The harmless and reuse of agricultural waste not only turns waste biomass into treasure, but also reduces pollution to the ecological environment and improves the living environment, which is an effective way to achieve green, circular, low-carbon, efficient and sustainable development. In this article, we conducted bibliometric statistics of the relevant literature on agricultural waste resource utilization published in China and abroad from 1990 to 2022, and comprehensively analyzed the annual trend of the number of articles published in this field and the key words with the help of CiteSpace and VOSviewer bibliometric tools. Domestic research in this area started nearly 10 years earlier than overseas, the research intensity and importance of international research in this field since 2002 have been significantly higher than that of domestic research, the growth trend of the number of annual publications is also significantly higher than that of domestic research, and the gap between the number of publications at home and abroad is also widening year by year. The research hotspots in the field are not exactly the same at home and abroad. We focus more on the use of waste for the production of organic fertilizers to realize the recycling of green and low-carbon agriculture in China; the foreign countries focus more on biomass materialization and energy utilization of waste to compensate for the consumption of non-renewable resources. Based on China's basic condition of having more people and less land, China should strive to broaden the disposal methods of agricultural waste by classifying and disposing of agricultural waste raw materials and subsequently using them for substrate, feed, fertilizer, materialization and energy. And waste gas, heat and residue should be recycled in order to realize the multi-level utilization of harmless, reduced and diversified biomass resources. The results of the study provide a reference for the development of the field of agricultural waste resource utilization in China.

With the increase of global temperature, heat stress has emerged as one of the major factors affecting plant growth and development. The substantial losses caused by heat, particularly for staple crops like rice, pose a significant impact on economic benefits. In order to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying plant response to heat stress, the adverse effects of heat stress on the morphology, physiology, biochemistry and photosynthesis have been presented. Furthermore, the three molecular mechanisms employed by plants to cope with heat stress, including signal transduction pathways, transcriptional factor regulatory networks and the expression of heat-resistance related genes have been introduced as well. Based on these insights, this review suggests that bioinformatics, genetic engineering, cell biology and molecular biology may be further employed as tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms of heat stress in plants. At last, this review offers a prospective outlook on future research directions in this field.

With the rapid development of aquaculture in China, the environmental problems caused by the discharge of aquaculture tailwater are becoming more and more serious. The treatment of aquaculture tailwater has emerged as a crucial research area in recent years. At present, the main methods of aquaculture tailwater treatments include physical, chemical, and biological treatments, which are often combined in practical production. Based on the research status at home and abroad, the physical, chemical and biological technologies of aquaculture tail water treatment were summarized and analyzed, and the development trend of aquaculture tail water treatment technology in China was prospected, aiming to provide some references and directions for aquaculture tail water treatment.

With the intensification of global climate change and land salinization, improving the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to grow in saline and alkaline environments has become a key challenge for agricultural production. The realization of the strategy of " the adaptation of germplasm to land " requires a deep understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of rice, then breeding improvement on this basis. In this study, we summarized the recent research results on salt tolerance regulatory genes in rice, and classified them functionally according to the biological processes involved. The perception of salt stress in rice and the subsequent activation of various physiological regulatory mechanisms, including osmotic regulation, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense system and nutrient balance, were analyzed in detail. In this review, we focus on several key Salt stress signaling pathways in rice, including the SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) pathway, MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) cascade pathway and hormone regulatory pathway. These pathways play crucial roles in rice adaptation salt stress environment. By reviewing the existing literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the salt tolerance regulatory genes and their functions in rice, provide scientific basis on breeding salt-tolerant rice on these grounds, and as a reference in improving the yield and quality of rice under saline and alkaline environments.

Auxin is an important regulatory factor in the process of plant growth and development, and plants achieve their own growth and development through the regulation of auxin. As a member of the early auxin response gene family, the SAUR gene family is one of the indispensable regulatory factors in the auxin signal transduction pathway. In order to study the role of SAUR genes in biological processes such as plant growth and development and stress response, the bioinformatics characteristics, expression patterns, and regulatory mechanisms of the SAUR gene family were analyzed. The functions of SAUR genes in plant cell elongation growth, light-mediated cotyledon and apical hook opening, flower organ formation, fruit development, and stress response were summarized. It was pointed out that SAUR genes not only affected plant growth and development in multiple aspects, but also participated in the response of plants to abiotic stress. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms of SAUR genes and the cultivation of plant varieties.

To improve soil nutrient utilization efficiency and deal with single manure application problems such as dosage, fertilizer efficiency, and nutrient leaching, “biochar”, “compost”, “biochar manure application”, “soil properties” and “crop nutrients” were used as keywords to search and summarize relevant literatures on sources of Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Internet and others. The results showed that: (1) biochar improved the maturity of composting, increased the abundance of microbial communities, and reduced the risk of nutrient leaching in organic fertilizers, thus effectively reducing the environmental impact of traditional composting; (2) manure combined with biochar could improve soil moisture condition, and increase the contents of the available phosphorus and available potassium of different types of soils. Meanwhile, it could also provide better living materials and an environment for soil organisms and microorganisms; (3) the combination of biochar and organic fertilizer could increase the yield of crops and improve the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while different types of crops responded to them differently. The combined application of biochar and organic fertilizer enhanced soil fertility and plant nutrition, and its effect varied with the application rate, type of soil and crop and other factors. Our studies could provide a reference for efficient utilization of livestock and poultry manure resources in agricultural production.

