As the reproductive organ of angiosperms， the flowers are a vital part of plants and a prime basis for the study of plant evolution andclassification. The development of the floral organ is affected by a variety of factors， such as the external environment and internal physiology， leading to different traits in different species or among the same species， and genes， as the key factors therein， play a vital role in the whole process， and the role of their genes in the regulation of floral development has been a hot topic of research. The five whorls of structures of the calyx， corolla， stamen， pistil， and ovule of the floral organ are regulated by five categories of genes， A， B， C， D， and E， in the AE model of floral development， and these genes form a complex gene regulatory network in the process of floral organ development. The expression or silencing of each category of genes leads to structural changes in the floral organs， but there are differences among different species. In this paper， we reviewed the regulatory roles of MADS-box， AP2/ERF gene family members AP1， AP2， AP3， PI， AG， SEP， AGL6， SHP， STK， and other genes such as NAP， SPL， TGA， PAN， and WOX in the construction of floral organs， and the effects of genes in the development of floral organs at the molecular level were analyzed. The influence of genes on floral organ development at the molecular level was also analyzed. This study provides a reference for further understanding the role of genes in the regulation of floral organ development in various plants.

Abiotic stress limits plant growth and development， causes yield losses in crops， and severe abiotic stress can even result in the death of plant. Plants have evolved a series of stress response mechanisms to adapt to abiotic stress， including the myo-inositol （MI） metabolic pathway. MI represents a class of small polar molecules with stable chemical properties. Plants can respond to a variety of abiotic stress by participating in osmoregulatory pathways through accumulating the glycoside derivatives of MI. Myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase （MIPS）， inositol monophosphate phosphatase （IMP）， and myo-inositol oxygenase （MIOX） play a role in the process of the biosynthesis or decomposition of MI. They are involved in the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid （L-AsA） and cell wall polysaccharides by regulating the content of MI in plant and a series of subsequent complex transformation pathways， and ultimately response to abiotic stresses such as salt， drought， alkali， and low temperature. This paper reviewed the research progress of the structure， biological functions of MI， MI metabolic pathway-related enzymes and its derivatives in plants response to abiotic stresses， providing an outlook to the future research focuses. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for enhancing plant resistance to abiotic stresses by utilizing MI metabolism and breeding stress-resistant plant varieties.

Agricultural germplasm resources mainly include crops， livestock and poultry， agricultural microorganisms and medicinal plants. There are 134，000 crop germplasm resources preserved in China， among which 74，000 are rice germplasm resources. How to accurately evaluate and utilize such huge rice germplasm resources is of great significance in rice germplasm innovation and breeding. In this paper， we reviewed the progress in collection， evaluation and accurate identification of rice germplasm resources， creation of new strains of rice， utilization of heterosis of rice， new techniques and methods of rice germplasm creation， and exploration and utilization of excellent genetic resources of rice， and summarized a new model of rice germplasm resource creation and utilization. Finally， this article discussed the current problems of rice core germplasm construction， germplasm resources identification and mining， and germplasm resources sharing and win-win mechanism. At the same time， we analyzed and prospeced how to strengthen the construction of specialized core seed resources， the accurate identification of germplasm resources， the innovative research of germplasm resources， the sharing mechanism of germplasm resources and the cooperation and exchange of germplasm resources， in order to provide some reference and help for further development of the identification， evaluation and innovative utilization of rice germplasm resources.

In this study， 134 maize inbred lines were used as experimental materials to identify phenotypic variations at nine root traits at seedling stage， followed by the genome-wide association study （GWAS） using FarmCPU model based on 44935 SNP markers. The results showed that the phenotypic variations at nine root traits ranged from 10.86% to 55.96%， and the correlation between most phenotypes reached a highly significant level （P<0.001）. The correlation coefficient between lateral root length and total root length was the highest （0.996）， followed by that between the number of lateral roots and total roots （0.993）. A total of 32 significantly associated SNPs were identified （P value arranged from 1.01e^-11 to 9.74e^-5）， with phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 0.54% to 22.34%. Four， eight， three and nine significant SNPs were detected for main root length， total root length， maximum root length and lateral root length， respectively. Ten， seven and one significant SNPs were detected for total root number， lateral root number and adventitious root number， respectively. Fourteen SNPs were identified associating with multiple root traits. Twelve significant association sites were located within the intervals where root-related QTL （Quantitative trait locus） were reported. Forty-nine root-associated candidate genes were annotated， including formerly-identified GRMZM2G028386 （ABI4）， GRMZM2G135713 （PUB23）， GRMZM5G870592 （MYB98）， GRMZM2G156861 （LOX1）， GRMZM2G160005 （AUX16）， GRMZM2G126936 （NAC2） and other important root candidate genes. Thus， this study provided reference for future cloning genes related to root development and analyzing the molecular mechanisms of root development in maize.

Agropyron cristatum L. （2n = 4x = 28， PPPP） with a large amount of alien elite genes are valuable genetic resources for the genetic improvement of wheat. According to previous studies， the genes on chromosome 1P of A.cristatum can improve plant leaf shape. However， it is unclear that the leaf shape changes and possible linkage drag exist in the translocation lines. The aim of this study is to detect the genetic effect of wheat-A.cristatum translocation lines T1PS·1AL and T1AS·1PL on major agronomic traits in different wheat backgrounds， in which wheat-A.cristatum translocation lines 1PS and 1PL were crossed with eight common wheat varieties， followed by investigation and analysis of agronomic traits in F₂ segregation population. The results showed that A.cristatum chromosome short arm 1PS reduced the length of top third leaves and its plant height reduction level was 3-8 cm while no significant difference on yield traits were discovered. Furthermore， the plant phenotype of the translocation line T1AS·1PL were shaped with a decrease in the grain yield than those of non-translocation plants. Offspring performance of translocation Chromosome in related to both wheat genetic backgrounds and A.cristatum alien chromosome. Finally， we screened 75 F₂ individual plants with favourable leaf shape and unchanged yield traits to be used for wheat breeding. In conclusion， this study reported two pre-breeding germplasms of wheat-A. cristatum 1P translocation lines had significant genetic effects on plant architecture improvement， which could guide the future utilization of A. cristatum 1P chromosome translocation fragments.

Through cooperating with the fruit industry authorities of counties （districts） in Gannan （southern Jiangxi province， China） and visiting fruit farmers， we conducted the survey of wild Fortunella hindsii germplasm resources and collected 716 samples for phenotype characterization. The F. hindsii germplasm resources were found in Anyuan， Longnan， Zhanggong， Chongyi， Yudu， Xinfeng and other counties （districts） in Gannan， Jiangxi province， China. It can be divided into wild and artificial transplantation， and the main habitat is primeval forest， forest， valleys， hills and bonsai. There were phenotypic variations at 16 traits including tree posture， internode length， thorn number， thorn length， leaf length， leaf width， petiole， leaf shape， wing leaf， leaf tip lack of engraving， single fruit weight， fruit surface main-color， fruit surface variegation， seed number， oil cell obviousness， and peel thickness. Based on the phenotypic datasets， these samples were classified into four categories at Euclidean distance equal to 17.5， and further less than 14 into 8 subgroups. Principal component analysis was performed based on 16 traits identified 6 principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1 and associating with agronomic traits. To meet the need of citrus industry， 3 thornless， 34 seedless， 67 big-fruit and 12 late-ripening were selected. To sum up， the results of wild F. hindsii in Gannan have clear valuable for the commercial breeding of new F. hindsii varieties and the development of the citrus industry in future.

