Using the slow-release fertilizer as base fertilizer, the influence of different topdressing periods on rice growth characteristics and yield was studied to provide scientific fertilization measures and decision-making basis for rice production in Nansi Lake basin. The rice variety ‘Jirudao 1’ was used as the test material and five different topdressing periods were set up to carry out the tests. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the whole growth stage was 264 kg/hm2, the topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer was 69 kg/hm2, and the phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were applied at one time. The stem tiller dynamics, leaf SPAD value, leaf area and dry matter, yield and yield structure data were determined at different growth stages. The results showed that with the topdressing period, rice yield tended to increase first and then decrease and the yield order was T4>T5>T3>T1>T2. Before heading, especially during the booting stage, the tillers of T1, T2 and T3 were higher than that of T4 and T5. After heading tillers decreased rapidly in T1, T2 and T3, but kept steadily in T4 and T5. Finally T4 had the highest number of tillers, followed by T5. At heading stage, T1, T2, and T3 had higher leaf area index than that of T4 and T5, but at mature stage the order of leaf area index was T5>T4>T3>T2>T1. At the booting stage T1 and T3 were higher, followed by T2 and T5, and T4 was the lowest. At the mature period T4 and T5 were significantly higher than that of T1 and T2, and not much different from T3. Between treatments, the SPAD values varied less in the jointing and filling and more in maturity. At maturity stage, the value of SPAD in T4 and T5 decreased slowly. Under the premise of slow-release fertilizer as base fertilizer with side deep application, the effect of applying ear fertilizer was better than that of applying tiller fertilizer. The effect was better to pursue tiller fertilizer later, but better to pursue ear fertilizer earlier.
The aim was to evaluate lodging resistance of germplasm in maize, and then breed maize hybrids with strong lodging resistance. In this study, four maize hybrids which were currently promoted in production were used as materials. Through measuring the lodging resistance related traits, mid-parent heterosis and over-parent heterosis of related traits were calculated. The results showed that there were significant or extremely significant differences in crushing strength, pushing strength and stem strength among different varieties, 'Shuoyu 172' had higher crushing strength and stem strength, and 'Shuoyu 173' had higher pushing strength. Compared with different lodging resistant related traits, mid-parent heterosis and over-parent heterosis of 5th internode length, stem diameter, plant height, ear height, and tassel branch number of 3rd, 4th and 5th internode were relatively higher, indicating that the heterosis of these traits was relatively strong. Compared with the different materials, the parents of 'Shuoyu 172', 'Zheng 58' and 'H7235', and the parents of 'Shuoyu 173', 'Z33-1' and 'H7875S', had strong heterosis in crushing strength, stalk strength, tassel branch number, tassel main axis length and angle of ear. The stem diameter plant height, ear height, ear leaf length and width of 3rd, 4th and 5th internode between the parents of 'Baojing 186', 'Z33-1' and 'H7875A', and the parents of 'Zhengdan 958', 'Zheng 58' and 'Chang 7-2' had strong heterosis. Principal component analysis were used to evaluated lodging resistance of different varieties, the results showed that the lodging resistance of 'Shuoyu 172' was the strongest (Y: 1.401), followed by 'Shuoyu 173'. This study indicated that both of 'Shuoyu 172' and 'Shuoyu 173' had strong lodging resistance.
Sweet potato is an important food crop and cash crop in China, and it has played an important role in ensuring China’s food security. Plant growth regulators not only increase crop yield, but also enhance stress resistance and improve quality, playing an important role in crop production. At present, there are relatively few researches on the application of plant growth regulators in sweet potato. To explore the effects of different plant growth regulators on the agronomic traits of sweet potato seedlings, three plant growth regulators, 6-benzylaminopurine, gibberellin and naphthalene acetic acid, were selected in this study, and their effects on sweet potato seedlings were studied by the method of bottom application. The results showed that the three plant growth regulators significantly promoted the rooting of sweet potato, and significantly promoted the root length and fresh weight of sweet potato. The research results would provide theoretical basis and technical support for further optimization of sweet potato cultivation management, help to improve sweet potato yield and quality, and promote the sustainable development of sweet potato industry.
