To address the problems of lack of germplasm resources, unclear adaptability and lack of excellent parents of aromatic japonica rice in cold region of Inner Mongolia, this study analyzed 127 rice germplasms in terms of their growth period, agronomic traits and fragrance gene, aiming to provide parental materials and theoretical references for fragrant rice breeding in Inner Mongolia. Field adaptability identification was carried out in Hinggan League for 2 years using single-plant transplanting, and agronomic and economic traits were systematically investigated throughout the entire growth period. The results showed that all the tested germplasms could mature normally, with early-maturing, medium-maturing, medium-late-maturing and late-maturing types accounting for 2.36%, 33.86%, 41.73% and 22.05% respectively, and medium-late-maturing types (146-155 days from sowing to maturity) was the dominant type. The traits were characterized by yellowish glume tips and culms, medium-sized panicles and tillers, small flag leaf angles, awnless and strong lodging resistance; medium-statured plants (56.69%) were the majority, and medium-sized panicles (69.29%) were the most common; 69.29% of the germplasms had a grain-filling rate of ≥90%, and 95.28% had medium-width second upper leaves. A total of 103 materials carried the badh2-E7 fragrance gene. This study screened out 23 fragrant rice germplasms, with their full heading period concentrated from July 21st to 26th, and the average stem length was 83.64 ± 10.37 cm, which can provide excellent parental resources for fragrant rice breeding in Inner Mongolia. The study clarified the phenotypic rules of fragrant rice germplasm in the northern cold region, and provided theoretical basis for the breeding of high-quality fragrant rice in the Inner Mongolia rice region. Subsequently, hybrid mating group and yield, stress resistance and taste can be improved simultaneously.
The storage aging of maize seeds can easily lead to the decrease of germination activity and uneven emergence. Therefore, new green and efficient seed priming technologies are urgently needed in production. β-Ocimene is an important plant signal volatile substance, but its effect as a seed initiator is not yet clear. In order to explore the regulatory effect of β-ocimene on maize seed germination, taking maize seeds as the experimental materials, five concentration levels of β-ocimene treatment groups (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mmol/L) and three treatment durations (6, 12, and 18 h) were set. The germination rate, germination index, vigor index, seedling root length, seedling height and biomass were measured by completely random design, and the optimal priming combination was screened by membership function method and correlation analysis. The experimental results showed that β-ocimene priming for maize seed germination was significantly better than that of the distilled water control priming group. According to the analysis of time and concentration gradients by the subordinate function method, the 18 h treatment was the best, followed by 12 h, and the 6 h treatment had the worst effect. Among all treatments, the combined treatment of 1.5 mmol/L β-ocimene priming for 18 h had the best effect. Under this combination, the seed germination index was the highest (30.38), the vigor index was the highest (1173.92), the seedling root length was the longest (24.08 cm), the seedling height was the highest (15.32 cm), the fresh weight was the highest (1.53 g), and the dry weight was the highest (0.15 g). This experiment is the first to find that pre-soaking treatment with β-ocimene can significantly improve the germination rate and vigor of maize seeds. The results of this study provide a new priming agent for maize seed priming, and also provide a useful reference for seed priming of other crops.
Delta-row planting is a novel maize field arrangement that optimizes the spatial configuration and population structure of plants. This method improves the field light environment and enhances light energy utilization efficiency, thereby contributing to stable yield increases. However, systematic research on its comprehensive effects on maize canopy structure, photosynthetic production, and stem mechanical properties remains lacking. Using the maize variety 'Lianyan 35' as material, with conventional equidistant planting as the control, this study systematically analyzed the effects of delta-row planting on maize morphological characteristics (plant height, ear height, stem-leaf angle, and canopy transmittance), photosynthetic production (leaf area index, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, and dry matter accumulation per plant), and stem strength (breaking strength, crushing strength, and puncture strength). The mechanism underlying its effect on yield formation was further explored. The results showed that delta-row planting significantly optimized the population canopy structure by reducing the stem-leaf angle and increasing canopy transmittance. This effectively improved the light conditions for middle and lower leaves, subsequently enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation. Compared with traditional equidistant planting, delta-row planting significantly increased the SPAD value of leaves, raised the net photosynthetic rate by 20.00%, and markedly boosted dry matter accumulation per plant. Concurrently, delta-row planting strengthened the mechanical properties of maize stems, with breaking strength increasing by 28.60% and crushing strength by 11.11%, which is beneficial for improving lodging resistance. Regarding yield performance, the delta-row planting treatment achieved a grain yield of 16297.05 kg/hm2, significantly higher than the 14852.22 kg/hm2 of the control treatment, representing a yield increase of 9.73%. In summary, the delta-row planting method effectively promotes yield formation by optimizing canopy structure, enhancing photosynthetic production, and strengthening stem mechanical properties. Therefore, it can be promoted and applied as an efficient and stable maize cultivation technique.
