Wheat（Triticum aestivum L.）is an important food crop worldwide. However，its growth has been heavily suppressed by salt stress. The molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in wheat remain unclear. In this study we conducted research to decipher the mechanism of salt stress response in Jimai19 using NaCl treatment and time-course RNA sequencing. The total number of differentially expressed genes（DEGs）in response to salt stress was 5526 in wheat roots. Based on Gene Ontology（GO）and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG）analysis，it was found that DEGs were significantly enriched in the categories of plant hormone signal transduction，primary metabolic processes such as amino acid synthesis，and some secondary metabolic processes in the early stages of salt treatment. After 6 h of salt treatment，the DEGs involved in stress response began to enrich. With the extension of stress time and the damage to plant increased，the DEGs related to macromolecular complex，DNA conformational changes，protein-DNA structural changes etc，were enriched at 48 h and 72 h of salt treatment. Many genes involved in signal transduction，resistance to oxidative stress，osmotic stress，ion balance and amino acid sythesis were differentially expressed at different stages of salt treatment. Most genes of the last three classes were induced by salt stress. These results provided valuable information on the salt tolerance of molecular mechanisms in wheat.

AP2/ERF（APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor） is one of the largest transcription factor （TF） families in plants， which contains at least one specific AP2 domains composed of 60-70 highly conserved amino acids. Depending on the number and sequence similarity of AP2 domains， this family can be classified into five subfamilies： AP2 （APETALA2）， DREB （dehydration-responsive element binding proteins）， ERF （ethylene-responsive factor）， RAV （related to AB13/VP）， and Soloist. AP2/ERF TFs regulate their expression by binding to target genes through YRG and RAYD conserved elements in the AP2 domain. At present，AP2/ERF TFs have become a hot candidate gene for studying plant stress resistance mechanisms and biosynthesis of active ingredients. More and more AP2/ERF families and their members have been reported. In this review， we summarized the latest research achievements on plant AP2/ERF family， including the structural characteristics and classification， and the research progress of AP2/ERF TFs involved in regulation of plant secondary metabolites synthesis， participation in biological and abiotic stress response was mainly introduced.Meanwhile， possible hot research topics and fields of AP2/ERF were proposed，which may provide a reference for further mining and utilization of such transcription factor genes for plant genetic improvement and germplasm innovation.

Grain filling rate is an important and complex agronomic trait that directly affects rice yield and quality. Huaidao 5， a superior rice japonica variety， derived from the 7208 ×Wuyujing 3 cross， shows a high grain filling rate， whereas its functional mechanism remains unclear. A transcriptome analysis in Huaidao 5 and Wuyujing 3 was performed by harvesting 14-days-after-fertilization grains. Real time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to analyze the transcripts of few candidate genes， and Sanger sequencing was applied to identify their polymorphisms between Huaidao 5 and Wuyujing 3. 3230 up-regulated and 1171 down-regulated genes were detected between Huaidao 5 and Wuyujing 3. Gene ontology analysis indicated that these differentially-expressed genes were primarily involved in starch and sucrose biosynthesis， photosynthesis， carbon assimilation， and hormone biosynthesis and signaling transduction pathway. If compared to Wuyujing 3， more genes involved in starch and sucrose biosynthesis were up-regulated in Huaidao 5. Sixty-three hormone-related differentially expressed genes were detected， of which 38 genes were involved in the auxin pathway， suggesting that auxin plays an important role in the rice grain filling process. Several identified grain-filling-rate-related genes （GFR1， OsPFP1， OsPHO1；2， OsSWEET13， OsCIN2） were significantly up-regulated in Huaidao 5. Moreover， Sanger sequencing showed that GFR1^Huaidao5 might be an excellent haplotype to control the grain filling rate.

