AP2/ERF（APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor） is one of the largest transcription factor （TF） families in plants， which contains at least one specific AP2 domains composed of 60-70 highly conserved amino acids. Depending on the number and sequence similarity of AP2 domains， this family can be classified into five subfamilies： AP2 （APETALA2）， DREB （dehydration-responsive element binding proteins）， ERF （ethylene-responsive factor）， RAV （related to AB13/VP）， and Soloist. AP2/ERF TFs regulate their expression by binding to target genes through YRG and RAYD conserved elements in the AP2 domain. At present，AP2/ERF TFs have become a hot candidate gene for studying plant stress resistance mechanisms and biosynthesis of active ingredients. More and more AP2/ERF families and their members have been reported. In this review， we summarized the latest research achievements on plant AP2/ERF family， including the structural characteristics and classification， and the research progress of AP2/ERF TFs involved in regulation of plant secondary metabolites synthesis， participation in biological and abiotic stress response was mainly introduced.Meanwhile， possible hot research topics and fields of AP2/ERF were proposed，which may provide a reference for further mining and utilization of such transcription factor genes for plant genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.

The variation coefficient analysis， genetic diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 647 island cotton germplasm resources were carried out in order to screen more diverse types of island cotton germplasm resources for parent selection and variety breeding in the future. The variation range of quantitative index of 647 sea island cotton germplasm resources was 2.4608%~36.4320%， indicating the rich diversity among sea island cotton germplasm resources. The number of stem hairs， leaf color， leaf hairs， petal basal spot size， main stem hardness， fruit branch type and style length of island cotton germplasm resources were variable， and these external descriptive traits could be directly used for the improvement of plant morphology. Genetic diversity analysis of quantitative indicators showed that the diversity of indicators reflecting fiber quality was more abundant than that reflecting yield， and germplasm resources could be used for improving fiber quality and maturity. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between different quantitative traits. Among them， the first fruit branch node was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half， the uniformity index and the breaking strength， the sub-index was significantly negatively correlated with the micronaire value， and the lint percentage was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half. The above correlation is consistent with previous research results on upland cotton， The complicated interaction mode implied a comprehensive evaluation by integrating multiple datasets in germplasm innovation. The principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first five eigenvalues reached 75.761%. The first principal component was related to fiber quality， the second principal component was related to seed cotton yield， the third principal component was related to elongation， the fourth principal component was related to maturity， and the fifth principal component was related to lint percentage. When the genetic distance was 10， the germplasm resources were divided into 6 groups by cluster analysis. The comprehensive performance of cluster II was better. In actual breeding， targeted selection and improvement can be carried out according to breeding objectives.

Chili（Capsicum annuum L.）crops have high economic value and extensive planting， and most of the chili cultivars in China have high plant type， many branches， easy lodging， not conducive to mechanized production， and the cost of artificial production is rising. With the improvement of agricultural production technology and the increasing shortage of labor， the transformation of traditional agriculture to modern mechanized agriculture is imminent. The proposal of ideal plant type makes plant type regulation a hot spot in genetic breeding， which can provide reference for the analysis of the regulation mechanism of chili plant type. This paper reviews the research results of recent domestic and foreign scholars on the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms of plant type regulation， the biological relationship between plant hormones and plant type， and the influence of the environment on plant type， and puts forward the idea of ideal plant type of chili. Good chili plant type can improve plant production capacity， facilitate management， alleviate labor shortage， and accelerate the process of mechanized production. At present， there are few research reports on the regulation mechanism of chili plant type， so exploring the breeding mechanism and genetic basis of plant type regulation is conducive to providing theoretical support for the creation of good plant type germplasm resources and accelerating the selection and breeding of new varieties， and laying the foundation for the genetic breeding .

