To analyze the grain filling characteristics of the early maturing and high-yield wheat variety 'Shimai 26', this study used 'Shimai 26' under sparse and dense planting and its parents 'Shiyou 17' and 'Jimai 22' under dense planting as materials to analyze the structure and grain size of the main stem panicle, and the shading of flag leaves and infrapanicle stems after anthesis was used to detect the source of grain nutrients at the grain filling stage. The results showed that the average dry weight, number of grains per spike, and grain volume of the main stem spike of 'Shimai 26' under dense planting were higher than those of its parents, with increases of 0.15-0.18 g, 0.84-3.30 grains, and 2.30-2.55 cm3, respectively. These indicated that 'Shimai 26' had prominent high-yield traits. During sparse sowing, 'Shimai 26' showed a slight increase in the final dry weight of the grains per ear under shading of flag leaf or stem under spike, with an increase rate of less than 3.00%. These results showed that 'Shimai 26' had good buffering capacity for source organ restriction. Under dense planting, the final decrease in dry weight of grains per ear for three varieties under shading treatment exceeded 8.00%, indicating that the grain nutrients at the filling stage of 'Shimai 26' were more dependent on the photosynthesis of the stem under the ear. In summary, 'Shimai 26' has prominent high-yield traits in the ear, good self-regulation ability, and a higher proportion of nutrients derived from photosynthesis in the stem under the ear, providing a theoretical basis for its high yield mechanism.
Maize is the crop with the largest planting area in China, playing a crucial role in safeguarding national food security. Dwarfing breeding is a core approach to break the bottleneck of maize yield per unit area by optimizing plant architecture and increasing planting density. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on maize dwarf genes, with a focus on clarifying the biological significance of maize plant height traits, the practices of dwarf genetic breeding, and the regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones on plant height, while proposing future research directions. The results show that: (1) maize plant height is co-regulated by the number of internodes and internode length. Dwarf plants can reduce lodging risk by shortening internode length, optimize canopy structure, and improve light energy use efficiency and adaptability to dense planting, but it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between dwarfing and yield traits. (2) Maize dwarf genetics is divided into two major systems: single-gene and multi-gene. In the single-gene system, the br2 gene has the clearest molecular mechanism—it inhibits the elongation of stem cells, reducing stem length by 40% to 50% compared with the wild type, with a more significant effect on internodes below the ear position—and it is the most widely used major gene at present. The multi-gene system can avoid the defect of pleiotropy by accumulating minor-effect genes, and varieties such as 'Aidan 268' that balance dwarfing and high yield have been bred. (3) Gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and auxin (IAA) are the core hormones regulating plant height: mutations in GA synthesis-related genes (d1, an1) or signal genes (d8, d9) lead to dwarfing, loss of function of BR synthesis genes (brd1, na2) or signal genes (ZmBRI1a) causes stunted plants, and abnormal function of the IAA polar transport gene (br2) results in dwarfing of lower stem nodes. Currently, maize dwarf breeding has problems such as a relatively small number of applicable genes (more than 60 dwarf genes have been discovered, and about 40 have been cloned), genetic linkage drag restricting the coordination of traits, and insufficient functional verification of novel dwarf genes (such as the mapped genes K718d and d8227). In the future, it is necessary to explore medium dwarf genes suitable for dense planting, use genome-wide selection technology to aggregate multiple genes, and integrate phenomics with artificial intelligence to screen for ideal plant architecture, so as to breed maize varieties with the characters of dwarf stalks for lodging resistance, dense planting for high yield, wide adaptability and easy mechanical harvesting, and provide support for the sustainable development of the maize industry.
In order to enrich the germplasm resources of color potato breeding in Fujian Province, 14 color potato varieties were used as the test materials. Firstly, the yield and nutritional quality performance of the varieties were analyzed, and then SSR molecular markers were used for genetic diversity analysis. The results showed that among all varieties, the anthocyanin content of 'Hei Meiren' was the highest at 41.83 mg/kg, while the protein content, yield and commercial potato rate of 'Fucaishu No.2' were the highest, which were 2.34 mg/g, 31,030.75 kg/hm2 and 89.54% respectively. The highest Vc content of 'Jiu En Hong' was 26.27 mg/kg, and the highest dry matter content of 'Minshu No.11' was 23.91%. The genetic distances of the 14 varieties ranged from 0.162 to 0.603, with an average of 0.425. Among them, varieties such as 'Fucaishu No.2', 'Ziyun No. 1', and 'Huasong 66' have performed well comprehensively in Fujian Province. They can provide parent materials for the selection and breeding of new varieties in Fujian Province, and at the same time offer references for theoretical research on potato breeding in Fujian Province.