The variation coefficient analysis， genetic diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 647 island cotton germplasm resources were carried out in order to screen more diverse types of island cotton germplasm resources for parent selection and variety breeding in the future. The variation range of quantitative index of 647 sea island cotton germplasm resources was 2.4608%~36.4320%， indicating the rich diversity among sea island cotton germplasm resources. The number of stem hairs， leaf color， leaf hairs， petal basal spot size， main stem hardness， fruit branch type and style length of island cotton germplasm resources were variable， and these external descriptive traits could be directly used for the improvement of plant morphology. Genetic diversity analysis of quantitative indicators showed that the diversity of indicators reflecting fiber quality was more abundant than that reflecting yield， and germplasm resources could be used for improving fiber quality and maturity. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between different quantitative traits. Among them， the first fruit branch node was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half， the uniformity index and the breaking strength， the sub-index was significantly negatively correlated with the micronaire value， and the lint percentage was significantly negatively correlated with the average length of the upper half. The above correlation is consistent with previous research results on upland cotton， The complicated interaction mode implied a comprehensive evaluation by integrating multiple datasets in germplasm innovation. The principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first five eigenvalues reached 75.761%. The first principal component was related to fiber quality， the second principal component was related to seed cotton yield， the third principal component was related to elongation， the fourth principal component was related to maturity， and the fifth principal component was related to lint percentage. When the genetic distance was 10， the germplasm resources were divided into 6 groups by cluster analysis. The comprehensive performance of cluster II was better. In actual breeding， targeted selection and improvement can be carried out according to breeding objectives.

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease （RBSDVD），which is caused by Rice black streaked dwarf virus（RBSDV） and mainly transmitted by small brown planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus Fallén）， is a severe viral disease in rice. Once infected, the vector small brown planthopper carries the virus for life, but it cannot be transmitted through eggs. In recent ten years, RBSDVD has been widely prevalent in rice areas of southern China，which caused serious yield reduction of rice. At present, pesticides are mainly used to control the virus vector small brown planthopper. However, due to the large population of small brown planthopper, the control effect is not good, and there are concerns about environmental pollution. Therefore, the cultivation and utilization of rice varieties resistant to RBSDVD is the optimal strategy. Within this article, we review the distribution and hazards of RBSDV, exploration of resistance germplasm resources, resistance identification methods, mapping of genes/QTLs for resistance to RBSDVD, resistance-conferring mechanism and breeding. We expect to provide insights in genetic dissection of the RBSDV resistance genes and their optimal use in rice resistance breeding.

Inflorescence type is one of the important ornamental traits of Hydrangea macrophylla. To localize the key genes controlling inflorescence types， 125 H. macrophylla individual plants were re-sequenced to obtain the single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs）. Genome-wide association study （GWAS） was carried out using general linear model （GLM） and mixed linear model （MLM） of Fastlmm and GEMMA software， to identify the SNPs that strongly associated with inflorescence types. respectively. 285 SNPs significantly associating with floral phenotypes were found （cutoff： -log₁₀（P）>9）， which contributed to the phenotypic variation from 11.80% to 60.54%. Twelve SNPs from 285 loci were further genotyped by Sanger sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR （KASP） in 52 hydrangea cultivars， and 9 hybrid populations. Four SNPs including Hma1.2p1_0060F.1_796640， Hma1.2p1_0060F.1_1540773， Hma1.2p1_0653F.1_868484 and Hma1.2p1_0669F.1_949341 were validated closely associating with inflorescence type， which indicated that the genes controlling hydrangea inflorescence type were probably allocated in three Scaffolds Hma1.2p1_0060F.1， Hma1.2p1_0653F.1 and Hma1.2p1_0669F.1. According to the DNA sequence surrounding the 285 SNPs associating with floral phenotypes， a total of 1287 genes were annotated. In these genes， four genes putatively encoding for transcription factors， including two MYBs， one MADS， and one bHLH， were predicted to be associated with hydrangea inflorescence type. These findings provided a foundation for future gene cloning and molecular marker-assisted breeding for hydrangea.

In order to analyze the quality characteristics of sesame seed with different colors， 13 nutritional quality traits of 157 sesame germplasm resources with different seed coat colors （white， yellow， brown， and black） were tested and analyzed in Wuhan and Zhumadian. The results showed that average oil content of 157 sesame germplasm was 52.96%， and the average contents of oleic acid， linoleic acid， sesamin， sesamolin， campesterol， and β-sitosterol were 40.65%， 44.32%， 2.67 mg/g， 1.61 mg/g， 1.22 mg/g and 2.96 mg/g， respectively. The average oil content decreased gradually with the deepening of seed coat color. The total sterol content was the highest in black sesame. The content of sesamin and sesamin was the highest in white sesame and the lowest in black sesame. Oleic acid content of yellow sesame and linoleic acid content of brown sesame were the highest. Oil content， oleic acid content， sesamin and sesamolin content of black sesame were significantly lower than those in white sesame， but no significant differences in contents of stearic acid， linoleic acid， arachidic acid， campesterol and β-sitosterol in sesame seeds with different colors were observed. Among the 13 nutritional quality traits， there were significant positive correlations between β-sitosterol and stigmasterol， Δ5-avenasterol and stigmasterol， sesamin and sesamolin， sesamin and oil content， sesamolin and campesterol， and significant negative correlations between oleic acid and linoleic acid. The correlation coefficients between Δ5-avenasterol and stigmasterol， sesamin and sesamolin were higher in black sesame than in sesame with other colors. The 157 sesame genotypes were divided into four subgroups by cluster analysis. The first and second subgroups were mainly brown black and yellow white sesame， respectively. The third subgroup contained high sesame materials， and the fourth subgroup contained high linoleic acid materials and high oil content materials. Collectively， this study explored the quality characteristics of sesame seed with different colors， which provided reference and excellent germplasm for utilization and genetic improvement of sesame germplasm resources.