Wheat variety Yannong 999 （YN999） shows stably high yield potential with strong environment adaptability. Unlocking its genetic basis and key chromosomal regions underlying high yield performance will provide theoretical support for the further application. In this study， a 55K wheat SNP array was used for genotyping the YN999， its 46 derived varieties （lines） and a natural mapping population containing 243 wheat varieties （lines）. The genetic effects of the key chromosomal segments undergone strong selection was elucidated. The genetic cause of high-yielding potential in YN999 was dissected based on the composition of excellent alleles underlying the three yield components. The characteristics of high thousand kernel weight were preferentially selected and present in the derived varieties （lines）. Genotyping using the wheat 55K SNP array revealed that the average genetic similarity coefficient of YN999 if compared to 46 derived varieties （lines） was 0.87. The genetic contribution of YN999 to its derived varieties （lines） of F₃， F₅， F₆ and F₇ were 84.94%， 86.19%， 86.67% and 87.65%， respectively. A total of 222 segments of YN999 with over 95% transmission rate were detected in the offspring of YN999， and the length of the segment varied from 5.04 Mb to 108.75 Mb， among which 2A contained the longest segment with high frequency selection， being 483.37 Mb， and 7D contained the shortest of 13.84 Mb. A total of 135 identified QTL related to yield traits were coincided with the 222 high-frequency selection regions， with 80， 48 and 7 QTL in the A， B and D genome， respectively. A total of 1195， 267， 790 and 678 significant SNPs， which were correlated with yield per plant， kernel number per spike， 1000-grain weight and spike number per plant， respectively， were detected by single marker QTL analysis using a natural mapping population. Among those， approximately 84.02%， 51.69%， 94.18% and 13.42% alleles contributing to the higher yield performance were identified from YN999. These results indicate that YN999 has enriched the superior alleles of yield per plant and 1000-grain weight， which might be the important genetic basis for the high and stable yield in YN999. This study provided theoretical reference in application of YN999 as key parent in molecular breeding programs， and identification and cloning of the genes with high yield performance.

Faba bean （Vicia faba L.） is an important legume crop in China. Southern China is the autumn planting area of faba bean， where mainly produces large-grained fresh faba bean. The correlation analysis of the seed size-related traits of the faba bean resources from this area was carried out to explore the associated molecular markers applicable for molecular marker-assisted breeding. In this study， phenotype of seed size-related traits in 90 faba bean resources were collected in 2019 and 2020. Sixty-seven pairs of polymorphic SSR markers were used for genotyping， producing a total of 278 alleles with the average alleles of 4.1. The resources were divided into 3 groups by cluster analysis， in which accessions with higher values of seed length， seed width and 100-seed weight are mainly found in the A group. In addition to the population structure analysis， the MLM models （Q+K） of TASSEL software were used to conduct associate studies of seed size-related traits and 67 SSR markers. A total of 50 significantly associated markers （P<0.001） were detected by mixed linear model （MLM） of TASSEL， of which 29 markers had a P-value less than 0.0001. In multiple environments analysis， ICS48 and ICS455 were significantly associated with both grain width and grain weight. According to the association stability and contribution rate， three dominant alleles （ICS48-H1， ICS51-H1 and ICS455-H3） related to seed size were obtained （P<0.0001； r²>18%）. This study will contribute to the molecular marker-assisted selection and molecular design breeding of faba bean in autumn planting areas in China.

Senescence，as the final stage of natural development of plants，has an important influence on crop yield. In order to promoting the selection and breeding of new crop varieties and yield improvement， it is important to deeply analyze the regulatory mechanism and influencing factors of premature senescence. Except the stress of natural environment，genetic network of crops is an important factor in regulating plant premature senescence. A variety of metabolic pathways in plants affect the period of senescence onset. Here we reviewed the various physiological，biochemical and yield changes during premature senescence in plants. Premature senescence caused degradation of chlorophyll and other macromolecules，significantly reducd leaf photosynthetic and transportion of nutrients from senescent tissues to young tissues and reproductive organs. The process was accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS），decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the cells and upregulated of senescence-associated gene （SAG） expression，which eventually led to premature senescence and reduced plant yield. Premature senescence is a complex and sequential process regulated by multiple genes. We summarized the gene networks regulating premature senescence among different species，and introduced the mechanisms of premature senescence regulation through transcription factor regulation，hormone and protein metabolism. It provides suggestions on the research of premature senescence mechanism and breeding utilization in the future.

Anthocyanins， which are natural pigments and serve as important natural antioxidants scavenging free radicals， are rich in a variety of compounds that are important in health care. Anthocyanins affect the ripening， taste and color of fruits and vegetables， and prevent plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore， optimizing anthocyanin content is regarded as the breeding goal in many horticultural crops. As the secondary ethylene signaling transcription factors， ethylene response factors （ERFs） respond to plant hormone signaling and can result in feedback regulation， and these genes are known to modulate the process of ethylene regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis via various mechanisms. In terms of the molecular mode， ERFs in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis rely on the physical interaction with transcription factors， activating transcription factors， forming regulatory complexes with MBW or directly activating structural gene promoters. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanism of ERF regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis， and to explore the relationship between the rapid accumulation of anthocyanins and the increase of ethylene release in fruits and vegetables at the late ripening stage.

