In order to alleviate the problem of water resource shortage in central and southern Hebei Province, we identified high and stable yield wheat varieties suitable for water-saving irrigation conditions in this wheat region. In this experiment, the 2023 national approved new wheat variety ‘Shimai 34’ and the water-saving control variety ‘Shimai 22’ in Hebei Province were used as experimental materials. Under the condition of one irrigation at jointing stage throughout the whole growth period, comprehensive evaluation of various indicators of ‘Shimai 34’ was conducted by measuring yield, stem morphology indicators, stem strength, and quality related parameters. The results showed that the yield of ‘Shimai 34’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Shimai 22’, with an increase of 7.05%. Morphological analysis showed that the plant height and center of gravity height of ‘Shimai 34’ were 10.17% and 14.78% lower than those of ‘Shimai 22’, respectively. The length of the second internode at the base was 21.39% shorter and the diameter was 15.84% longer than those of ‘Shimai 22’. The stem strength, puncture stem strength, plumpness, and lodging resistance index of ‘Shimai 34’ were 54.95%, 18.10%, 21.34%, and 81.98% higher than those of ‘Shimai 22’, respectively. Further quality testing revealed that the grain hardness, wet gluten, and dry gluten content of ‘Shimai 34’ were superior to those of ‘Shimai 22’. Based on the above data, ‘Shimai 34’ shows better high yield, lodging resistance, and quality than the water-saving control variety ‘Shimai 22’ under water-saving irrigation conditions. ‘Shimai 34’ is expected to become the main wheat variety under the water-saving irrigation in Hebei Province.
In order to explore the accumulation dynamics of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat grain under field natural infected conditions and its correlation with disease spike rate, disease index, and percentage of fusarium damaged kernel, the disease spike rate, disease index, thousand grain weight, and percentage of fusarium damaged kernel of susceptible cultivar 'Huaimai 33' and moderately resistant cultivar 'Ningmai 13' from the early filling stage to the delayed harvest stage of 17 days and 15 days had been investigated by field natural infected in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Meanwhile, the DON content in grain had been detected by using ELISA method, and correlation analysis between the DON content in grain and disease spike rate, disease index, and percentage of fusarium damaged kernel had been conducted, respectively. The results showed that DON in grain had accumulated at the early filling stage before the appearance of fusarium head blight symptoms, and the DON content in grain were 237.99 and 182.95 ng/g, respectively. The DON in grain, disease spike rate, disease index, and percentage of fusarium damaged kernel gradually increased during the filling stage, showed slight increases during the dough stage, and tended to be stable during the complete ripe stage. No significant increases were observed during the delayed harvest stage, with no significant differences compared to the complete ripe stage. The thousand grain weight gradually increased during the filling stage, and had basically reached the maximum value by the end of the filling stage. For the same wheat cultivar, positive correlations were found between the DON content in grain and disease spike rate, disease index, and percentage of fusarium damaged kernel. The results of this study provided theoretical basis for the green prevention and control of fusarium head blight and DON in grain, as well as for reducing pesticide application, improving efficiency, and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products.
In the banded compound planting pattern of soybean and maize, choosing the suitable field configuration is crucial to improve the soybean yield. In order to further explore the reasonable field configuration of soybean and maize, four types of configurations are set, namely 2M2S, 2M4S, 2M6S, 3M4S (M for corn and S for soybean). Using monoculture soybean (SS) and monoculture corn (SM) as controls, intercropping soybean yield, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and plant morphology were studied. The results showed that the yield of each corn was SM > 2M2S > 2M4S > 3M4S > 2M6S. The yield of intercropping corn was 3.22%-20.23% lower than that of single planting corn. The yield of intercropping soybean was 40.18%-60.5% lower than that of single cropping soybean. The yield of soybean in each configuration from high to low was SS > 2M6S > 2M4S > 3M4S > 2M2S. The yield of soybean in 2M6S configuration increased by 18.88%-51.47% compared with other intercropping configurations. In each intercropping configuration, with the increase of soybean rows, soybean SPAD, leaf area index (LAI) and stem thickness all increased, and the plant height decreased. The leaf SPAD content of 2M6S soybean increased by 0.55% to 7.63% compared with other intercropping configurations. The soybean leaf area index (LAI) of the 2M6S configuration was 9.02%-69.59% higher than that of other intercropping configurations. The soybean stem thickness of the 2M6S configuration was 4.76% to 23.94% higher than that of other intercropping configurations. Compared with monoculture soybean, the plant height increased by 17.52% to 37.50%, and the height of soybean strain in 2M2S configuration was higher than that in other intercropping configurations. The quantitative results of soybean agronomic traits and yields under different configurations of banded compound planting of soybean and maize can provide a basis for screening configurations.