Chili（Capsicum annuum L.）crops have high economic value and extensive planting， and most of the chili cultivars in China have high plant type， many branches， easy lodging， not conducive to mechanized production， and the cost of artificial production is rising. With the improvement of agricultural production technology and the increasing shortage of labor， the transformation of traditional agriculture to modern mechanized agriculture is imminent. The proposal of ideal plant type makes plant type regulation a hot spot in genetic breeding， which can provide reference for the analysis of the regulation mechanism of chili plant type. This paper reviews the research results of recent domestic and foreign scholars on the genetic factors and molecular mechanisms of plant type regulation， the biological relationship between plant hormones and plant type， and the influence of the environment on plant type， and puts forward the idea of ideal plant type of chili. Good chili plant type can improve plant production capacity， facilitate management， alleviate labor shortage， and accelerate the process of mechanized production. At present， there are few research reports on the regulation mechanism of chili plant type， so exploring the breeding mechanism and genetic basis of plant type regulation is conducive to providing theoretical support for the creation of good plant type germplasm resources and accelerating the selection and breeding of new varieties， and laying the foundation for the genetic breeding .

Fifty-six color-grained wheat varieties， which were released from different provinces in China in the past 25 years， were investigated in this study. The variation coefficient， principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to evaluate their five agronomic and three quality traits， which would provide reference for germplasm resources innovation and new varieties breeding in China. The results showed that the variation coefficient in the growth period， plant height， kernels per spike， 1000-grain weight and grain yield ranged from 8.11% to 21.82%， especially for the yield and growth period both with a higher variation coefficient. The variation coefficient of three quality traits protein content， bulk density and wet gluten content ranged from 3.44% to 15.06%， among which the bulk density was stable and the variation of protein and wet gluten content was abundant. Most of the varieties released by Shanxi Province， Anhui Province and Beijing showed good quality， and wheat varieties from Shandong Province showed better yield performance. There were no significant differences in traits among different color-grained wheat. The correlation analysis showed that the growth period negetively correlated with the plant height. The 1000-grain weight was observed to be positively correlated with the kernels per spike. The protein content positively correlated with the wet gluten content and growth period. The principal component analysis simplified the six traits into three principal components， with a cumulative contribution rate of 67.55%. The first principal component was associated with the bulk density， the second principal component was associated with the yield， and the third principal component was associated with the protein and wet gluten content. Cluster analysis suggested the 56 color-grained wheat resources into four groups at a distance of 12.5， among which the first group had better comprehensive traits. The varieties Shannong Lanmai 1 had the highest F value （1.02）， and Liuzi Heimai 1 had the second highest F value （0.99）. According to the trend of color-grained wheat variety traits， the growth period and yield attended to be increased within years， while the plant height and protein content attended to be decreased. Collectively， in breeding for color-grained wheat varieties the yield performance was the major target， and future improvement on the quality traits， especially the protein content would become of interest.

Field weeds are the main factors affecting crop quality and yield，and chemical weed control is the primary strategy in modern agricultural production. Acetolactate synthase （ALS），also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase，is the critical enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched amino acids in plants. ALS inhibitor herbicides are also called ALS herbicides，which inhibit the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids in plants by disturbing the binding of ALS to substrates，achieving the purpose of killing weeds. With the widespread application of ALS herbicides in agricultural production，the problem of herbicide residues on subsequent crops is becoming more and more serious. The impact on crop yield and quality is particularly obvious. Thus，breeding for cultivars resistant to these herbicides would bring great advantage in effective weed control. Germplasm resistant to ALS herbicides has been created in a variety of crops through chemical mutagenesis and natural mutation，and resistant varieties have been successfully developed. In this study，the characteristics，types and scope of application for ALS herbicides，the resistance mechanism of ALS herbicide-resistant crops，and the research progress of germplasm creation and utilization of ALS herbicide-resistant crops were reviewed，which provides a better understanding of crops resistant to ALS herbicides. The innovation of herbicide germplasm and variety selection can provide reference，and make a simple prediction for the possible development of ALSresistant herbicide crops in the future.

