treatment had decreased from 11.25 g/kg to 1.17 g/kg after four rounds of winter irrigation. Among all the improvement treatments, the desalination rates of deep ploughing and ditching drilling sand irrigation were the highest, which were 89.60% and 82.52%, respectively, while those of other improvement treatments were between 50.08% and 75.91%, while those of no measures and ditching treatments were 51.48% and 47.87%, respectively. The research showed that the improvement measures of deep ploughing, ditching and perforated sand irrigation could effectively reduce the salt content of heavy saline-alkali soil and significantly improve the desalination effect of heavy saline-alkali soil, and could reduce the heavy saline-alkali soil to a low salinity level after three to four winter irrigation. Considering the economic applicability and operability of the improvement measures, it was recommended that the improvement measures of perforated sand irrigation should be adopted for heavy saline-alkali soil with interlayer in this area.
The study aims to understand the microbial diversity during the natural fermentation of organic fertilizer from macadamia peels and to investigate the changes in microbial community structure at different fermentation stages. Using naturally fermented macadamia peels as test materials, 16S and ITS high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics were used to analyze the diversity of bacteria and fungi as well as changes in community composition during 3 stages of the organic fertilizer, namely, the warming period (<45℃), the high-temperature period (>45℃) and the cooling period (<45℃). The self-fermentation of macadamia peels was able to rapidly warm up and maintain a high temperature period for 6 days, with the maximum temperature reaching 57.52℃. α-diversity analysis revealed that the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the self-fermentation of peels increased gradually with fermentation, and the diversity of fungi was higher than that of bacteria; the structure of microbial community was in dynamic change with fermentation, and the dominant bacteria in each stage of fermentation were Ascomycetes, with the highest percentage of 88.58% at high-temperature period; the dominant fungi were Ascomycetes with 60.5% at cooling period of fermentation. This study elucidated the diversity of microorganisms and their community structure changes during the natural fermentation of organic fertilizer from macadamia peels, and laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent screening and development of special fermentation bacterial agents for organic fertilizer from macadamia peels.
In order to study the research progress and trend of topsoil stripping and reuse technology in China, relevant literature published in China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from 2004 to 2024 were screened, summarized, and synthesized by using CiteSpace software. The results indicated that there was a small peak in the research on topsoil stripping, and the overall development could be divided into three periods. The authors and institutions of the literature primarily engaged in internal or regional collaborations, with limited cross-regional cooperation and communication. The protection and utilization of the plow layer are fundamental to topsoil stripping research, focusing on arable land protection, soil and water conservation, and land reclamation. From the perspective of research frontiers, topsoil stripping technology is expected to make significant contributions to the stable advancement of ecological protection.
The study of the surface temperatures of permeable cement bricks in different colors under various landscaping environments is of significant importance for improving the microclimate in arid and semi-arid regions. This research focuses on four commonly used colored permeable cement bricks (black, red, yellow, and green) in Lanzhou Urban Parks, with slate as the control (CK). Both indoor light simulation experiments and outdoor experiments under different shading conditions (no shadow, semi-shadow, and full shadow) were conducted. The results indicated that: (1) the indoor light simulation experiment showed that the darker the color of the permeable brick, the higher its surface temperature, and there was a positive correlation between heat flux and surface temperature. (2) In the no-shadow experiment, the highest surface temperatures for the different bricks were 63.7, 63.4, 61.5, 53.5 and 54.2℃, with average heat flux values of 236.7, 196, 166.9, 162.2 and 149.1 W/m2, respectively. (3) In the semi-shadow experiment, the highest surface temperatures for the different bricks were 45.4, 45.4, 41.7, 39.7 and 40.1℃, with average heat flux values of 55.7, 67.1, 39.3, 24.6 and 28.6 W/m2, respectively. Compared to the no-shadow experiment, both the surface temperatures and heat flux were significantly lower. (4) In the full-shadow experiment, the highest surface temperatures for the different bricks were 31.2, 30.9, 30.5, 30.4 and 30.1℃, with average heat flux values below 0 W/m2. Compared to the no-shadow experiment, both the surface temperatures and heat flux were markedly reduced. Based on the color depth of permeable bricks and combined with shadow layout, reasonable design can help improve the microclimate in arid and semi-arid regions.