To breed millet varieties suitable for summer sowing in the summer millet area of North China, using the regional trial data of millet varieties across the country in 2023, grey correlation analysis and membership function analysis were conducted on the main yield-related traits and resistance-related traits of 21 millet varieties (lines) participating in the trial to explore the relationship between agronomic traits and yield. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of grain weight of spike was the highest at 8.24%, while the coefficient of variation of yield rate of millet was relatively low at 1.41%. The yield was highly correlated with the weight per spike (0.7409) and the grain weight of spike (0.7321). The results of membership function analysis showed that the panicle traits of ‘Zhongzagu 76’performed exceptionally well, among which spike length (0.9722), spike thickness (1), weight per ear (1), grain weight per ear (1), and thousand kernel weight (1) all had higher membership values; the processing quality was also good, with its yield rate of millet value of 0.8652. At the same time, ‘Zhongzagu 72’ was also outstanding in panicle characters, with spike length belonging to 1, spike thickness (0.8621), weight per ear (0.7432), grain weight per ear (0.8) and thousand kernel weight (0.9773) were also at a high level, and its yield rate of millet was 0.9265. In addition, the membership function values of these two varieties in terms of waterlogging tolerance and lodging resistant were both 1, indicating good performance in these two resistances. However, both of them performed moderately in terms of disease resistance (including foxtail millet rust, sheath blight and sclerospora graminicola), and there was still room for further improvement. ‘Yugu 49’ and ‘Yugu 54’ performed well in terms of foxtail millet blast and foxtail millet rust (membership function values are both 1), but their panicle traits and yield stability were slightly weaker, making it suitable for promotion in areas with a high incidence of diseases. High-yield and high-quality millet requires a balance between panicle shape, quality and stress resistance. ‘Zhongzagu 76’ and ‘Zhongzagu 72’ have excellent comprehensive performance, and the disease-resistant genes of the Yugu series are prominent, making it of significant breeding value.
This study aims to address the technical challenge of precipitation formation and compromised fermentation stability caused by high concentrations of magnesium sulfate in the fermentation medium of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as the test strain, this study employed an improved medium preparation method, that is, pH adjustment prior to the addition of magnesium sulfate. The growth performance, sporulation capacity, and spore thermostability were evaluated in media containing varying concentrations (1.3, 4.6, 16.6g/L) of magnesium sulfate. Furthermore, the survival rate of the spores following spray drying into a powdered formulation was determined. The results showed that following the optimization of the medium preparation protocol, the formation of magnesium hydroxide precipitation was significantly reduced, shortening the fermentation cycle of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from 24 h to 21 h and improving batch-to-batch consistency. At a magnesium sulfate concentration of 16.6 g/L, the spores exhibited a survival rate of 98.9% after heat treatment at 90℃ for 20 min. Furthermore, the spore survival rate in the powder obtained after spray drying was as high as 97.1%, which was significantly higher than that of the low-magnesium control group (43.3%). The medium preparation protocol of "adjusting pH prior to magnesium sulfate addition" is operationally simple and ensures system stability. This method effectively enhances the spore thermostability in the fermentation broth and improves their survival rate in the powder obtained after spray drying. Consequently, it provides a viable strategy for the large-scale production of Bacillus species. Subsequent experiments in fermentation tanks and molecular mechanism analysis of stress resistance can be carried out.
To address the challenges in the industrialization of Trichoderma-based biofungicides, including high liquid fermentation costs, low spore yields, and extensive solid-state fermentation processes, this study aimed to achieve cost-effective, high-efficiency conidia production of the plant growth-promoting and antagonistic strain Trichoderma citrinoviride HT-1. Using agricultural wastes as solid fermentation substrates, we systematically optimized the substrate composition and fermentation conditions through single-factor experiments, orthogonal array design, and response surface methodology. The growth-promoting effects of the fermented product were further evaluated on wheat and tomato seedlings in pot experiments. The optimal solid substrate formula was maize straw : wheat bran : peanut shell : cottonseed hull = 2 : 2 : 3 : 1. The key fermentation parameters were inoculum size (14.22%), moisture content (48.89%), and fermentation duration (13.27 days). Under these optimized conditions, strain HT-1 achieved a maximum spore yield of 1.01 × 1011 spores/g. Pot experiment results showed that the fermented product significantly increased plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of both wheat and tomato seedlings (P < 0.05). Collectively, this study establishes a stable, high-yield solid-state fermentation technology for T. citrinoviride that enables the valorization of agricultural wastes. These findings provide a scientific basis and technical support for the industrial development and green agricultural application of T. citrinoviride HT-1. Future research should focus on formulation development, field stability testing, and mechanistic studies of plant growth promotion.