Anthocyanins， which are natural pigments and serve as important natural antioxidants scavenging free radicals， are rich in a variety of compounds that are important in health care. Anthocyanins affect the ripening， taste and color of fruits and vegetables， and prevent plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore， optimizing anthocyanin content is regarded as the breeding goal in many horticultural crops. As the secondary ethylene signaling transcription factors， ethylene response factors （ERFs） respond to plant hormone signaling and can result in feedback regulation， and these genes are known to modulate the process of ethylene regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis via various mechanisms. In terms of the molecular mode， ERFs in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis rely on the physical interaction with transcription factors， activating transcription factors， forming regulatory complexes with MBW or directly activating structural gene promoters. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for further elucidating the mechanism of ERF regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis， and to explore the relationship between the rapid accumulation of anthocyanins and the increase of ethylene release in fruits and vegetables at the late ripening stage.

DELLA proteins are known as negative regulators of gibberellin involved in plant flowering. Eight DELLA genes were identified in soybean genome by sequence alignment with Arabidopsis thaliana（L.） Heynh. DELLA orthologs GmGAI3a has only one GRAS domain，and the other seven DELLA proteins have both DELLA domain and GRAS domain. By performing gene-based association analysis of flowering time in natural population，soybean DELLA haplotypes associating with early-flowering have been detected in soybean accessions collected from the middle and high latitude of China，speculating DELLA genes as negative factors in regulating flowering. CRISPR/Cas9-based editing in soybean hairy root system revealed the editing efficiency at the target sites. Identification of the CRISPR/Cas9 targets of seven DELLA genes provided references for generating stable transgenic DELLA mutants for deciphering their biological functions.

Senescence，as the final stage of natural development of plants，has an important influence on crop yield. In order to promoting the selection and breeding of new crop varieties and yield improvement， it is important to deeply analyze the regulatory mechanism and influencing factors of premature senescence. Except the stress of natural environment，genetic network of crops is an important factor in regulating plant premature senescence. A variety of metabolic pathways in plants affect the period of senescence onset. Here we reviewed the various physiological，biochemical and yield changes during premature senescence in plants. Premature senescence caused degradation of chlorophyll and other macromolecules，significantly reducd leaf photosynthetic and transportion of nutrients from senescent tissues to young tissues and reproductive organs. The process was accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS），decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the cells and upregulated of senescence-associated gene （SAG） expression，which eventually led to premature senescence and reduced plant yield. Premature senescence is a complex and sequential process regulated by multiple genes. We summarized the gene networks regulating premature senescence among different species，and introduced the mechanisms of premature senescence regulation through transcription factor regulation，hormone and protein metabolism. It provides suggestions on the research of premature senescence mechanism and breeding utilization in the future.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is ranking first in total yield production of the crop species in China, whereas this important crop is sensitive to salt stress. As the salinization of farmlands has become one of the major environmental stresses that decrease maize yield and quality, it is important to study the mechanism of salt tolerance and thus facilitate the development of salt-tolerant maize. It’s known that high-salt concentration can damage maize plant mainly by causing osmotic stress and ion toxicity. In recent years, several salt-tolerant QTL or genes which are involved in regulating either ion homeostasis or osmotic tolerance, have been identified by GWAS and/or QTL analysis, and their functional mechanisms have been investigated. Here, we review recent progress on deciphering the mechanisms of salt tolerance in maize.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH， fluorescence in situ hybridization） is a powerful tool for molecular cytogenetics studies and is able to authentically allocate particular DNA or RNA sequences on chromosomes. With the development of the genome sequencing technology， the reduction of sequencing cost and the publishment of a large number of species genome information， Oligonucleotide （Oligo） probes based on high-throughput sequencing and reference genome were developed showing the advantages in FISH. In comparison with the traditional probes， Oligo-FISH can further reveal the evolution， inheritance and variation of chromosomes more precisely and deeply in plant evolution.This paper reviews the types and applications of target DNA and fluorescent probes in the development of fluorescence labeling， as well as the types and preparation techniques of oligonucleotide probes， mainly focusing on the origin and development of Oligo-FISH and its application in plants， which plays an important role in the identification of plant chromosomes and plant homologous chromosomes. Since the karyotype of species and genera can be constructed by Oligo-FISH technology， the results of Oligo-FISH can provide guidance for genome assembly of crops in this genus which have no complete genomes. Oligo painting can also solve the problem of fusion and exchange between chromosomes of heteropolyploid species and accurately detect whether there is translocation and heterologous recombination between chromosomes. Therefore， the development of Oligo-FISH technology provides strong support for the assembly of the genome at chromosome level. In the future， Oligo-FISH technology combined with signal amplification technology can overcome the challenge of low Oligo probes with high concentration of repeat sequences in regions， and visualize limited gene regions， such as the detection of promoters or enhancers or the localization of gene segments in transgenes. These studies will make better use of the research results of species genetics and evolution to further ensure， assist and innovate the improvement and development of crop genetics and breeding.