In order to study the response of different plant types of sea-island cotton to planting density, two loose plant types‘Yuanlong28’, ‘Yuanlong 61’and compact plant type ‘Xinhai 45’, were selected as materials for research, and the variations in agronomic, quality and yield traits under four distinct planting densities were studied. The results showed that with the increase of planting density, plant height, plant width, bolls per plant, boll weight, seed index, micronaire, upper half mean length, fiber strength, length uniformity and fiber maturity showed a decreasing trend, while bolls per plant in middle and lower part of fruit branches increased. The plant height, plant width and bolls per plant in flowering and boll stage were significantly different among different densities. The loose plant type materials had long fruit branches, stable growth and great adaptability, and the suitable planting density was 0.21 million-0.27 million plants/ha. The compact plant type material had the characteristics of short fruit branches, fast growth, vigorous, strong boll setting, and high requirements for nutrients. Cultivation methods should be adjusted according to the actual growth, so that the growth advantage can be transformed into the yield advantage, and the yield can be further improved.
Citrus blue mold is a prevalent disease affecting citrus fruits during storage and transportation, leading to serious economic losses. Iturins exhibit potential for controlling citrus blue mold disease, but its yield remains low. This study conducted the response surface optimization on 3 key factors influencing the production of iturins by Bacillus subtilis NIP3, and analyzed the efficacy of iturins against Penicillium italicum both in vivo and in vitro. The results from response surface analysis showed that the optimal concentrations of glucose and L-glutamate, as well as temperature, were 30 g/L, 6 g/L, and 33℃ respectively for maximizing iturin production by B. subtilis NIP3. Under these optimized conditions, the yield of iturins reached 721.33±3.72 mg/L, an increase of 51.59% compared to pre-optimization levels. The detection method significantly influenced the control efficacy of iturins in vitro. The Oxford cup diffusion method revealed that the lowest effective concentration of iturins inhibiting P. italicum growth was 312.5 μg/mL. Furthermore, the effective concentration (EC50) inhibiting spore germination and mycelium growth were determined to be 29.11 μg/mL and 22.80 μg/mL respectively when measured via hollow slide method and mycelium dry weight method. Results demonstrated that while at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, iturins exhibited superior preventive effects over therapeutic effects against citrus penicilliosis, with an incidence inhibition rate reaching up to 100%. This study provides a scientific foundation for developing biocontrol agents targeting citrus blue mold disease.
To selected the best plant configuration restoration mode of rocky desertification, this study took the forest land of six different restoration modes of 10C (coniferous forest), 7C3B (7 coniferous 3 broad-leaved), 5C5B (5 coniferous 5 broad-leaved), 3C7B (3 coniferous 7 broad-leaved), 10B (broad-leaved forest) and CK (barren hills and wasteland) of rocky desertification in Sangzhi County as the research object, compared the soil physiochemical properties and differences of each restoration mode, and comprehensively evaluated the soil quality of each mode. The results showed that in the study area, the soil physiochemical properties of rocky desertification forest land in different restoration modes were significantly different. There were significant differences in capillary porosity, soil bulk density, available P and available K content and organic matter between the five afforestation restoration modes and the control mode. There were also significant differences in other physical and chemical indicators between some models and the control. Soil bulk density was negatively correlated with other physiochemical indicators, indicating that the greater the soil bulk density, the lower the various nutrient contents. Soil bulk density was negatively correlated with other physical and chemical indexes, while soil total N, total P, total K, alkaline hydrolysis N, organic matter and other three physical indexes were positively correlated. Principal component analysis showed that the weight coefficients of bulk density, water content, total porosity, capillary porosity, total N, total K, available K and organic matter content of rocky desertification forest land were larger than 0.8, indicating that these indexes were the main indexes to characterize the physiochemical properties of soil in rocky desertification forest land. The comprehensive evaluation of soil quality of each mode was comprehensively scored, and the order of scores was 5 coniferous 5 broad-leaved > 3 coniferous 7 broad-leaved > coniferous forest > 7 coniferous 3 broad-leaved > broad-leaved forest > CK (barren hills and wasteland). Overall, afforestation was beneficial to improve the soil quality in rocky desertification area, through nearly 30 years of phytoremediation, the nutrient level of rocky desertification soil has been significantly improved. Except that the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable N and total P are still kept a low level, other nutrient indicators have risen to the upper-middle and above levels.