Fusarium oxysporum is an important agricultural pathogen and active secondary metabolite resource fungus. Efficient and stable protoplast transformation system is the key technical prerequisite for its gene function research and metabolic regulation. To improve plasmid transformation efficiency, this study optimized the protoplast preparation and transformation system in Fusarium oxysporum; Using F. oxysporum R1 as the research object, the PEG-mediated transformation and single-factor experiments were employed to optimize the conditions for protoplast preparation and transformation. The optimal conditions for protoplast preparation of F. oxysporum were as follows: sporulation in CMC-Na medium for 72 h, mycelial culture in YEPD medium for 24 h, and enzymatic digestion with a composite enzyme cocktail (drislase: yatalase: lysozyme = 3: 1: 1, 20 mg/mL) in 0.7 mol/L NaCl at 36 ℃ and 180 r/min for 4 h. Under these conditions, the protoplast yield reached 3.81×107 protoplasts/mL. Using TB3 as the transformation medium, the transformation efficiency reached 27,000/mg (calculated as the number of transformants per unit mass of DNA). Experiment demonstrated that this system successfully knocked out the core virulence factor gene T1PKS involved in fusarubin biosynthesis in F. oxysporum R1, achieving an efficiency of 62.5%. In this study, a high-yield, stable and efficient protoplast preparation and PEG-mediated genetic transformation system of F. oxysporum R1 was constructed, which provided reliable technical support for gene editing, virulence mechanism analysis, secondary metabolite mining and prevention and control of agricultural pathogenic bacteria.
The isolation method of Morchella strains directly affects the genetic stability, fruiting uniformity and yield of the strains. At present, the comparative study of different isolation methods of Morchella sextelata is still weak. In order to compare the effects of tissue isolation and multi-spore isolation on the cultivation performance of Morchella sextelata, and to evaluate the application potential of the two methods in strain breeding of morel, using the same fruiting body of Morchella sextelata as the test material, four strains were obtained by tissue isolation and multi-spore isolation, and their mycelial growth, bag-full time, fruiting phenology and yield were systematically determined. The results showed that all four strains contained both MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 mating-type genes, and the mycelial growth rate on PDA medium ranged from 14.1 to 15.2 mm/d without significant difference. The bag-full time of multi-spore isolated strain MS2 (26.5 d) was significantly shorter than that of tissue isolated strains TS1 (34.2 d) and TS2 (35.5 d). The interval from sclerotium to primordium of multi-spore isolated strains was shortened by about 2.5 d, and the first harvest time (73.3-74.0 d) was significantly earlier than that of tissue isolated strains (75.0-76.0 d). MS2 had the highest yield (0.45 kg/m2), which was significantly higher than that of TS1 and TS2, while MS1 had the lowest yield (0.35 kg/m2), showing significant differences among strains. Multi-spore isolation could produce greater phenotypic variation and screen out high-yield strains, but required strict selection. Tissue isolation had stable traits but low reproductive efficiency. Strain MS2 had excellent comprehensive characteristics and production application value. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the efficient strain isolation, breeding and stable cultivation of Morchella sextelata.
The purpose of this study is to screen new varieties of Pholiota nameko with rapid growth rate. Pholiota nameko protoplasts were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis using wild Pholiota nameko from Alshan of Inner Mongolia as materials, and the protoplasts were mutated by high-voltage corona electric field. The protoplasts were cultured by coating method on PDA medium in order to obtain high quality mutant strains. The experimental results show that under the conditions of voltage of 6kv and processing time of 10 s-10 min, the Pholiota nameko protoplasts mutagenesis mortality rate is 30.51%-100%; When the voltage is 7 kV and the treatment time is 10 s-5 min, the mutagenesis mortality rate is 39.55%-100%, and the daily growth rate of regenerated strains from mutagenic protoplasts is higher than that of the control group. Taking a voltage of 6 kV as an example, the growth rate of protoplast regenerated strains mutagenized by 10 s are 119% higher than the control group. Quantitative analysis of laccase activity revealed that the laccase activity of protoplast regenerated strains under 6 kV and 3 min mutation conditions increased by 8.79 times compared to the control group on the 6th day, which indicates that high-voltage corona discharge mutagenesis of wild Pholiota nameko protoplasts can improve the growth rate and quality of the strain, enhance laccase activity, and obtain positive mutant strains, providing a new direction for further domestication of wild Pholiota nameko.
