The problem of excessive cadmium in rice grains seriously threatens human health. Disrupting the function of the cadmium transport gene OsNramp5 in rice can effectively reduce cadmium accumulation in rice. To rapidly create new rice germplasm with low cadmium accumulation， this study used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to knock out the cadmium transport gene OsNramp5 in the high-quality disease-resistant restorer line Chuanhui491 （R491） of three-line hybrid rice. Various edited plants with different mutations were obtained， and two homozygous mutant lines （KO1 and KO2） with single-target mutations without transgenic elements were selected. Compared with wild-type R491， the cadmium content of brown rice in knockout lines KO1 and KO2 were significantly reduced by about 90% when planted in cadmium-polluted soil fields. Agronomic trait investigation revealed no significant difference between the KO1 plants and wild-type R491， whereas the plant height， seed setting rate， and 1000-grain weight of KO2 mutant lines were significantly reduced. Therefore， knocking out the cadmium transporter gene OsNramp5 by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology can quickly create new rice germplasm with low cadmium accumulation. The new germplasm created in this study provides novel genetic resources for accelerating the breeding of safe rice varieties that can be planted in the cadmium-polluted field.

MADS-box is an important transcription factor in plants， and its family members have a typical MIKC structure， highly conserved N-terminal MADS， and less conserved I domains and C-terminals. MADS-box genes are widely expressed in the roots， stems， leaves， flowers， buds and other trophic tissue parts of plants， and are involved in regulating the flowering time， flower development， seed development and abiotic stress response. In recent years， researches have shown that the expression patterns of different MADS-box genes are distinct， and their functions are also quite different. This review introduces the structure and classification of soybean MADS-box gene family， and summarizes the research progress of related members of MADS-box genes in ABCDE model， such as SVP， SOC1， FLC and other genes in the flower development. Finally， the research on soybean MADS-box is prospected， which provides an essential information for further utilization of such transcription factor genes for soybean genetic improvement and germplasm innovation in the future.

This study aims to identify the pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat germplasm resources and molecular markers for marker-assisted selection， ultimately obtaining excellent white grain wheat germplasm resources applicable in wheat breeding. These spikes of 222 wheat germplasm resources were tested for pre-harvest sprouting resistance， and the functional markers of eight anti-pre-harvest sprouting genes， including myb10D， DFR-B， Vp1B3， PM19-A1， MFT-3A， MFT-A2， MKK3-A， QSD1， were used for genotyping. Phenotypic identification results showed that there were significant differences in the relative sprouting percentage of 222 wheat germplasm resources. The relative sprouting percentage ranged from 0 to 1.15， and the average relative sprouting percentage was 0.73. 38 wheat materials were identified to be resistant to pre-harvest sprouting， including 9 white wheat， 27 red wheat and 2 black wheat. Correlation analysis between allele types and relative sprouting percentage showed that the relative sprouting percentage was significantly correlated with functional markers myb10D， DFR-B， Vp1B3， MFT-3A and MFT-A2， but not with PM19-A1， MKK3-A and QSD1. These results indicated that molecular markers myb10D， DFR-B， Vp1B3， MFT-3A and MFT-A2 could be used for detection of pre-harvest sprouting resistance and marker-assisted breeding. Based on the phenotype and genotype results， nine white wheat germplasm resources with pre-harvest sprouting resistance were selected， including Yunong 914， Yunong 946， Fengdecunmai 30， Fangmai 5， Xumai 029， Lianmai 1901， Baofeng 1903， Zhengmai 829 and 13wang27-8， which could be used for genetic breeding and layout of wheat varieties with pre-harvest sprouting resistance.