A field experiment was conducted in Songming County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, and the effects of partially replacing chemical fertilizer with sheep manure on fruit yield, quality, and morphology were investigated using the zucchini cultivar ‘Shilong Feicui’ as the material. Six treatments were established, including 100% chemical fertilizer (CK) and five combinations (FM1 to FM5) of chemical fertilizer with different proportions of sheep manure on an equal nitrogen basis. The results demonstrated that substituting chemical fertilizer with sheep manure increased zucchini yield across all combined treatments. The highest yield increase (9.87%) was observed under the FM3 treatment, which 30% of the chemical fertilizer was replaced by sheep manure, compared to the CK. Regarding fruit morphology, FM3 significantly increased both fruit length (by 6.41%) and diameter (by 10.22%) compared to CK. The incorporation of sheep manure also improved nutritional quality, reduced crude fiber content while increasing vitamin C and soluble sugar contents. Furthermore, potassium content in the fruit was significantly enhanced, and nitrate content decreased with sheep manure substitution. This study indicates that the rational combined application of sheep manure and chemical fertilizer can effectively enhance zucchini yield and fruit quality, while reducing the accumulation of harmful substances.
The objective of this study is to establish an efficient and rapid method for directly measuring mercury (Hg) content in rice and to investigate the distribution characteristics of Hg in four different tissue parts of rice plants. Roots, stems, and grains (including husk and brown rice) from the same rice plants were used as test materials. After drying and pulverizing, Hg was determined by direct mercury analyzer with external standard quantification. The results showed that the direct mercury analysis method exhibited excellent linearity (correlation coefficient R=0.9999), with a detection limit of 0.064 μg/kg, precision ranging from 1.8% to 3.2%, and spike recovery rates between 103% and 109%; significant differences in Hg content were observed among different rice tissues, with an overall distribution pattern of root > stem > husk > brown rice, forming a three-stage distribution pattern of "root-stem-grain"; positive correlations were found between Hg content in soil and various rice tissues (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.329 to 0.693). The established direct mercury analyzer method eliminates complex sample pretreatment processes while maintaining simplicity, rapidity, and accuracy, making it suitable for Hg detection in rice. The distribution of Hg in different tissues of rice is significantly different. For Hg-contaminated areas, the risk of Hg accumulation in rice can be reduced by regulating soil Hg activity (such as applying modifiers) and screening low-enrichment varieties, so as to guide grain production and environmental governance.
To screen germplasm resources of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus with high environmental adaptability to Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, seeds from six geographical sources, Yinchuan (Ningxia), Hohhot (Inner Mongolia), Qiqihar (Heilongjiang), Baoding (Hebei), Shuyang (Jiangsu), and Taiyuan (Shanxi)—were sown in 2020 at the experimental base in Daqing. The site features a temperate continental monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 4.2℃, annual precipitation of 427.5 mm, and chernozem soil. After four years of cultivation, functional leaves from mature plants were collected. Using paraffin sectioning, 14 leaf anatomical traits were measured, including midvein diameter, midvein vessel diameter, leaf thickness, epidermal thickness, cuticle thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, stomatal length, and stomatal width. Derived indices such as palisade-to-spongy ratio (P/S), cell tension ratio (CTR), and sponge ratio (SR) were also calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering were employed to elucidate anatomical differentiation among seed sources and their environmental adaptation under uniform growing conditions. Key findings include: (1) significant genetic divergence in leaf anatomy was observed among seed sources. Core adaptive traits included P/S ratio, CTR, palisade tissue thickness, midvein diameter, and leaf thickness. The Qiqihar (Heilongjiang) source exhibited superior performance, with palisade tissue thickness of (96.03±3.73) μm, P/S ratio of (3.84±1.14), and CTR of (63±0.4)%, all significantly higher than other sources. In contrast, the Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) source showed the lowest values for these traits (palisade tissue thickness: 72.25±7.43 μm; P/S ratio: 1.52±0.55; CTR: 37±0.4%). (2) PCA extracted four principal components, collectively accounting for 85.12% of the total variance. PC1 (44.34% variance) was heavily loaded with P/S ratio (0.93) and CTR (0.92), reflecting the synergistic function of mesophyll structure in light capture and water use. PC2 (20.50%) was associated with midvein diameter (0.87) and vessel diameter (0.92), indicating vascular transport efficiency. PC3 (11.79%) was linked to upper (0.86) and lower (0.76) epidermal thickness, representing protective mechanisms. PC4 (8.49%) correlated with leaf thickness (0.71) and stomatal length (-0.85), suggesting a trade-off between leaf thickness and stomatal size regulation. (3) Environmental adaptability rankings, consistent with cluster analysis, based on PCA composite scores, were as follows: Qiqihar (0.98) > Shuyang (0.10) > Baoding (0.06) > Yinchuan (-0.02) > Taiyuan (-0.15) > Hohhot (-0.97). Hierarchical clustering (Euclidean distance = 5) grouped the sources into three adaptability categories: Group I (Qiqihar, Shuyang)-high adaptability; Group II (Baoding, Yinchuan, Taiyuan)-moderate adaptability; Group III (Hohhot)-low adaptability. This study clarifies the genetic differentiation in leaf anatomical traits of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and identifies key adaptive indicators, providing an anatomical basis for selecting superior germplasm in Northeast China and similar ecological regions. It also offers theoretical support for assessing the adaptability of medicinal plants introduced across different geographic areas.