Rapid urbanization has led to systematic degradation of urban green space soil, such as soil compaction, soil organic matter deficiency, soil acid-base imbalance, and soil biodiversity decline, which severely constrain the ecological service functions of these soils. Traditional restoration measures of urban green space soil are characterized by high costs and poor sustainability, necessitating the exploration of ecological remediation pathways based on nature. This study took Guangzhou as an example, conducted a comparative analysis of on-site investigation data and the local standard “DB4401/T 36—2019 for Garden Planting Soil”. The results showed that the soil quality of green spaces in Guangzhou generally failed to meet the standards. The average pH of the soil was pH 6.99, with a range of pH 3.16 to pH 10.29. 24.7% of the soil had a pH value above 7.5, and 2.63% of the soil had a pH value below 5.5. The average soil bulk density was 1.41 g/cm3, and the proportion of sample points with bulk density greater than 1.25 was 51.3%. The average soil organic matter content was only 15.1 g/kg, and the proportion of soil sample points below the standard limit was 63.1%. The proportion of soil sample points with soil hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium content below the standard limit was 33.9%, 12.8% and 9.13% respectively. Soil compaction and acid-base imbalance were common problems. The multiple functions of earthworms as “soil ecosystem engineers” in improving soil physical structure, regulating nutrient cycling, constructing biological networks and purifying pollutants were summarized and sorted out, and the feasibility of their application was comprehensively evaluated from multiple dimensions such as resource conditions, economic costs, policy environment, market demand and ecological risks. It was considered that introduction of earthworm was an efficient and low-cost nature-based solutions (NbS) approach, which was suitable for soil ecological restoration of urban green space. This paper proposed an implementation pathway for ecological restoration of green space soils based on earthworm resource surveys, breeding of native species, scientific introduction, and supporting monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive management, aiming to provide a reference for enhancing the service capacity of urban ecosystems.
To investigate the natural germination environment and rhizosphere microbial status of Dendrobium denneanum seedlings in Malipo, high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the microbial diversity and community composition differences between the rhizosphere soil of one-year-old seedlings and nearby non-germinated seedling soil. The results indicated that compared to non-germinated Dendrobium denneanum seedling soil, the diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in one-year-old Dendrobium denneanum seedling rhizosphere soil significantly decreased. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria ranked the first in bacterial abundance (SCK: 29.48%, A1: 40.23%), followed by Bacteroidota (SCK: 33.73%, A1: 19.12%), with Acidobacteriota and Planctomycetota occupying the third and fourth positions, respectively. Among fungi, Ascomycota showed the highest abundance (SCK: 45.23%, A1: 37.43%), followed by unclassified Mortierellomycota (SCK: 31.89%, A1: 48.35%), while Ciliophora and Basidiomycota ranked third and fourth. Variation analysis revealed that significant differences were found in microbial community composition between the two soil samples (bacteria: R2=0.900, P=0.001; fungi: R2=0.963, P=0.001). Soil environmental factors such as organic matter, total nitrogen, and Ca exhibited significant correlations with beneficial microbes like Mortierella and Sphingomonas. These findings provide scientific insights for developing microbial resources related to Dendrobium denneanum seed germination and analyzing interactions between orchid plants and microorganisms.
In order to clarify the impact of climate change on tobacco quality and enhance the potassium and petroleum ether extract content, the study analyzed the distribution characteristics of climate elements and the distribution of petroleum ether extract and potassium content in tobacco leaves, as well as the main influencing climate factors using mathematical statistical methods with metrological data in Baoshan tobacco growing area from 2000 to 2020 and the data of petroleum ether extract and potassium content of tobacco leaves. The results showed that the average precipitation during the field period in Baoshan tobacco growing area was 978.83 mm, the average temperature was 19.16℃, and the average total sunshine hours were 882.77 h, with a relatively low average temperature in the past 20 years. The total precipitation during the field period showed a gradually decreasing trend from west to east, with the highest monthly rainfall in July; the sunshine hours gradually increased from west to east, with the lowest monthly sunshine hours in July; at the same time, the average temperature was mainly between 17-20℃, with scattered areas below 17 ℃ in Tengchong, and the monthly average temperature reached its peak in June and August. The average content of petroleum ether extract in the middle and upper tobacco leaves of Baoshan was 6.20% and 6.21% respectively, and the potassium content was 2.00% and 1.72% respectively, both of which were within the lower limit of the requirements for high-quality tobacco leaves. The petroleum ether extract of central tobacco leaves was the highest in Longling County, while the petroleum ether extract of upper tobacco leaves was high in the middle and low in the surrounding areas; the potassium content in tobacco leaves showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing from west to east. The petroleum ether extract and potassium content of tobacco leaves were mainly affected by precipitation and sunshine hours, and the sunshine hours in August and September had the most significant effects on the petroleum ether extract content of central and upper tobacco leaves, with August showing a negative effect and September showing a positive effect; The precipitation in July was significantly positively correlated with the potassium content of tobacco leaves in the central and upper parts. Therefore, the primary climate factors influencing the potassium and petroleum ether extract content of flue-cured tobacco are the precipitation levels across different months in Baoshan Area.