Soybean serves as an essential food and oil crop， and plays a crucial role in people's livelihoods. However， in recent years， domestic soybean supply has been insufficient， and there is a high dependency on imports. This situation has seriously impacted the domestic soybean market and brought some hidden dangers to the national food security. Hence， enhancing yield and improving seed quality are major goals in current soybean breeding programs in China. At present， a number of key genes controlling important traits in soybean have been cloned and analyzed， which provides important theoretical support for molecular design breeding. The traditional breeding is time-consuming and low efficiency. Gene editing technology provides a new way and tool for biological breeding， which can accelerate the breeding process. Gene editing technologies， represented by CRISPR/Cas9， have rapidly developed into important tools for studying soybean gene functions， genetic modifications， and improving agronomic traits. This article provides an overview of gene editing technology types， features， and their utilization in plants. It also reviews the latest research progress of gene editing technology in enhancing agronomic traits related to soybean yield， quality， stress resistance， disease resistance， flowering time， symbiotic nitrogen fixation， fertility and other traits， providing a theoretical basis and reference for soybean gene editing breeding. Furthermore， this paper also discusses the challenges of gene editing technology in soybean genetic improvement and presents its promising future applications.

EMS is the most commonly used mutagen in chemical mutagenesis， which has the advantages of high point mutation rate of a single base， low cost and easy operation. Obtaining mutants through EMS mutagenesis can provide favorable material for breeding and gene function studies. The key of EMS mutagenesis technology is to determine the EMS concentration and mutagenesis time. Generally， the combination of concentration and time to achieve the half lethal rate is the best. In gramineous plants， seeds are mainly used as mutagenic materials. At the same time， pollen， callus and vegetative organs of gramineous plants that rely on vegetative reproduction can be used as mutagenic materials. Different plant materials have different tolerance to EMS. Pollen is the most sensitive， followed by callus， and asexual reproduction materials and seeds have strong tolerance. The screening methods of mutants include phenotypic comparison screening， stress directional screening， and forward and reverse genetic screening. This article reviews the application of EMS mutagenesis in gramineous plants breeding and gene function research in recent years， introduces the mutagenesis principle， mutagen concentration， mutagen time， mutagenic material selection and the screening of mutants， and the future research on EMS mutagenesis in gramineous plants was prospected， this information can provide reference for EMS mutagenesis research of gramineous plants in the future.

A total of 143 germplasm resources of Agropyron genus， which were collected from 10 cities and regions in Inner Mongolia， China， were studied for phenotypic variations at 17 traits. Appraise were performed using the coefficient of variation， genetic diversity index， correlation， principal component， clustering and grey correlation analysis， and elite germplasm resources were identified. The results showed that the 17 phenotypic traits had great variation and rich genetic diversity. The coefficient of variation ranged from 11.47% to 93.92% ， with an average of 42.80%. The coefficient of variation of leaf width was the highest， and the dispersion of seed length was the lowest. The genetic diversity index （H'） ranged from 1.279 to 2.025， with an average of 1.721. The diversity index of glume length was the highest， and lowest for spikelet length. There were correlations among 17 phenotypic traits to varying degrees. The contribution rate of the first six principal component factors was 5.934%-20.885%， with the cumulative contribution rate of 69.866%. These germplasms were divided into three groups by cluster analysis. Cluster I had the best comprehensive traits， with prominent spikelet number and floret number， and high yield potential， including 27 accessions. Cluster II， containing 23 accessions， had general traits and higher seed traits. Cluster III was poor in general character with higher plant height， containing 93 accessions. By taking use of the grey correlation method to evaluate these germplasm， these traits including the 1000-grain weight， spikelet number， leaf tongue length， leaf width and leaf area could be deployed as indexes in germplasm evaluation. Elite germplasm resources showing coordinated comprehensive traits such as A.cristatum accessions 18， 22， 23， 24， 25， 35， 43， as well as A.cristatum var.pluriflorum accessions 92， 136 and 142， can be used for genetic improvement and breeding of ice grass.