To investigate the effects of different sowing dates on field agronomic traits and yield formation of spring-sown soybeans, 'Nandou 50', 'Zhonghuang 39', and 'Zhongdou 54' were selected as experimental materials. A field experiment with two-factor split-plot design was conducted to analyze the impacts of 12 sowing dates on growth stages, agronomic traits, and yield of the three spring-sown soybean varieties. The results demonstrated that the durations of vegetative, reproductive, and whole growth period all showed decreasing trends with the sowing date delayed, and the effect of sowing date on vegetative growth period was significantly greater than that on reproductive growth period. Plant height initially increased and then gradually decreased, while the height of the bottom pod generally exhibited a pattern of initial increase, followed by decrease, and subsequent rise. The effects of sowing date on soybean yield and its components, including the number of effective pods per plant, 100-seed weight, grains per plant, grain weight per plant, all increased first and then decreased, and the grain weight and grain number per plant contributed the most to yield, accounting for 30% and 28% respectively. Among all treatments, soybeans sown on March 21 and March 28 demonstrated optimal yield performance, with the yield of 'Nandou 50' achieving 3244.57 kg/hm2 and 3087.92 kg/hm2, 'Zhonghuang 39' reaching 3270.62 kg/hm2 and 3330.43 kg/hm2, 'Zhongdou 54' producing 3199.55 kg/hm2 and 2983.79 kg/hm2, respectively. Comprehensive analysis of all performance indicators revealed that the optimal sowing window for spring soybean in Sichuan hilly areas is late March, and yield would be significantly reduced when sowing date was delayed beyond April 25.
To explore the effects of different degrees of fertilizer reduction and compost application on potato yield and quality in semi-arid areas of Ningxia, the potato cultivar ‘Qingshu 9’ was used as the test material, and a single factor randomized block design was used to set up six fertilizer reduction treatments, namely CK (single application of chemical fertilizer), T1 (chemical fertilizer reduction 10%+ composting 30000 kg/hm2), T2 (chemical fertilizer reduction 20%+ composting 30000 kg/hm2), T3 (chemical fertilizer reduction 30%+ composting 30000 kg/hm2), T4 (chemical fertilizer reduction 40%+ composting 30000 kg/hm2) and T5 (composting 30000 kg/hm2). The results showed that the yield of T4 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the highest yield was 30434.85 kg/hm2, which was 106% higher than that of CK treatment. In terms of quality, with the increase of chemical fertilizer reduction, the contents of potato starch, Vitamin C and soluble sugar decreased first, then increased and then decreased. Among them, the quality of T4 treatment was the best, and the contents of starch, Vitamin C and soluble sugar were 23.33 g/100 g, 24.73 mg/100 g and 1.00%, respectively. Through principal component analysis of yield and quality indicators, T4 treatment with 40% reduction of chemical fertilizer was the optimal treatment. Under the condition of semi-arid area in Ningxia, the goal of high yield and high quality can be achieved when the chemical fertilizer is reduced by 40%.