Anoectochilus roxburghii is a rare and precious medicinal and ornamental plant of the Orchidaceae. It is favored by people for the rich variety of medicinal and nutritional components, and its market demand has been increasing in recent years. In order to promote the industrial development and basic research of A. roxburghii, this paper summarizes previous studies on A. roxburghii research, briefly compares the phylogenetic differences of Anoectochilus, focus on the research results of genomics (structural genomics/functional genomics) and adversity (biotic/abiotic interaction) response, analyzes the main factors affecting the quality of A. roxburghii (processing methods, cultivation models, strains). This paper systematically reviews the studies on germplasm resources, genomics, environmental interaction, quality difference and embryo reproduction that have not been carried out in depth, and puts forward corresponding strategies and prospects for the main problems and the solutions. It provides a feasible reference for the molecular biology research of precious medicinal plants in the era of big data.

In order to provide new treatment methods and strategies for clinical prevention and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, the inherent resistance, acquired resistance and adaptive resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized in this paper. With the mechanisms of different resistance, the characteristics, development trends and treatment methods of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance under different situations are also analyzed. This paper points out that Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance mainly depends on its high level of inherent and acquired resistance, while its adaptive resistance mainly depends on the formation of biofilm mediation and quorum sensing. It is proposed that clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance is not the result of a single resistance. In all, the most effective treatment strategy in the future is to carry out combination therapy based on traditional treatment and new treatment.

Cotton is the most important cash crop in Xinjiang, and southern Xinjiang is the main cotton production area, which yield accounts for 80% of the whole Xinjiang. For a long time, the planting mode of "wet sowing and dry emergence" was widely adopted in the cotton areas of southern Xinjiang, which meant that in addition to conventional irrigation during the cotton growth period, winter irrigation and spring irrigation were also needed to play a role in pressing salt and improving soil moisture during the sowing period. However, with the continuous expansion of cultivated land area and the increasing shortage of water resources, the cotton production of southern Xinjiang began to try the cultivation method in northern Xinjiang of "dry sowing and wet emergence" to grow cotton, but the overall effect was not ideal. Through the literature review, this paper tries to explore the reasons for the ineffective implementation of the "dry sowing and wet emergence" cultivation method in southern Xinjiang, and puts forward possible solution strategies on this basis.

The area of saline alkali land in China accounts for one tenth of the total area of saline alkali land in the world, which seriously restricts agricultural production. It is very important to repair and make good use of saline alkali land. At present, the methods of saline-alkali land remediation include chemical remediation, engineering remediation and bioremediation, among which bioremediation is an economical, efficient, green and sustainable method. Bioremediation improves the soil and environment of saline-alkali land through biological resources such as plants and microorganisms. Halophytes can grow and reproduce in saline-alkali soil and have the ability to repair high concentration saline-alkali soil, while common crops can enhance their salt tolerance through gene mining and variety cultivation to achieve the purpose of repairing saline-alkali soil. Microorganisms can also be used to improve crop salt tolerance or degrade salt and alkaline substances in saline-alkali soil. Bioremediation is a green and environmentally friendly method for the remediation of saline-alkali land, which is in line with the development strategy of sustainable agriculture and circular economy in China.

Chalkiness is one of the important indexes to evaluate the appearance quality of rice. It is a bad character that seriously affects the grinding, appearance and taste quality of rice, and plays an important role in the market value evaluation of rice. This paper summarized the effects of environmental factors, physiological mechanisms and genetic mechanisms on the formation of chalkiness in rice, and pointed out the difficulties existing in the improvement of chalkiness in rice breeding. Based on the current research results and the development of related technologies, some suggestions for improvement were put forward to provide a certain research basis for the production of high-quality rice.

The basement membrane is a specialized structure of extracellular matrix, which exists in most tissues. It not only provides supporting structure for various cell types such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, but also plays an important role in maintaining the tissue structure and function. Matrigel is the soluble basement membrane preparation extracted from the mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumors rich in extracellular matrix protein. It contains almost all components of the basement membrane and can mimic its biological properties, which becomes the crucial biological material for many experimental models in life science research, especially the important media of organoids. In this review, the biological characteristics of matrigel, its extraction and preparation technology, and its main uses are summarized, and its potential application fields and values are discussed. Additionally, the current status of its production both at home and abroad and the existing problems are analyzed, and the future development trend of matrigel production is prospected. This study aims to provide reference for the development and application of matrigel in China.