The tiller angle is one of the most important traits in the plant architecture of rice， which significantly determines the rice yield. At present， the major tiller angle genes in rice are TAC1 （Tiller Angle Control 1） and TIG1 （Tiller Inclided Growth 1）. It is necessary to further explore new loci and molecular markers to promote ideal plant architecture breeding in rice. In this study， a BC₃F₂ population was developed using large-angled wild rice as the donor and small-angled cultivar Zhenshan 97 as the recipient， and tiller angle separation was observed in the 54th line. QTL mapping of tiller angel was performed using QTL-seq， and a QTL was detected on chromosome 8. TIG1 was identified as the candidate gene through sequence comparison of known genes within the interval. A KASP functional molecular marker was designed based on the causal variation of C?T at -449 bp in the promoter of TIG1. The marker was verified in the mapping population and varieties， and it was confirmed that the KASP marker can accurately identify the genotype of the TIG1 locus. In Geng/JaponicaTIG1 with large angle is dominant， while 61.40% and 38.40% of Xian/Indica varieties carry tig1 with small angle and TIG1 with large angle， respectively. This marker has significant potential utilization value for improvement of rice plant architecture. The development of this KASP marker provides a new tool for molecular marker-assisted improvement of rice tiller angle and is expected to speed up the breeding process for the ideal rice plant architecture.

Seed coat color is an important agronomic trait that associates with crop domestication and serves as morphological marker. In mung bean， the seed coat color was related to the content of flavonoids. Cloning and application of seed coat color-related genes becomes of interest in development of new mung bean varieties with improved nutritional properties. In this study， the varieties 'Jilv 9' （black seed coat） and 'Ziyuan 330' （yellow seed coat） were used as parents to generate an F₂ segregating population. The BSA-seq approach was applied for mapping of the genes underlying the seed coat color. The association analysis using integrated SNPs and InDels suggested an interval of 3.26 Mb harboring 324 predicted genes， of which 49 genes were found with non-synonymous mutation and 15 genes were detected with frameshift mutation. By further use of 11 high-quality KASP markers in fine mapping， the candidate interval was finally delimited between KA330 and KA421 in the physical interval of 16，302，330-18，013，421 bp （1.71 Mb） on chromosome 4. The transcriptome data analysis and qRT-PCR expression analysis suggested six differently-expressed candidate genes， of which the LOC106758748 was annotated as a transcription factor MYB90 that was reported with a function in the flavonoid biosynthesis and served as key candidate gene regulating the seed coat color in mung bean. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the cloning and utilization of the genes related to seed coat color in mung bean seed breeding.

Wheat grain， with rich nutrition and various end-uses in markets， provides diets in over one-third of the global human population. However， with the increasing influence of biological and abiotic stresses， such as threats of diseases and pests， environmental damages of drought， high temperature and salinization， the sustainability of global wheat production is under increasing threats. In order to ensure the global food security supply and demands for high quality products， the desirable increases on wheat production and quality require to the constantly developing of new breeding methods and germplasm resources used for wheat breeding. In the past decade， significant progress on plant biotechnologies such as transgenic study and genome editing has been achieved， and gradually applied in wheat genetic improvement. To date， the efficient systems for wheat genetic transformation and genome editing have been established， in which the transformation efficiency for the model genotypes mediated by Agrobacterium is higher than 50% and the editing efficiencies of some target genes via CRISPR/Cas9 reach to 40%-70%. The genotype independency in wheat transformation and genome editing has been overcome almost. Some of wheat traits including disease resistance， stress tolerance， quality feature， yield potential， and growth and development regulation have been modified by using transgenic and gene editing methodologies； many new wheat genetic stocks showing disease resistances to powdery mildew， rusts， scab and yellow mosaic virus， tolerances to pre-harvest sprouting， drought and salt， low gliadin content， high gluten content， male sterility and haploid induction ability were created by the requirement of wheat improvement. This review aims to summarize the latest research progresses on transgene and genome editing in wheat， and to explore the current problems and possible solutions.