The paper aims to promote the development of rapeseed industry and to increase the self-sufficiency rate of vegetable oil in China. Early-maturing oilseed rape varieties with excellent resistance were screened in this study, and physiological and agronomic traits of 24 early-maturing kale-type oilseed rape varieties (materials) were analyzed at the seedling stage, 5-6 leaf stage, 7-8 leaf stage, bud and shoot stage, and harvesting stage, to clarify the relationship between early-maturing traits and physiological traits. The results showed that the agronomic characteristics of ‘Fanming youtai’ in the pre-winter seedling stage had a smaller gap with other early-maturing rapeseed, which was better than that of the parent ‘WH23’, and had a good growth performance; the plant height was higher than that of 95% of the reference materials, and number of seeds per pods was higher than that of 83% of the reference materials; the rapeseed oil content was the highest, and the content of sulfur glycosides was lower than that of 83% of the reference materials; the time of shoot extraction and the time of maturity were earlier than that of 86% of the reference materials; and the oilseed rape oil content was the highest. The CAT activity of 24 early-maturing kale-type oilseed rape in the 7-8 leaf stage was on a decreasing trend; leaf MDA content increased in the 5-6 leaf stage and decreased in the 7-8 leaf stage, and the overall change of MDA content in the leaves of ‘Fanming youtai’ was small; leaf POD activity was continuously enhanced, and the activity of carex as a whole was higher than the leaf; leaf SOD activity increased in the 5-6 leaf stage and decreased in the 7-8 leaf stage. The leaf POD activity was growing, and the overall activity of carex was higher than that of leaves; the leaf SOD activity showed a decreasing trend in the 7-8 leaf stage. The early shoots, early maturity, and low-temperature tolerance of ‘Fanming youtai’, with excellent traits, can be used as high-yield and high oil early maturity breeding materials, and there is a significant correlation between the early shoots characteristics and maturity stage; 7-8 leaves may be the critical period for the growth and development of early maturing oilseed rape.
To investigate the effects of soil amendments on field growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, a field experiment was conducted from April to October 2023 in Shuangbai, Chuxiong, Yunnan Province. Four treatments were established, including no fertilization (NF), conventional compound fertilizer (CK), conventional compound fertilizer + soil conditioner (CF+SC), and 20% nitrogen reduction + soil conditioner (RN+SC), with three replicates, total 12 treatments. Agronomic traits, nutrient content, yield and quality were analyzed at 45, 65 and 120 days after transplanting. The results showed that on 45 d, compared to CK, the treatment of CF+SC was significantly increased in plant height, stem circumference, internode length, and maximum leaf area, which was 8.85%, 4.4%, 3.31%, and 14.82% higher, separately. CK and RN+SC ranked second. In terms of nutrient content, local conventional fertilization + soil conditioner treatment was significantly increased the dry weight and fresh weight of tobacco plants under the conditions of this experiment. On 65 d, the fresh weight of conventional fertilization + soil conditioner and nitrogen reduction 20%+soil conditioner soil conditioner treatment was significantly higher than that of no fertilization treatment, and the dry weight of nitrogen reduction 20%+soil conditioner soil conditioner treatment was significantly higher than that of CK and no fertilization treatment. In terms of nutrient absorption by flue-cured tobacco plants, after 120 days of transplanting, the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of the CK treatment increased by 13.60% and 11.28% respectively compared to the conventional fertilization + soil conditioner treatment. The conventional fertilization + soil conditioner treatment significantly increased the output value, yield, average price, and proportion of high-quality tobacco compared to CK by 41.67%, 32.44%, 8.77%, and 39.31%, respectively. In summary, the application of soil amendments in addition to conventional fertilization in Chuxiong flue-cured tobacco growing areas could significantly promote the field growth of ‘K326’, improve tobacco yield, quality, and economic benefits. While reducing nitrogen by 20% with amendments could lower nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, it can still maintain high biomass accumulation and has the potential to save fertilizer and increase efficiency
To explore environmentally sustainable methods for enhancing industrial hemp yield, this study used 'Yunma 7' as the material to screen the most suitable malic acid concentration and the best application method, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the realization of the yield increase mode combining multiple cultivation measures. Seed germination was evaluated under five malic acid concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 mg/L) using filter paper culture, while pot experiments assessed plant growth and photosynthetic characteristics under two application methods(soil irrigation and foliar spraying). Germination tests demonstrated that 2000 mg/L malic acid significantly increased germination rate by 20.46% compared to the control, while 1000 mg/L treatment resulted in maximum shoot and root length. Pot experiments revealed that soil irrigation with 2000 mg/L malic acid produced optimal growth performance, increasing plant height, stem diameter, and root length by 45.62%, 14.55%, and 88.12%, respectively, with concurrently highest net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, and lowest intercellular CO2 concentration. Foliar spraying with 3000 mg/L malic acid showed superior effects, enhancing plant height, stem diameter, and root length by 47.00%, 16.64%, and 80.74%, respectively, while significantly improving net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance and reducing intercellular CO2 concentration compared to other treatments. These results indicate that appropriate malic acid application can effectively promote hemp growth and yield. For practical production, we recommend soil irrigation with 2000 mg/L malic acid combined with integrated cultivation practices to achieve sustainable yield improvement.