In order to evaluate salt tolerance in sunflower germplasm resources and identify elite accessions， the salt tolerance of 444 sunflower germplasm resources was evaluated under 250 mmol/L NaCl stress at germination and seedling stage， and also assessed under saline-alkali soil condition at the whole growth period.The salt tolerance analysis and evaluation was performed by observing a number of traits including the relative values（ratio of each indicator compared to the control treatment）of germination rate at germination stage，six indexes at seedling stage （survival rate，leaf area，plant height，SPAD value，etc.）and seven indexes at the whole growth period（plant height，sunflower diameter，seed setting rate，yield related traits，etc.） The correlation analysis results indicate that there was a highly significant positive correlation between each two indexes at seedling stage， with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.518-0.790. The correlation between most of the seven indicators in the whole growth period reached a significant or extremely significant level. The analysis of principal component， membership function value， cluster and comprehensive salt tolerance evaluation were performed based on these relative indicator values， then 132 salt resistant materials at germination stage， 9 at seedling stage， and 41 at whole growth stage were identified. Six germplasm resources （ZX0365， ZX0389， ZX1391， ZX1394， ZX3089， ZX3094）， which showed salt tolerance in the three periods， can be utilized for subsequent salt-tolerant gene mining and breeding. Correlation analysis of salt tolerance levels for 124 accessions at three stages （germination， seedling， and the whole growth period） indicated a highly significant correlation among the salt tolerance assessments at each stage. The salt tolerance assessments of the germination and seedling stages can provide effective references for selecting salt-tolerant materials when planting sunflower in saline-alkali soil.This study provided method and material basis for the selection of salt-tolerant sunflower varieties.

The type-B authentic response regulator （B-ARR） family members are positive regulators in cytokinin signal transduction， and play important roles in plant growth and development and resistance to abiotic stresses. However， there are few studies on the B-ARR gene family in wheat. In this study， 25 B-ARR gene family members were identified from wheat genome， and their physicochemical properties， gene structure， cis-acting elements and abiotic stress-induced expression patterns were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The results showed that all B-ARR proteins were localized in the nucleus based on bioinformatics prediction， and their secondary structure was mainly consisting of α-helix and random crimp. B-ARR genes were not evenly distributed on wheat chromosomes， and the number of B-ARR genes was the highest on chromosome 7. In addition， multiple cis-acting regulatory elements related to growth and development， hormone response， and biological and abiotic stress have been identified in the promoter regions. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the relative expression of TaARRM-like9， TaARRM-like10， TaARRM-like12 and TaARRM-like13 were significantly up-regulated under abiotic stresses treatments， including drought， salt and low temperature. This study laid a foundation for further research on the role of B-ARR transcription factor in wheat development and abiotic stress response.

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the quality traits of peanut germplasm resources from different sources and provide a theoretical basis for the rational exploration of fresh peanut germplasm resources. We utilized genetic diversity analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis ， clustering analysis， and comprehensive score to analyze and assess the 11 quality traits of 287 peanut germplasm resources.The results showed that the coefficient of variation of 11 quality traits ranged from 1.286% to 19.506%， and the genetic diversity index ranged from 1.046 to 2.073. The results of correlation analysis showed that the oleic acid content has an extremely significant negative correlation with proteins content and an extremely significant positive correlation with sucrose content. A total of three principal component factors were extracted from the principal component analysis， and their cumulative contribution rate reached 71.467%. Cluster analysis divided the 287 materials into 3 groups.The first group has a higher content of fat and stearic acid，which contains 100 materials；the second group has a higher oleic acid content ，which contains 61 materials；and the third group has the characteristics of high protein content and low fat content，which contains 126 materials. By assigning weights of the contribution rate of the 3 principal components， we constructed a comprehensive scoring formula： F=0.588F₁+0.277F₂+0.135F₃. According to this formula， we selected 51 materials with a comprehensive score greater than 1， including 3 materials with a score exceeding 5.This research provides valuable insights for future studies in peanut quality breeding.