To comprehensively understand the current status and development trend of quinoa research at home and abroad in the past decade, this paper used bibliometric methods to comprehensively study the relevant literature on quinoa research, which were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Chinese Journal Full-text Database and Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection Database from 2012 to 2022. The year of publication, research institutions, journal distribution, and subject field distribution of the literature were statistically analyzed, and the main research frontiers and hotspots of quinoa at home and abroad were summarized by keyword co-occurrence network analysis. The results show that quinoa research has been growing rapidly since 2013, “The International Year of Quinoa”, and has been in a period of rapid growth in the past three years. Although the research on quinoa started late in China, the number of published papers has surpassed that of the European and American countries, ranking first in the world. However, the paper quality needs to be further improved, and the average citation frequency is ranked after Germany, Italy, Chile, the United States and Spain. Foreign research institutions are mainly distributed in the origin area of quinoa in South America and developed countries in Europe and North America, while domestic research institutions are mainly concentrated in the quinoa planting areas such as Northwest China and North China. The distribution of journals is mainly in the field of food science, and the research hotspots are mainly focused on breeding and cultivation, nutritional quality, and processing characteristics. As a kind of healthy grain, quinoa is emerging in China, and promoting its industrialization has broad development prospects and application space.

Agro-ecosystem is not only one of the important contributors to greenhouse gases, but also plays an important role in carbon sequestration and emission reduction. Under the background of “CO₂ emission peak” and “carbon neutrality”, agro-ecosystem has great potential for carbon sequestration and emission reduction. In this paper, we mainly reviewed the sources, fixed pathways, and influencing factors of main greenhouse gases in China’s typical agro-ecological types. Meantime, the specific contents were discussed including the existing research results, emission reduction potential and existing problems of carbon sequestration and emission reduction in agro-ecosystem. New research directions and exploration approaches were summarized to promote the research in the field of carbon sequestration in the entire agroecological system. It provided an important theoretical reference for China to further carbon sequestration and emission reduction, sustainable development of agriculture, and the realization of the “double carbon” goal as soon as possible.

Crop variety identification is an important guarantee for breeding and promoting excellent varieties, and the appropriate detection method is the key for the accurate identification of varieties. With the development of molecular marker techniques, the third-generation molecular marker SNP has gradually been applied in the field of variety identification. This paper outlines the characteristics of SNP molecular markers, analyses the features and applicability of five commonly used high-throughput detection methods in crop research, including high resolution melting, competitive allele specific PCR, gene chips, sequencing and genotyping by target sequencing. The research and application of SNP markers in the identification of variety authenticity, purity testing, and analysis of genetic relationships and classification are summarized as well, in order to provide technical reference for subsequent variety identification.

Digital soil mapping is a novel and efficient soil mapping technique that utilizes 3S technology and is theoretically based on soil formation science, geography and mathematics. Domestic and foreign scholars had conducted extensive research on the generation of environmental collaborative variables, the acquisition of sample data, the selection of digital soil mapping models or methods, and the generation and validation of soil maps, especially on mapping methods. This paper introduced five categories of digital soil mapping techniques, including geostatistical methods, deterministic interpolation, mathematical statistics, machine learning, and expert knowledge models. At the same time, the mapping method suitable for the study area was chosen based on the merits of various approaches, from the aspects of target variables, topography and geomorphological features, sample density and distribution status and more. The future development direction of digital soil mapping included incorporating human activity factors into environmental synergistic variables; establishing more effective sampling methods based on machine learning and data mining; the application of new modeling methods (deep learning and multimodal methods).

In order to analyze the research progress and dynamics of denitrifying bacteria, we analyzed the research overview and development trend of denitrifying bacteria from 1990 to 2022 based on the core database of Web of Science, using tools such as VOSviewer and Citespace. The field has experienced three processes of origin, exploration and development. There are many countries involved but the cooperation is weak, among which the European countries have stronger regional cooperation and higher quality of publications; although China started late, it has developed rapidly, with a large number of publications but insufficient influence; among the core authors, academician Peng Yongzhen of China has published the most articles; and there is less cooperation and communication among the core authors. The keywords present three types of "tool-object-method", and the current research is mainly concerned with the performance of biological denitrification and dedicated to improving the denitrification efficiency of wastewater. Future research will pay more attention to the deepening and expansion of nitrogen oxide emission, the screening of new denitrifying bacteria, the development and application of denitrifying agents, research on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, and removal of nitrate nitrogen.

The cutting propagation technology experiment of Rosa chinensis var. minima ‘Petit Four’ with constant temperature substrate breeding system has been done. The effects of substrate temperature, micro spraying times, micro spraying duration and hormone treatment on the cutting rooting were studied with orthogonal design L₉(3⁴), so as to improve the breeding technology system of Rosa chinensis var. minima ‘Petit Four’. The results showed that by comprehensively analyzing the average rooting rate, average root length and average rooting number, the optimal horizontal combination was A₃B₂C₁D₁, that is, the substrate temperature was 25℃, the micro spraying was 2 times, the micro spraying duration was 5 minutes, soaked with IBA 200 mg/L for 10 minutes. The best treatment in this experiment was T8 treatment, with an average rooting rate of 91.08%, an average root length of 5.17 cm, and an average number of 6.36 roots.