The effects of different temperatures on the release of sporangia and spore germination of the pathogen of Pseudoperonospora cubensis were discussed. The infection process of P. cubensis in leaves was observed by Trypan blue staining and scanning electron microscopy, which laid a theoretical foundation for early monitoring and early warning of cucumber downy mildew. The study found that the release rates of sporangia of P. cubensis at 5, 10℃ were (81.57±1.91)% and (71.06±1.65)%, respectively, significantly higher than other temperature conditions. At 15, 20℃, the spore germination rates of P. cubensis were significantly higher than that at other temperatures, with (51.91±1.97)% and (46.01±2.02)%, respectively. After inoculation with P. cubensis, the zoospores adhered to stomata and began to invade the host within 0-4 hours. From 4-6 hours, hyphae formed haustoria in the intercellular spaces of mesophyll cells to absorb tissue nutrients. At 12-24 hours, the hyphae developed into conidiophores, and after 24 hours, sporangia were produced, releasing zoospores for reinfection. This study clarifies the optimal temperature range for the release of sporangia and spore germination of P. cubensis, as well as the structural characteristics of each stage of P. cubensis infection. It provides theoretical support for the early monitoring and warning of cucumber downy mildew and the research of ecological prevention and control technologies.
There are few studies on the effectiveness of pesticides against tomato leaf miner in China, and it is difficult to select pesticide for emergency control in the field due to the differences of control efficacy of the same pesticide. We compared the effect of 9 different pesticdes, 4 formulations and 2 adjuvants in 19 treatments against tomato leaf miner in the field by plant spraying using the random block method. The results at 1, 3 d after the spraying showed that the control effect of different pesticides was 30% chlorfenapyr-chlorantraniliprole nano-SE> 60 g/L spinetoram SC> 5% broflanilide SC> 10% chlorfenapyr SC> 5% chlorantraniliprole SC> 5% emamectin benzoate ME> 32000 IU/mg Bacillus thuringiensis G033A WP. The control effect of 5% emamectin benzoate ME and 5% emamectin benzoate nano-SE is close，the control effect of 32000 IU/mg B. thuringiensis PS3 WP is close to B. thuringiensis G033A WP. The control effect on tomato leaf miner at 7 d was mostly the same as that at 1, 3 d after spraying pesticides, only the control effect of two pesticides of the same active ingredients of B. thuringiensis at 7 d after the spraying were superior to that of two pesticides of the same active ingredients of emamectin benzoate. The overall control effect of the same agent and adjuvants combination, from high to low, was pesticide+ nonionic alcohol ether adjuvants> pesticide+ lecithin adjuvants> pesticide. Except for B. thuringiensis, 7 d post-dose effect of which was significantly higher than that of 1 d and 3 d after spraying, the 7 d effect of other agents showed a decreasing trend compared with that of 1 d and 3 d. The effect of different treatment of 30% chlorfenapyr-chlorantraniliprole nano-SE was all higher than 89.96%, with the best, rapid and persistent efficacy. The effect of 60 g/L spinetoram SC, 5% broflanilide SC, 10% chlorfenapyr SC was significantly better than that of 5% chlorantraniliprole SC, and the effect of 5% chlorantraniliprole SC was significantly better than that of 32000 IU/mg B. thuringiensis G033A WP, 32000 IU/mg B. thuringiensis PS3 WP and 5% emamectin benzoate nano-SE, 5% emamectin benzoate ME on the tomato leaf miner. 30% chlorfenapyr-chlorantraniliprole nano-SE, 60 g/L spinetoram SC, 5% broflanilide SC, 10% chlorfenapyr SC, 5% chlorantraniliprole SC, 5% emamectin benzoate nano-SE, 5% emamectin benzoate ME, 32000 IU/mg B. thuringiensis G033A WP and 32000 IU/mg B. thuringiensis PS3 WP can be used alternatively for the control of tomato leaf miner, and the addition of adjuvants can significantly improve the control effect of pesticides.
To address the issues of anthocyanin content and the types of monomeric anthocyanins in mulberries from the Yunnan region, 39 varieties of mulberries were investigated and analyzed for their anthocyanin content. The total anthocyanin content was determined using the pH differential method, the monomeric anthocyanin content was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the absorbance of red pigments in the edible parts of the mulberries was detected using spectrophotometry. The results showed that total anthocyanins were detected in 32 out of the 39 mulberry samples, and four types of monomeric anthocyanins were identified: cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin. Cyanidin was detected in 36 samples, pelargonidin in 33 samples, peonidin in 1 sample, and malvidin in 4 samples. Red pigments were detected in all 39 samples, with darker-colored mulberry fruits exhibiting higher red pigment content. The varieties ‘YX002’, ‘Hongguo 2’, ‘Jialing 30’, ‘Mengtong 4’, and ‘YX001’ has exhibit high levels of red pigments and anthocyanins, along with a rich diversity of monomeric anthocyanins. Among these, ‘YX002’ can have the highest total anthocyanin content, reaching 59.05 mg/L, and both cyanidin and pelargonidin also be detected in this variety.
