To investigate the effects of carbon (C) ion beam treatment on the tissue culture of wheat immature embryos and the somaclonal variation in their progeny, and to provide a reference for increasing the variation frequency of wheat somatic clones to address germplasm scarcity and accelerate new cultivar breeding, this study was conducted. Using the pure-line seed 15-676, which exhibits excellent agronomic traits but relatively tall plant height, immature embryos were treated with a carbon ion beam at a radiation dose of 80 Gy and then subjected to tissue culture. Untreated tissue-cultured embryos served as the control. The induction frequency, differentiation frequency, variations in major agronomic traits in the M2S1 and S1 generations, and the glutenin subunit composition were systematically examined. The results revealed that the differentiation frequency in the carbon ion beam-treated group was 11.6%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (20.6%). In the M2S1 generation, the plant height in the carbon ion beam-treated group decreased by 11.74 cm compared to the control, a difference that was highly significant. Meanwhile, the treated group demonstrated increases in the number of grains per main spike, grain weight per main spike, and grain weight per plant. Additionally, both the M2S1 and S1 progeny grains retained the same high-quality glutenin subunits (5+10) as the original 15-676 variety. In conclusion, the combination of carbon ion beam treatment with tissue culture can effectively enhance the level of genetic variation in somatic clones, thereby expanding screening opportunities for beneficial mutants and providing abundant genetic materials for wheat germplasm innovation and new variety breeding.
In order to explore the shade tolerance of different soybean varieties and screen out the soybean varieties suitable for intercropping in northern Shaanxi and establish a standardized evaluation method, this paper took 20 soybean varieties as test materials, and set intercropping (natural shade) and moncropping (no shade) as two treatments. Principal component analysis, membership function analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used to evaluate shade tolerance coefficients of 14 indexes such as plant height, stem diameter and bottom pod height. By principal component analysis, 14 index coefficients were transformed into 4 independent comprehensive indexes, representing 78.665% of the information. The evaluation value of comprehensive shade tolerance was calculated by membership function, and 20 soybean varieties (lines) were divided into strong shade tolerance type (8), medium shade tolerance type (6) and weak shade tolerance type (6). Six indices including plant height, bottom pod height, pod number of main stem, pod number of lateral branch, 100 grain weight and lodging resistance were selected to evaluate the shade tolerance of soybean varieties in northern Shaanxi. This study clarified the evaluation system and key indicators of soybean shade tolerance in the arid area of northern Shaanxi, and screened a number of strong shade-tolerant varieties suitable for intercropping, which could provide varieties and technical support for soybean-maize strip compound planting. Follow-up multi-year multi-point verification and supporting cultivation technology research can be carried out.
The cotton growing area in southern Xinjiang is facing the combined stress of fresh water shortage, soil salinization and seasonal drought, and the safe and efficient utilization technology of brackish water is urgently needed. To elucidate the mechanism by which brackish water supplementary irrigation affects canopy photosynthesis and yield of cotton in southern Xinjiang, using cultivar ‘Xinluzhong 88’ as the test material, three treatments were established: conventional irrigation (CK), brackish water supplementary irrigation+ subsoiling (SWS), and brackish water supplementary irrigation+ subsoiling+ soil conditioner (SWST). The effects of these treatments on leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), canopy interception rate (FIPAR), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), dry-matter accumulation, and seed-cotton yield were investigated. SWST produced the highest LAI and SPAD at both budding and boll-opening stages, increasing LAI by 30.39% and SPAD by 14.63% compared with CK. The interception rate showed an increasing trend with cotton growth. The interception rate of SWST during the fluffing stage reached 0.95 at a vertical height of 60-70 cm. This treatment sustained high photosynthetic efficiency and stimulated dry-matter accumulation, thereby boosting yield. During the bud stage and floret stage, the levels of Tr, Pn and Gs in SWST-treated samples were significantly higher than those in CK-treated samples, with no significant difference observed between SWST and SWS treatments (P<0.05). The water use efficiency (WUEi) of SWST was 11.4% higher than that of CK, while the carbon uptake (Ci) decreased by 6.29%. Dry-matter accumulation entered the rapid phase 5 days earlier in SWST than in CK, resulting in an 18.42% yield increase and the highest growth characteristic value (88.71). Supplemental irrigation with brackish water at a mineralization degree of 4.5 g/L, combined with deep loosening and the application of a soil conditioner, significantly increased cotton LAI, SPAD values and WUEi, optimized canopy structure, increased the interception rate of cotton populations while enhancing dry matter accumulation, finally producing the highest seed-cotton yield of 7557.65 kg/hm2. In the future, multi-year positioning and different salinity gradient tests can be carried out to improve the regional adaptation technology model.
