Chloroplasts are important organs for photosynthesis, which is essential for increasing the yields of pak choi. In this study, we evaluated a delayed chloroplast development mutant ‘M136’ during self-crossing of the pak choi inbred ‘136’. The newborn true leaves of ‘M136’ were yellow and gradually green with maturation. Chloroplast development, pigment contents and photosynthesis parameters were impaired and gradually recovered with growth in ‘M136’, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also impaired in ‘M136’. Based on genetic analysis and bulk segregant analysis (BSA)-seq, the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene, identified as BraA06g011520.3.5C (BrECB2), which encoded a DYW-type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein. In ‘M136’, a T-to-C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 4th PPR motif of BrECB2 caused a Threonine-to-Isoleucine amino acid substitution. BrECB2 was mainly expressed in young leaves. The chloroplast RNA editing efficiency of ‘M136’ was affected and fully recovered after the leaf turned green, and the editing efficiency was partially restored in complementary lines. The plastid-encoded RNA polymerase activity was not affected in ‘M136’. Functional complementation analyses revealed that the transient overexpression of BrECB2 partially rescued the mutant phenotype and the RNA editing efficiency of ‘M136’. In summary, this study indicate that BrECB2 is involved in early chloroplast development and RNA editing, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the regulatory network involved in chloroplast development in pak choi.

African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious disease that has spread globally, posing a significant threat to swine production and international trade. As rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling ASF, its major capsid protein, p72, has become a key target for diagnostic and vaccine development. In this study, we generated five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the p72 protein by immunizing mice with inactivated virus. Using phage display technology, we identified the epitope for one mAb as a novel linear B-cell epitope within amino acids 130-152 of the p72 protein. Structural and homology analyses revealed that this epitope is highly conserved across diverse ASFV genotypes and is exposed on the surface of the p72 trimer. Importantly, the epitope showed strong reactivity with sera from ASFV-positive swine. These findings offer a foundation for creating improved serological diagnostics and designing epitope-based vaccines against ASFV.

Thirty-six walnut cultivars were analyzed for apparent, nutritional, processing and protein properties. Systematic cluster analysis (SCA) was applied to classify 36 walnut cultivars, while multivariate linear regression (MLR) analysis was used to develop a model for evaluating walnut protein solubility. The walnut cultivars were classified into three distinct clusters. Wen 185 and Xinguang had protein purity of 64.42, 70.57, and solubility of 27.04, 30.04%, respectively. Wen 185 and Xinguang were identified as the more suitable cultivars for extracting and processing soluble proteins. The MLR model revealed critical factors influencing protein solubility, such as arginine (Arg), glutamic acid (Glu), threonine (Thr), lysine (Lys), histidine (His), and crude fat. Glu (r=-0.64) and Arg (r=-0.57) showed a significant negative correlation with solubility. With a R² of 0.832 between predicted and experimental values, the model was validated. This study has improved the efficiency of walnut protein during the processing and pointed out the direction for the processing and utilization of different cultivars of walnuts.

Geminiviruses mainly infect economically important dicot plants and cause serious damages in agriculture. Here we report that the dicot plant Nicotiana benthamiana microtubule-associated E3 ligase (MEL) plays a dual role in regulating geminivirus infection in N. benthamiana. On the one hand, NbMEL functioned as a defense factor to mediate resistance against geminiviruses with single-stranded, circular DNA genomes by promoting the degradation of plant immune negative regulator. On the other hand, NbMEL could specifically recognize geminivirus-encoded V2 protein, a viral gene silencing suppressor and effector, for polyubiquitination and degradation to suppress geminivirus infection. These findings provide a fundamental basis for utilizing MEL to generate crop for broad-spectrum resistance in dicot plants.

目的：近年来，因Ⅱ相鞭毛基因被耐药基因或噬菌体序列替代而产生的沙门菌单相变异株不断出现并流行。碳青霉烯耐药株的出现对公共卫生安全构成严重威胁。本研究旨在解析一株NDM-13阳性印第安那沙门菌单相变异体的基因组特征、耐药谱、遗传演化特点及产生机制。

方法：采用微量肉汤稀释法或琼脂稀释法检测菌株对14种抗菌药物的敏感性；同时利用传统玻片凝集法进行血清学分型，并结合Salmonella In Silico Typing Resource（SISTR）对基因组进行血清型预测。随后，应用多位点序列分型（MLST）和核心基因组MLST（cgMLST）解析其系统发育特征；通过比较基因组学揭示前噬菌体整合与Ⅱ相鞭毛基因缺失的机制；并对所携带质粒的耐药基因组成和结构进行系统解析，结合接合实验评估其水平传播潜力。