Grafting is beneficial in enhancing the adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses， and improving the yield and quality of grapes. There are varieties of grape rootstocks， while their precise clarification become complex and difficult. Deep learning， capable of rapidly capturing deep features from images， has been extensively applied in the field of plant image classification and recognition. In this study， the mature leaf images of 30 grape rootstocks were deployed to construct a dataset， comprising 13547 grape rootstock leaf images. Four convolutional neural networks， GoogleNet， ResNet-50， ResNet-101 and VGG-16， were used for image recognition. The results show that the classification network with the highest accuracy is ResNet-101， and the accuracy reaches 97.5 % under the optimal model parameters （learning rate：0.005， mini-batch size：32， Max epochs：50）. Among the 30 varieties， the average prediction precision rate was 92.59%， and the prediction precision reaching 100% was observed in seven varieties. The recall rate of eight varieties reached 100%， and the average recall rate was 91.08 %. The leaf surface texture， leaf vein and leaf margin were major factors that influence variety classification. This study confirmed the application capacity of deep learning network models in real-time automatic identification of grape rootstocks， thus providing reference for the protection， utilization， clasification research of grape rootstock varieties and the variety recognition of other crops.

There are about 1000 species of Salvia L. in the world， and a large number of species have been developed in many aspects of medicine， ornamental， edible as well as essential oils and health care. In China， there are abundant germplasm resources including 84 species and 24 varieties， while only one native species， Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge， is widely cultivated and used for medicinal purpose. It is urgent to investigate and classify their growth habits， morphological characteristics and horticultural characteristics， in order to promote their efficient development and popularization. Based on classical taxonomy and solid data obtained from field investigation and cultivation observation in the past 13 years， this article focuses on the classification and characterization of the horticultural characteristics of Salvia L.， including six aspects， such as end-use， flowering period， flower color， flower size， stem characteristics and garden shape. Spring-flowered （April-June）， summer-flowered （July-August）， and autumn-flowered （September-November） types were classified according to flowering periods， while purple， blue， red， pink， yellow and white flower styles were categorized based on flower colors. There were four levels for flower sizes： small （<1.5 cm）， medium （1.5-3.0 cm）， medium-large （3.0-4.5 cm）， and large （＞4.5 cm）， and three forms for stem types： trailing， cespitose， and erect. Notable flexibility were displayed in garden shape by a number of germplasms. The majority of domestic sage resources are the cespitose herbs with medium-sized （large） purple and blue flowers that bloom in the spring. This study improved the applied classification system of Salvia L.， and provided reference for further development and extensive application of Salvia L. species in China.

A two-year field trials and agronomic performance analysis were conducted in 179 foxtail millet accessions which are homonyms of the four famous landraces （Qinzhouhuang， Taohuami， Longshanxiaomi and Jinmi），as well as exploring the genetic relationships between the materials. Fifty-one accessions including the four original varieties were subjected for nutritional quality analysis. The significant differences on quantitative traits were detected in 179 accessions， while the quality traits were detected without much differences. Through the correlation analysis， a highly significant positive correlation between kernel weight of single ear and ear weight， as well as stalk weight and ear weight， were found. Principal component analysis showed that the first three principal components contributed to 89.414% of the cumulative variation. Gained from the composite score F-value calculated based on the results of principal component analysis， we observed the highest and lowest composite scores in Bocaigen-30 （F=7.42） and Yintianhan-27 （F=-9.17）， respectively. Cluster analysis based on agronomic traits revealed that the 179 accessions were classified into four clusters with relatively concentrated clustering within homonyms varieties and greater similarity of agronomic traits. The results of phylogenetic relationships indicate that there are diverse evolutionary relationships among different varieties with the same name， and there may be gene exchange between different varieties with different names. The differences in nutritional quality among the four categories of famous foxtail millet were small， and the differences in all nutritional quality indexes except crude fiber were not significant. The crude protein and crude fat was positively correlated， while starch negatively correlated with protein and fat. The first six major components explained 88.414% of the cumulative variation and could basically cover the information of the 10 nutritional qualities. Based on the principal component analysis of nutritional qualities， the top ranked varieties were Bocaigen-77， Bocaigen-33， Bocaigen-44， Papocao-15， Jugenqi-25 and Yintianhan-13， combined with the comprehensive scores of different accessions.This study identifies and studies the agronomic traits， quality traits， and phylogenetic relationships of the four famous foxtail millet groups， which is of great significance for the protection and utilization of germplasm resources， as well as the excavation of excellent resources.

Biomass is an important trait in forage sorghum， and positively correlates with plant height. In this study， two functional SNPs of the plant height associated gene SbPH11 were screened from 237 sorghum inbred lines. Three haplotypes， named SbPH11-Hap1， SbPH11-Hap2 and SbPH11-Hap3， at the SbPH11 locus with different combination of the two SNPs have been identified. The plant height of SbPH11-Hap2 materials was extremely significantly higher than that of SbPH11-Hap1 and SbPH11-Hap3 materials， and that of SbPH11-Hap1 materials was extremely significantly higher than that of SbPH11-Hap3 materials. The KASP marker that associates to plant height was developed based on two functional SNPs of the gene SbPH11. The marker was used to genotype and phenotype of 30 sorghum germplasms resources. The KASP marker was confirmed to accurately identify two functional SNPs of SbPH11. These results suggested that the newly-developed KASP marker can efficiently and accurately predict the plant height in sorghum germplasm resources， and can be applied in early screening and molecular marker-assisted selection in breeding for sorghum with higher plant height.

To characterize the resistance of the novel rice mutant ALS¹⁷⁹ to acetolactate synthase （ALS） inhibiting herbicides， this study analyzed the Ethyl Methyl Sulfone （EMS）-mutagenized novel rice mutant ALS¹⁷⁹， together with wild-type Huahang31 （HH31）， imidazolinone-tolerant rice ALS⁶²⁷ mutant， treated by four types of ALS-inhibiting herbicides by either seed coating or seedling spray treatment at different concentrations. The phenotypes and enzyme activity indexes were further determined to investigate the resistance of the mutant ALS¹⁷⁹. The results showed that the mutant ALS¹⁷⁹ showed various degrees of resistance to benensulfuron， imazethapyr， bispyribac-sodium and pyroxsulam after herbicide coating for seed soaking and seedling spraying， and the activities of acetolactate synthase， peroxidase， catalase and superoxide dismutase tended to decrease with increasing herbicide concentration. The enzyme activities of acetolactate synthase， superoxide dismutase， catalase， and peroxidase were higher in ALS¹⁷⁹ than in wild-type HH31 under all treatment conditions， except for imidazoleisonicotinic acid treatment condition at high concentration where the enzyme activities of catalase and peroxidase were lower than those of wild-type HH31.Collectively， we found that the Ala179Val mutation conferred broad-spectrum resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and provided genetic germplasm resources for the subsequent breeding of ALS-inhibiting herbicide broad-spectrum resistant rice lines.