This study aims to explore the effects of compost leachate from agricultural and forestry wastes partially replacing chemical fertilizers on the growth of garden seedlings and soil nutrients, and to determine the best application ratio. The pot culture experiment was conducted with Michelia × alba and Melastoma candidum as the research objects. The treatments of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% earthworm culture leachate (ECL) and green waste compost leachate (WCL) were set up, combined with 1/2 conventional compound fertilizer application, and the plant growth indicators and soil physical and chemical properties were compared and analyzed. The results showed that 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of ECL could increase the root dry weight of Michelia × alba, and the biomass accumulation effect of Michelia × alba root was the best under 100% ECL treatment; while 100% and 75% of WCL treatment led to a significant decline in the growth of Michelia × alba and Melastoma candidum. Compared with 1/2 conventional fertilization, the contents of hydrolytic nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil after 100% WCL treatment increased by 62.0%, 28.2% and 91.8% respectively, indicating that it could effectively improve the level of available nutrients in the soil. Principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed that the ECL treatment group had a positive promoting effect on the growth of Michelia × alba, while the WCL treatment group had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Melastoma candidum. The study suggests that 100% ECL can be used as a fertilizer alternative to promote the accumulation of root biomass of Michelia × alba and Melastoma candidum and improve the growth of Michelia × alba. 25%WCL has great application potential due to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness.
To investigate the effects of soil conditioner combined with organic fertilizer on the physical and chemical properties of facility soil, as well as crop quality and yield, a study was conducted on the effects of different fertilization treatments (no fertilization CK, organic fertilizer OM, organic fertilizer combined with low dosage conditioner T1, organic fertilizer combined with high dosage conditioner T2) on soil physicochemical property and the quality and yield of spring tomato and autumn celery in facility soil. The results showed that: (1) the application of organic fertilizer combined with soil conditioner reduced the total salt content in the surface soil. Among them, the T2 treatment had the best inhibitory effect on total salt, which decreased significantly by 36.14% compared with CK. (2) The combination of organic fertilizer and soil conditioner treatment increased the content of available phosphorus, available potassium, available ammonium nitrogen and available nitrate nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer by 48.53%, 12.32%, 87.78% and 57.95%, respectively, compared to CK treatment. Compared with OM, T2 treatment reduced the content of available potassium, available ammonium nitrogen and available nitrate nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer by 23.69%, 45.31% and 56.04%, respectively. (3) The combination of organic fertilizer and soil conditioner treatment increased the quality and yield of tomato celery, with T2 treatment showing the best effect. The soluble total sugar and yield of tomato and celery were significantly increased by 19.10%, 18.52%, 102.04% and 21.79%, respectively, compared to CK. The nitrate nitrogen content of tomato and celery was reduced by 16.05% and 16.15%, respectively, compared to CK. In summary, the application of organic fertilizers combined with high-dose conditioners in facility soil can significantly improve soil quality, enhance tomato and celery quality, and increase crop yield.