结果：血清学鉴定结合MLST和cgMLST分析结果证实，该菌株为印第安那沙门菌的单相变异体。比较基因组学进一步揭示，其Ⅱ相鞭毛基因簇fljAB及邻近七个基因被来源于S. Mbanada的一个8.9 kb截短前噬菌体（ΔΦSM）取代。ΦSM介导的不精确切除导致了fljAB基因簇及周边序列丢失，从而驱动了单相变异体的形成。耐药性分析表明，该菌株携带一条IncHI2质粒，包含两个多重耐药区（MRRs）。除常见的bla_TEM-1B、bla_CTX-M-65、strA、strB和sul2外，质粒中还存在一段长达51.3 kb的额外MRR，插入于dam基因，携带aph(3’)-IIa、aadA22、bla_NDM-13、mph(A)和erm(B)，赋予菌株对卡那霉素、链霉素、碳青霉烯类、阿奇霉素和林可霉素的耐药性。但由于IS26介导的转座导致接合区缺失，该质粒在实验条件下未能实现接合转移。

结论：本研究阐明了前噬菌体不精确切除介导NDM-13阳性印地安纳单相变异体产生的分子机制，并揭示了其携带的复杂耐药质粒结构。结果表明，前噬菌体与可移动遗传元件的协同作用可以推动耐药性沙门菌单相变异体产生与演化。

创新性：本研究首次证实前噬菌体不精确切除在NDM-13阳性印第安纳单相变异体形成中的关键作用，并揭示了其独特的耐药质粒进化特征。这不仅拓展了对单相型沙门菌分子进化机制的认识，也为基于全基因组测序的耐药性监测与食源性病原菌预警提供了新的理论依据和实践思路。

Microorganisms carrying cbbL, pmoA and coxL genes play crucial roles in regulating soil-atmosphere exchanges of carbon trace gases (CO₂, CH_4, and CO). However, the geographical distribution patterns of these functional genes in agricultural ecosystems and their environmental drivers remain poorly understood. Here, we surveyed agricultural soils across four climate zones (tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, and mid-temperate) in eastern China to quantify the abundances of CO₂-assimilating bacteria (cbbL gene), methanotrophs (pmoA gene), and CO-oxidizing bacteria (coxL gene). We found significant ecosystem-specific patterns: the cbbL gene was more abundant in upland soils (averaging 9.46×10⁹ copies g^-1) than in paddy soils (6.44×10⁹ copies g^-1). In contrast, methanotrophs abundance was 1 to 3 orders of magnitude higher in paddy (averaging 1.17×10⁸ copies g^-1) than in upland (5.78×10⁶ copies g^-1) soils. The coxL gene maintained similar abundance levels across both soil types (averaging 6.12×10⁸ vs. 5.91×10⁸ copies g^-1). Structural equation models revealed that spatial factors primarily shaped cbbL and pmoA in uplands, whereas total bacterial abundance was the dominant predictor for all three genes in paddy soils. These results highlight distinct ecological controls on microbial functional groups and provide a predictive framework for how land use and climate change may regulate microbial mediation of carbon gas fluxes across a continental-scale transect in eastern China.

African swine fever (ASF) represents a highly contagious and fatal condition affecting both domestic and wild pigs, necessitating mandatory reporting status as designated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Currently, the primary strategy for preventing and controlling ASF revolves around early detection and stringent culling practices. However, the swift dissemination of ASF in both newly affected and previously impacted countries and regions underscores the absence of efficient measures to effectively curb the disease. To address this threat, a diverse array of methodologies is being employed globally in the pursuit of developing vaccines to combat ASF. In this context, we delve into the advancements achieved in ASF vaccine research over the past decade, encompassing the challenges and prospects associated with attenuated vaccines, subunit/live vector vaccines, and more. A profound comprehension of the virus's genetic diversity, pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of vaccine-induced immune protection, will pave the way for the development of novel vaccines in the future.

Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica.) is an evergreen fruit tree native to China, with a flowering period that typically occurs in winter (October to January), making it vulnerable to low-temperature stress during critical reproductive stages. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cold tolerance in loquat remain largely unclear. In this study, transcriptome data from multiple loquat cultivars were analyzed using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), identifying two gene modules (brown and turquoise module) highly associated with cold treatment. Among the cold-responsive candidates, the Rab5 family GTPase EjRabF2b was consistently upregulated under low-temperature conditions. Functional validation revealed that overexpression of EjRabF2b in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato significantly enhanced cold tolerance, while its silencing in loquat compromised stress resistance. Mechanistically, EjRabF2b contributed to maintaining cell membrane integrity and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. Promoter analysis and interaction assays further confirmed that the C2H2-type transcription factor EjZAT10 directly binds to the EjRabF2b promoter and activates its transcription under cold stress. Collectively, this study uncovers a regulatory module composed of EjZAT10 and EjRabF2b that participates in loquat cold adaptation through vesicle-mediated antioxidant defense and membrane protection, offering a theoretical foundation and potential targets for the molecular breeding of cold-tolerant cultivars.