This study identified a nuclear male sterile pepper line showing male sterility and parthenocarpy characteristics， and the agronomic traits and parthenocarpy fruit setting rate of the material were determined， and the parthenocarpy of the sterile line at different developmental stages and the parthenocarpy of the fertile line were determined for endogenous hormones. In addition， the genetic segregation of F₂ population was analyzed by field identification and microscopic examination， and the fertility segregation ratio of the population was analyzed by using the molecular markers developed by pepper nuclear male sterile genes ms-3， msw， ms， msms and msc-1.The results showed the vertical and horizontal diameters of the parthenocarpy fruit of the sterile line were larger， and the fruit setting rate of the fertile line and the sterile line was significantly different. The fruit setting rate of the fertile line was 22 %， and the fruit setting rate of the sterile line was 43%. The GA4 （gibberellin） content in the parthenocarpic fruit of the sterile line in different periods was significantly higher than that of the fertile line. There are 97 fertile lines and 30 sterile lines in the F2 population，with a separation ratio of 3.23 ： 1，which is consistent with the Mendelian inheritance law. It showsd that its fertility was controlled by a recessive single gene. We named the nuclear male sterile line of pepper as GMS702AB. This study provides a new nuclear male sterile line valuable in pepper breeding and seed production.

The salt-alkali tolerance of 286 brassica rapeseed strains at the seedling stage was identified in this study. The indexes of leaves number， green leaves number， green leaves rate，shoot length， root length， and root weight under salt-alkali stress were determined through a hydroponics test. Various methods including comprehensive assessment value （D-value）， extreme material screening analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis， membership function analysis， frequency analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used. A comprehensive evaluation model for saline-alkali tolerance was established for different genotypes of rapeseed germplasm at the seedling stage and appropriate evaluation indexes were selected. Under saline-alkali stress conditions， leaves number showed a negative correlation with plant height but the correlation coefficient between them was not significant； however other traits showed positive correlations that reached a significant or extremely significant level. Principal component analysis was employed to synthesize 7 salt-alkali tolerance indexes into 4 principal components which could represent 88.349% of the original data information on rape′s salt-alkali tolerance. Based on the relative importance （weight） of these four principal components， a comprehensive evaluation value （D-value） for salt and alkali tolerance among different genotypes was obtained. Four alkali-salt-tolerant brassica napus germplasms and four saline-sensitive germplasms were screened using membership function analysis and extreme material screening analysis respectively. The results from stepwise regression analysis indicated that salinity tolerance in brassica napus germplasm resources could be determined by measuring the green leaves number， green leaves rate， shoot weight as well as root length and root weight at the seedling stage while estimating D-value using regression equations.

Protein Disulfide Isomerase （PDI）， a member of the thioredoxin superfamily， is an oxidoreductase widely exists in animals， plants and microorganisms. In plants， the formation and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds， which are mainly catalyzed by disulfide bond proteins， are crucial in the correct assembly and folding of proteins. In this study， based on the sequence similarity to the PDI genefamily in Arabidopsis thaliana， 21 PDI genes were identified and found on nine chromosomes of maize. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the maize PDI gene family members were divided into four evolutionary branches and 11 developmental groups， and within each group the gene structure and conserved motifs were similar. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoters identified cis-acting elements associating to stress， plant hormones and endosperm specific expression. By quantifying the transcriptional profiles， the high expression was detected in embryo， endosperm and grain. In endosperm， a downward trend followed by upward from 10 to 20 days after pollination was observed. Biodiversity analysis revealed that was diversity of ZmPDIL1-1 gene. The result of subcellular localization showed that ZmPDIL1-1 was located to the endoplasmic reticulum. Collectively， this study provided reference for the functional analysis of PDI gene family in maize.

Evaluating the genetic relationship of sweetpotato varieties is an important prerequisite for understanding their genetic background and effectively utilizing germplasm resources. Using 23 pairs of InDel primers developed by our research group， genotype analysis was conducted on 305 registered sweetpotato varieties in China. A total of 56 bands were amplified， of which 53 bands were polymorphic， with a polymorphism rate of 94.6%. The average values of polymorphic information content （PIC）， Nei's genetic diversity index （H）， observed heterozygosity （Ho）， and expected heterozygosity （He） are 0.4098， 0.4451， 0.6003 and 0.4460， respectively. Group structure analysis indicates that ΔK reaches maximum at the number of groups K=2， with a small peak at K=4. The northern and Yangtze River sweetpotato zone are evenly distributed within the two groups， while the majority （72.97%） of the southern sweetpotato zone converge in group 2. The principal coordinate analysis （PCoA） shows that there is some convergence in the southern sweetpotato zone， but there is no clear cluster division overall. The clustering results divided the population into four main groups. The varieties in the northern sweetpotato zone and the Yangtze River sweetpotato zone were evenly distributed in groups I， II， III and IV， while the southern sweetpotato zone （77.03%） was mainly concentrated in group IV. This clustering result is basically consistent with population structure research and principal coordinate analysis. Genealogy analysis identified the main parental materials of 13 registered varieties， and there was a situation of repeated use of parents for forward and reverse breeding in each breeding unit. This article combines molecular marker results with pedigree information， preliminarily indicating that the registered varieties of sweetpotatoes in China have close genetic relationships and narrow genetic backgrounds， providing reference for germplasm innovation and new variety selection of sweetpotatoes.

Based on "The Third National Campaign of Crop Germplasm Census and Collection"， genetic diversity analysis， correlation analysis， cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to study and evaluate 136 sorghum germplasm resources collected from 2020 to 2021 in Hebei province. The results showed that there were abundant phenotypic variations in the collection. The diversity index of 15 phenotypic traits ranged from 0.0844 to 1.9926， and the coefficient of variation ranged from 4.69% to 68.00%. The genetic diversity of 1000-grain weight and the coefficient of variation of panicle shape were the highest. A significant positive correlation between plant height and panicle traits was detected. These germplasms were divided into three groups by cluster analysis， while three clusters didn’t correlate with the geographic collection sites. Cluster I showed the best performance in panicle traits and could be used in breeding for technical purposes. The plant height of cluster II was low， which can be used as dwarf resources in germplasm innovation. Cluster III showed the best yield traits which can be used in breeding for higher grain production. Principal component analysis simplified phenotypic trait factors into 5 principal components， with the cumulative contribution rate of 60.182%. The plant height， the panicle and grain traits were the main factors contributing to the phenotypic differences. Based on the comprehensive scores of 136 sorghum germplasms that ranged from 0.107 to 1.147， the top 10 elite germplasm resources such as Suning sorghum， Changsui sorghum， Tiaozhou sorghum and Luoshu were selected. Collectively， based on the evaluation of these newly collected sorghum germplasm resources in Hebei province， this study provided insights for the mining of elite sorghum germplasm and the innovative utilization of germplasm.