In plants，anthocyanins are a group of flavonoid compounds and play an important physiological role in fruit coloring and tolerance to stresses. Foods rich in anthocyanins also have good health effects on the human，such as anti-aging and preventing hardening of the arteries. The biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins are not only affected by their own structural genes，regulatory genes and plant hormones，but also by external environmental factors（such as light，temperature，etc.）. Among them，light is one of the important factors affecting the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in plants. Therefore，it is of great biological significance to analyze the regulatory mechanism of plants from receiving light signals to affecting anthocyanin synthesis. HY5（ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5）encodes an alkaline leucine zipper（bZIP）transcription factor， plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development. It is the first transcription factor found to be involved in photomorphgenesis. It also plays a key regulatory role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Here，we review the role of HY5 protein in the pathway of anthocyanin synthesis，responses to light signals and activation of downstream transcription factors and structural genes，and interaction with BBX protein in regulation of anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation. We expect to provide insights for future exploring the functional basis of HY5 in the metabolic pathways of flavonoids and responses to light signals.

By taking the opportunity of the Third National General Survey and Collection Action of Crop Germplasm Resources， rice landraces were investigated and collected from different counties and cities in Jiangxi province， P. R. China. From 2017 to 2019， 321 rice landraces were collected to identify the morphological characteristics， main agronomic traits， yield and quality traits in the field. Based on the collection sites， they were collected from 11 cities， with enrichments at six cities including Jiujiang， Shangrao， Yichun， Fuzhou， Jian and Ganzhou. These regions have more mountainous and impoverished with traffic inconvenience， in which farmers have the tradition to proceed food with rice landraces. There are two subspecies of Xian and Geng， mainly Xian， which can be divided into early rice， medium rice and late rice based on the maturity. The sticky rice and glutinous rice account for 38.0% and 62.0%. There have 35 red rice and purple black rice germplasm resources. These results showed that rice landraces germplasm resources with good genetic diversity in Jiangxi province， most of which are yellow， no or short awn， suitable panicle， moderate blade and stem angle， lodging resistance， and suitable seed holding. Fifteen elite germplasm resources with feasible head date， large panicle， high seed setting rate and big thousand grain weight， as well as 12 elite glutinous rice and colored rice were selected. Collectively， this study reported a resource of rice landraces which has great potential in breeding of new rice varieties.

The tiller angle is one of the most important traits in the plant architecture of rice， which significantly determines the rice yield. At present， the major tiller angle genes in rice are TAC1 （Tiller Angle Control 1） and TIG1 （Tiller Inclided Growth 1）. It is necessary to further explore new loci and molecular markers to promote ideal plant architecture breeding in rice. In this study， a BC₃F₂ population was developed using large-angled wild rice as the donor and small-angled cultivar Zhenshan 97 as the recipient， and tiller angle separation was observed in the 54th line. QTL mapping of tiller angel was performed using QTL-seq， and a QTL was detected on chromosome 8. TIG1 was identified as the candidate gene through sequence comparison of known genes within the interval. A KASP functional molecular marker was designed based on the causal variation of C?T at -449 bp in the promoter of TIG1. The marker was verified in the mapping population and varieties， and it was confirmed that the KASP marker can accurately identify the genotype of the TIG1 locus. In Geng/JaponicaTIG1 with large angle is dominant， while 61.40% and 38.40% of Xian/Indica varieties carry tig1 with small angle and TIG1 with large angle， respectively. This marker has significant potential utilization value for improvement of rice plant architecture. The development of this KASP marker provides a new tool for molecular marker-assisted improvement of rice tiller angle and is expected to speed up the breeding process for the ideal rice plant architecture.