Chitinase is a kind of glycosyl hydrolases （GH） which hydrolyzes the chitin and other polymers. Chitinase plays an important function in the plant growth and development， as well as in the resistant process to diverse stresses. However， the tissue expression patterns and responses to diverse stresses of chitinase genes in soybean are still unclear， which seriously limited its application in genetic improvement. In this study， the chitinase family genes were identified in the wild soybean （Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.） and cultivated soybean （Glycine max（L.）Merr.）， and the expression patterns were also analyzed. The results showed that 62 and 55 chitinase genes were identified in the wild soybean and cultivated soybean， which located on 17 and 18 chromosomes， respectively. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the chitinase genes were divided into five categories， with Class III and Class V belonging to the GH18 subfamily， while Class I， Class II and Class IV belonging to the GH19 subfamily. Further analysis found many cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of chitinase genes responding to various plant hormones and stresses.Further gene expression analyses in cultivated soybean showed that the chitinase genes presented differential expressions in different tissues and under different stress conditions. Among these genes， Gm.01G142400 and Gm.13G346700 were strongly induced in the leaves of resistant variety after soybean mosaic virus inoculation， Gm.03G254300 and Gm.20G164600 were induced in soybean roots after low phosphorus treatment， and Gm.08G259200 and Gm.19G245400 were induced in soybean nodules under low phosphorus condition. Gene expression analysis in wild soybean showed that the chitinase genes presented differential expressions in different tissues and after salt stress， among which Gs.02G002604 and Gs.02G002940 were highly induced in the leaves of tolerant variety after salt treatment. These results provide important references for further utilizing the chitinase genes in soybean genetic improvement.

Grain traits have a direct impact on the yield and quality of rice. Therefore， understanding the genetic mechanism underlying these traits is crucial for improving rice yield and quality. In this study， Ludao and Guangbaixiangzhan （GBXZ）， which exhibit significant differences in grain traits， were used as parent plants to create a segregating population. Using the 1 K mGPS rice SNP chip， the targeted population was genotyped and a high-density genetic map containing 770 Bin markers was constructed. Through QTL mapping analysis， a total of 17 QTLs related grain traits were detected， including 4 QTLs for grain length， 3 QTLs for grain width， 3 QTLs for grain thickness， 2 QTLs for length-to-width ratio of grain， and 5 QTLs for 1000-grain weight. The phenotypic variation explained by these QTLs ranged from 4.73% to 29.63% with the LOD values ranging from 2.55 to 42.44. Of these 17 QTLs， 9 QTLs were known loci related to grain size， and 8 QTLs might be newly identified. Among the 8 new QTLs， qGL6 was related to grain length， qGW5， qGW10 and qGW12 were related to grain width， qGT10 was related to grain thickness， qGLWR5-2 was related to length-to-width ratio of grain， qTGW10 and qTGW11 were related to 1000-grain weight. Based on the gene annotation， Arabidopsis homologous gene comparison， spatiotemporal expression analysis， hormone response analysis， and sequence analysis of the candidate genes in the definite qGW5 region， a candidate gene Os05g0195101 encoding a CCCH-like zinc-finger protein for regulating rice grain width was finally screened. This study lays the foundation for further cloning of rice grain trait genes and analyzing the genetic regulation of grain traits.

To understand the variation characteristics of fruit phenotypic traits of jujube resources in Inner Mongolia， China， and identify elite germplasm resources， this study deployed statistical analysis， variance analysis and correlation analysis to analyze the 10 jujube natural populations. The kernel value was comprehensively evaluated by hierarchical grey relational method. The results showed： （1） The average coefficient of 16 fruit traits was 17.96%， and muti-kernel content rate in stone has highest variation coefficient. The average range of fruit phenotypic traits variation among populations ranged from 10.69% to 31.01%， and the highest variation coefficient from Alxa Zuoqi-Tengger Eris population. （2） Correlation analysis showed that there were different degrees of correlation among the traits of the fruit， stone and kernel. Fruit transverse diameter and stone longitudinal diameter were positively correlated with longitude， fruit transverse diameter and stone longitudinal diameter were positively correlated with latitude， indicators mentioned above were negatively correlated with altitude. Single kernel content rate in stone was negatively correlated with the mean annual temperature. Kernel jujuboside A content and spinosin content have no significant correlation between latitude， longitude， average annual rainfall， and altitude. （3） The comprehensive evaluation model was established by hierarchy-gray correlation method. The evaluation results showed that the comprehensive quality for kernel-using from 10 jujube natural populations was： P8＞P5＞P1＞P7＞P2＞P9＞P4＞P3＞P6＞P10. Among which， the population from Hangjinqi-Balagong have obvious advantages compared with other populations. This study provided a scientific basis for the protection and utilization of jujube resources and breeding of kernel varieties.