To provide reference for pear breeding， the genetic basis of fruit traits was investigated through three consecutive years， by taking use of F₁ plants of seven hybridization combinations with Yanbiandaxiangshui as female parent， Hongxiangsu，Zaosu，Red clapp favorite，Jinsu，Jinmi，Eliyihao and Yunhongyihao as male parents. The results of F₁ hybrids showed a central tendency at seven traits， including single fruit weight， fruit diameter， fruit length， stalk length， stalk thickness， fruit shape index， and soluble sugar content. The single fruit weight has a strong genetic tendency towards small fruit. The coefficient of variation at soluble solid content and fruit shape index was small， while the genetic transmissibility were high. The inheritance of stalk diameter tended to be medium to low， while the inheritance of stalk length， fruit diameter and fruit length tended to be medium to high. The traits including background color， persistency of sepals， depth of eye basin， flesh texture， juice， and flavor were greatly contributed by the maternal parent.Width of eye basin inherited tend to medium and aroma was influenced by male parents. The cover color variation was observed following the laws of intergenerational inheritance. Collectively， the results provided reference for studying the genetic laws of pear fruit traits and selecting parents for hybrid breeding.

In order to comprehensively evaluate and analyze the resistance of Hainan common wild rice to leaf blast and ear neck blast， 2002 accessions collected from 11 different cities/counties in Hainan province were artificially inoculated with leaf blast at the seedling stage in the field for two consecutive years in 2022 and 2023. In addition， 995 accessions that had been pumped were artificially inoculated for ear neck blast resistance. 494 （24.68%） were identified to be resistant to leaf blast， among which 7 were immune and 17 were highly resistant. In the field， 1160 （57.94%） were resistant to leaf blast， of which 24 were immune and 233 were highly resistant. Out of 995 accessions that were tested for ear neck plague， 506 were resistant accounting for 50.85%， among which 23 were immune and 136 were highly resistant. The results showed that common wild rice accessions in Hainan were generally resistant to leaf blast or ear neck blast. The plant architecture in most of resistant germplasms was semi-erect or inclined， and a few showed upright or creeping. Accessions with high leaf distemper resistance were generally resistant to ear neck distemper after heading， and accessions with high immune or ear neck distemper resistance were generally resistant to leaf distemper. A total of 128 common wild rice materials with resistance to both leaf blast and ear neck blast were identified and evaluated. Collectively， this study provided a reference for the academic research and breeding utilization of rice blast resistance in Hainan wild rice.

Dasypyrum villosum （L.） Candargy is one of wild relatives of common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. It is also the genetic resources for wheat improvement and has been widely used in recent years. In the long-term evolution process， D. villosum evolved many important agronomic traits， such as resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses， excellent quality， which are useful in wheat genetic improvement. This review paper briefly describes the homologous relationship between D. villosum and T. aestivum， the hybridization affinity with Triticum， and the effective methods for introgressing D. villosum chromosome disease，chromosome segments and genes into T. aestivum. The resistance genes of D. villosum to powdery mildew disease， sheath blight disease， stripe rust disease， eye spot disease， yellow mosaic disease， take-all disease， and cyst nematode disease on chromosome， the quality genes （such as ： high lysine content and polymorphic storage protein， etc.）， the drought tolerance， photoperiod and other genes were also reviewed. The application and great value of powdery mildew resistance genes of Pm21 and PmV in wheat improvement and breeding were introduced. The future research prospects and possible problems on D. villosum research were prospected.This review might provide reference for exploring and utilizing the beneficial genes of D. villosum， to broaden wheat genetic resources， accelerate the breeding process and functional investigation of important genes.

Rice is one of the most important food crops in China， and rice production is an important guarantee for national food security. The traditional transplanting model has played an important role in increasing rice production， farmers' income， and agricultural development. With the development of social economy and changes in industrial factors， the significant reduction of rural labor forces urgently requires simplified cultivation methods. Direct seeding of rice flooding can save labor， resources， and effectively reduce weed damage， which is an efficient and economical cultivation mode with high popularization value at present. The decreased germination rate caused by hypoxia stress under submerged condition is the primary factor that hinders the application of direct seeding of rice flooding. In the abundant rice germplasm resources， there are excellent resources and genes tolerant to hypoxic stress. Exploring these excellent resources and genes tolerant to hypoxic stress and their application in developing submergence tolerant varieties suitable for direct seeding rice is the key to break through the bottleneck of popularization and application of direct seeding rice. This article reviewed the physiological characteristics， phenotyping methods， elite germplasm identification， genetic analysis， mechanism characterization of rice germinability under submerged condition and breeding application of functional genes. We expected to provide theoretical reference for deciphering the molecular mechanism of hypoxia-tolerant germination and selecting direct seeding rice varieties.

Ginger is an important vegetable crop that can be used as medicine and food， but it is sensitive to various biotic and abiotic stresses during its cultivation， which is detrimental to the safe production. Isopentenyl-transferases （IPTs） are key enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of cytokinin and are also important rate-limiting enzymes of cytokinin， and it is closely related to the stress resistance of plants. Here， ten ZoIPTs had been identified from ginger genome through the bioinformatics analysis， designated ZoIPT1~ZoIPT10. The encoded protein ranged from 283 to 491 amino acids， with the molecular weight of 31.14 to 54.02 kDa， and the isoelectric point pI of 4.97 to 9.37. All these ZoIPTs were predicted to be hydrophilic. Transcriptome data analysis showed that ZoIPTs showed tissue-specific transcriptional patterns and could respond to stress treatments such as disease and low temperature. ZoIPT3 and ZoIPT5 were highly expressed at different growth stages， different tissues， and in response to low temperature and disease stress. qRT-PCR analysis showed that ZoIPTs was responsive to drought， flooding and salt stress. Under flooding and salt treatment conditions， the significant induction of ZoIPT3 in rhizomes was observed. Under drought stress， the expression of ZoIPT5 in leaves and rhizomes were significantly increased. In summary， with the results of the systematic identification， evolutionary analysis， characteristic analysis， promoter analysis， as well as transcriptional pattern analysis， and analyzed the expression patterns of ZoIPT genes under drought， flooding and salt stress， this study provided a theoretical basis for further in-depth research on the biological functions of ZoIPTs in regulating growth and development and stress responses in ginger.