This study aims to systematically elaborate, through bibliometric analysis, the research progress and development trends in the field of earthworm-mediated SOC transformation and accumulation, thereby providing a basis for better understanding and addressing the challenge of the “earthworm dilemma.” Using the Web of Science Core Collection and CNKI databases as data sources, we conducted quantitative analysis and visual presentation of relevant literature with VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and HistCite, focusing on multiple dimensions including annual publication trends, citation frequency, disciplinary distribution, international collaboration networks, author/institutional cooperation, journal distribution, and research hotspots. In the research field of earthworm effects on SOC transformation, the number of publications has shown a steady growth trend, with agricultural science and environmental science as the main disciplines, extending to other fields. The current research hotspots mainly focus on: (1) the impact of interactions between soil emerging pollutants (e.g., microplastics) and earthworms on SOC transformation; (2) the effects of earthworms on greenhouse gas emissions; (3) the bidirectional mechanisms by which earthworms influence SOC transformation and stabilization. Future studies should strengthen multi-technology integration and long-term field experiments to uncover the regulatory mechanisms of earthworms on carbon cycling, establish quantitative models, and assess their interactions with agricultural management, thereby supporting carbon neutrality and soil health.
The low-carbon utilization of cultivated land has been a critical path to promote the sustainable development of agriculture. Heilongjiang Province, as an important grain-producing area in China, its low-carbon development of cultivated land is of demonstration significance for the national green economic transformation. Firstly, the paper defined the relevant concepts of low-carbon utilization of cultivated land, and analyzed the current situation of cultivated land utilization in Heilongjiang Province quantitatively from three dimensions of economic basis, planting structure and crop yield, and evaluated the performance of low-carbon utilization of cultivated land based on the principal component analysis method from 2008 to 2023. The results showed that the comprehensive performance demonstrated a fluctuating upward trend during the 16 years, with the highest score in 2017 (0.88 points) and the lowest score in 2008 (-1.65 points). The process of performance evolution could be divided into three period, rapid development period (2008 to 2015), declining period (2016 to 2021) and recovery period (2022 to 2023). The study identified problems further such as insufficient economic support, technological lag and weak low-carbon awareness of farmers, and proposes targeted policy recommendations. Aiming to the problems, the paper provided the targeted countermeasures and suggestions in order to provide a reference for low-carbon development of cultivated land in Heilongjiang Province.
This study aims to investigate the effects of drought stress simulated by different concentrations of PEG-6000 (10%, 20%, 40%, 60%) on seed germination and seedling growth of Sophora alopecuroides. Using seeds and seedlings of S. alopecuroides as test materials, the experiment simulated drought conditions with the above-mentioned concentrations of PEG-6000, and determined and analyzed the morphological and physiological indices during seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that at the seed germination stage, the PEG tolerance threshold for germination rate and radicle growth of S. alopecuroides seeds was 40%, while that for germination energy and germination index was 20%; after entering the seedling stage, the tolerance threshold of lateral roots and above-ground parts to PEG was 10%, and that of taproots and total biomass was 20%. Determination of physiological indices revealed that when PEG concentration was ≤40%, the contents of APX and Pro increased in a concentration-dependent manner, but decreased at 60%, whereas SOD content increased continuously with the increase of PEG concentration. In summary, PEG-simulated drought stress significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of S. alopecuroides, with the seedling stage being more sensitive to stress; when PEG concentration was ≥40%, SOD played an active role in resisting physiological damage.
In order to explore the influence of meteorological conditions on the comprehensive quality of sweet cherry in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, this paper took ‘Brooks sweet cherry’ as the research object, adopted the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, and established the comprehensive indexes of internal and external quality of cherries in different areas. To further analyze the impact of different weather conditions on the quality of cherries, this paper used data from four meteorological stations in Baqiao, Liquan, Yaozhou, and Dagu in 2024 and employed correlation analysis and other methods to analyze the weather conditions that affect various quality factors of cherries. The results showed that the external quality of cherries from Liquan region was the best, and the internal quality of cherries from Baqiao region was the best. The appearance quality of cherry fruit in four regions was less affected by regional meteorological factors, indicating that the appearance of cherry fruit had strong adaptability to ecological environment. The difference of soluble sugar (TSC) was not obvious, indicating that the soluble sugar of sweet cherry could maintain a stable level in Guanzhong area. The sucrose content varied significantly in different regions, indicating that sucrose was easily affected by regional meteorological conditions. The content of Vc in the cherries from Baqiao was significantly higher than that in other areas, indicating that the meteorological conditions of Baqiao were more conducive to the accumulation of Vc. The correlation analysis showed that the external quality of cherry was positively correlated with the average temperature difference during the whole growth period, and was significantly correlated with the average temperature and the maximum temperature. The internal quality of cherry was significantly correlated with precipitation and minimum temperature. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the sustainability and industrial development of the sweet cherry industry in the Guanzhong region.