The aim was to explore the optimal application concentration of cyanamide to promote early flowering and its effect on nutrient content in flower buds of Prunus salicina var. cordata. Taking 5-year-old P. salicina var. cordata as the test variety, and the water treatment was used as the control. The effects of three cyanamide concentrations [1% (T1), 0.63% (T2) and 0.42% (T3)] on the contents of starch, soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline in the flower bud of P. salicina var. cordata during flowering and flowering process were studied. The results showed that the three concentrations of cyanamide treatment had positive effects on promoting the early flowering of P. salicina var. cordata flower buds, and the effect of T1 treatment was the best, which could make the plants enter the full flowering stage more than 21 days earlier than the control. The treatment of cyanamide significantly increased the contents of starch, soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline in flower buds. The starch content reached the peak on the 10th day after treatment with T1 and T2, and reached the peak on the 17th day after treatment with T3. The peaks were significantly increased by 37.23%, 30.40% and 10.50%, respectively, compared with the control. The content of soluble sugar maintained a high level in 3-31 d. The soluble sugar content of flower buds treated with T1 reached the maximum value of 2.81 mg/(g·FW) on the 10th day, which was significantly higher than that of the control and other concentrations (P<0.05). The soluble protein content reached the maximum on the 31th day, except that the concentration of T2 treatment had no significant difference with the control on the 10th day, the other treatments were significantly higher than the control. The content of proline showed a trend of continuous and rapid increase in the germination stage, and was at a high level on the 38th day after treatment, which was 262.22, 214.81 and 203.30 μg/mL, respectively, and was significantly higher than the control. The concentration of 1% treatment of cyanamide had the best effect on promoting early flowering of P. salicina var. cordata. Cyanamide can promote the accumulation of nutrients such as starch, soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline in flower buds, which provides an important nutritional and material basis for flower bud metabolic activities and flower organ development.
The paper aims to study the response of lettuce to seawater stress, explore the suitable seawater concentration for lettuce growth, providing guidance for the cultivation of seawater lettuce. This experiment used bolting resistant lettuce as the experimental material, five treatment groups with different seawater concentrations of 0% (CK), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were set up to impose stress on lettuce seeds and seedlings. The germination index of lettuce seeds, as well as the growth index, cell membrane permeability index, and antioxidant enzyme activity of lettuce seedlings were measured. The experimental results showed that with the continuous increase of seawater concentration, the germination and growth indicators of lettuce showed a downward trend. During the growth process, the relative salt damage rate, electrical conductivity, soluble protein content, MDA content, and physiological indicators such as SOD, CAT, POD, activity of lettuce showed an upward trend. When the seawater concentration was less than 5%, the germination and growth development of lettuce were basically not affected. When the seawater concentration was greater than 10%, the germination and growth of lettuce were inhibited, and the development of roots and stems was significantly less vigorous than that of the control. When the seawater concentration reached 15%, the relative salt damage rate reached 34.12%, which was significantly higher than the control. Seawater treatment inhibited lettuce seed germination and seedling development, and lettuce could tolerate seawater stress at lower concentrations (<5%), and its salt tolerance was related to the regulation of antioxidant system and the maintenance of membrane stability. This concentration range could provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of seawater in agriculture.