To ensure safe wheat production, based on the incidence data of spring wheat stripe rust in Anding District, Dingxi City from 2008 to 2017, combined with concurrent meteorological and agro-meteorological observation data of spring wheat, the occurrence and development characteristics of stripe rust and its relationship with meteorological factors were analyzed by statistical methods. A prediction model of spring wheat stripe rust was established using stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that in recent years, the timing of typical growth stages of spring wheat varied considerably, with a difference of 36 days between the earliest and latest emergence dates, followed by a 19-day difference for the milk-ripening stage. The onset time of spring wheat stripe rust showed no significant correlation with the typical growth stages. Over the past decade, the incidence of spring wheat stripe rust exhibited a decreasing trend, with a linear change rate of -0.25/10 a (P > 0.05). The incidence was negatively correlated with the mean air temperature in summer, autumn, and winter, but positively correlated with spring temperature. A positive correlation was generally observed with precipitation, with the strongest correlation occurring in winter (r = 0.663, P < 0.05). The incidence was mainly negatively correlated with sunshine duration; increased sunshine was associated with lower disease incidence. The strongest correlation was with sunshine duration in May (r = -0.599), although it did not reach statistical significance. Correlations between air humidity and disease incidence varied across different periods. A climate prediction model for spring wheat stripe rust was established using temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, and humidity data, and it performed well in practical applications. These findings provide an important basis for forecasting the occurrence and development of stripe rust, predicting meteorological risk levels, and supporting scientific decision-making in disease control.
Under the background of global warming, Guangdong Province has been frequently affected by disastrous weather events including persistent low temperature and rain, drought, torrential rain, and typhoons. Such extreme weather severely affects the yield and quality of Shatian pomelo and other crops, restricting the sustainable development and economic benefit improvement of the Shatian pomelo industry in Guangdong. As an innovative type of agricultural insurance, weather index insurance conducts disaster verification and loss determination based on objective data, with convenient claim settlement. It can effectively disperse and transfer meteorological disaster risks in agricultural production. To avoid or mitigate the adverse impacts of disastrous weather on the yield and quality of Shatian pomelo, and to promote the expansion, diversification, and upgrading of agricultural weather index insurance, it is urgent to carry out the design and application of weather index insurance products for the Shatian pomelo industry in Guangdong. Taking Meizhou City as a case, this research screens key meteorological indices at different growth stages and constructs a meteorological index-disaster damage model for Shatian pomelo based on daily meteorological data and Shatian pomelo yield data from 2005 to 2023. The Anderson-Darling (A-D) test is employed to select the optimal probability distribution model for the sequence of Shatian pomelo meteorological indices, determine the insurance payout ratio, and obtain pure premium rates and corresponding premiums for different levels of yield reduction rates. By substituting historical meteorological data, the insurance payout rates for the recent 10 years, 20 years, and 30 years are calculated to verify their compliance with market requirements. The results indicate: (1) The low-temperature index during the bud differentiation stage and the sunshine index during the flowering stage in Meixian District and Dabu County are key meteorological indices leading to Shatian pomelo yield reduction, which are designed as the claim indices for the insurance. (2) When the low-temperature index during the bud differentiation stage in Meixian District reaches 11 days, the sunshine index during the flowering stage in Meixian District reaches 8 days, the low-temperature index during the bud differentiation stage in Dabu County reaches 12 days, and the sunshine index during the flowering stage in Dabu County reaches 8 days, the meteorological index insurance for Shatian pomelo is triggered. The pure premium rates corresponding to different levels of yield reduction rates range from 1.04% to 6.93%, 0.79% to 4.58%, 3.25% to 8.29%, and 1.88% to 5.43%, respectively, with the premiums per hectare of Shatian pomelo planting area ranging from CNY 470 to 3,120, CNY 357 to 2,060, CNY 1,462 to 3,731, and CNY 846 to 2,444, respectively. (3) Through verification of historical insurance claims, the average insurance payout rates in Meizhou City for the recent 10 years, 20 years, and 30 years are 65.86%, 69.40%, and 74.61%, respectively. The designed Shatian pomelo meteorological index insurance meets the market requirements for insurance payout rates and can provide a reference for the new round of policy-based agricultural insurance.
To clarify the source regions and atmospheric driving mechanisms of the catastrophic migration events of rice planthoppers in northwestern Guangxi, this study conducted backward trajectory simulations for the peak migration days of rice planthoppers in 2008 using the HYSPLIT 5.0 trajectory model, combined with comprehensive analyses of concurrent meteorological factors such as atmospheric dynamic fields, temperature and humidity fields, and precipitation. The results indicate: (1) Among the six major migration peaks with over 100,000 rice planthoppers being caught per trap in northwestern Guangxi rice-growing areas, the primary sources were the rice-growing regions along the Yunnan-Myanmar border and the northern rice-growing areas of the Indo-China Peninsula. (2) Cluster analysis of backward trajectories for 161 catastrophic peak days revealed three key migration pathways for the catastrophic migration of rice planthoppers in northwestern Guangxi in 2008: the southwest monsoon pathway from Yunnan-Myanmar to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the cross-border monsoon pathway from the Indo-China Peninsula to river valleys, and the lowland monsoon pathway from the You River to the Hongshui River. Among these, southerly pathways accounted for 86.8% of the total trajectories, constituting the dominant migration route. (3) The southerly warm and moist airflow originating from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea at the 850 hPa level served as the primary transport carrier for rice planthopper migration. The high-altitude humid environment formed by rapid temperature recovery and sustained moisture transport during the 2008 spring provided favorable conditions for the migration process. (4) The frequency and volume of rice planthopper migration peaks were significantly correlated with the number of rainy days at night, and increased precipitation duration and intensity would exacerbate migration risks. Additionally, subsiding airflow was a critical dynamic factor contributing to the concentrated landing of rice planthoppers. The results of this study showed that the primary sources of the catastrophic migration of rice planthoppers in northwestern Guangxi in 2008 originated from foreign rice-growing regions in Yunnan-Myanmar and the Indo-China Peninsula, entering through three atmospheric pathways coupled with terrain and monsoon circulation; the migration process was primarily driven by the transport of southerly warm and moist airflow at the 850 hPa level and promoted by abnormal hydrothermal conditions in spring; while nocturnal precipitation and subsiding airflow in the destination areas were key triggers for the concentrated landing of the insect populations.