DELLA proteins are known as negative regulators of gibberellin involved in plant flowering. Eight DELLA genes were identified in soybean genome by sequence alignment with Arabidopsis thaliana（L.） Heynh. DELLA orthologs GmGAI3a has only one GRAS domain，and the other seven DELLA proteins have both DELLA domain and GRAS domain. By performing gene-based association analysis of flowering time in natural population，soybean DELLA haplotypes associating with early-flowering have been detected in soybean accessions collected from the middle and high latitude of China，speculating DELLA genes as negative factors in regulating flowering. CRISPR/Cas9-based editing in soybean hairy root system revealed the editing efficiency at the target sites. Identification of the CRISPR/Cas9 targets of seven DELLA genes provided references for generating stable transgenic DELLA mutants for deciphering their biological functions.

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of naked barley germplasm resources in China， 398 accessions of naked barley from different regions were used to analyze the phenotypic diversity at 18 traits， followed by the analysis of coefficient of variation analysis， diversity index analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results revealed abundant variations among phenotypic traits in different resources. The diversity index of the nine quality traits was 0.66 to 2.06， with an average value of 1.42， and the highest value in plant height， kernels per spike and the smallest value in kernel rows. The traits had 4.71% （kernel color） to 61.03% （heading date） of the coefficient of variation， with an average value of 26.59%. The correlation analysis of nine quantitative traits indicated that spikes per plant， spike length， kernels per spike， thousand kernels weight and setting rate could be deployed as the main target traits for high yield naked barley varieties breeding in the future. The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the five principal component factors was 64.297%. Among them， heading date， plant height， row type and thousand kernels weight were the main factors contributing to the phenotypic differences of naked barley. Combined with the membership function analysis， the comprehensive scores （F value） were calculated. Jiangsuyuanmai No. 33， VII-131， Yumimai， Jiangsu yuan mai No. 58， Jianhutuanliulengzi， Daimaoyuanmai， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 65， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 23， Jiangsuyuanmai No. 20 and Jiangsuyuanmai No. 22 had the highest scores. These materials were divided into four groups by systematic clustering analysis and the clustering results were not strongly correlated with geographic location. These results could provide an important reference for the utilization of naked barley accessions and variety breeding.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH， fluorescence in situ hybridization） is a powerful tool for molecular cytogenetics studies and is able to authentically allocate particular DNA or RNA sequences on chromosomes. With the development of the genome sequencing technology， the reduction of sequencing cost and the publishment of a large number of species genome information， Oligonucleotide （Oligo） probes based on high-throughput sequencing and reference genome were developed showing the advantages in FISH. In comparison with the traditional probes， Oligo-FISH can further reveal the evolution， inheritance and variation of chromosomes more precisely and deeply in plant evolution.This paper reviews the types and applications of target DNA and fluorescent probes in the development of fluorescence labeling， as well as the types and preparation techniques of oligonucleotide probes， mainly focusing on the origin and development of Oligo-FISH and its application in plants， which plays an important role in the identification of plant chromosomes and plant homologous chromosomes. Since the karyotype of species and genera can be constructed by Oligo-FISH technology， the results of Oligo-FISH can provide guidance for genome assembly of crops in this genus which have no complete genomes. Oligo painting can also solve the problem of fusion and exchange between chromosomes of heteropolyploid species and accurately detect whether there is translocation and heterologous recombination between chromosomes. Therefore， the development of Oligo-FISH technology provides strong support for the assembly of the genome at chromosome level. In the future， Oligo-FISH technology combined with signal amplification technology can overcome the challenge of low Oligo probes with high concentration of repeat sequences in regions， and visualize limited gene regions， such as the detection of promoters or enhancers or the localization of gene segments in transgenes. These studies will make better use of the research results of species genetics and evolution to further ensure， assist and innovate the improvement and development of crop genetics and breeding.