There are 33 wild orchids listed in the national first-class plant protection catalog of China， belonging to several genera including Paphiopedilum Pfitzer， Cypripedium L.， Cymbidium Sw.， Dendrobium Sw.， Phalaenopsis Blume， and Calanthe R. Br.. These species have important ornamental and medicinal value. The registration status of hybrids， their parents selection， pollination and sowing time selection， intergeneric hybridization progress and problems in hybrid breeding of these species have been reviewed. Based on the current breeding situation future breeding directions are proposed. To date， 3611 hybrids with the national first-class wild orchids as parents have been registered in Royal Horticultural Society. The top ten species of hybrids are Paph. spp.， including Paph. bellatulum （Rcnb. F.） Stein.， Paph. insigne （Lindl.） Pfitz. and Paph. spicerianum （H. G. Reichenbach） Pfitzer.， followed by Cymb. Insigne Rolfe. However， no hybrid has been registered with Paph. erythroanthum Z. J. Liu，X. Y. Liao & S. R. Lan， Paph. guangdongense Z. J. Liu & L. J. Chen， Paph. notatisepalum Z. J. Liu，M. Wang & S. R. Lan，and Cypr. subtropicum S. C. Chen & K. Y. Lang as parents.There are few hybrids with Paph. hangianum Perner & O. Gruss， Dend. flexicaule Z. H. Tsi， Dend. huoshanense C. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng， Cymb. wenshanense Y. S. Wu et F. Y. Liuas parents， although these species are all excellent with potential breeding value. To improve the utilization of wild orchid germplasm resources in future breeding， we propose to make full use of these wild germplasm resources in intergeneric hybridization， in combination with molecular marker assisted selection technology. This article can provide reference for the hybrid breeding of the national first-class wild orchids， and provide support for the innovation of orchid germplasm resources and the sustainable development of the orchid industry.

Cistanche salsa （C. A. Mey.） G. Beck is a parasitic herb of the genus Cistanche in the family Orobanchaceae， which has the largest number of host plant species identified. It is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in northwest China. To clarify the distribution of C. salsa resources and the identify host plants， 66 samples of C. salsa with parasitic roots were analyzed using DNA barcoding and morphological characters. The results indicated that C. salsa was widely distributed in regions of Xinjiang and Ningxia municipality， at the elevation ranging from 400 to 2000 meters. Specifically， the host plants in Yumin County， Tacheng City， Xinjiang Municipality including Seriphidium compactum （Fisch. ex DC.） Poljakov（Seriphidium genus， Asteraceae） and Atriplex verrucifera Marsch. von Bieb. （Atriplex genus， Amaranthaceae）， the host plants in Tacheng County of Tacheng City including Kalidium cuspidatum Ung.-Sternb. （Kalidium genus， Amaranthaceae）， A. verrucifera and Krascheninnikovia ceratoides （L.） Gueldenst. （Krascheninnikovia genus， Amaranthaceae）， among which A. verrucifera was the dominanthost. The host plants in Habahe County， Altay City， Xinjiang Municipality including S. compactum， Krascheninnikovia ewersmanniana （Stschegl. ex Losinsk.） Grubov （Krascheninnikovia genus， Amaranthaceae） and K. ceratoides， the host plants in Jimunai County of Altay City including K. ceratoides and S. compactum. In Yiwu County， Hami City， Xinjiang Municipality， Iljinia regelii （Bunge） Korovin （Iljinia genus， Amaranthaceae） served as the dominant host plant， and the host plants in Barkol County of Hami City including K. cuspidatum. Besides， Suaeda physophora Pall （Suaeda genus， Amaranthaceae） washost plant in the plantation of Jumisar of Changji City in Xinjiang Municipality. Kalidium gracile Fenzl（Kalidium genus， Amaranthaceae） and Sympegma regelii Bunge （Sympegma genus， Amaranthaceae） were both host plants in Yanchi County of Ningxia Wuzhong region， with S. regelii being the dominanthost. And S. compactum is a new recorded host plantof C. salsa. Collectively， this study provided scientific basis for protection and breeding of C. salsa and its cultivated host plants in future.

By applying the millet grains as pathogen medium， we inoculated the 163 wheat germplasm accessions which widely cultivated currently. No immune or highly resistant wheat accessions were identified， while the resistance variations estimated by disease index （DI） were found following a normal distribution 13.28-83.33 in greenhouse and 10.27-73.89 in field， respectively. The correlation coefficient， based on the phenotype collected from greenhouse seedling assay and field trials was 0.79， supporting a high correlation on resistance at the seedling and adult stages. Furthermore， the genome-wide association study （GWAS） found significant SNPs distributed on all chromosomes of wheat， with enrichment on chromosome 2A with an interval from 725 Mb to 763 Mb. This was in keeping with the results of the bulked segregant analysis （BSA）， which revealed significant SNPs distributed from 730 Mb to 750 Mb on chromosome 2A. GWAS and BSA indicated a significant resistance locus， which resided from 730 Mb to 750 Mb on chromosome 2A and associated with fusarium crown rot （FCR） infection. This study can provide important reference for identifying resistant wheat materials and exploring FCR resistant loci in wheat.

QTL mapping of germinability under submergence condition and pyramided effect analysis of stable sites were carried out， thus laying a foundation for fine mapping of QTL for germinability under submergence condition and marker-assisted breeding. Using an F_2：3 population with 144 individuals derived from a cross between WR-4 （a weedy rice with strong germinability under submergence condition） and Guangbaixiangzhan （a susceptible indica variety， GBXZ）， a high density genetic map containing 825 bin markers was produced based on 1K mGPS SNP chip. Ten QTL conferring tolerance to hypoxia were identified by complete interval mapping （ICIM）. These QTL were found on chromosomes 3， 4， 7， 8， 9， and 10， with LOD values ranging from 3.6 to 21.3， explaining phenotypic variation of 3.0%-21.1%. Two major QTL （qGS4-1 and qGS7-1） withhigh LOD value and high phenotypic variance were repeatedly detected， and both loci could be the candidate for future gene cloning studies. According to the genotyping of bin markers in each QTL interval， different progenies were classified into WR type and GBXZ type. By further data processing and analysis of QTL stacking， it was found that individuals with more pyramided synergistic alleles showed longer coleoptile under submergence condition. Thus， these lines hosting multiple synergistic alleles might provide innovative resources for breeding rice cultivars with high germinability under submergence condition.

In order to strengthen the protection and utilization of Cymbidium resources in China， ISSR markers were deployed to conduct the genetic diversity and fingerprint construction in this study. A total of 67 bands were detected with 11 primers in 96 samples， and the average of polymorphic bands rate is 73.63%， the number of alleles （N_a） is 1.925， the number of effective alleles （N_e） is 1.450， the genetic diversity of Nei's is 0.277， and the Shannon index （I） is 0.427， the percentage of polymorphic loci （PPL） is 92.54%， the genetic diversity within populations （H_s） is 0.1934， the genetic differentiation coefficient （G_st） is 0.3009， the total genetic diversity （H_t） was 0.2767， and the average gene flow among populations（N_m） of Cymbidium is 1.1619， the fixation index of pairwise genetic differentiation among populations ranged from 0.002 to 0.527， with an average of 0.325. The systematic clustering results indicate that Cymbidium has high degree of genetic differentiation， which was divided into three groups by systematic clustering analysis， Cymbidium. goeringii and C. sinense were assigned to one category， while C. kanran， C. goeringii var. longibracteatum， C. faberi， C. tortisepalum and C. ensifolium were in the second category， the hybrids were in a unique category， which has a large genetic distance from the other two categories. Principal coordinate analysis indicated that C. tortisepalum and C. goeringii showed a distant genetic relationship. 6 pairs of primers were selected to construct fingerprint QR codes for 96 species. Collectively， this study provided an important basis for the breeding and variety identification of Cymbidium in the future.