To investigate the effects of adjusting sowing dates on maize yield and meteorological adaptability in Hohhot, and to identify the optimal sowing period for optimizing cultivation practices and enhancing productivity, a field trial was conducted in Saihan District, Hohhot, in 2024 using the waxy maize variety ‘Hetiannuo 1’ with three sowing dates (April 21, May 9, and May 22). Growth stages, yield components, and meteorological factors were analyzed through field experiments and weather observations. A randomized block design was adopted to record data on growth phases and yield parameters for each sowing treatment. Delayed sowing shortened the total growth period, and accumulated temperature (≥10°C) and sunshine duration showed positive correlations with growth duration. The highest yield was observed in the May 9 sowing treatment, which exhibited superior grain number per ear and 100-grain weight compared to other sowing dates. Correlation analysis revealed that accumulated temperature and sunshine during the tasseling-to-milking stage significantly enhanced yield, while excessive rainfall during the milking-to-maturity stage reduced grain number and yield. The optimal sowing date for maize in Hohhot is May 9, and it ensures balanced utilization of light, thermal and water resources, mitigates risks of heat stress and prolonged rain, improves ear development, and maximizes yield. These findings provide scientific basis for the optimization of local maize planting system and the improvement of yield and climate adaptability.
This study aims to express housefly acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using gene recombination technology and a baculovirus-mediated Sf9 insect cell expression system, to provide a scientific basis for the development of AChE as a reagent for insecticide residue detection and insect resistance analysis. Using the pcDNA3.1-Md-ache plasmid containing the housefly AChE gene (Md-ache) as a template, EcoRⅠ and XhoⅠ restriction sites were introduced through PCR amplification to construct the recombinant plasmid Peasy-T1-Md-ache, which was further ligated with the pFastBac1 vector to obtain the recombinant plasmid pFastBac1-Md-ache. After transfection into DH10Bac competent cells, recombinant bacmid plasmids were screened and subsequently transfected into Sf9 cells for protein expression and identification. The results demonstrated that (1) the recombinant bacmid plasmids were successfully expressed in the Sf9 cells, with transfected cells exhibiting typical cytotoxic effects including cell enlargement and proliferation inhibition; (2) the recombinant housefly AChE exhibited catalytic activity, with enzyme activity reaching 44.7 ± 2.3 nmol/(min·mg protein) in cell lysates and 10.1 ± 2.1 nmol/(min·mL) in the culture medium, indicating secretory expression; (3) the Km value of the recombinant AChE was measured to be 15.69 ± 1.75 μmol/L using the Lineweaver-Burk double-reciprocal plot method, suggesting high substrate affinity; (4) the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos inhibited the recombinant AChE activity in vitro, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 11.18 ± 0.68 μmol/L calculated by using the modified Karber method. This study confirms that the baculovirus-mediated Sf9 cell expression system can efficiently express housefly AChE with both catalytic activity and sensitivity to insecticide. The expression product provides a key material for the development of the reagent which is expected to be used for the insecticide residue detection and the insect resistance analysis.
To investigate the antioxidant activity of plant extracts from Inner Mongolia grassland, 16 grassland plant species collected from Dalate Banner and Ulgai grassland were used as experimental materials. The contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, total polysaccharide, and total saponin in the extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, concentrated sulfuric acid-phenol colorimetric method, and vanillin-perchloric acid colorimetric method, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging rates along with the total antioxidant capacity as indicators. The results showed that significant differences were in the content of these component and antioxidant activity among the 16 plant extracts. Sanguisorba officinalis and Koenigia divaricata exhibited the highest total phenolic content, reaching 33.22% and 29.34%, respectively. Koenigia divaricata also had the highest total flavonoid content, at 17.72%. Moreover, the extracts of Sanguisorba officinalis and Koenigia divaricata exhibited the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities and the highest total antioxidant capacity. This study clarifies the high antioxidant activity plant resources in Inner Mongolia grassland, and provides scientific theoretical support for the antioxidant functions, pharmaceutical and functional product development of grassland plants, and the sustainable utilization of grassland plant resources.