At present, we are faced with two world-class problems of “soil degradation” and “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization” target, both of which share a common point of carbon. What are the pathways for plants to absorb carbon? Can humans help achieve the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization” through crops and agricultural operations? To gain a deeper understanding of the interrelationships among them, and to contribute to the sustainable development of agriculture and the achievement of the “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization” target, this article started from the above two issues and the perspective of the carbon element ecosystem cycle. By reading a large amount of literature, tracking academic frontiers, summarizing the pathways of plant carbon absorption and the application research of carbon rich organic fertilizers, the representative results of carbon absorption and utilization by plants were found as followed. (1) Plant nutrients included organic matter and minerals. (2) The carbon cycle pathway of the ecosystem had been improved: increasing the way for plants to directly absorb and utilize small molecule carbohydrates through their roots. That is, in the carbon cycle of the ecosystem, carbon could be transferred from soil to plants. (3) Carbon rich fertilizers mainly included humus, organic fertilizer, microbial organic fertilizer, organic carbon fertilizer, etc. According to the pathway that plants absorb carbon elements, plants could absorb small molecule carbohydrates through their roots. Farmers could increase organic matter in cultivated soil through farming operations, improve soil and promote crop growth, while helping to achieve the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutralization”.

In order to comprehensively understand the production characteristics of the national approved wheat variety ‘Weimai 9’, the summary data of the regional test and production test of Shaanxi Province from year 2016 to 2018, the regional trial production test of the dry and thin group in the national Huanghuai winter wheat area from year 2018 to 2020, as well as the production test results of the demonstration field of ‘Weimai 9’ in 2021 and 2022 were used. The productivity, stability and adaptability of ‘Weimai 9’ and ‘Jinmai 47’ (CK) were compared by the indicators of yield, coefficient of variation (CV), high stability coefficient (HSC) and adaptability, and the comprehensive resistance of cold resistance, drought resistance, hot resistance and disease resistance were analyzed to clarify the variety characteristics of ‘Weimai 9’. The results showed that the yield of ‘Weimai 9’ was more than 3 % higher than that of ‘Jinmai 47’ in the regional test and production test of 6 years. The CV of yield was slightly lower than that of the control ‘Jinmai 47’, and the HSC was lower than that of ‘Jinmai 47’. The ability to resist dry and hot wind was strong, the yellowing was good, and the quality was also greatly improved compared with ‘Jinmai 47’. ‘Weimai 9’ has outstanding yield, well stability, wide adaptability, excellent quality and well combined resistance, which is suitable for further promotion and utilization in the dry and thin land of Huanghuai area.

With the rapid changes of global climate, people expect to change traditional agricultural production models and establish a sustainable low-carbon and green agricultural production system. The income from grain crop cultivation in China is not enough. Young people are unwilling to engage in agricultural production, and the phenomenon of abandoned farmland is becoming increasingly serious. Most of the traditional crops are annual crops, and large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are required in crop production, which has brought serious environmental and ecological problems. In addition, annual crops that have been artificially domestication for a long time generally have weak adaptability to environmental changes which leads to increasingly difficult to adapt to complex climate changes. Perennial crops have a longer life cycle and can grow continuously for many years. Compared with annual crops, perennial crops have higher natural resource utilization efficiency, less labor input, and stronger environmental adaptability. Moreover, the well-developed root systems of perennial crops can not only reduce soil erosion but also reduce the carbon elements transfer from the soil to the atmosphere, which is beneficial for retaining more carbon in soil and developing low-carbon green agriculture. Therefore, developing perennial crops is currently one of the important ways to achieve sustainable agricultural development, but there are still some challenges in the breeding of perennial crops. However, the emergence and development of new technologies have greatly accelerated the domestication process of perennial crops, and improve their agronomic traits while maintain their growth characteristics related to perenniality.

The storage environment of grain affects the growth, development, reproduction, survival rate and population dynamics of stored grain pests, and the main influencing factors are temperature, humidity, food, gas and so on. In order to clarify the effects of different environmental factors on the development of grain storage pests, the status quo, and latest progress of research about the effects of different storage environments on grain storage pests in recent years were reviewed. The environmental requirements of grain storage pests vary from species to species, and their growth, development, reproductive potential, vitality and seasonal behavioral activities will change along with the environment change. In recent years, the studies on using environmental factors to control the damage of grain storage pests have been carried out extensively, and most of them focus on the control of grain storage pests through temperature, humidity and gas regulation, to achieve the purpose of green grain storage. Based on the analysis and summary, the development prospect of using environmental factors to control pests in stored grain is prospected, which provides a theoretical basis for the selection and implementation of pest control methods in the future, and provides a reference for the further development of technical equipment.