Haloxylon ammodendron and Haloxylon persicum， belonging to the family Amaranthaceae， genus Haloxylon Bunge， serve as host plants for Cistanche deserticola. They are widely distributed in the arid zones of China. In this study， biological characteristics and agronomic traits of both species were mainly compared by field observation and molecular identification. The results showed that there were significant differences in phenotypic characters， agronomic traits and pollen structure. Notably， the fruit wing length and 1000-grain weight in H. ammodendron were significantly lowercompared to those of H. persicum， but the germination rate and germination potential were significantly highercompared to those of H. persicum. The pollen volume and surface particle structure of H. ammodendron were significantly smaller than those of H. persicum. Additionally， the pollen net of H. ammodendron exhibited a deep structure， while it was shallow and most of it protruding outwards in H. persicum pollens. The correlational analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the agronomic indexes of both H. ammodendron and H. persicum and climate factors such as temperature and humidity. Water and light are the primary limiting factors for the geographic distribution H. persicum in Junggar Basin of Xinjiang， while environmental adaptations of H. ammodendron were found to be stronger. H. ammodendron and H. persicum can be effectively identified by ITS barcode， and both of them can be parasitized by C. deserticola. However， the survival rate of C. deserticola were different. According to their biological characteristics， cultivating H. ammodendron is with priority in the production of cistanches herba. This study provided a scientific basis for the identification and conservation of Haloxylon， as well as the selection of optimal hosts for C. deserticola.

Soybean （Glycine max （L.） Merr.） is a self-pollinating crop， and producing hybrids through artificial emasculation is time-consuming and expensive. Unlocking the function of the male sterility gene is a prerequisite for harnessing heterosis in soybean. Up to now， only a few loci of male sterility had been reported in soybean， and progress in molecular cloning and functional characterization of related genes lagged behind. Advances in biotechnology and soybean genetic transformation system enabled the possibility to employ reverse genetics methodology for studying the male sterility genes. The transcriptomic data indicated that the small G protein encoding gene GmARFA1a was regulated simultaneously by the male sterility gene MS1 （Male Sterile 1） and MS2. Data from the public library indicated that GmARFA1a expression was the highest in unopened soybean flowers， qRT-PCR data demonstrated that GmARFA1a was preferentially expressed in stamen before flowering. The pollen germination experiment and seed setting statistics found that the decrease of pollen viability of Gmarfa1a mutant resulted in the significant inhibition of seed setting Collectively， this study identified the GmARFA1a gene and uncovered its function on male fertility. It will not only enhance our understanding of the GmARFA1a and ARF gene families but also lay the foundation for further study the function of GmARFA1a genes and the utilization of heterosis in soybean.

Bougainvillea with long flowering period， large amount of flowers， strong resistance and various forms of application， has become the fastest growing woody flowers in southern China of sunrise flower industry. With the improvement of horticultural technology and the expansion of international germplasm exchanges， the number of Bougainvillea varieties is continuously increasing. However， the cases of homonym and synonym in Bougainvillea brought considerable difficulties to the collection and preservation of resources. Xiamen Botanical Garden， as the national Bougainvillea germplasm resource center， has initially built an information management system and service platform based on B/S model and using modern management information system， achieving efficient management of the germplasm resource bank. This paper introduces the platform architecture， database design， technology realization and platform function composition in detail. Through improving the efficiency of information management， we aim to promote the collection， protection， research， evaluation and application of germplasm resources of Bougainvillea. In addition， the design and development concept of the platform can also provide reference for the construction of information management systems and service platforms in other flower.