Aiming at the shortage of Astragalus resources in Ningnan mountainous area, shallow soil ploughing depth, soil salinisation, yield decline and other problems, the paper studied the effects of chalk ploughing on soil nutrients, morphological characteristics, yield and product quality of Mongolian Astragalus, to provide technical support for its large-scale and scientific production. A randomised block design was adopted, and three treatments were set, namely, deep pine ploughing at a depth of 40 cm (CK1), traditional rotary ploughing at a depth of 20 cm (CK2), and smash ridging tillage at a depth of 20 cm (FL1), to determine the effects of the different treatments on the soil nutrients, morphological characteristics of the plant, product quality, fertilizer utilization and yield of Astragalus, respectively. The results showed that compared to the CK2, the alkaline nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and organic matter of FL1 increased by 3.14%, 25.15%, 18.02% and 3.7%, respectively, and the main root coarseness of FL1 increased by 1.07 mm and the main root length increased by 26.16 cm. The dry and fresh weight of the yield of FL1 reached 4200.15 kg/hm2 and 13600.65 kg/hm2, respectively, and CK2 had the lowest yields of 3200.1 kg/hm2 and 9500.55 kg/hm2, and the fresh weight yield of FL1 was 43.15% higher than that of CK2, and the net income of FL1 was 34504.5 Yuan/hm2, which was 144.67% higher than that of CK2. Smash ridging tillage can improve the nutrient growth environment of Astragalus, promote plant growth, facilitate the increase of root length and root thickness, improve the yield and quality, and enhance the economic benefits. Smash ridging tillage has a certain positive effect on soil quality improvement of Chinese herbal medicine in semi-arid areas.
Root-knot nematodiasis mainly harms the roots of Panax notoginseng, meanwhile, its compound infection was caused by pathogen invasion of panax notoginseng, which leads to the necrosis and decay of root and ultimately made its yield was decreased. To understand the diversity of bacterial community in rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng in both healthy and it was invaded root-knot nematode disease conditions. We collected samples come from healthy soil (HK), infected soil (GB) and blank control (CK), and their bacterial communities were analyzed by using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that the content of saponins (Rg1, Re, Rd) in healthy Panax notoginseng was significantly higher than that in affected by root-knot nematode. In the analysis of community diversity, the number of OTU was 497 in the rhizosphere bacterial community of healthy panax notoginseng, which was significantly higher than that of 427 in susceptible panax notoginseng and of 460 in CK. In the comparison of diversity index (ace, chao1, Shannon), although rhizosphere bacterial community had not significant difference in healthy and root-knot nematode, but it was significantly higher than that of blank control (CK). PCoA analysis showed that the similarity of bacterial community structure was low for three groups treatments (R2=0.544, P=0.008). However, the dominant bacteria existed differences in each treatment soil. Bradyrhizobium, JG30a-KF-32, Saccharimonadales, Granulicella and WPS-2 were significantly enriched in CK. Chujaibacter, Bryobacter, AD3 were significantly enriched in healthy Panax notoginseng. Gemmatimonas and Rhodanobacte were significantly enriched in Panax notoginseng was infected root-knot nematodiasis. The content of saponins was decreased by infecting root-knot nematodes. LEfSe analysis demonstrated that more biocontrol bacteria such as Bryobacter were enriched in the rhizosphere of healthy panax notoginseng, which provided help for the biological control of pathogenic bacteria of panax notoginseng.