To enhance the efficient application of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids in agricultural production, and to promote green, high-quality development of agriculture. The study reviewed the source and production technology of amino-acids raw material, the functional characteristics, the development status, the application in agricultural production and the future development trend of water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids. The results showed that water-soluble fertilizers containing amino-acids were widely used in food crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops and cash crops, had positive effects on crop growth, formation of fruit quality and soil improvement. However, the application of fertilizer on different crops needed to be further explored according to the growth and development rules and nutritional requirements of the plant. The water-soluble fertilizers containing single amino-acids cannot satisfy the market demand, it is necessary to develop new types of fertilizers combining function and nutrition of amino acids.

Soil pH is an important factor affecting the normal growth of plants. Excessive acid or alkali in soil will have a serious impact on plant growth and endanger the growth of food crops. China has a large population and requires enough arable land to plant food for people’s needs. However, a large amount of arable land is endangered by soil acidification and salinization. It is necessary to convert acidified and salinized soils into available arable land. How to improve soil pH has become a technical bottleneck for sustainable land use. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form mycorrhizal structure with most plants on land, promoting nutrient uptake by plants, and secreting some secondary metabolites to regulate soil pH. In view of the good application prospect of AMF, this paper described the ability of AMF to improve host acid and alkali tolerance by increasing biomass, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity of host, and promoting plant nutrient uptake from soil; and elucidated the mechanism of AMF’s action in regulating the pH of the soil from the perspective of its ability to affect the plant secretion of secondary metabolites, the structure of the soil microbial community, the activity of the soil enzymes, the immobilisation of the nutrients in the soil, and the distribution of metals in the soil. At the same time, the application of AMF in the future was prospected, in order to improve soil quality effectively through mycorrhizal biotechnology, and to provide ideas for solving the problem of grain reduction caused by soil over-acid or over-alkali.

The Begonia benariensis ‘BIG’ has high ornamental and economic value, and has broad application prospects. However, the varieties of B. benariensis ‘BIG’ grown in China rely on foreign imports. MS and 1/2MS were used as basic media, and combined with different plant hormones respectively to study the effects of combination media on adventitious bud differentiation, regeneration and rooting of B. benariensis, so as to establish a rapid propagation system for B. benariensis, and to solve the germplasm resource dilemma in production. The results showed that the optimal medium for adventitious bud differentiation was MS+1 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L 2.4-D+ 0.2 mg/L NAA. The optimal medium for adventitious bud subculture was MS+1 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA. The optimal medium for rooting was 1/2MS+ 1.0 mg/L NAA. The experiment established a tissue culture regeneration system for B. benariensis ‘BIG’, which provided a theoretical basis for large scale culture and propagation.

Embryo transfer technology is a modern reproductive technology that can accelerate the expansion and reproduction rate of domestic animal populations. It has been widely applied in the promotion and rapid expansion of excellent animal breeds such as cattle, sheep, and horses. This article reviews the superovulation technology, synchronous estrus technology and factors affecting embryo transfer involved in sheep embryo transfer, so as to provide ideas for the improvement of sheep embryo transfer technology and its application in the sheep industry, and lay a foundation for subsequent technological progress.

MYB transcription factors are the largest family of transcription factors in plants, and one of their important functions is to regulate anthocyanin synthesis. In order to comprehensively understand the regulation of MYB transcription factors on anthocyanidin synthesis in Solanaceae, this paper summarized the research progress of MYB transcription factors related to anthocyanidin synthesis in seven solanaceous plants, including petunia, potato, tomato, chili, eggplant, tobacco and Lycium chinensis, in terms of gene isolation and cloning, spatio-temporal expression, regulatory mode, etc. By phylogenetic analysis of MYB transcription factors genes related to anthocyanin metabolism pathway in Solanaceae, the author found that activated and inhibited MYB transcription factors in different Solanaceae plants were clustered by functions. The key MYB transcription factor genes regulating anthocyanin synthesis in fruit, namely SlANT1, SmMYB1, StAN1 and StAN2 were preferentially clustered together, and then clustered with StMYBA1, SlAN2 and LrAN2-like. SlAN2-like, SmMYB2, StMYB113，LrMYB1 and CaMYB were clustered together. SlAN2 and SlMYB75 of tomato are identical genes with different names; SmMYB1, SmMYB6 and SmMYB113 of eggplant are the same MYB transcription factor genes with different names. In this paper we propose the further research direction of MYB transcription factor genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, providing reference for the analysis of tissue-specific regulation mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Solanaceae vegetables, the improvement of fruit colors by gene regulation and gene engineering, etc.