DNA fingerprinting analysis that enables assigning uniform identity information for each rice germplasm is of great significance for identifying the genetic basis of rice germplasm resources， improving their utilization efficiency and protecting the intellectual property rights of the seed industry in China. In this study， using 5374 rice accessions that have been genotyped by the whole-genome resequencing， two sets of genome-wide DNA fingerprinting standards were established through the selection of reference sample resources， analysis of high-quality SNP loci， and selection of the optimal number of SNPs and SNP combinations. Through principal component analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis， SNPs in the collection of fingerprinting standards 1 and 2 could represent 94，197 high-quality population common SNPs applicable for the population genetic diversity. In addition， population genetic similarity analysis verified the effectiveness of fingerprinting standards 1 and 2 to uncover the genetic similarity identification of rice germplasm resources. This study is expected to provide technical support for the conservation and utilization of rice germplasm resources and the protection of intellectual property rights in the seed industry， and to provide reference for the development of DNA fingerprinting standards for other crops.

As one of the important mechanisms of epigenetic regulation， usually occurs in plant cytosine bases， including CG， CHG and CHH. DNA methylation mainly affects chromatin structure and gene transcription level. DNA methylation plays important roles in transcriptional regulation and maintaining the genome stability. Abiotic stresses affect plant growth and reproduction and ultimately lead to plant death. Based on existing research findings， DNA methylation can induce phenotypic alterations in plants under stress.To cope with abiotic stresses， the change mechanism of DNA methylation level during growth is affected by methylase and demethylase. The signal transduction pathways can change the expression of some stress response genes， thus causing changes in plant morphology， physiology and biochemistry to adapt to adversity. Some genes are upregulated （initiate） or downregulated （close down） in expression in order to assure the adaptive growth and development of plant， thus enabling plants to adapt and resist stress damage to a certain extent. This article reviews the DNA methylation modification and its role in transcriptional regulation， research progress in the growth and development of horticultural plants， and the epigenetic regulation of abiotic stress as well as the problems and prospective of horticultural plants. It provides a reference for the genetic improvement of horticultural plants and deciphering the mechanism of stress resistance.

Ear rot is one of the most devastating diseases in maize production in China, which seriously affects the yield and quality of maize and threatens the health of humans and animals. Breeding and using excellent ear rot resistant varieties is the most economical and effective measure to prevent and control maize ear rot. Using silk channel inoculation, 346 maize inbred lines at home and abroad were identified and evaluated for resistance to Fusarium ear rot (FER) and Gibberella ear rot (GER) (caused by Fusarium verticillioides and F. graminearum, respectively) at two sites in Changping, Beijing and Sanya, Hainan. A comprehensive analysis of the data from the two sites showed that there were 1, 43, 106, 147 and 49 accessions exhibiting high resistance (HR), resistance (R), moderate resistance (MR), susceptibility (S), and high susceptibility (HS) to FER, accounting for 0.3%, 12.4%, 30.6%, 42.5%, and 14.2% of the total 346 materials, respectively, and there were 10, 32, 55, 79, and 170 accessions exhibiting HR, R, MR, S, and HS to GER, accounting for 2.9%, 9.3%, 15.9%, 22.8%, and 49.1% of the total 346 materials, respectively. Forty-one maize inbred lines exhibited HR, R, or MR to both FER and GER. Among them, line 15-TL-1224 exhibited HR to both FER and GER, lines T351-1 and 18-QTL-25 exhibited HR to GER and R to FER, and 3 lines exhibited R to both FER and GER, which were all precious resources resistant to ear rot. The correlation analysis of FER and GER resistance among the above 41 resistant accessions and 144 susceptible germplasms was conducted. The correlation coefficient between FER and GER resistance among the 41 resistant accessions was 0.24, while that among the 144 susceptible germplasms was -0.16. Using 40 pairs of polymorphic SSR primers, 183 alleles (Na) were amplified in the 41 resistant lines, with polymorphic site percentage (PPB) of 100.00%. The average number of alleles (Na), effective allele number (Ne), Nei's gene diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) were 3.7556, 7.6923, 0.6596, and 1.4458, respectively. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.326, varying from 0.0513 to 1.0000 for each marker. Using UPGMA cluster analysis, the 41 resistant accessions were divided into 7 subgroups, namely PB, Lan, unknown, PA, LRC, BSSS, and TSPT, which exhibited high genetic diversity among the 41 inbred lines. The PA subgroup contained the most numerous resistant germplasms. The results would provide guidance and reference for the selection and utilization of resistance sources in breeding.