Pioneer plants are the first plants appearing in the community succession, which are of great significance to the development of the ecosystem. In order to give full play to the role of pioneer plants in the ecological restoration of saline-alkali land, this article systematically analyses the ecological value of pioneer plants and conducts in-depth discussions in combination with typical restoration cases. At the same time, specific measures and policy recommendations are put forward for the protection and application of pioneer plants. The research shows that pioneer plants have various ecological values such as improving saline soil, increasing soil fertility, improving soil structure, promoting community succession, etc. They can be used to comprehensively treat saline and alkaline land by selecting and breeding suitable salt-tolerant varieties and combining them with physicochemical methods. Therefore, the study of the ecological value and application of pioneer plants is an important inspiration and experience for the comprehensive management of saline and alkaline land, the effective protection of arable land, and the restoration of ecologically damaged areas.
The study aimed to explore the impact of the coupling of different cultivation and fertilization measures on the corn productivity of acidified soil in rocky desertification areas, providing a basis for the improvement of acidified soil and crop yield increase in rocky desertification areas. In 2023, a soil acidification improvement experiment was carried out in Muzhe Village, Xichou County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The experiment included the following treatments: (1) fertilization measures: no fertilization (NK), chemical fertilizer (CK); (2) cultivation measures: intercropping of maize and soybean (INT); (3) coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures: technology integration (TI). There were 3 categories with 4 treatment measures in total to study the impact of the coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures on soil improvement, maize yield, maize nitrogen, dry matter accumulation and distribution, as well as the impact of environmental factors on maize yield. The results showed that at the harvest stage, the soil pH of TI, INT, NK and CK treatments were pH 6.12, 6.03, 6.02 and 5.97, respectively. The maize grain yields of TI, INT, CK and NK treatments were 10321.44, 9760.92, 8116.14 and 5732.18 kg/hm2, respectively. The TI and INT significantly (P<0.05) increased the maize yield per unit area, while no fertilization significantly (P<0.05) decreased the maize yield. The proportion of grain nitrogen in above-ground nitrogen for INT, TI, and CK treatments was 50.25%, 50.91% and 57.39%, respectively. The proportion of grain dry matter in above-ground dry matter for INT, TI, and CK treatments was 49.19%, 51.40% and 54.13%, respectively. The trends of nitrogen distribution ratio and dry matter distribution ratio were the same for INT, TI, and CK treatments. The factors affecting crop yield were different at different growth stages of the crop. At the maize seedling stage, the factors affecting yield were nitrate nitrogen content, soil pH and ammonium nitrogen content, with explanatory degrees of 76.4%, 7.8% and 6.6%, respectively. At the vigorous vegetative growth stage of maize, the factors affecting yield were available phosphorus content and available potassium content, with explanatory degrees of 76.9% and 12.4%, respectively. At the reproductive growth stage of maize, the available potassium content, as a factor affecting yield, had an explanatory degree of 59.6%. The following conclusions could be drawn: (1) maize-soybean intercropping could increase the maize yield per unit area. The coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures could further increase the yield by increasing the proportion of dry matter distributed to grains, and could significantly increase the soil pH. (2) Intercropping would reduce the nitrogen transfer ratio of the above-ground vegetative organs of maize plants and weaken the contribution rate to grain nitrogen accumulation. Compared with intercropping, the coupling of cultivation and fertilization measures could increase the nitrogen transfer ratio of the above-ground vegetative organs of maize plants and the contribution rate to grain nitrogen accumulation. (3) Crops had different fertilizer requirements at different growth stages. Maize was sensitive to soil pH, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content at the seedling stage; it was sensitive to soil available phosphorus and available potassium content at the vigorous vegetative growth stage, and it was sensitive to soil available potassium content at the reproductive growth stage.
To investigate the effects of liquid mulch on potato yield composition and soil physicochemical structure, considering the arid and semi-arid climatic characteristics of Inner Mongolia, liquid mulch was selected as the mulching material in this study with a view to increasing potato yield and reducing pollution to the environment. The experiment was conducted in Wuchuan County, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and three treatment plots were set up, namely, basic liquid mulch (A), functional liquid mulch (B) and open field cultivation (CK). The results showed that through comparative analysis, the potato yield of the functional liquid mulch (B) treatment was the highest, reaching 1.98 kg/plant, with an increase of 0.26 kg per plant over the bare-ground (CK) treatment, with a yield increase of 15.12%. In addition, the commercial potato yield and commercial potato rate of the functional liquid mulch treatment were higher than those of the other treatments, indicating its superiority in improving the economic traits of potato. The results of soil nutrient analysis showed that there were significant differences in organic carbon, total phosphorus, pH and effective phosphorus content of soil under different mulching film treatments. Among them, the organic matter content was higher in the soil treated with functional liquid mulch. The economic benefit analysis showed that the functional liquid mulch film cover had higher profit and reduces the environmental problems of plastic mulch film at the same time. In terms of ecological benefits, the use of biodegradable liquid mulch was of great benefit to the alleviation of “white pollution” and the promotion of sustainable green development of agriculture. In summary, functional liquid mulch shows significant advantages in improving potato yield and quality and reducing environmental pollution, and it is an agricultural technology with good economic and ecological benefits.