The Jianghan Plain is the core cultivation area of southern black poplar. Cuttage afforestation and afforestation with roots are the local main afforestation methods, but the difference in long-term growth rhythm is not clear. In order to scientifically select afforestation methods and support efficient cultivation of poplars, four black poplar varieties of ‘Danhongyang’, ‘Huashi No.2’, ‘Chulin No.2’, and ‘2025 Yang’ were used as test materials to carry out a continuous 8-year positioning comparison test, and systematically analyzed the diameter at breast height (DBH), total tree height growth and annual net growth rhythm of black poplar under the two afforestation methods. Statistical results showed that over the eight years of afforestation, the cumulative increments in DBH and tree height of four varieties planted by cuttage afforestation at different ages were all higher than those of afforestation with roots. Moreover, within the first two years after afforestation, the average growth rates of DBH and tree height of cuttage afforestation exceeded those of afforestation with roots by more than 21% and 13%, respectively. The variance analysis results indicated that there were highly significant differences in the total growth of DBH and tree height traits among both the afforestation methods and the varieties. The t-test results for the total growth of DBH and tree height under the two afforestation methods showed that all significant differences were attributed to the greater growth in cuttage afforestation compared to afforestation with roots. The t-test results for the annual net growth of DBH and tree height under the two afforestation methods revealed that, in the first two years, for all four varieties, the net increments of cuttage afforestation were significantly greater than those of afforestation with roots, except for tree height of ‘Chulin No.2’ in the second year. By the third year, there were no significant differences in the net growth of DBH and tree height between the two afforestation methods for any of the varieties. From the fourth to the fifth year, due to flooding stress, most varieties exhibited greater net growth in afforestation with roots compared to cuttage afforestation. From the sixth to eighth years, there was generally no significant difference in growth between the two methods. Overall, in the Jianghan Plain, excluding the impacts of prolonged flooding and extreme climates, the growth of black poplar under cuttage afforestation was significantly superior to that under afforestation with roots in the first two years. From the third year onward, the difference between the two afforestation methods became insignificant. The maximum annual net increment of DBH occurred in the second year after afforestation, while the maximum annual net increment of tree height appeared in the third year. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical basis for further selecting poplar cultivation modes and implementing efficient cultivation in this region.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important legume vegetable, and its in vitro regeneration is difficult, which limits the efficiency of genetic transformation and molecular breeding. In order to establish an efficient and stable in vitro regeneration system of common bean, this study used ‘Shuangfeng No.1’ common bean as material, cotyledonary nodes, hypocotyls, true leaves and cotyledons as explants, and used direct regeneration (callus pathway) and indirect regeneration (cotyledonary nodes directly bud) to optimize the ratio of plant growth regulators, low temperature and high osmotic stress conditions. The optimal parameters of callus induction, embryogenic callus differentiation, adventitious bud formation and rooting transplanting were systematically screened, and the in vitro regeneration system of common bean was established. The results showed that: (1) the best explants for loose callus induction were hypocotyls and cotyledonary nodes. The best medium was MS+ 1 mg/L 2,4-D, and the induction rates were 93.33% and 90.00%, respectively. (2) The optimal medium for inducing embryogenic callus in common bean（Phaseolus vulgaris）was MS+ 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D+ 0.25 mg/L 6-BA. Embryogenic callus was more easily induced when the explants were cultured at low temperature for 2 to 5 days. However, successful regeneration through callus was not achieved in this experiment, and further research is needed. (3) The indirect regeneration experiment indicated that the best explant was the cotyledon node, and the optimal induction medium was MS+ 2 mg/L 6-BA, with an adventitious bud induction rate of 100%. (4) The induced adventitious buds could be transferred to 1/2 MS+ 1 mg/L IBA rooting medium to regenerate complete plants. The rooting rate was 96.67%, the survival rate of transplanted seedlings was 84.16%, and the regenerated plants could flower and pod normally. This experiment established an efficient in vitro regeneration culture system for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), enabling rapid propagation of plants in vitro and laying the foundation for the establishment of a genetic transformation system for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