Aroma is one of the key quality indicators of wine. The wine-making process is fundamentally driven by microbial metabolic activities, among which the malic-lactic fermentation (MLF) led by lactic acid bacteria has a significant impact on the formation of wine aroma. Microorganisms from different terroirs contribute to the unique aromas of wines from distinct regions. This study summarizes the aroma characteristics of naturally fermented red wines from major wine regions worldwide and the corresponding biodiversity of lactic acid bacteria in these regions. It analyzes the influence of lactic acid bacteria on the formation of wine aroma compounds and delves into the roles of enzymes and metabolic pathways in the production of these compounds during lactic acid fermentation. This review provides a theoretical basis for further exploring and utilizing local lactic acid bacteria resources and developing wine fermentation agents with regional characteristics to improve wine quality.
The characteristics, application fields, existing problems and future research directions of edible fungal protein were comprehensively reviewed in order to promote its wider application and development. Through the collection, organization and analysis of relevant data on mycoprotein from edible fungi, the research is conducted from multiple aspects such as its composition, efficacy, and application examples in different industries. Mycoprotein from edible fungi is a natural and nutritionally rich substance, rich in bioactive components. It has multiple biological functions such as anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. In the food industry, as an important source of high-quality protein, it can enhance the nutritional value and quality of food and also serve as a natural colorant; in the medical field, its medicinal efficacy is utilized to develop new anti-tumor and anti-viral drugs; it also shows great application potential in the chemical industry, agriculture, and textile industries. However, there are currently problems such as low extraction efficiency and complex purification processes. Therefore, it is urgent to study its efficient extraction and purification technology and clarify the mechanism of biological functional activity, so as to break through the existing bottleneck, fully tap its multi-field application value, and promote the development of related industries.
This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the research context of Cyperus esculentus (tigernut) in China to identify current research hotspots and future development trends. Based on literature retrieved from the CNKI and Web of Science core databases, 1223 relevant publications from 2005 to March 2025 were collected and analyzed using bibliometric and visualization methods. The results demonstrate that: (1) both Chinese and English publications showed fluctuating growth patterns, with academic articles being the predominant form; Chinese publications surpassed English ones in 2022, exceeding 70 articles. (2) Domestic research primarily focuses on industrial upgrading, emphasizing characteristic analysis and processing technology innovation, while international research centers on health demands and ecological agriculture, particularly developing tuber-based functional foods (e.g., meal replacements), cultivating stress-resistant varieties, and investigating metabolic disease interventions. (3) While both the United States and China show high research output, China's academic influence lags behind that of the U.S. and Spain. China's National Key R&D Program and National Natural Science Foundation are among the top funding sources globally, and Henan University of Technology has established notable influence in this field. (4) Institutional collaboration network analysis reveals that domestic research forms isolated region-centric clusters, whereas international research exhibits extensively connected global networks, and only a few Chinese institutions successfully integrated. Comparative analysis of authorship networks shows that English publications feature multi-centric, international collaboration patterns, while Chinese publications demonstrate mono-centric, localized core-periphery structures. (5) Chinese research is transitioning from quantitative expansion to quality improvement, requiring strengthened basic theoretical research, enhanced technological innovation efficiency, and breakthroughs in core areas such as functional component mechanisms and intelligent processing technologies. With China's economic development driving increased demand for oil crops and growing health consciousness, Cyperus esculentus is expected to become an important research focus and emerging trend in energy and food sectors.
To study whether LED lights have more advantages in the cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis, we selected two light sources, fluorescence and LED, and set three light intensity grades of 800 lx, 1000 lx and 1200 lx, respectively. During 10 days from inoculation to growth to stability period, the algae cell density and the growth rate were calculated every day, OD680 and dry weigh were examined every two days. The results showed that, H. pluvialis in each group was in the latent period from day 1 to day 3 with maximum growth rate of 0.082, grew slowly from day 4 with growth rate of 0.110-0.232, and entered the exponential growth period on day 6 with growth rate of 0.301-0.662; from day 7, with the increase of light intensity of both light sources, the average cell density, OD 680, dry weight and average growth rate increased, while with the same light intensity, the 4 indicators in LED light sources were greater than that in fluorescent light sources, which were greater 8.82%-16.97% in 1200 lx on day 9. Therefore, the LED light sources are more beneficial for the growth of Haematococcus pluvialis compared to fluorescent light sources, significantly increasing algal cell density and biomass accumulation under a light intensity of 1200 lx. LED light sources are more advantageous in cultivation of H. pluvialis, besides of energy saving and low heat dissipation, which are recommended to use. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the large-scale cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis using LED light sources to efficiently obtain high-value products like astaxanthin.