To investigate the trends of meteorological elements at different growth stages of maize in Shenyang and their impact on meteorological yield, the Mann-Kendall test was employed to analyze the mean values of four meteorological elements (i.e., air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed) during the sowing, jointing, tasseling-milk, and maturity stages and annual meteorological yield from 2000 to 2021. The impact of climate change on the meteorological yield of maize was studied. Results showed that there was no significant trend in air temperature during the sowing and jointing stages. Before 2017, there was a downward trend during the tasseling-milk stage, followed by an upward trend. Before 2008, there was an upward trend during the maturity stage, followed by a downward trend. Precipitation showed an upward trend during the sowing and tasseling-milk stages, while there was no significant trend during the jointing and maturity stages. The relative humidity showed no significant trend during the sowing stage, while it exhibited an increasing trend during the jointing, tasseling-milk, and maturity stages. The wind speed showed a decreasing trend in all four stages. In years with higher meteorological yields, air temperature and precipitation during the four stages were generally higher, relative humidity was higher during the jointing and tasseling-milk stages, and wind speed was slightly lower during the four stages. In years with lower meteorological yields, air temperatures were slightly lower during the growth stages except the sowing stage, precipitation was excessively high, relative humidity was slightly higher during the tasseling-milk and maturity stages, and wind speed was excessively low. Based on the Pearson correlation coefficient, the main influencing factors selected were precipitation and relative humidity during the sowing stage, wind speed during the jointing stage, precipitation during the tasseling-milk stage, and temperature and wind speed during the maturity stage. Based on the above factors and the random forest algorithm, a meteorological yield prediction model was constructed, which could effectively simulate the trend of meteorological yield. This study can provide the theoretical basis for maize industry management, risk assessment, and agricultural sustainable development in Shenyang.
Overwintering freezing injury caused by Low temperature is one of the main disasters that restrict the development of forests and fruits. In this paper, through the analysis of the winter meteorological data from 1981 to 2022 years of Kashi National Climate Reference Station and the historical record of freezing disaster investigation, the variation characteristics of different meteorological elements in the overwintering period of pomegranate were studied. Combined with the changes of meteorological elements of freezing injury over the years, the relationship between the occurrence of freezing injury in the overwintering period of pomegranate and meteorological factors was clarified, and the meteorological indexes causing freezing injury in the overwintering period of pomegranate were determined. The results showed that, based on the extreme minimum temperature, duration of low temperature for several days, the drop degree of extreme minimum temperature and the snow depth in winter was the meteorological indicators affecting the safe overwintering of pomegranate in Kashi. This study provides a scientific theoretical basis for the technical measures of safe overwintering and cold prevention of pomegranate in Kashi.
Konjac (Amorphophallus konjac) is favored because of its outstanding nutritional value and medicinal value, and the market demand has been increasing year by year. However, konjac is often affected by soft rot in the process of planting, which seriously affects its yield and quality, and restricts the sustainable development of konjac industry in China. This paper focuses on the research progress of the pathogen, pathogenesis, symptoms and control methods of konjac soft rot, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different control methods in practical application. In view of the key research direction of konjac soft rot in the future, it is proposed that the breeding of high-quality disease-resistant varieties of konjac should be carried out in an all-round way; the pathogenic mechanism of konjac soft rot should be strengthened; the research on the structure and diversity of rhizosphere soil microbial community should be strengthened; and the comprehensive prevention and control system of konjac soft rot should be established and improved, so as to provide theoretical reference for the prevention and further research.