In order to explore the molecular mechanism of the variation of kiwifruit from dioecious to monoecious， transcriptome sequencing， bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR verification on female and male flowers of the monoecious mutant of Mantianhong kiwifruit were carried out. The results of transcriptome differential expression gene identification showed that there were 337 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） between female and male flowers， with 241 genes up-regulated and 96 genes down-regulated in male flowers. The GO and KEGG enrichment of DEGs showed that compared with female flowers， the up-regulated genes in male flowers were mainly involved in the metabolism of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars and the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The down-regulated genes were mainly enriched in secondary metabolite synthesis， carotenoid synthesis and other pathways. Through functional annotation analysis， 30 potential gender-related regulatory genes were identified， five of which were expressed in the secondary metabolite synthesis pathway. Seven DEGs were selected for qRT-PCR， and their expression levels in male and female flowers were in accordant with those in transcriptome data. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the creation of kiwifruit monoecious materials.

In our laboratory， we created a chromosome fragment substitution line CSSL91， with high salinity-tolerance， using Dongxiang common wild rice and Nipponbare as parents. In this study， it was compared with Nipponbare and Pokkali， a strong salt-tolerant germplasm， and the results showed that the salt tolerance of CSSL91 was comparable to that of Pokkali. Using the F_2：3 population constructed by CSSL91 and Nipponbare， the phenotypes were normally distributed with salt tolerance grade and seedling survival rate as indicators. QTL linkage location analysis showed that a total of five salinity tolerance-related QTLs were detected， which were distributed on chromosomes 4， 9， and 10， with the LOD values ranging from 2.95 to 3.97， and the phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 9.83% to 18.48%. Among that QTL-qST4 is the highest phenotypic contribution in the salt tolerance grade， which was located between DX-C4-1 and DX-S4-16 markers on chromosome 4. Simultaneously， the bulked segregation analysis （BSA） detected a QTL exceeding the threshold value in the interval of 0-5.0 Mb on chromosome 4， which was overlapped with QTL-qST4， indicating that QTL-qST4 was a reliable salinity tolerance locus； QTL-qST4-1 and QTL-qSSR4 based on salt tolerance grade and seedling survival， respectively， were both located between markers DX-C4-12 and DX-C4-13 on chromosome 4， with LOD values of 3.36 and 3.92， and phenotypic contributions of 13.97% and 9.49%， respectively. Two QTLs based on salt tolerance grades， QTL-qST9 and QTL-qST10， were located on chromosomes 9 and 10， respectively. QTL-qST4-1， QTL-qSSR4 and QTL-qST10 are the new QTLs with salinity tolerance in this study. The results of the present study will lay a foundation for the cloning of salinity tolerance-related genes and molecular markers to assist in the improvement of rice varieties in terms of salt tolerance.

Pennycress （Thlaspi arvense L.） belongs to the Thlaspi genus of the Cruciferae family， which is a dual-role herb plant with both medical and food usages. Pennycress has strong ecological adaptability and can accumulate abundant oil in the seed， hence displaying great values in the resource development and utilization. In recent years， with the rapid progress made in the modern life science research， advantages of pennycress were broadly investigated， a variety of fundamental and application researches have thus been conducted. In this respect， the domestic reports about pennycress in China were mainly focused on the extraction of functional active substances and their clinical effects， while the studies developed abroad preferred to explore its ecological value in the agricultural production cycle and the lipid metabolism regulatory mechanisms. Numerous researches have both indicated that pennycress not only possess great potentials in the biodiesel preparation and support the oil supplement， but also could serve as a favorable candidate in the novel medicine development. Meanwhile， being benefited from the publishing of the whole genome information of pennycress， it has become possible to carry out the molecular breeding improvement. For example， the genome editing technology was successfully applied to alter the pennycress seed fatty acid composition to achieve a more desirable trait to meet the edible oil demand， not to mention the mining of other useful functional genes within pennycress that may assist the crop production and stress resistance amelioration. Metabolic engineering of the pennycress lipid property in order to develop novel vegetable oil， or even heterologously produce high-value fatty acid （e.g. nervonic acid etc.） has shown great prospect as one of the pennycress development directions. This paper therefore summarized and envisaged the recent progresses of the resource development and utilization and the lipid metabolic engineering on pennycress， aiming to provide reference for the study， popularization and application of pennycress in China.