Forsythia suspensa （Thunb.） Vahl is a perennial woody plant with dimorphic style and self-incompatibility. Mining the candidate genes for the development of heterostyly in Forsythia suspensa is of significance to reveal its evolution and development mechanism. The whole genome resequencing of 40 long style morph and short style morph Forsythia suspensa plants were conducted， followed by the SNP variation sites detection in the sample genome and the selection sweep analysis. The candidate regions （top 5% level） were screened by the combination of genetic differentiation coefficient Fst and the nucleotide polymorphism π ratio. Differentially expressed genes （DEGs） were analyzed by GO and KEGG enrichment annotation， and qRT-PCR was used to detect the transcriptional profiles of candidate genes at different periods of style development. Selective sweep analysis showed that 295 genes were under selection， which mainly played an important role in plant growth and development and metabolic regulation. By analyzing the pathways in plant hormone regulation， the candidate genes CYP734A1 （EVM0010386）， BRI1 （EVM0011829） and CYCD3 （EVM0018316） of heterostyly in Forsythia suspense were analyzed. The gene expression results indicated that the CYP734A1 gene has sustained high expression during the critical period of development in F. suspensa's S-morph flowers. The BRI1 and CYCD3 genes in the S-morph were significantly higher than those in the L-morph during the crown exposure period. The candidate genes excavated in this study were differentially expressed in the L-morph and S-morph style of F. suspensa. Brassinosteroids was involved in the development of the heterostyly in F. suspensa， which was one of the reasons for heterostyly of F. suspensa. Collectively， this study laid a foundation for the evolution and genetic development regulation mechanism of heterostyly in F. suspensa.

Tropical crops， including banana， papaya， sugarcane， cassava， rubber tree， oil palm， etc， are of importance in Chinese agriculture， which not only provide raw materials for our daily life and industrial and agricultural production， but also contribute to the main agricultural output and economic growth in tropical and subtropical zones of China. There are many barriers in tropical crops in use of modern molecular breeding techniques， such as polyploidy， heterozygous， vegetative propagation， long juvenile phase and large size of plants， etc. The genetic improvement of tropical crops through conventional breeding is troublesome， time-consuming， low efficiency and less progress. The development of genome editing technologies has brought a new way in tropical crops breeding. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing has been widely used in plants， profited from its higher targeting efficiency， versatility and ease of usage. This approach has been applied in banana， cassava， rubber tree， and sugarcane. Here， we focus on the recent advances based on CRISPR/Cas9 methodologies， and summarize their application in tropical crops breeding， as well as propose future perspectives and challenges in improving tropical plants.

Whirly is a class of plant specific transcription factors that can bind to single-stranded DNA molecules and play a wide and complex role in both nucleus and organelles. In order to explore the functional and evolutionary relationships of Whirly genes in eggplant， we applied the bioinformatics approach to identify Whirly genes， including the phylogenetic relationships， gene structure， conservative motifs and cis-acting elements in promoters. Their transcriptional profiles were also analyzed in different tissues， or under treatments of exogenous hormone， low temperature and pathogen infection. The results showed that the Whirly gene family of eggplant contained two members， named SmWHY1 and SmWHY2， which were closely related to the Whirly genes in tomato. Both SmWHY1 and SmWHY2 expressed in different tissues， and the transcripts of SmWHY1 in leaves were higher than that of SmWHY2 in other tissues. The induction at two genes was detected under treatments （abscisic acid， methyl jasmonate， salicylic acid， low temperture and pathogen）， whereas the responses were variable in gene and/or by treatments. In G114， a Phytophthora capsici resistant germplasm， two genes showed relatively high expression. Collectively， these results indicated that SmWHY1 and SmWHY2 may play an important role in the regulation of growth， development， and response to stress.

Soybean is not only an important oil crop， but also the main source of plant protein for human consumption and feed protein for animal husbandry， which plays an important role in the national food structure and food security. By using a simple and efficient genetic mapping method， the related genes of the main agronomic characters of soybean are mined and closely linked molecular markers are developed， which is helpful to speed up the process of molecular marker-assisted selection and molecular design breeding of soybean. Bulked Segregant Analysis （BSA） is a method to identify the gene loci through using the DNA pools with extreme traits. Due to its characteristics of fast， accurate， economical and practical， BSA has become a widely-applied method in genetic mapping. Taking advantage of high-throughput sequencing technology， BSA based on whole-genome resequencing has been widely applied in isolation of many genes underlying agronomic traits in grain and oil crops， vegetables， flowers and other species. This study briefly introduced the methods and procedures of BSA， summarized the research progress in genetic mapping of agronomic traits， stress resistance traits and male sterility traits in soybean， and further discussed the opportunities and challenges of BSA under the background of NGS， as well as the development trend of BSA in soybean molecular marker assisted selection （MAS） breeding. This study will provide theoretical basis for the cultivation of high quality soybean varieties.

The maize male-sterile 20s2 （ms20s2） is a pollen-free genic male sterility mutant that was identified in maize inbred line KWS49. Compared with wild type （WT）， the mutant anthers were small and whitish without pollen grains. The scanning electron microscopy （SEM） observations showed that no pollen mother cells undergoing meiosis were observed in the anthers of the ms20s2 at V9 stage. The anther cuticular was abnormal， and failed to generate ubisch bodies on the inner surface of the anther wall of ms20s2 at tasseling stage. By analyzing the paraffin sections of anthers from different developmental stages， some middle layer cells and tapetum cells of the ms20s2 anther underwent abnormal division from S6 to S7 stages compared to WT， leading to the anther wall shrinking， abnormal meiosis and death of the pollen mother cells， and finally male sterility. The segregation analysis in an F₂ population revealed that the male sterility of the ms20s2 mutant was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. By genotyping with the maize 10K SNP chip， the causal gene was preliminarily mapped to the 6.21 Mb region on the long arm of chromosome 2. The physical interval was further delimited to 590 kb， where a known protein-coding gene MS32 （Zm00001eb106620） is present. Sequencing analysis of the MS32 gene revealed a 3166 bp insertion in the exon 4 of ms20s2， and this insertion might result in abnormal anther development and male sterility. Allelism test showed that the ms20s2 was a new allelic variation of maize male sterile gene MS32. The MS32 gene was expressed in maize anthers at S6 and S7 stages， which provided additional evidence in regulating the development of tapetum and middle layer of maize anthers.