The aims are to enhance the continuity and accuracy of surface ultraviolet radiation (UVR) data in smaller regions and mountainous areas, explore the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and variation characteristics of UVR under complex terrain, and establish a high-precision UVR simulation model, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing planting zoning, precise production management, and sustainable development of specialty agriculture for flue-cured tobacco. In this study, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) were analyzed by the methods of climatic propensity rate and spatial statistical analysis with using daily observation data from eight tobacco ecological meteorological stations in Shiyan area from 2012 to 2023, and the prediction equations of UVR exposure were developed by ridge regression analysis. The results showed that the annual UVR exposure in Shiyan area generally distributed in accordance with the characteristic of three mountains surrounding two rives (Duhe River and Hanjiang River), showing the spatial distribution characterized by "more in the north while less in the south and more in the east while less in the west". The daily average UVR exposure was 0.54MJ/m2, and the diurnal variation roughly showed a wave-like characteristic; the monthly variation of UVR exposure with the seasonal variation followed a distinct singel-peaked variation law, and the monthly average value ranged from 9.33 to 25.30 MJ/m2; the annual UVR exposure showed a clear upward trend, and the annual average value was 201.10 MJ/m2. UVR exposure was positively correlated with daily mean temperature, daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, daily difference in temperature and sunshine hours, while it was negatively correlated with relative humidity and precipitation. The annual daily scale and seasonal daily scale regression models of UVR were established by ridge regression method, and all models showed good fitting performance (RMSE < 0.2 MJ/m2). The model fitting results show that the autumn-winter season model (RMSE = 0.11 ~0.14 MJ/m2) is more advantageous than the year-round day model (RMSE = 0.17 MJ/m2), but the fitting effect of the two models in spring and summer (RMSE = 0.19 MJ/m2) is not as good as that of the year-round day model. Based on the dual effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on flue-cured tobacco growth, the model-fitted UVR data can be utilized for targeted selection of suitable planting areas during the site selection phase. During the field growth stage, for regions with higher UVR levels or during periods of intense UVR (July-August), a comprehensive analysis of its impacts should be conducted. This analysis provides the scientific basis for implementing appropriate protective measures through either ecological adaptation strategies or production interventions.
Persimmon anthracnose is one of the most serious fungal diseases in persimmon production. Colletotrichum horii is the dominant pathogen. Early rapid detection is very important for disease prevention and control. To develop a rapid and specific PCR method for detecting Colletotrichum horii and apply it to field monitoring and rapid diagnosis of persimmon anthracnose, this study used multiple Colletotrichum species as test materials, compared the gene sequences of TUB2 (β-tubulin) and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), designed four primer pairs, and screened out two specific primer pairs (THF1/THR2, GHF1/GHR2) for PCR amplification, sensitivity testing, and artificial inoculation experiments. The results showed that the primer pair THF1/THR2 based on the TUB2 gene amplified a specific 211 bp band, and the primer pair GHF1/GHR2 based on the GAPDH gene amplified a specific 171 bp band; both primer pairs achieved a detection sensitivity of 100 pg/μL, and in artificially inoculated persimmon leaves, both primer pairs consistently detected the corresponding target bands. In conclusion, the PCR detection method established in this study is highly specific and sensitive, providing reliable technical support for field monitoring and rapid diagnosis of persimmon anthracnose.
This study is dedicated to the exploration of a highly efficient and environmentally benign biological control system targeting tobacco bacterial wilt, with a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy and research advancements across diverse biocontrol methodologies, thereby offering a robust scientific underpinning for the green management of this disease. The research undertakes a systematic review of key strategies, encompassing attenuated Ralstonia solanacearum strains, antagonistic microorganisms, plant immune elicitors, rhizosphere microbial modulation, bioengineering technologies, and integrated biological control approaches, while meticulously elucidating their mechanisms of action and summarizing findings from both field and pot-based experimental trials. The investigation reveals that attenuated pathogen strains, along with Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, can markedly reduce disease prevalence; meanwhile, plant immune elicitors effectively activate plant defense enzyme activity and upregulate resistance gene expression. Additionally, cutting-edge approaches such as engineered bacteriophages and transgenic technologies have shown significant promise in disease mitigation, and integrated biocontrol strategies have been demonstrated to enhance the overall growth of tobacco plants, leading to improvements in plant height, stem girth, maximum leaf length and width, as well as leaf area. However, current biological control still faces challenges such as the suboptimal colonization efficiency of antagonistic strains, restricted universality of antagonists, insufficient mechanistic understanding, and the absence of systematic solutions. Therefore, the study proposes targeted recommendations: optimizing the performance of antagonistic strains, developing composite microbial agents and synergistic technologies, constructing multifunctional microbiomes, integrating agroecological regulation measures, and promoting the "biocontrol + agricultural measures" paradigm. These efforts aim to establish a synergistic prevention and control system characterized by "pathogen suppression, host enhancement, and ecological restoration," ultimately achieving more efficient and sustainable management of tobacco bacterial wilt.