To clarify whether Spodoptera frugiperda poses a threat to fruit and vegetable production in China, a comparative analysis of the feeding selectivity of 3rd-5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda on maize, sweet potato, tomato, and dongzao jujube leaves was conducted by leaf disc method. The feeding preferences of primary larvae initially domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves until they developed to the 3rd-5th instar larvae stages were examined. We assessed their selectivity for the initial food used for domestication and three other foods, compared feeding selectivity between various plant parts. The feeding preferences of S. frugiperda across all instar stages were as follows: maize (43.23%-61.82%)> sweet potato (20.37%-25.62%)> tomato (10.91%-24.3%)> dongzao jujube (5.45%-9.26%). Notably, after being domesticated on sweet potato and tomato leaves to 5th instar larvae, S. frugiperda exhibited heightened selectivity for the food they were initially domesticated on compared to maize. In contrast, although 3rd and 4th instar larvae retained a strong preference for maize leaves, they also demonstrated a substantial increase in selection rates for the food initially used for domestication. This increase ranged from 16.42-24.11 percentage points for sweet potato and 18.07-20.89 percentage points for tomato, compared to uncultivated larvae. Furthermore, the feeding selectivity analysis for different plant parts revealed that younger larvae displayed a preference for new leaves and corn whiskers of maize, whereas older larvae exhibited a preference for old leaves and male panicles. Concerning plant parts, younger larvae favoured plant stalks, whereas older larvae showed a preference for plant leaves. Our findings indicate that although S. frugiperda larvae exhibit lower feeding selectivity for sweet potato, tomato and dongzao jujube compared to maize, they still pose a potential threat to the production of these crops after domestication or under environmental stress. Notably, distinct variations in feeding choices for different parts of the plant were observed among younger and older larvae.

Polyethylene (PE), as one of the most used plastics in the world, has widely existed in the natural environment because of its wear-resistant, high molecular weight and indestructible properties. PE would break down into microplastics (MPs) and accumulate in large quantities, and currently MPs has become an important pollutant that affects the ecosystem. Currently, many studies have been demonstrated that PE could be partially degraded, but further research is needed in screening of microorganisms or enzymes that could completely degrade PE and construct a complete biodegradation pathway for PE. Therefore, this paper summarizes the classification, recycle methods and characterization methods of PE, microorganisms and enzymes that degrade PE, biodegradation pathways and influencing factors, and proposes future research directions of PE biodegradation. These findings provide theoretical basis for the degradation mechanism of PE.

Fire is an important disturbance factor in forest and grassland ecosystems. The changes of soil physical and chemical properties and soil microorganisms after fire disturbance have important impacts on the restoration of forest and grassland ecosystem structure and function. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars had conducted research on forest and grassland fire interference and made some achievements. The authors summarized the current research status of fire disturbance on the physical and chemical properties and microorganism of forest and grassland soil, proposed the prospect of strengthening the construction of fire disturbance model as well as improving the impact of grassland fire disturbance on soil. In the nutshell, it would provide a theoretical basis for the study of the effects of fire disturbance on forest and grassland soil.

To understand the research hotspots and development trends in the field of sweet potato pests and diseases, and to provide reference for sweet potato pest and disease research, based on the visual analysis software CiteSpace, a total of 1648 sweet potato pest-related literature from 2000-2021 in CNKI Knowledge Network database and WOS core collection database were analyzed. The most published literature on sweet potato pests and diseases was from the United States and China in that order; Xie Yiping's team and Chen Shulong's team were the author teams who published the most articles on domestic diseases and pests, respectively, while Clark C A's team and Haraguchi D's team were the author teams who published the most articles on international diseases and pests, respectively; there was close cooperation between international research institutions and teams, but less cooperation between domestic research institutions and teams; Plant Disease and Journal of Economic Entomology were the international journals with the highest number of articles on diseases and pests, respectively; keyword analysis showed that research in Chinese literature focused on stem nematode disease and sweet potato weevil, while English literature focused on sweet potato virus disease and Bemisia tabaci. For sweet potato virus disease, Bemisia tabaci, sweet potato stem nematode and sweet potato weevil, which seriously restrict the development of sweet potato industry, as well as the newly occurred pests and diseases such as sweet potato stem rot, sweet potato basal rot and sweet potato root knot nematode, research on smart detection and early warning, spreading mechanism, functional gene mining, selection and breeding of resistant varieties and precise target application will gradually become the hot spots.

In order to systematically evaluate the application potentials of chlorantraniliprole against Conpomorpha sinensis, the bioactivity of chlorantraniliprole to eggs, adults and the effect of chlorantraniliprole on longevity and fecundity were determined in laboratory, and the control effect was tested in the field. The result showed that the LC₅₀ of chlorantraniliprole to eggs of C. sinensis which were laid for 48 h was 10.650 mg/L, and the ovicidal activity of chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that of lambda-cyhalothrin and lower than diflubenzuron. The 24 h LC₅₀ of chlorantraniliprole to adults of C. sinensis was 145.856 mg/L, which was equal to lambda-cyhalothrin. The LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ doses of chlorantraniliprole had small effects on the longevity of C. sinensis male adult and egg hatchability, but they could effectively reduce the longevity and fecundity of female adult. When C. sinensis was in peak oviposition period to egg incubation period, insecticides were sprayed one time. The results of 14 days after treatment showed that effect of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC which was diluted 1500 and 3000 times respectively was 95.29%, and the effect of 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC which was diluted 4500 times was 84.71%. The effects of above three treatments were significantly higher than that of 200 g/L diflubenzuron SC 1000 times and 25 g/L lambda-cyhalothrin 500 times. This study suggested that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the potential to be exploited as a control strategy for C. sinensis.