This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of fruit phenotypic traits in wild Camellia oleifera from various seed sources， as well as to provide a theoretical basis for selecting superior C. oleifera cultivars and improving genetic germplasm resources. Eight fruit phenotypic traits of C. oleifera were quantified and analyzed using various statistical methods， including analysis of variance， nested analysis of variance， correlation analysis， principal component analysis， and cluster analysis. This study investigated 218 well-developed C. oleifera specimens from 16 provenances across nine provinces（autonomous region）， including Guangdong， Guangxi， Jiangxi， Anhui， Sichuan， Hubei， Hunan， Shaanxi， and Guizhou. The results demonstrated that the mean values of the coefficients of variation for eight fruit phenotypic traits of 16 provenances ranged from 12.03% to 35.08%. Notably， the mean value of the coefficients of variation between provenances （42.83%） was found to be greater than the mean value of the coefficients of variation within provenances （23.99%）. The mean value of the coefficients of variation of the phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 88.63%， indicating that there were abundant variation in phenotypic traits of different germplasm resources of wild C. oleifera fruits. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that there were significant positive correlations between fresh fruit weight， fruit height， fruit diameter， peel thickness， fresh seed weight， and the number of seeds per fruit. Conversely， there were significant negative correlations between peel thickness and fresh seed yield. The results of principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 90.773%， suggesting that the majority of the phenotypic traits of wild C. oleifera fruits could be adequately represented by the first three principal components. The first principal component primarily reflected the characteristics of fruit size， the second mainly reflected the characteristics of fruit seeding rate， and the third mainly reflected the characteristics of fruit shape. Cluster analysis revealed that the 16 provenances were divided into Ⅰ and Ⅱ classes at Euclidean distance 10， with further subdivision into subclasses at Euclidean distance 5. Class I is more convenient in terms of production and processing， while Class II is more advantageous in terms of yield and profitability. The phenotypic traits of wild C. oleifera fruits exhibited considerable diversity， and different groups of provenances could be selected as breeding materials according to breeding objectives.

Wheat pre-harvest sprouting significantly reduces yield production and flour quality. It has been gradually aggravated in recent years， and destabilize the safety of wheat production in China， particularly in the Huanghuai region. Identification of pre-harvest sprouting resistant germplasm and functional molecular markers are of importance to accelerate pre-harvest sprouting resistant breeding. In this study， 77 pre-harvest sprouting resistant germplasms observed from field experiments and 128 advanced breeding lines from a rotational population introduced with six resistant germplasms were used. These genotypes were tested for pre-harvest sprouting resistance using the whole-split germination and seed germination methods， as well as genotyped by functional markers Vp1B3， Dorm-B1， and PM19. 49.35% （38 of 77） of germplasm resources showed intermediate resistance， and 57.90%（22） of them contained functional resistance alleles of Vp1Ba or（and） Dorm-B1b. The germplasm resources Xinong 172， Kalango， Huaimai 40 and Yunong 186 were detected carrying both two functional alleles. 36.72% （47） of the advanced breeding lines showed intermediate resistance， of which 87.23% contained resistance alleles and 17.02% （8） contained two functional alleles. Stacking resistance loci can increase the level of pre-harvest sprouting resistance. In the germplasm resources， the whole-split germination and seed germination decreased from 36.65% and 34.99% in non-resistant individuals， respectively， to 18.17 % and 23.87 % in individuals with two resistance loci. The same pattern has been observed in advanced lines. There was a significant difference in the number of resistant loci between advanced materials and others. Among them， 17.02% of the materials with medium resistance level contained two resistance loci， while only 4.94% of the other materials without medium resistance level contained two resistance loci. This study deployed molecular markers and phenotypic characterization techniques to identify pre-harvest sprouting resistance germplasm， followed by germplasm innovation using dwarf failing rotation selection， which provided a basis for future improvement of wheat spike germination resistance in the Huanghuai region in China.