In this study, we generated a mutant population of tartary buckwheat cultivar 'Chuanqiao 2' treated by 50 mmol ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) solution. We recorded the phenotypic variations of M2 to M3 lines, and also measured the content of chlorophyll and anthocyanin in the mutant plants with leaf and stem color variation in the M3 population as well as the transcription level of flavonoid synthesis and metabolite related genes (CHS, F3H, F3'H, FLS and UFGT). 177 mutant plants showing alternations on stem and/or leaf morphology and/or growth stages were found in M2 population with a mutation rate of 10.56%. 665 mutant plants in M3 population were found, including leaves, growth stages, stems, and other types of mutant plants, accounting for 45.86% of the M3 population. We also observed that the shape, color and size of grains in M3 generation changed in varying degrees. We found that the change trend of chlorophyll and anthocyanin content in plants with color variation were almost the same, the content of the red plant at the base of the leaf was higher than that of the normal plant, and the content of the other types of mutant plants were lower than that of the normal plant. Among them, the yellow-green spotted leaf had the lowest content. We also found that CHS and F3H genes had the highest expression level in red stem plants, the FLS genes had the highest expression level in yellow leaf plants, and the expression of F3'H was higher in the two types of plants with red leaf than the other types, and the content was the highest in the plants with the leaf edge turned red. It is speculated that leaf and stem color variations in the M3 population may be contributed by the expression of flavonoid synthesis-related genes. Collectively, these mutants gained from this study provided the basic material for future deciphering the rutin metabolism mechanism.

Soybean is rich in nutrients and active substances. Oligosaccharides are beneficial functional components for human health， and identification of soybean oligosaccharide specific germplasms is of great practical significance. In this study， the content of oligosaccharides， including sucrose， raffinose， stachyose and total oligosaccharide， were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method in a population of 264 soybean genotypes that were cultivated at two environments. It was shown that among the three oligosaccharides， sucrose accounts for the highest proportion of total oligosaccharides， and raffinose accounts for the lowest proportion. The total oligosaccharide content in Sanya city of Hainan province and Nanjing city of Jiangsu province ranged from 6.18%-11.46% and 4.19%-13.80%， respectively. Ten oligosaccharide specific genotypes with stable performance at different environments were obtained. Genome-wide association study（GWAS） was carried out by combining phenotypic and genotypic data of oligosaccharide content in natural soybean population. SNPs significantly associated with oligosaccharides content were identified and candidate genes were considered to be related with oligosaccharide/sucrose. Collectively， this study provided germplasm resources applicable for the selection and breeding of special soybean varieties， and also provided foundation for further exploring oligosaccharide candidate genes and developing their molecular markers in soybean.

The genetic diversity analysis of 135 rice germplasm resources collected from different altitudes in Yunnan province， P.R. China， were genotyped by using the gene chip GSR40K. The rice germplasm resources at different altitudes were found with rich genetic diversity， and they were divided into five subgroups： indica， partial indica， intermediate， japonica and partial japonica. Eighty-two genes with expected breeding value were genotyped by haplotype markers and functional markers. All accessions were found with the genes related to the grain shattering. Nearly 70% of rice varieties were detected with rice blast resistant genes， whereas only a small proportion of accessions containing insect resistance and fragrance genes were identified. The accessions in this collection were divided into seven subgroups by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The differentiation of each marker site among the 7 subgroups was evaluated by the G_st value of genetic differentiation index， indicating that there was high genetic differentiation among the 7 subgroups. Moreover， at least 0.09% of the genomic segments in this collection are completely different， and only 0.08% are frequently communicated and fixed， suggesting an extremely low frequency of gene exchange between different subpopulations. Based on the difference of altitude among subpopulations， the differential genomic regions among populations were proposed associating with altitude adaptability. Collectively， these results provided scientific basis for effective protection and efficient utilization of rice resources in rice breeding.