In order to protect, develop and utilize plant resources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and improve the ecological environment, 167 species, 43 families and 121 genera of psammophytes were found through the field investigation of psammophytes in 44 sample plots in the middle basin of Yarlung Zangbo River. Except for 1 species of Fungus, 2 species of Gymnosperms and 4 species of Ferns, Angiosperms are the main components, and dicotyledonous plants are the main groups of Angiosperms. There are 138 species of herbaceous plants, with perennial herbaceous plants as the main life type. Qushui County of Lhasa City is the main distribution area of psammophytes. The species similarity in each distribution area was low, and only 7.69% of the species with the similarity coefficient above 0.4 were found in the two districts. The vertical distribution showed an "intermediate expansion" altitude distribution trend, and most species were mainly distributed between 3501-4100 m; only 28.74% of the species distributed in two or more elevations. Psammophyte species in this area are relatively abundant, and their distribution varies greatly in different counties (districts) or altitude scales. This study can provide a scientific basis for the use of native plants to breed and cultivate excellent sand-fixing plants for the restoration of vegetation in the desertification land of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
The study aims to analyze the variations in soil nutrient content, soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial quantity across different site types and planting densities during intercropping between forests and grasses, to offer insights for selecting an optimal management approach for intercropping between forests and grasses. With Ophiopogon japonicus planted under poplar forests as the subject of the study, three different afforestation densities and two different land types were established. By measuring, we compared the variations in soil nutrients, soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial quantity under different treatment methods. The results showed that compared to plain land, riverbank land had lower nutrient content in terms of available N, available P, available K, available Fe, available Mn, available Cu, available Zn and organic matter. There were significant variations in these elements among different land types (P<0.05). Additionally, there were extremely significant differences in available N, available K, available Mn and available Cu among various afforestation densities, while no significant differences were observed in other elements and organic matter content (P>0.1). In comparison to riverbank farmland, plain farmland had a greater soil bulk density but lower saturated water content, total porosity, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and total microbial content. In plain farmland, among various afforestation densities, all soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial numbers were higher than that in LN2, except for soil bulk density and total soil porosity. The differences in soil bulk density, saturated water content, total porosity, fungi, and actinomycetes were extremely significant (P<0.05). However, the changes in soil physical and chemical properties and soil microbial quantity in riverbank land were not significant. The variations in soil bulk density, saturated water content, total porosity, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and total microbial count between various types of land are highly significant (P<0.05). To sum up, in the long run, forests with a density of 5 m×6 m or 5 m×8 m exhibit excellent tree growth and nutrient levels, making them optimal planting densities.
To study the soil carbon sequestration potential, a long-term monitoring site of wheat and maize double-cropping farmland in Xiangcheng County, Henan Province was selected as the research object. The Century model was used to simulate the dynamic change process of soil organic carbon during the monitoring period (2010-2023), and the applicability of the Century model was verified by comparing with the measured data. At the same time, one basic agricultural management measure and four optimized agricultural management measures were selected to simulate and predict the soil carbon sequestration potential in the next 20 years (2024-2043) by using the Century model. The simulation results showed that during the monitoring period, soil organic carbon density at the monitoring sites increased by 0.31 mg/hm2 annually, showing a “carbon sink” status, mainly due to the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate. The results of Century model validation found that the model had good applicability in simulating and predicting the dynamic change of soil organic carbon. Under the condition of basic agricultural management measures, the soil carbon sequestration potential was low, and the state was weak and stable. Under the condition of agricultural management measures combining less tillage and 50% straw returning, the soil carbon sequestration potential was the highest, which was the most effective agricultural management measure. Therefore, the implementation and popularization of optimized agricultural management measures in the wheat and maize double-cropping farmland area of Henan Province is an important means to enhance soil carbon sequestration capacity, which is of great significance for alleviating greenhouse effect and realizing national food security.