The study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Guangzhou, predict the future trend of agricultural carbon emissions, and provide theoretical support for formulating agricultural carbon reduction policies. Based on 4 carbon sources (agricultural inputs, rice cultivation, agricultural land use, and livestock farming) and 6 major crops, the paper adopted the carbon emission calculation theories of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to calculate agricultural carbon emissions, carbon uptake, and net carbon emissions in Guangzhou from 2007 to 2023, analyzed their dynamic evolution trends and spatiotemporal characteristics, dissected the influencing factors by using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model, and predicted the agricultural net carbon emissions of Guangzhou in the coming period using the gray prediction model. The results indicated that: (1) in 2023, Guangzhou’s agricultural carbon emissions, carbon uptake, and net emissions were 103.14×104 tons, 63.40×104 tons, and 39.74×104 tons. From 2007 to 2023, agricultural carbon emissions initially increased, peaked at 235.72×104 tons in 2010, then declined and stabilized with minor fluctuations, livestock farming contributed the highest proportion (40.14% in 2023); agricultural carbon uptake first increased, reaching its peak of 95.15×104 tons in 2016, and then declined, with annual vegetable carbon uptake being the primary source of Guangzhou’s annual agricultural carbon uptake; agricultural net carbon emissions exhibited a fluctuating downward trend overall, with a spatial distribution characterized by higher values in the northeast and lower values in the southwest, Zengcheng District and Conghua District were key areas requiring attention for future agricultural carbon emission reductions; (2) agricultural production efficiency, total agricultural machinery power and industrial structure positively contributed to reducing net emissions, while agricultural economic development partially increased net emissions; (3) agricultural carbon emissions in Guangzhou had reached the peak in 2010, achieving carbon neutrality in 2060 remained challenging. Accordingly, the paper proposes recommendations such as strengthening coordination, clarifying goals and roadmaps of agricultural carbon neutrality, innovating green low carbon technologies, developing carbon inclusive methodologies, and exploring agricultural carbon trading pilots
The study aims to clarify the spatial differences in soil fertility and characteristics of microbial diversity of vegetable fields in Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou, and provide a scientific basis for optimizing soil management strategies and promoting the green and sustainable development of the vegetable industry. Soil samples were collected from 16 vegetable fields (S1-S16) in the district, and physical and chemical indicators such as pH, organic matter, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients were determined. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the diversity of soil bacterial communities. The results showed that the soil fertility in the study area exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity (moderate variation). The soil in the eastern part was weakly alkaline with severe salinization, while the soil in the southern part was acidic with higher contents of organic matter and total nitrogen, and available phosphorus and available potassium showed polarization due to differences in fertilization. Soil organic matter was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients, pH was significantly negatively correlated with total nitrogen, and the planting age of protected vegetables had a highly significant positive quadratic relationship with soil electrical conductivity (R2=0.65, P<0.01). The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, etc. Microbial diversity was higher in the southern and central old planting areas, and the community structure was divided into two groups based on soil salinization and fertility levels. Chloroflexi was significantly negatively correlated with pH (r=-0.53, P<0.05). In the future, measures such as reducing phosphorus fertilization, replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers, paddy-upland rotation, and improving irrigation and drainage in salinized areas should be adopted to regulate soil pH and fertility and enhance soil health.