To screen soil sealing and stem and leaf herbicides suitable for peony fields, this study evaluated the safety and weed control efficacy of six pre-emergence closed herbicides (Glyphosate, Metformin, Ethoxyfen, Compound Glyphosate·Propynyl Fluoxamine, Prometryn, and Chlorpyruvic Acid Emulsion) and two stem and leaf herbicides (Fluroxypyr Emulsion, Quinclotrimazole Emulsion) on Paeonia lactiflora through field experiments. Among the six pre-emergence herbicides tested, Prometryn showed the highest safety for peony growth, with no significant difference in plant height compared to the control (CK). However, at the tested dosage, its efficacy against field bindweed was relatively poor, reaching only 34.62%, while its control effect on the fresh weight of other weeds was over 80%. In contrast, the mixed formulation of Compound Glyphosate·Propynyl Fluoxamine demonstrated good efficacy against field bindweed, but resulted in a plant height of only 4.57 cm, significantly lower than the CK height of 8.35 cm, with Phytotoxicity reaching grade IV. Both post-emergence herbicides tested were safe for peony growth. Quizalofop-P-ethyl achieved 100% efficacy against green foxtail and crabgrass, while Fluroxypyr provided over 80% control efficacy against broadleaf weeds. In the closed treatment herbicide experiment, comprehensive consideration was given to the control of glyphosate. In the herbicide experiment for stem and leaf treatment, Fluroxypyr can be considered for the control of broad-leaved weeds; Poaceae weeds can be controlled by using Quizalofop-P-ethyl.
The project of crop and livestock breeding in Sichuan Province has set up a special project for identification of crop disease and insect resistance since the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", which has supported seven five-year plans continuously, and provided stable support and conditional basis for carrying out the research work of crop disease and insect resistance in the whole province. The project team has carried out researches on four topics: identification technology of disease and pest resistance of main crops, monitoring of resistance of crop production varieties and virulence variation of pathogens, creation and screening of crop resistance sources, and evaluation of resistance of crop breeding materials. A series of research results have been achieved in crop disease and pest resistance research, creation and screening of resistance sources, and public services for resistance evaluation. This paper introduced the main progress of crop disease and pest resistance research at home and abroad and in Sichuan Province in terms of identification technology, resistance source materials, disease and pest monitoring, etc. This article also analyzed the internal logical connection of each thematic research in the systematic research of crop disease and pest resistance, and sorted out the problems existing in the current research process, and prospected the development trend of crop disease and pest resistance research, in order to provide reference for crop disease and pest resistance research.
The purpose is to investigate the seasonal dynamics of rodent community structure across different habitats within an agroforestry ecotone, enrich local rodent community ecology data, and provide a reference basis for rodent population forecasting and scientific control. Study plots were established along a habitat gradient (farmland area, farmland-forest ecotone, forest area) around Dafengmen Forest Farm in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou City. Rodent community structure and its spatiotemporal dynamics were systematically surveyed quarterly using the snap-trapping method. A total of 134 rodents were captured, belonging to 7 species, 4 genera, and 1 family, namely Bandicota indica, Leopoldamys edwardsi, Niviventer fulvescens, Rattus andamanensis, Rattus losea, Rattus norvegicus, and Rattus tanezumi. The capture rate was highest in farmland (2.00%), followed by forest, and lowest in the ecotone. Seasonal capture rates ranked as summer > autumn > winter > spring. Community species composition differed significantly among habitats and seasons. Community diversity metrics (e.g., richness, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index, Simpson index, Margalef Richness index) were highest in farmland, followed by the ecotone, and lowest in forest, with overall higher values in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. Under seasonal shifts, the coefficients of variation for capture rate and community diversity indices were higher in forest habitats than in farmland, with the ecotone intermediate, indicating greater community stability in farmland habitats. Significant spatiotemporal dynamics in rodent density, species composition, and community diversity were observed in the study area, related to habitat heterogeneity, food resource abundance, anthropogenic disturbance, and rodent ecological traits. The rodent community structure within the agroforestry ecotone formed by mosaic of natural forest and farmland is unique, necessitating targeted control strategies and techniques.