To investigate the effects of different chlorine application amounts on the growth and yield quality of flue-cured tobacco in chlorine-poor soil in Wenshan tobacco-growing area of Yunnan Province, five treatments (CK, conventional fertilization; T1, added potassium chloride 30.0 kg/hm2; T2, added potassium chloride 60.0 kg/hm2; T3, added potassium chloride 90.0 kg/hm2; T4, added potassium chloride 120.0 kg/hm2) were conducted. The physical and chemical properties of chlorine-poor soil, the agronomic and economic properties of tobacco plants, the appearance quality of tobacco leaves and the chemical composition of tobacco leaves under different chlorine application were analyzed to provide some theoretical basis for the improvement of chlorine-poor soil and the improvement of tobacco quality in this area. The results showed that compared with contrast (CK), chlorine application effectively increased the content of available P, available K and water-soluble chloride in chlorine-deficient soil, while it also caused a decrease in pH to varying degrees. The levels of available K and water-soluble chloride content in T1 to T4 increased from 36.7% to 64.1%, and 68.5% to 229.6%, respectively; the growth and development of tobacco plants in low-chlorine soil, as well as the opening of tobacco leaves, could be effectively promoted. Additionally, the growth of tobacco plants showed a slightly stronger effect of T2 treatment than that of CK treatment; the economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco in chlorine-poor soil were effectively enhanced. The overall economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco decreased with the increase of chlorine application, but still outperformed CK treatment. Among the treatments, T1 treatment exhibited the best economic properties, followed by T2 treatment; the application of potassium chlorine-poor soil had enhanced the quality of tobacco leaves, increased the availability of chemical components, and elevated the chlorine content in tobacco leaves. The optimal comprehensive impact of applying 30-60 kg/hm2 of potassium chloride on the cultivation of flue-cured tobacco in chlorine-poor soil in Wenshan was observed. However, the potential environmental impact of long-term application should be further evaluated.
In recent years, the facility planting industry has developed rapidly. Organic fertilizers derived from livestock and poultry manure have become widely used in facility planting. Animal manure is one of the primary sources of antibiotics in the soil of facility planting. These antibiotics can be absorbed by crops and transmitted through the food chain, ultimately posing a threat to human health. The study focused on the impact of antibiotic residues in pig manure organic fertilizer on the ecological risk and biodiversity of soil antibiotics in a solar greenhouse in Yongqing County, Hebei Province, a major vegetable planting county. By measuring the types and contents of antibiotics in pig manure and greenhouse soil, the ecological risk of various antibiotics was evaluated using the risk quotient method; the characteristics of the microbial community were determined using metagenomic methods, and the impact of antibiotic residues on soil microbial diversity was explored. The results showed that: (1) seven typical veterinary antibiotics were detected in pig manure and greenhouse soil samples, namely sulfamethoxazole (SM2), norfloxacin(NOR), Ciprofloxacin(CIP), Enrofloxacin(ENR), Tetracycline(TC), Oxytetracycline(OTC) and Chloramphenicol(CTC). (2) The concentrations of enrofloxacin and aureomycin in pig manure were the highest, with RQ values of 28.26 and 1.23, both greater than 1.0, indicating a high ecological risk. The highest concentrations of enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were observed in the soil of the greenhouse where pig manure was used, with RQ values ranged from 0.1 to 1.0, indicating moderate ecological risks. (3) The application of pig manure organic fertilizer had a certain impact on the microbial community structure in greenhouse soil, changing the abundance ranking of dominant microbial communities. Specially, the fourth dominant bacterial phylum in the soil treated with pig manure had changed from Archaea to Chloroflexi. Research had shown that applying pig manure led to an increase in the relative abundance of Nocardioides, bacteria capable of producing antibiotics, which reached more than twice that of the control group.