Juvenile hormone and testosterone are important insect hormones. In order to understand the effects of juvenile hormone and testosterone on the egg-laying ability of Coccinella septempunctata, in this study, we used artificial diets supplemented with different concentrations of juvenile hormone analog (ZR-515) and testosterone to feed adult ladybird beetles, and analyzed the feeding frequency, mating frequency, egg production and hatching rate of eggs of C. septempunctata in different feeding treatments. The results showed that: (1) there was no significant difference between the feeding frequency and egg production of each group with the addition of ZR-515 at 50, 5, 0.5 and 0 μL/L in J-a, J-b, J-c and J-ck, respectively, and the mating frequency of group J-c was significantly higher than that of groups J-a and J-b. (2) 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0 mg/L testosterone (corresponding to treatment groups T-a, T-b, T-c, and T-ck) were added to the treatments. There were no significant differences in feeding frequency, egg production, and egg hatching rate among the groups, but the mating frequency in the T-a group was significantly higher than that in the T-ck group. (3) Treatments with additions of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mg/L of testosterone and 0.5 μL/L ZR-515 (corresponding to treatment groups JT-a, JT-b, JT-c, JT-d, JT-e) were set up with 0.5 μL/L ZR-515 alone as the control (JT-ck). There was no significant difference in feeding frequency among each treatment, while the JT-c group was extremely significantly higher than the JT-e group and significantly higher than the JT-d group. Egg production from high to low was JT-d [(59.53±9.81) eggs]> JT-c [(53.53±9.22) eggs]> JT-e [(34.86±7.84) eggs]> JT-b [(34.13±6.48) eggs]> JT-ck [(31.13±5.17) eggs]> JT-a [(7.80±2.58) eggs], JT-d group was significantly higher than JT-a, JT-b, JT-e, and JT-ck groups, while JT-c group was significantly higher than JT-a, JT-e, and JT-ck groups. The results of this study indicated that supplementing artificial diets with only 0.5 μL/L of the juvenile hormone analog ZR-515 and 0.1 mg/L testosterone increased the mating frequency of C. septempunctata, but did not significantly improve egg production. However, when 0.1 mg/L testosterone and 0.5 μL/L ZR-515 were added together, the mating frequency, egg production, and egg hatching rate were significantly higher than those fed with the diet containing only 0.5 μL/L ZR-515.
This study investigated the effects of different inducer treatments on the stress-resistant physiological indexes, agronomic traits, and yield of flax leaves, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and application references for the cultivation, quality improvement, and yield increase of flax. Using flax cultivar ‘Neiya 14’ as the test material, measurements and comparisons were carried out on the plant height, technical length, number of branches, yield components, and leaf physiological indicators of flax treated with different resistance inducers, including Aitaling, chitosan oligosaccharide, and plant immune proteins. The results indicated significant differences in the effects of different resistance inducers. Compared with other treatments, plant immune protein and Atailing treatments significantly enhanced flax stress resistance: the soluble sugar contents were 123.71 and 122.73 mg/g, proline contents were 64.08 and 62.62 μg/g, and SOD activities were 129.87 and 123.91 U/g, respectively, both significantly higher than the clear water control treatments. Aitaling, plant immune protein, and ‘Jiaojiang No.1’ promoted the growth and development of flax. Specifically, the treatment with ‘Jiaojiang No.1’ resulted in the highest plant height, reaching 63.77 cm; while the treatment with Aitaling achieved the longest berry length of 43.70 cm and the highest number of effective berries per plant at 28.83. The treatments with plant immune protein and Aitaling achieved the highest equivalent output, reaching 2530.13 and 2538.17 kg/hm2, respectively representing significant increases of 6.03% and 6.33% compared to the clear water control treatment. The treatments with Aitaling, plant immune protein, and ‘Jiaojiang No.1’ exhibited significant effects in promoting flax growth, increasing yield, and enhancing stress resistance, thus showing considerable application potential in flax cultivation.
To address the problems of cold and arid conditions, severe soil salinization, and the shortage of high-quality forage varieties in the saline-alkali soils of the Qaidam region, this study selected 13 domestic and foreign forage oat varieties as experimental materials. Field experiments were conducted to systematically evaluate their growth performance, fresh and hay yields, and nutritional quality. Principal component analysis and grey relational analysis were employed to comprehensively assess their adaptability. The results showed that significant differences were observed among varieties in plant height (85.20-155.20 cm), stem diameter (3.84-6.40 mm), leaf area (21.56-89.23 cm2), and tiller number (P<0.05). Fresh yield ranged from 1.28 to 6.23 kg/m2, and hay yield ranged from 0.33 to 1.38 kg/m2, with ‘Heimeike’ showing significantly higher yields than other varieties (P<0.05). In terms of nutritional quality, crude protein content ranged from 7.30% to 13.01%, and relative feed value (RFV) ranged from 84.08 to 126.64. ‘Linna’ exhibited the highest RFV but relatively low yield. Comprehensive evaluation indicated that ‘Heimeike’ had the highest weighted relevance degree, suggesting the strongest adaptability, high yield and good quality balance. Therefore, ‘Heimeike’ is suitable for cultivation in the saline-alkali soils of the Qaidam region. Future studies should focus on multi-year and multi-location trials, as well as physiological and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance, to further improve the regional oat cultivation system.