The paper aims to evaluate the wilt resistance of luffa germplasm and obtain resistant germplasm suitable for planting in Hunan. This study isolated the pathogen of luffa wilt disease from plants, and conducted morphological identification, molecular identification, and pathogenicity analysis of the pathogen. Then, using the established artificial inoculation identification technology system during the seedling stage, 126 luffa germplasms were inoculated and identified. The morphological identification results indicated that the pathogen had typical characteristics of Fusarium oxysporum. The amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spaces (ITS) sequence within the genome indicated that the pathogen was F. oxysporum and had strong pathogenicity. Using this strain to evaluate the disease resistance of the tested germplasm, 8 resistant germplasm, 17 moderately resistant germplasm, and 101 non resistant germplasm were obtained. This study provides technical support for in-depth exploration of resistance genes to luffa wilt disease, creation of resistant germplasm, and cultivation of new disease resistant varieties.
To explore the optimal control strategy for rice sheath blight and effectively manage its occurrence while reducing chemical pesticide usage, this study systematically evaluated rice cultivar resistance, biocontrol efficacy, and fungicide activity targeting Rhizoctonia solani. The results demonstrated that cultivars 'Yuandao 26', 'Zhengdao 22', 'Wanjing 608', and 'Xindao 18' exhibited consistent moderate resistance or higher to sheath blight across both 2022 and 2023 growing seasons; biocontrol strains 1340, BR-4, and Dw-1 showed superior control efficacy with inhibition rates of 76.7%, 53.4%, and 75.0% respectively; among chemical agents, fludioxonil, thifluzamide, epoxiconazole, and propiconazole demonstrated optimal fungicidal activity with EC50 values of 0.07 mg/L, 0.17 mg/L, 0.24 mg/L, and 0.40 mg/L respectively. Resistance factors were calculated as 0.41×, 1.84×, 4.07×, and 0.65×, all below resistance risk thresholds. Therefore, selecting cultivars maintaining moderate resistance for consecutive years, applying biocontrol agents in low-disease-pressure fields, and utilizing high-efficacy/low-resistance-risk fungicides like fludioxonil in severely infected areas will achieve efficient management of rice sheath blight while minimizing chemical inputs.
In order to clarify the occurrence pattern of pests, diseases, and weeds in the strip intercropping area of soybean and corn in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, and screen the optimal control plan, the experiment was conducted in Fangsi town of Yucheng County, Dezhou City, Shangdong Province. Using soybean ‘Qihuang 34’ and corn ‘Zhengdan 958’ as the test materials, this experiment designed to use different combinations of pesticides in each growth stage of soybean and maize for control, and the control effect of the combination on pests and weeds and the safety of soybean and maize were determined. The results showed that 35% fumediridinrustyl thiamethoxam microcapsule suspension seed coating, 30% pyraclostrobin pentazole suspension, 28% propylcyclamideazoxylamin suspension emulsion, 45% refined metolachlor and flumethachlor microcapsule suspension-suspension, 25% high-efficiency cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension and 15% azolamide and tick urea suspension were safe for soybean and corn at different growth stages. Before sowing of soybean and corn, 35% formethoxin and chlorfenaz microcapsule suspension seed coating agent were used, 30% pyraclostrobin pentazole suspension and 25% high-efficiency cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension were sprayed at the seedling stage, and 30% pyraclostrobin pentazole suspension was sprayed at the mature stage, and after spraying 30% pyraclostrobin pentazole suspension, 28% propylpyroxystrobin suspension emulsion, and 15% azolamide and tick urea suspension at the seedling stage, the control effect of soybean and corn disease was 41.72%-65.21%, and the pest control effect was 83.78%-88.16%. After sowing soybean and corn, 45% fine metolachlor microcapsule suspension and 33% refined metolachlor and propargylfluchlor microcapsule suspension-suspension were sprayed before seedlings, and the control effect of weeds in the field was 87.58%-90.77%. In summary, this combination of agents can effectively control the occurrence of pests and weeds in soybean and corn, and has no obvious impact on the growth of soybean and corn, and has high economic benefits.