To investigate the effects of applying different livestock manure on the physical properties of sloping cropland soil in the black soil area, chemical fertilizers were used as the control, and three kinds of livestock manure, namely, chicken manure, hog manure and cow manure, were selected for the field experiment. The results showed that the application of livestock manure reduced soil bulk weight, whereas it increased soil aggregates, capillary porosity, soil water content and soil infiltration in cultivated land on black soil slopes, and there were differences among different livestock manures. Compared with the CK (control) group, the chicken manure group had a significant increase in 1-0.5 mm soil aggregate particle size of 82.6% at 30 d and a significant decrease in <0.25 mm soil aggregate particle size of 10.0% at 150 d, whereas the pig manure group had a significant increase in 1-0.5 mm particle size of 49.5% at 90 d. Application of different livestock manures did not significantly affect the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil particles, while it significantly affected the mean weight diameter (MWD) and macroaggregate mass fraction (WR > 0.25) of soil particles; WR > 0.25 in the chicken manure group was significantly higher by 10.3% at 150 d compared to the CK group; soil bulk weight decreased by 16.0% and 13.0% at 90 d compared to the CK in the chicken and cow dung groups, respectively; and capillary porosity in the chicken manure group was significantly higher by 50.0% at 60 d compared to the non-capillary porosity which decreased by 38.5%. Chicken manure, hog manure and cow manure significantly increased water content, field holding capacity and saturated water content compared to the CK group; at 90 d, field water holding capacity was significantly increased by 13.7%, 27.7% and 19.1% for hog manure, chicken manure and cattle manure applied compared to CK, respectively; soil water content increased by 9.8%, 21.3%, and 12.1%; soil saturated water content increased by 17.1%, 35.3%, and 26.7%, respectively. Compared with the CK group, the chicken, pig and cow manure groups showed an increase in initial infiltration of 6.2%, 20.5% and 17.9%, in stable infiltration of 1.7%, 23.9% and 4.0%, and in average infiltration of 15.4%, 38.3% and 18.4% at 90 d. The average infiltration of the chicken, pig and cow manure groups was higher than that of the CK group. In addition, correlation analyses showed a negative correlation between soil bulk weight and soil infiltration, soil water content, and soil porosity, and a positive correlation between GMD and MWD, and between soil infiltration and soil water content and soil porosity. In summary, the application of livestock manure can improve the physical properties of soil on black soil slopes cultivated land, and the application of chicken manure is more effective to improve the soil.
To enhance the utilization rate of climatic resources during the growth season of early rice in Zhejiang Province and to achieve sustained and increased yields, daily average temperature, precipitation, and sunlight data from 66 national meteorological stations in Zhejiang Province spanning from 1971 to 2022 were analyzed in this study. Utilizing methods such as linear trend analysis and Mann-Kendall (M-K) test, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of heat, precipitation, and light resources during the early rice growing period and growing season over the past 52 years were examined. The results indicate that the average temperature during the early rice growing period and growing season exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by higher values in the southwest and lower values in the northeast. The climate tendency rate fluctuates with increase of 0.34℃/10a and 0.38℃/10a for average temperature for heat accumulation, with a significant increase point observed in 2002. The annual accumulated temperature above10℃ for early rice ranges between 2719.1 to 3286.4℃·d, also displaying a southwest-high/northeast-low gradient with an increasing climate trend of 75.8°C·d/10a; notably, northeastern regions exhibit a faster increase compared to southwestern areas, leading to a reduction in spatial disparities regarding thermal resources. Interannual variability is significant for precipitation resources; their spatial distribution decreases progressively from southwest to northeast with marked differences observed across regions. The climate trends for precipitation during both the early rice growing period and overall growth season show slow increases at rates of approximately 12.2mm/10a and 14.1mm/10a respectively; these trends follow a staircase-like distribution where northeastern areas are wetter than southwestern ones. Light resource availability demonstrates considerable interannual fluctuations as well, and sunshine resources also exhibit large interannual variations with average sunshine hours being 698.9h and 771.9h, respectively, both showing declines at rates of -11.2h/10a and -8.9h/10a.The research findings provide meteorological evidence and support for enhancing the utilization of climate resources, mitigating meteorological disasters, and implementing scientifically informed varietal distribution, and help to achieve a sustained increase in early rice production in the Zhejiang region.