The crucifer Orychophragmus violaceus （L.） O. E. Schulz （syn. Moricandia sonchifoli （Bunge） Hook. f.） is an ornamental plant native to China and serves as the germplasm resource in the genetic improvement of the Brassica L. crops. In this paper， the research progress and status of its cytogenetics， cytological behavior of its intergeneric hybrids with the Brassica L. crops， the chromosomal localization of some traits， and the discovery of the dihydroxylated fatty acids are summarized. O. violaceus （L.） O. E. Schulz （2n=24） has the large genome size of about 1.3 Gb and the long chromosomes with the homogenous staining. The meiotic pairing patterns of O. violaceus （L.） O. E. Schulz and its haploid reveal the polyploidy nature of its genome. The latest results from the genome sequencing revealed that the ancestral diploid of this species should likely have the tPCK karyotype with x=7， and experienced one specific tetraploidization event occurring at 600-800 million years ago， which gave rise to the extant genome of n=12 by chromosomal rearrangements and the inactivation of centromeres. With O. violaceus （L.） O. E. Schulz as the male parent， the intergeneric hybrids with six cultivated Brassica L. species give the cytogenetical behaviors specific to each Brassica L. parent， which are likely associated with the genome structures and inherent cytological patterns of two parents. The chromosomes from O. violaceus （L.） O. E. Schulz are clarified easily from those of Brassica L. species in these hybrids， as they are of larger size and more deeply stained. The traits of the serrated leaves， the basal clustering stems， purple petals and dihydroxylated fatty acids are localized on different chromosomes via the development of the Brassica napus L.- O. violaceus （L.） O. E. Schulzadditional lines. The dihydroxy fatty acids with high content are discovered in its seed oil and present the better lubricant effect than the castor oil. O. violaceus （L.） O. E. Schulz has also potential medicinal value. Finally， the future research area and utilization for Orychophragmus Bunge species are discussed.

The phenotype, as outcome of genotype that interplays with environmental factors, includes different traits such as architecture, growth stage, yield characters, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. After long-term natural variations in eco-system as well as domestication and cultivation in agricultural eco-system crop germplasm obtained rich genetic and phenotypic diversity, as the fundamental basis in breeding for new varieties. It is of interest to explore and understand the phenotypic diversity by scientific and systematical identification and evaluation. Identifying elite germplasm resources that showed drought and heat tolerant, disease and pest resistant, high efficient use of water and fertilizer is absolutely important to breed new varieties with environmental adaptability under global climate change. Testing for phenotypic variations under controlled environment at multiple locations for years is desirable and highly recommended. The methods for identifying phenotypic variations are conducted in the fields, facilities, instruments and with person sensory. The identification of crop germplasm traits, which were surveyed at one environment (locus) with expected low-throughput and low accuracy, has been popularly performed at multi-environments with high-throughput and precise characterization. By taking advantage of rapid development on technologies of multi-Omics, artificial intelligence, image recognition and analysis, researches on phenotypic traits of crop germplasm resource will step for a new stage, valuable for crop breeding in the future.

This study reported the evaluation of the grain quality traits of rice landraces that were collected from "The Third National Action on Crop Germplasm Resources Survey and Collection" in 2017-2021. Out of 165 white and red grain samples， the highest variation coefficient was observed on the chalkiness of sticky rice， of which the coefficient of indica white grain was as high as 148.91%. The transparency was also detected with high variation coefficient， while the coefficient of brownish was below 5.0%. The variation coefficient of the waxy ratio amongst waxy rice was over 70.0%， the whiteness and the amylose content have lower value of the variation coefficient， while that of the three indexes including brownish， alkali elimination value and gel consistency were below 10.0%. In terms of the grain quality indexes that reaching the standard， the qualified ratio of whole grains or their chalkiness of sticky rice were below 50%， while the qualified ratio of other indexes were above 65.0%. For the glutinous rice， the qualified ratio of whole grains and the amylose content were around 50.0%， and that of the other indexes was higher than 65.0%. The cooking and edible quality is an important aspect in evaluating high-quality rice as well. Among all the varieties of sticky rice and glutinous rice， 60.7% and 35.4%， respectively， of which have reached or above the Grade 3 level issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on the three indexes of cooking and edible quality. Compared with the landraces that were collected during the second national survey in Fujian， the amount of landraces with high value of cooking and edible quality has increased significantly within the third survey. Through this study， 10 landraces were identified reaching the high-quality standard issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs， which provide a material basis for the development of high-quality rice varieties in the future. In addition， 15 germplasms with high amylose content have been identified， which can be used as new raw materials for processing purpose specifically. The mid-colored rice were found with relatively rich amount in local landraces， accounting for about 20.0% of the total， they can provide valuable resources for future breeding and production of rice varieties with special function. In the future， works on the evaluation of grain quality for local landraces should be improved， and excellent germplasm resources would provide a material basis as well as promote the breeding of new superior rice varieties.