The northern winter wheat region （NWWR） is one of the main wheat producing areas in China. A retrospective analysis of the nationally approved wheat varieties will facilitate rational utilization of wheat varieties in the region. Genotype by yield×trait （GYT） biplot analysis was used to cluster and evaluate 47 wheat varieties that were nationally approved for NWWR during 2003-2023， based on the combinations of grain yield with other target traits including maturity date， spike number per hectare， grain number per spike， 1000-kernels weight， test weight， quality index， disease resistance index， and cold resistance index. The results showed that these wheat varieties could be classified into four distinct variety types. Type I includes eight varieties， i.e. Jingmai 179， Jingnong 16， Jinmai 3118， et al， characterized by outstanding performance in the combination of earliness， disease resistance， cold resistance， 1000-kernels weight and test weight， and good performance in the combination of yield and spike number， grain number per spike and a quality index， and which showed the highest value in production. Type II varieties comprised of 13 varieties， including Jingmai 202， Jingnong 19， Lunxuan 158， et al， characterized by superior combination of yield with a quality index and spike number， but slightly poor combinaiton between yield and disease resistance and cold tolerance. These varieties are valuable in wheat production in the region as soon as diseases and winterkill are under control. Type III varieties had the best combination of yield with disease resistance and cold resistance index， but were poor in combination between yield and other traits. Therefore， their value in production is limited， but could be used as disease-resistant parents in wheat breeding. Type IV varieties were poor in overall yield×trait combination； but some may be outstanding in a single and can be used as breeding parents. Based on the projection position of each variety on the average yield×trait axis （ATA） of the GYT biplot， Jingmai 179， Jingnong 16， Jinmai 3118， Jingmai 189， Jingmai 202， Jinghua 12， Jingnong 19， Lunxuan 158 and Zhongmai 623 were identified to have superior overall yield×trait combination. This study provided reference for the use of GYT biplot for comprehensive wheat cultivar evaluation and classification based on yield×trait combinations for the NWWR， which can be applied to other crops and regions.

Understanding plant responses to pathogen invasion is important for identifying resistance genes. In this experiment， the seedlings of wheat variety Zhongzuo 9504 were inoculated by powdery mildew， in order to observe the changes of growth， physiological metabolism-related indexes and gene expression in wheat leaves at 0 h， 6 h， 1 d， 4 d and 7 d after infestation. This study attempted to reveal the response mechanism of powdery mildew inoculation on the growth， osmoregulatory substances and reactive oxygen species in wheat. The results showed that with the increase of inoculation time， the number of dead cells， and the activity of peroxidase and superoxide anion in wheat leaves tended to increase. The powdery mildew produced mature secondary conidia 7 days post inoculation. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase functioned at different infestation times. Soluble protein content basically showed an increasing trend， chlorophyll content decreased significantly at 7 d， which in turn affected plant growth. No significant changes on hydrogen peroxide content was observed throughout the inoculation period. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PTI signaling was partially inhibited and down-regulated at the initial stage of inoculation （0 h to 6 h）. PTI signaling responded positively in the early and middle stages （6 h to1 d and 1 d to 4 d）， while ETI appeared in the early stage. In the late stage of infestation （4 d to 7 d）， there was a down-regulation tendency on both the PTI and ETI signaling pathways， as powdery mildew had colonized the surface of the leaf completely， thus compromising photosynthesis in wheat.

Sugars and acids are important components that contribute to the flavor of fruit. To identify the sugar-acid flavor indexes and analyze the compositional difference in sugar-acid flavor among jujube varieties， as well as establish the evaluation system for sugar-acid flavor are of great significance. By taking use of 210 jujube varieties， here we measured and analyzed the contents of soluble solids， titrable acids， and sugar components in fruit at the crisp ripening stage. The results were as follows： （1） The coefficient of variation ranged from 9.81% - 34.70% for the 10 indexes， including soluble solids， sweetness value， and total sugar that show smaller coefficient. The range of sucrose content varied the most， with the maximum being 84.54 times that of the minimum. Except soluble solid and sweet-acid ratio，eight indexes， including fructose， glucose， sucrose， total sugar， titrable acid， sweetness value， solid-acid ratio and sugar-acid ratio， were observed with the normal distribution. （2） The fructose， glucose and sucrose significantly positively correlated with total sugar content. A significant positive correlation between fructose and glucose content， as well as the significant positive correlation among total sugar， soluble solid and sweet value were observed. Titrable acid significantly negatively correlated with solid-acid ratio， sugar-acid ratio and sweet-acid ratio. The significant correlations among the solid-acid ratio， sugar-acid ratio and sweet-acid ratio were observed. （3） Factor analysis extracted three main factors with a cumulative contribution rate of 91.781%. Combined with the cluster analysis of various indexes， five indexes， including fructose， sucrose， soluble solid， titrable acid and solid-acid ratio， were selected to evaluate the sugar-acid flavor of jujube fruit. （4） Based on the five evaluation indexes， cluster analysis suggested five groups in 210 jujube varieties. These groups were defined as low sucrose type， high acid type， fructose dominant type， intermediate type and sucrose dominant type， where the sucrose dominant type contained the largest number of varieties. Collectively， the evaluation of sugar-acid flavor in jujube fruit can be performed using the five indexes， and the application of jujube varieties by considering the sugar and acid indexes could be desirable in production.

During the Third National Crop Germplasm Resource Survey and Collection Action in Fujian province from 2017 to 2022， total 6235 accessions of crop germplasm resources including local crop varieties and their wild relatives were collected. The numbers of vegetables， food grains， fruit trees， economic crops， and forage and green manure crops collected in this action accounted for 33.57%， 25.91%， 24.35%， 14.59%， and 1.57% respectively， and they belong to 83 families， 229 genera， and 313 species. Among these gerplasm resources， 16.04% belong to the Leguminosae faminly with the highest persentage. Different regions and altitudes were relevant to the species types and quantities of crop germplasm resources collected. Among the 9 prefecture level cities in the province， Sanming city had the highest number of germplasm resources， accounting for 20.65%. The number of crop germplasm resources decreased along with the increase of altitude. The number of collections at different altitude was correlated with the number of counties （cities， districts）， townships（towns）， and villages（streets）. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Brillouin richness index were the highest at an altitude of 0-200 meters in the six prefecture level cities （Zhangzhou， Fuzhou， Ningde， Quanzhou， Putian， Xiamen） in coastal areas， while these two indexes are relatively high at the altitudes of 200-400 meters， 400-600 meters， and 600-800 meters in three mountainous areas， such as Longyan， Sanming， and Nanping， respectively. Through the correlation analyses of species diversity index in different prefecture level cities and altitude intervals， a highly significant positive correlation was detected between the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Sanming and Longyan cities， while a highly significant negative correlation was detected between the Pielou evenness index and Putian and Longyan cities， which might be closely correlated to the agricultural economic zones in the province. Thus， by investigating the diversity of crop germplasm resources in Fujian province， this study provided reference and scientific basis for the development， utilization， and excavation of local crop germplasm resources to meet local demands.