To clarify the suitable maturity for one-time plucking of six upper tobacco leaves, ‘Yunyan 87’ was used as material, and three treatments of low maturity (M₁), medium maturity (M₂) and high maturity (M₃) were designed to carry out the harvesting and curing experiments of different maturity of upper tobacco leaves in Guiyang tobacco area of Hunan, and the fuzzy evaluation method was used to comprehensively evaluate the test results. The results showed that as the harvest maturity of middle tobacco leaves increased, the SPAD value of fresh tobacco and proportion of greenish tobacco leaves decreased, and the proportion of variegated tobacco increased; the maturity of tobacco leaves increased, the structure became loose, and the oil content increased; the single leaf weight of tobacco, thickness of leaf, weight unit leaf area and balance water ratio decreased; the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar, potassium and starch decreased, the contents of nicotine increased, and the availability of chemical components increased; tobacco yield and output value decreased. Compared with M₁ and M₃, index of appearance quality of M₂ treatment was 6.18% and -2.13% higher, physical properties index was 2.35% and 5.30% higher, availability index of chemical components was 30.88% and 4.55% higher, total score of smoking quality was 10.12% and 0.50% higher, the economic properties index was 8.96% and 12.97% higher, index of tobacco quality was 12.53% and 1.16% higher, and the comprehensive economic effect index was 10.11% and 6.98% higher. On the whole, M₂ was the most suitable ripeness for the 6 upper tobacco leaves; and the suitable harvest maturity of ‘Yunyan 87’ of upper leaves in Guiyang tobacco area of Hunan required that leaf surface turned yellow by 50%-80%, main vein became white by 50%-80%, branch vein became white by 30%-50%, part of the hair fell off, and there were more mature spots. When the SPAD value of fresh tobacco was 20.44-30.79, it could be used as a reference for guiding the appropriate harvest maturity of upper tobacco leaves of paddy- tobacco of ‘Yunyan 87’.

To better understand the current research status of Spodoptera litura, taking the relevant literatures of Spodoptera litura collected in CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) database and WOS (Web of Science) database as the object, the CiteSpace bibliometric method was used to compare and analyze, and visual charts were drawn from three aspects of author, organization and keywords, respectively, to summarize the evolution trend and research hotspots of Spodoptera litura. The research shows that the control of Spodoptera litura has been the main research at home and abroad. In recent years, China's research on Spodoptera litura has mainly focused on the unreasonable application of chemical pesticides in the control process, which leads to soil and environmental damage and induces the evolution of resistance mechanisms in Spodoptera litura. Under the background of advocating pollution-free, green and organic, the control measures of Spodoptera litura tend to biological control, while foreign research focuses on its internal structure and viral pesticides. To sum up, the current research on Spodoptera litura is mainly divided into two parts. One is the combination of biological and chemical control to develop efficient and low pollution control methods or pesticides. The other is the research on the growth, development and internal structure of Spodoptera litura, reducing the population number of certain pests and reducing the harm without destroying biodiversity.

To identify the pathogen species causing a noval desease of leaf spot and stem spot of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. in Guanghan City, Sichuan Province, and provides theoretical basis for the scientific management of this disease, the leaves and stems of diseased H. cordata were collected from Guanghan City, and the pathogen was isolated and identified by tissue isolation, pathogenicity testing, morphological characterization, and molecular identification based on ITS, tef1, cal and his3 gene sequences. The results indicate that the mycelium of the pathogen is gray-white to light brown. The conidiomata, which are produced in the late growth stage, can produce two types of conidia: fusiform to oval-shaped α-type conidia and filamentous or hook-shaped β-type conidia. Multiple gene cluster analysis showed that the pathogen formed an individual branch adjacent to the Diaporthe Sojae and D. phaseolorum branches, and formed a big branch with these two branches in the phylogenetic tree, and a new species named D. houttuynia was suggested to establish to accommodate this pathogen. According to morphology and molecular identification, the pathogen causing the noval desease of leaf spot and stem spot of H. cordata in Guanghan City was identified as D. houttuynia.