Tillage and land preparation machinery are fundamental to agricultural production. They play a crucial role in improving farming efficiency, enhancing soil quality, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. This study aims to reveal the research trends, collaboration landscape, key research topics, and future directions in the field of international tillage and land preparation machinery to provide a valuable reference for scholars and industry practitioners. This study used relevant literature from 2005 to 2024 in the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database as the data source, and a total of 709 valid sample papers were obtained after sorting and screening. Using bibliometric methods combined with various scientific knowledge mapping tools, we systematically analyzed the annual publication trends, research entities, collaboration networks, and the evolution of research topics and themes. The number of publications in international tillage and land preparation machinery research showed an overall upward trend over the last two decades. It entered a rapid development phase after 2011, peaking in 2021. China dominated in both research output and academic influence, forming research clusters centered on institutions like Northwest A&F University and Jilin University. However, collaboration networks among authors, institutions, and countries generally showed ‘cohesion’ characteristic, and international cooperation still needed to be strengthened. Initial research hotspots mainly focused on the performance optimization of basic tillage operations and key components. The focus then shifted to the collaborative optimization of ‘implement-soil-tillage performance’. More recently, numerical simulation techniques, such as the discrete element method (DEM), were introduced to deeply analyze the soil-implement interaction mechanism and optimize key components. Current research also focuses on the integration and application of digital technologies like machine vision, intelligent simulation, and the optimization of tillage energy efficiency, soil disturbance, and soil health. International research on tillage and land preparation machinery has entered a rapid development stage centered on ‘performance optimization, soil health, and intelligent technologies’. Future explorations should focus on in-depth research into areas such as digital twin-based virtual-real integration design, intelligent and autonomous equipment with cognitive and decision-making capabilities, and green tillage equipment systems deeply integrated with sustainable and precision agriculture.
In view of the problem that the current threshing and redrying process parameters are solidified and difficult to adapt to the differentiated quality improvement needs of different quality tobacco leaves, the study aims to tap the potential of tobacco raw materials, enhance the use value and support the high-quality development of cigarette brands. Taking flue-cured tobacco of different grades of ‘Yunyan 97’ and ‘Yunyan 105’ from Luoping County, Yunnan Province in 2024 as experimental materials, manual sorting was conducted. High-quality raw materials were designated as the S module, and low-quality raw materials were designated as the X module. The potential of tobacco raw materials was explored by formulating sensory quality evaluation table, setting preset processing parameters, and constructing correlation analysis between sensory evaluation, chemical composition and process parameter control. The results showed: (1) When the S module adopted TS3 parameters, the total sugar, nitrogen-to-alkali ratio, and potassium-to-chlorine ratio increased by 6.71%, 3.13%, and 36.24% respectively compared to TS0, while chlorine content and sugar-to-alkali ratio decreased by 31.69% and 2.27% respectively, resulting in more balanced composition. In sensory evaluation, indicators such as aroma intensity and fragrance volume improved by 3.08%-17.54%, with overall scores rising by 7.91%. This improvement manifested as enhanced aroma intensity and fragrance volume, increased transparency, reduced irritation, stronger smoke satisfaction, and a lingering sweet aftertaste with natural throat moisture. (2) When the TX3 parameter was adopted in module X, the contents of reducing sugar, nicotine, potassium and potassium-chloride ratio increased by 3.90%, 4.89%, 5.50% and 72.76% respectively compared with TX0, while the chlorine content and nitrogen-alkali ratio decreased by 40.28% and 5.77%. The sensory score improved by 1.82%-20.00%, and the total score increased by 7.32%, showed characteristics such as enhanced fragrance, smoother smoke and less irritation, with a balanced overall performance. The reasonable setting of process parameters during tobacco redrying can balance the chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco, realize the differentiated effect of high-quality modules to preserve fragrance and enhance permeability, and low-quality modules to preserve fragrance and remove impurities. In the future, the production area and variety range can be expanded to establish a common use redrying process parameter system.