Chlorophyll is an important pigment in rice photosynthesis， and its synthesis determines the efficiency of photosynthesis， ultimately affecting plant yield and quality. In this study， it was found that the glycogen synthase kinase OsGSK2 overexpressed Go-2 plants exhibited a dark green leaf phenotype at heading date. Compared to the wild type， the contents of chlorophyll a， chlorophyll b， and carotenoids in Go-2 plants significantly increased. The observation results of transmission electron microscopy showed that compared to the wild type， the chloroplast thylakoid layers of Go-2 plants increased. Yeast two hybrid "one-to-one" experiment confirmed the interaction between OsGSK2 and the Golden2-Like transcription factor OsGLK1， and further confirmed the interaction between OsGSK2 and OsGLK1 through bimolecular fluorescence complementarity experiments. By detecting dual luciferase activity in rice protoplasts， it was found that compared to single transgenic OsGLK1， co transfection of OsGSK2 and OsGLK1 significantly increased the expression level of downstream target genes. The fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that compared to the wild-type， the transcription levels of target genes （OsPORB， OsCAO1， LHCB6， etc） directly regulated by OsGLK1 were significantly up-regulated in Go-2 plants. These results provided preliminarily insights on the molecular mechanism of the interaction between OsGSK2 and OsGLK1 in regulating rice chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development， extending the molecular function of rice glycogen synthase kinase， enriching the regulation network of rice leaf color， and providing theoretical basis for high photosynthetic molecular breeding in rice.

To investigate the floral aroma metabolism pathways and differentially expressed genes （DEGs） involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoid aroma compounds in tropical waterlily organs， the transcriptome sequencing was used to analyze the flower organs including the petal （PE）， stamen （ST） and pistil （PI） of N. ‘Paul Stetson’. The number of differentially expressed genes in PE-vs-PI， ST-vs-PI， and ST-vs-PE were 7853， 7501， and 2526， respectively. GO classification and enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in biological regulation， cellular processes， metabolic processes， and stimulus response biological processes. KEGG annotation revealed abundant pathways with significantly enriched DEGs in PE-vs-PI， followed by ST-vs-PI， and ST-vs-PE. Ninety-eight of 794 DEGs that shared in three comparative groups were enriched in four terpenoid floral aroma synthesis pathways， and DEGs in PE-vs-PI and ST-vs-PI was higher than that in ST-vs-PE. In petals and stamens， the genes responsible for synthesis of acacia aldehyde and diterpenoid kaurene， were expressed at higher levels than in pistils. Six of 98 DEGs were randomly selected and subjected for qRT-PCR analysis， confirming the trend on transcriptional expression as revealed by transcriptome sequencing. The results provided a scientific reference for future deciphering the molecular mechanism of terpenoid aroma compounds biosynthesis in tropical waterlilies.

WRKY transcription factor is one of the most abundant transcription factors in higher plants， and play an important role in plant growth and development， senescence， abiotic and biological stress. O. granulata （Oryza meyeriana subsp. Granulata）， which serves as a closely related wild species of cultivated rice， represents the characteristics of shade tolerance， drought tolerance and high resistance to bacterial blight， becoming an important germplasm resources for cultivated rice improvement. In this study， using HMMER， Pfam， SMART， TBtools， NCBI software and website， 94 genes encoding WRKY transcription factors （OgWRKYs） were identified in O. granulata， which were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. According to the number of WRKY domains and the characteristics of zinc finger structure， they were divided into groups Ⅰ， Ⅱ， Ⅲ and Ⅳ. Group II had the most members （52）， which was similar to other species. In addition to the conserved WRKYGQK heptaeptides， six variants were identified， among which WRKYGHK， WRRYGQK， WRKYAKK and WRKYSQK were new variants reported for the first time in plants. According to conserved domain analysis， OgWRKY61， OgWRKY71 and OgWRKY77a may be associated with plant disease resistance.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that 14 OgWRKY transcription factors were enriched in plant-pathogen interaction pathways， and 10 of them were simultaneously enriched in MAPK signaling pathways. Further analysis of cis-acting elements suggested that OgWRKY30b， OgWRKY53， OgWRKY88， OgWRKY96 and OgWRKY111 might play important roles in response to biological and abiotic stresses in O. granulata. The results of qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of OgWRKY30b， OgWRKY53， OgWRKY88 and OgWRKY111 genes were induced by PXO99， while the expression of OgWRKY96 was inhibited by infection. The results of this study provided important reference for future mining of OgWRKYs genes in O. granulata.

The genetic diversity， correlation， principal component analysis， clustering and comprehensive evaluation were employed to analyze and assess agronomic traits of 296 peanut germplasm resources. The results revealed that the genetic diversity index for three quality traits ranged from 0.526-0.909， while the genetic diversity index for ten quantitative traits varied between 0.834-2.007. Additionally， the coefficient of variation ranged from 3.268%-68.198%. These findings indicated that these peanut germplasm resources possess abundant genetic information. Correlation analysis suggested significant associations between emergence uniformity， whole growth period， leaf shape， productivity per plant and yield. Principal component analysis extracted six principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 78.336%， representing most of the agronomic traits. Cluster analysis divided this collection into two categories including four groups based on their characteristics related to high-yield potential， small-grain size， early-maturity or large-grain size. These groups can serve as candidate materials for future germplasm selection in breeding programs. A comprehensive score was constructed using fuzzy membership function based on contribution weights assigned to six principal components， which was shown as F=0.323F₁+0.257F₂+0.122F₃+0.108F₄+0.010F₅+0.091F₆. Four peanut germplasm resources displaying favorable comprehensive traits were selected as potential candidates for future peanut breeding. This study offering a theoretical basis for selecting appropriate parental lines and specific in future breeding programs.

In order to explore the genetic mechanism of wheat seminal root formation and growth， 198 wheat natural cultivars growing in the Huang-Huai Area were investigated in this study. The total first grade branch number， branch density， length， surface area， volume and average diameter of the radicle were examined using 21 days old seedlings in the hydroponic culture. Q+K mixed linear model， in conjugation with the genotyping results by the 660K gene chip， was used to conduct genome-wide association analysis （GWAS） at radicle traits， followed by functional annotation and candidate gene mining of significant and repeatedly-detected association sites. At the six radicle growth traits， a continuous and normal or nearly normal distribution were observed， with coefficient of variation of 5.56%-22.10%. A total of 136 significant association sites were detected. They were distributed on the chromosomes except 7B， each of which could explain 5.10%-13.60% of phenotypic variation. Thirteen significant pleiotropic sites were identified from those 136 sites. Based on the annotation， 16 candidate genes that may be related to radicle growth were found， such as TraesCS4A01G023100， TraesCS1B01G294400， TraesCS4A01G006200. These genes were proposed to be involved in the formation of wheat radicle root system by regulating DNA topoisomerase， ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2， phosphoinositide phosphatase family protein and so on. The results of this study provided a reference for the construction of wheat root regulation network， as well as the optimization of root architecture and function.