Modern breeding techniques based on biotechnology have a great impact on crop genetic improvement. CRISPR/Cas gene editing system’s components, mechanisms, breakthrough progresses of gene editing technology in the gene functional verification and crop genetic improvement, current utilization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, watermelon, cabbage, carrot, cucumber, and others, were summarized in this review. The CRISPR/Cas gene editing system stands out as the most extensively utilized gene-editing tool. This review aims to enhance comprehension of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system and promote its vital role in vegetable crop improvement. This review discusses the factors affecting genetic transformation efficiency, methods to improve genetic transformation efficiency, the defects of the CRISPR gene editing system and the constraints in its current utilization in vegetable crops, including challenges related to the transformation and regeneration processes, and the genotype dependent for certain crops. In conclusion, this review suggests that future research should focus on extensive genotype screening to facilitate easier genetic transformation, the advancement of efficient crop transformation and regeneration systems, and the development of more efficient, innovative, precise, and multi-functional gene editing tools.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the most successful microbial insecticide in application. The largest class of insecticidal proteins produced by Bt is Cry toxin, and its application in field is an important means for controlling agricultural pests and increasing crop yields. Cry toxin has the advantages of quick-acting at host organisms, low impact on non-target organisms, environmental friendliness and degradability. This study briefly describes the research on insect resistance caused by Cry toxin when it is put into agricultural use. The research status of structure and function, mechanism of action, protein domain and insect resistance of Cry toxin are summarized. The three main features of the promotion of insect resistance by epigenetic mechanism, receptor regulation and native intestinal flora are concluded. The Countermeasures against resistant insects are analyzed. It is considered that artificial selection of new resistant insects can predict possible resistance pathways, and directional evolution of Cry toxin and interactive use strategy in field are the research priorities. The paper is aimed to provide theoretical basis for successful application of Cry toxin in agricultural biological control.

A turbidimetry-based method was developed to rapidly detect available potassium in soil. The solution of NaHCO₃—Na₂SO₄—NaOH—DTPA was used to extract soil available potassium, the solution of 0.02 mol/L cupric sulfate was used to mask ammoniumion, and the solution of 0.20 mol/L EDTA acid disodium salt was used to eliminate the interference of metal ions. The soil turbidity solution was determined at 680 nm after 10 min of reaction time. The result showed that the range of available potassium was from 1.30×10^-5 to 3.12×10^-4 mol/L, and the detection limit was 2.29×10^-6 mol/L. The recovery rate of soil available potassium was 90.71%-109.14%, and RSD was 2.61%-4.32%. The available potassium was determined in 161 soil samples from Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Sichuan, Hunan and Henan Provinces. Compared with the flame photometer method in NY/T889—2004, the regression equation was y=0.6437x-3.5714, and the correlation coefficient was r=0.9732. Overall, this method could be applied to the rapid detection of soil available potassium.

To solve the problems of excessive application of chemical fertilizer, low crop nutrient utilization efficiency and high risks of non-point source pollution in rice production, the impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer on nutrient absorption, partial productivity of fertilizer, nutrient balance and rice yield were studied. The optimum management practices were identified in this study, which provided a theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer use, increasing use efficiency and improving soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out in the early rice growing season of western Guangdong in 2021. Four local recommended fertilization methods were tested, including optimized fertilization treatment (OPT), and reducing the rate of farmers’ conventional fertilizer application by 10%, 20% and 30% while applying organic fertilizer denote as OM1, OM2, and OM3 treatment, respectively. The results showed that the grain yield and grain-to-straw ratio varied from 5667-5967 kg/hm² and 1.09-1.31, respectively. The partial factor productivity of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer were 30.4-47.2, 96.0-122.1 and 47.2-105.9 kg/kg, respectively. The apparent balance of N, P and K were 54.2-115.3, 17.1-29.8 and 1.2-67.0 kg/hm², respectively. All of them were in a surplus state. In the treatments of organic fertilizer application, the rice grain yields, ratios of grain to stem, N, P, K fertilizer partial productivity, P absorption rate and K absorption rate increased along with the decrease of synthetic fertilizer application rate, while the apparent balance of N, P and K decreased. The straw K content and K partial factor productivity of each organic fertilizer substitution treatment were significantly higher than those of OPT treatment (P<0.05). Compared with farmers’ conventional fertilizer application, OPT, OM1, OM2 and OM3 treatments could maintain the paddy yield, and improve the ratio of grain to stem, the P content and K contents of grain and straw. Considering the ratio of grain to stem, P and K partial productivity, OM3 treatment was identified as optimum management practice. While considering the partial productivity of N fertilizer, N absorption rate, N surplus rate in soil and output-input ratio, OPT treatment was identified as optimum management practice.

Pond culture is the main business model of aquaculture in China, which plays a significant role in the development of aquaculture in China. In the pond culture system, nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients for plants in the water. Exploring their balance is an effective method to evaluate the utilization efficiency, conversion efficiency and aquaculture pollution level in the pond culture system. This paper summarized the nitrogen and phosphorus budget and the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus by aquaculture organisms in the pond culture system. It analyzed the significance of the research on nitrogen and phosphorus budget in the pond culture system, and provided a reference for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus deposition in the water, improving the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus by aquaculture organisms, further optimizing the aquaculture model, and reducing the pollution to the ecological environment.