To address the collapse problem of Jiangsu-style solar greenhouses caused by extreme climate in Suqian area, this article combines the national standards "Code for Load of Agricultural Greenhouse Structures" (GB/T 51183-2016) and "Design Standards for Agricultural Greenhouse Structures" (GB/T 51424-2022) to conduct load calculation and structural optimization research on a 16 meter span solar greenhouse. A three-dimensional finite element model was constructed using Midas Gen software to calculate the wind and snow loads during the 10-year return period in Suqian. 408 load combinations were integrated for envelope analysis. The results showed that the most unfavorable load combination was dominated by uneven snow loads, with a peak stress of 538.7 N/mm2 at the front column base of the arch. An optimization plan for the weak points was proposed, which is to add vertical columns at the front column base of the main arch. After optimization, the peak stress was reduced to 191.2 N/mm2, the optimized vertical deformation amount was reduced to 40.2 mm, representing a 73% reduction compared to the pre-optimized state. Research has shown that local structural reinforcement can significantly improve the stress concentration and instability risk of Jiangsu-style greenhouses, providing reference for structural optimization of similar facilities.
This study focuses on the impact of meteorological elements on flue-cured tobacco leaf weight and aims to develop a tobacco leaf weight prediction model based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The research covers data from over 50 tobacco-growing areas in Guizhou Province from 2010-2024, including meteorological and actual tobacco leaf weight data. It analyzes the correlation between meteorological factors and tobacco leaf weight, selects significantly correlated factors, and uses various AI algorithms to build prediction models. NuSVR and SVR algorithms show significant advantages in tobacco leaf weight prediction, with low mean squared error, high stability, and adaptability. Prediction errors vary by leaf position, being lowest in lower leaves, moderate in middle leaves, and highest in upper leaves. From April to August, errors show a downward trend, and during April-September, error fluctuations are small for all three positions, indicating sustained meteorological impacts. During 2020-2024, prediction errors decreased yearly, reflecting model optimization. The study shows that combining meteorological data with AI methods enables reliable June predictions of annual tobacco leaf weight with similar accuracy to September data, offering valuable insights for precision production and smart management in the tobacco industry.
Obtaining information on the content and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is of great significance for the development of agricultural production. In this study, we designed and developed a SOC visual monitoring platform by innovatively integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral remote sensing images, Web development technology, machine learning algorithms and database technology. The system was applied to monitor the reclaimed farmlands in mining area of Yanzhou District, Jining City, Shandong Province. The results show that: (1) SOC content can be predicted quickly and accurately using UAV multispectral remote sensing images and machine learning algorithms. The light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) model is the best prediction model, with the coefficient of determination (R2) of the modeling set and the validation set being 0.825 and 0.793, respectively; and (2) the system realizes visualizations for SOC data statistics, content grading, geographic distribution, and more. Therefore, the results of the study can provide scientific reference for the nutrient management of farmland at the field scale.
As an important greenhouse gas, methane (CH4) emission contributes significantly to global warming, and methane emission reduction is important for mitigating the greenhouse effect. The aquaculture pond, as a typical shallow water ecosystem, is an easily overlooked source of methane emission. Pond sediments are rich in exogenous organic matter, which is the key area for carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycling through microbially mediated carbon and nitrogen cycle coupling. However, there is still a lack of systematic knowledge about microbially driven methane oxidation processes and their regulatory mechanisms in aquaculture ponds. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress of aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidation, focused on the community composition, metabolic mechanism, ecological distribution characteristics of methane-oxidizing microorganisms and their environmental influences, and summarized the methods for determining the potential rate of methane oxidation. On this basis, the key directions for future research in this field are proposed in view of the special characteristics of aquaculture pond ecosystems, aiming to provide scientific basis for methane emission reduction and green sustainable development in aquaculture.
Seeds are the core carrier of agricultural scientific and technological progress, and they are also the foundation for ensuring national food security and building a strong agricultural country. Establishing a commercial breeding system, as one of the core goals of modern seed industry development, is a key measure to lay a solid foundation for the seed industry vitalization. Through field research and literature analysis, the study systematically reviews the current development status of the crop seed industry in Shandong Province. With the goal of establishing a commercial breeding system, we deeply analyze the existing problems and propose targeted suggestions. Research indicates that the development of seed industry in Shandong Province has achieved remarkable results. The dominant position of enterprises in innovation has gradually increased, and the breeding ability of some crop varieties has reached the leading level in China. However, at the same time, issues such as the low level of scale and organization of breeding and the imperfect commercialized breeding system still restrict the improvement of breeding innovation efficiency and market competitiveness. Therefore, the study proposes a construction model and countermeasures for the breeding system in Shandong Province from the aspects of technological innovation, industrial integration, talent cultivation, and market environment, by comparing and analyzing the commercialized breeding systems of developed countries in Europe and America. This provides a reference and basis for government decision-making and business practice, and also offers insights for seed industry innovation in other regions of China.