In order to fully understand the impact of strong wind disaster on the maturity stage of Actinidia arguta, the meteorological data of the maturity stage of Actinidia arguta at four stations in Dandong from 1991 to 2020 were used, and the maximum wind speed ≥12.0 m/s was used as the index of strong wind disaster. Considering the frequency, intensity and duration, the risk levels of mild, moderate and severe strong wind disaster were formulated. The variation law of strong wind disaster of Actinidia arguta was analyzed by the number of disasters and the ratio of stations, and the risk probability of strong wind disaster was evaluated based on information diffusion theory. The results showed that the maximum wind speed during the ripening period of Actinidia arguta in Dandong area showed a downward trend in the past 30 years, and the number of days of strong wind process showed a decreasing trend. Among them, the decrease in Zhen'an area was the smallest, and the number of years and days of strong wind was the most, which was more prone to strong wind disaster risk. The time variation characteristics of the occurrence times of different grades of strong wind disasters in the mature period of Actinidia arguta in Dandong area during 30 years were obvious. The occurrence times of three grades of strong wind disasters were mild > moderate > severe, and the occurrence probability was consistent with them, which were 66.5%, 13.4% and 10.0%, respectively. The corresponding historical recurrence periods were more than 2 years, 10 years and 10 years. At the same time, the high risk probability areas corresponding to the three grades of strong wind disasters were Fengcheng (mild), Zhen 'an (moderate) and Donggang (severe). The probability of gale disaster in each region from high to low was Zhen 'an, Fengcheng, Donggang and Kuandian, and their exceeding probabilities were 95.0%, 89.9%, 86.6% and 33.4%, respectively. The gale disaster was in the range of one to three years. The research results obtained the risk probability and return period law of different gale disasters at each site, which provided a reference for scientific response to the gale disaster in the mature period of Actinidia arguta.
In order to preventing and controlling the jujube witches’broom (JWB), the species identification and population dynamics of potential insect vectors transmitting JWB phytoplasma were performed and analyzed in jujube production area of Guanzhong area, Shaanxi province. The yellow sticky traps were utilized to survey and identify the insect vectors in the jujube orchards in Dali County, from April to October 2022. The rate of JWB phytoplasma carriage by potential vectors was analyzed based on 16SrDNA gene. Eleven species of potential vectors were identified, including Hishimonus lamellatus Cai et Kuoh, Hishimonus sellatus Uhler, Psammotettix striatus Linnaeus, Phlogotettix Cyclops Mulsant et Rey, Chanohirata theae Matsumura, Tautoneura polymitusa Oh & Jung, Zygina discolor Horváth, Empoascas pp., Tricentrus brunneus Funkhouser, Laodelphax striatellus Fallén and Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür. Population dynamics of different insects showed that T. polymitusa, H. lamellatus and H. sellatus were the dominant species in jujube orchards, with relative abundances of 58.38%, 15.68% and 10.32%, respectively. The number of leafhopper adults showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. There were four population peaks for T. polymitusa, and two peaks for H. lamellatus and H. sellatus. The results of PCR detection displayed that the carrier rate of JWB phytoplasma was 13.33%, 12.67% and 10.00% in samples of H. lamellatus, H. sellatus and L. striatellus, respectively. No JWB phytoplasma was detected in other insect samples. The JWB phytoplasma was detected for the first time in L. striatellus, indicating that L. striatellus may be a potential vector insect for JWB. Accordingly, the monitoring and control of vector insects are conducive to the management of JWB. The study aims to provide reference for the control of vector insects to block the transmission chain of JWB.
This study aims to clarify the synergistic effect of pesticide synergists (which main ingredients are compound modified vegetable oil, complex sugar alcohols, non-ionic surfactant) on insecticide. A total of 10 groups with different concentrations of pesticide synergists were set up, two control treatments were set as water, water and pesticide synergists. The synergistic effect of insecticides was determined by indoor measurement of the effect of adding pesticide synergists on the larval killing of Spodoptera frugiperda and the effect of insecticide synergist on the pupation rate of Spodoptera frugiperda. The results showed that the insecticidal effect was improved by 46.55% after 72 hours of application of a mixture of 30% chlorobenzuron and pesticide synergist. From this, it can be seen that pesticide synergists have a synergistic effect on the control of chlorobenzuron.