In order to explore the overwintering stages and cold tolerance of Riptortus pedestris, the possibility of its overwintering in Huang-Huai-Hai Region and the corresponding overwintering stages were analyzed through field investigations of wild overwintering populations, simulated overwintering experiments and adult temperature-dependent survival experiments. Additionally, the supercooling points and freezing points of Riptortus pedestris in different stages were determined by a supercooling point measuring instrument. The results showed that adults of Riptortus pedestris and their eggs lived longer after entering winter in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, which may be the overwintering state of. Eggs cannot survive due to hatching conditions and host feeding, indicating that Riptortus pedestris crossed the whole winter in Huang-Huai-Hai Region in adult stage, and the proportion of adults was 20.4 %. The survival rate of adult Riptortus pedestris in the field was higher than that in indoor, with the survival rate of 23.33%. The survival rates of the simulated temperature-dependent survival experiment on adult Riptortus pedestris were in good agreement with those of the overwintering experiment. The supercooling point and freezing point of adult Riptortus pedestris are lower than other patterns, which are -17.61℃ and -8.59℃ respectively, indicating that Riptortus pedestris has cold hardiness and low temperature survival ability. The Huang-Huai-Hai Region and other temperate zones may be the winter breeding area of Riptortus pedestris.
The aim is to clarify the biological control potential of Arma chinensis to larvae of Argyrogramma agnata. Under indoor controlled light, temperature and humidity conditions, the nymphs and adults of A. chinensis were fed with the 2nd to 5th stage larvae of A. agnata in different densities, the predation characteristics of A. chinensis and the survival number of larvae of A. agnata in each treatment were observed and recorded. The results showed that there were significant differences in the total predation amount of 2-5 instar nymphs and adults of A. chinensis against the larvae of A. agnata at different densities (P=0.000). The density of A. chinensis significantly affected its predatory behavior and ability. The total predation increased with the increase of the density of A. chinensis, while the average predation per head decreased with the increase of the density. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between predation and instar size, that is, the greater the instar, the greater the predation. Both the total predation and the average predation per head were higher in adults than in nymphs of the 2nd to 5th instar of A. chinensis. As a potential predatory predator, the adult and 4-5 instar nymphs of A. chinensis have strong predatory ability. It is suggested to use the adult and 4-5 instar nymphs of A. chinensis to control the larvae of A. agnata, which can achieve better control effect.
The compound microbial agent can effectively improve the quality of aquaculture water and reduce the harmful factors in the pond water, which is suitable for the ecological regulation of large-scale green aquaculture. At present, the beneficial microorganisms commonly used in aquaculture mainly include Bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrobacteria, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, Pseudomonas, Bifidobacterium and so on. In order to explore the application status and research progress of compound microbial agents in pond water quality regulation, this paper summarized the factors affecting the water quality, the composition of microbial agents, the function of microbial agents and the application of microbial agents in pond culture. In view of the lack of scientific management, ecological imbalance caused by excessive dependence, the lack of scientific basis, water quality deterioration caused by miscellaneous bacteria pollution, solutions were proposed as follows. (1) Supporting the scientific management technology, to avoid over-dependence; (2) Optimizing the compatibility of bacteria, playing the synergistic effect of multiple bacteria to degrade organic pollutants, and optimizing the microbial community structure of water; (3) Developing highly stable microbial agents and constructing a control scheme to provide technical support for the construction of a healthy and stable water micro-ecosystem.
In the process of fish reproduction, GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone), as a key factor in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis of vertebrates, plays a crucial regulatory role in gonadal development and sex hormone secretion. Its physiological functions are essential for the success of fish reproductive activities. This paper reviews recent domestic and international research progress on GnRH in fish reproduction, including the structural classification, main functions, mechanisms of action, and applications of GnRH analogs in fish reproduction. By analyzing the roles of GnRH in regulating fish gonadal development, sex hormone secretion, and ovulation induction, the core position of GnRH in fish reproduction is revealed. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of fish reproductive mechanisms, while offering references for improving fish reproductive efficiency and developing GnRH-related reproductive regulation technologies. It also lays the foundation for further research on the application potential of GnRH in fish reproduction.