This study aims to explore the impact of different extraction methods on the antioxidant activity and stability of polysaccharides from broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, and provide a scientific basis for commercial production and stability optimization of products. Polysaccharides were prepared by hot water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted extraction. The polysaccharide yield and antioxidant capacity were determined. Through simulating food processing conditions, the oxidation stability of polysaccharides was systematically evaluated. The polysaccharides extracted from broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder by enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted method (LPE) had the highest yield and uronic acid content, which were 5.05% and 6.55% respectively. LPE had the strongest antioxidant capacity. The highest scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals was 77.24%, and the highest scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals was 83.04%. Light exposure had a great influence on the antioxidant stability of LPE. Under acidic conditions, it had better antioxidant activity. The scavenging rate of hydroxyl radicals exceeded 85%. Moreover, LPE showed good heat resistance. In addition, sweeteners and alkaline additives had a significant impact on the antioxidant stability of LPE. For product sterilization, high-pressure sterilization can be preferred. LPE had the strongest antioxidant activity. During the processing and storage of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide products, prolonged light exposure should be avoided, and the dosage of sweeteners and alkaline additives should be controlled to ensure product quality.
Straw biochar plays an important role in environmental governance and resource recycling. In order to grasp the development process of straw biochar and clarify the focus and preface direction of this research field, this article uses CiteSpace visualization software to conduct bibliometric and knowledge graph analysis on the data retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) core collection database. The results show that the annual publication volume is on the rise, with China ranking first with a total of 3141 articles; among the global research institutions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Institute of Soil Science are representative institutions for straw biochar research; the research results in this field are mainly published in high impact factor journals such as Science of the Total Environment and Bioresource Technology, Wang Hailong from China is the scholar with the highest number of publications; the research hotspots and directions mainly include the raw materials and preparation conditions of straw biochar, the application and mechanisms of straw biochar in carbon sequestration and emission reduction, soil improvement, and pollution remediation. Overall, straw biochar is a hot topic in the resource utilization of agricultural waste. In the future, the modification and preparation of straw biochar, as well as the mechanism and long-term effects of mitigating climate change and repairing environmental pollution, will be the research hotspot and trend.
The transcription profile of Micropterus salmoides against LMBV infection was analyzed to reveal the immune response mechanism of Micropterus salmoides in response to LMBV infection. The head kidney tissues of largemouth bass infected with LMBV 72h were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform. A total of 5953 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, of which 1704 were up-regulated and 4249 were down-regulated. Through GO function annotation, DEGs were mainly related to single-organism process, metabolic process, membrane, cell, binding, catalytic activity, etc. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, primary bile acid biosynthesis. There were 4 immune response-related signaling pathways enriched including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ECM-receptor interaction, phagosome and intestinal immune network for IgA production. The immune-related increased DEGs were cxcr4, il10, mrc, ncf4, itgb2, il27, ccl25, etc. while the decreased degs were cxcl12, tgfb3, il20ra, col4a5, itgb1, etc. PPI analysis showed that itgb1, itga8 and itgb6 were the hub genes of immune-related DEGs. This study analyzed the transcription profile of largemouth bass infected with LMBV to provide a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism and disease prevention of largemouth bass immunity against LMBV.
The study aims to assess the level of agricultural modernization of Beidahuang Group Co., Ltd., a typical leading agricultural enterprise, in order to clarify its development status and provide a reference for the modernization development of other key agricultural enterprises. The index system of agricultural modernization level was constructed from five dimensions by using the multi-index comprehensive evaluation method, and the Delphi method was used to measure the weights and calculate the final score. The findings revealed that the comprehensive evaluation score of Beidahuang Group’s agricultural modernization increased from 0.296 in 2008 to 0.704 in 2022. Despite differences in development foundations, modes, and speeds among its subsidiaries, the overall level of agricultural modernization consistently improved during this period, and the overall pace was basically the same. The overall level of agricultural modernization of Beidahuang Group was in the basic realization stage, especially in the aspects of mechanization, informatization, scientific and technological advancement, talent cultivation, and sustainable development, which played a leading role in demonstration for other leading agricultural enterprises. The paper concluded with suggestions for further development, including maintaining high-quality agricultural product supply, increasing investment in technology and its applications, enhancing talent cultivation, promoting industry integration, and advancing sustainable agricultural practices.