Aspergillus species are ubiquitous fungi that produce mycotoxins (secondary metabolites) known as sterigmatocystin, aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, and cyclopiazonic acid in many different kinds of foods, which leads to serious contamination in agricultural products thereby endangering human health. With the rapid advancement of molecular biology technology, extensive studies on Aspergillus fungi have been conducted on growth and development, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and their interactions with environment. Here, we summarized a series of functional genes of the main Aspergillus fungi relative to toxins occurrence in foods, which revealed the signal transduction mechanisms of their involvement in growth and development, toxin production, and response to environmental changes, anticipating providing theoretical guidance on developing control and prevention technologies for mycotoxin contamination in agricultural products to ensure food safety.

Medullary bone is a labile calcium store for eggshell deposition. The dysfunctional mineralization function of medullary bone in aged laying hens leads to decreased eggshell mineralization and increased egg breakage. Understanding the mechanisms underlying age-related decline in medullary bone mineralization function is critical for developing novel strategies to improve eggshell quality in aged laying hens. Hy-Line Brown laying hens were sampled at different ages (48, 61, 74, and 87 wk of age; n=12 at each age). Analyses were conducted to determine the effect of aging on eggshell mineralization, medullary bone remodeling, and physiological and molecular biological parameters for bone marrow microenvironment senescence. The results showed that: (1) compared with 48- and 61-wk-old la`ying hens, 74- and 87-wk-old laying hens had decreased (P<0.05) eggshell quality; (2) micro computed tomography scans illustrated a progressive decrease (P<0.05) with age in femoral mineralization; (3) compared with 48-wk-old laying hens, 61-, 74- and 87-wk-old laying hens had decreased (P<0.05) osteoblastic function, characterized by decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels and decreased protein expression of osteogenic markers (runt-related transcription factor 2, osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase) of femoral medullary bone; (4) compared with 48- and 74-wk-old laying hens, 87-wk-old laying hens had increased (P<0.05) protein expression of osteoclastic marker (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) of femoral medullary bone; (5) compared with other ages, 87-wk-old laying hens had increased (P<0.05) mRNA expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype in the femoral marrow microenvironment; (6) compared with 48- and 61-wk-old laying hens, 74- and 87-wk-old laying hens had increased (P<0.05) protein expression of senescence biomarkers (gamma H2A.X, galactosidase beta 1 and tumor suppressor protein 53) in the femoral marrow microenvironment; (7) compared with 48-wk-old laying hens, 61-, 74- and 87-wk-old laying hens had increased (P<0.05) femoral adipose deposition. Age-related decline in mineralization function of medullary bone was accompanied by an uncoupling of medullary bone osteoblastic and osteoclastic functions, which may link to a senescent femoral marrow microenvironment in aged laying hens. Methods are needed to monitor and manage the bone marrow microenvironment in the later laying periods.

The effect of adding hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid) in Cabernet Sauvignon dry red wine before and after fermentation was investigated, taking into account the color, anthocyanins and other polyphenols in the wine samples. The copigmentation effect of malvidin-3-O-glucoside and sinapic acid was further explored in model solution and through theoretical calculations. The results indicated that the addition of hydroxycinnamic acids significantly enhanced the wine's color with sinapic acid (before the fermentation) showing the most pronounced color protection effect. Furthermore, the content of total phenols and total anthocyanins increased by 36% and 28%, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the interaction between sinapic acid and malvidin-3-O-glucoside was spontaneous and exothermic. Theoretical studies identified hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces as the main contributors to binding, with the carboxyl group of sinapic acid playing a critical role, while the anthocyanin backbone also influenced the interaction.

Cropland parcels are the basic unit for agricultural production, and their size and shape may change due to human activities, e.g. land consolidation. Remote sensing has been increasingly used for mapping cropland parcel, yet detecting changes in cropland parcels by wall-to-wall mapping is time-consuming. This paper proposes a new algorithm to identify whether and where cropland parcel changes have been undertaken without generating complete parcel maps. We use the number of edge pixels derived from remote sensing imagery as a proxy indicator for cropland parcel changes. First, we apply a Sobel operator to delineate the total edge pixels of parcels from dual-time images. Second, we apply the connected-components labeling to remove pseudo-edges arising from non-cropland built structures and transmission towers. We then perform topological optimization, including morphological dilation and skeleton extraction, to eliminate redundant edge pixels for parcel structure. Finally, we detect whether parcel changes have been undertaken by counting and comparing the number of edge pixels derived from dual-time images. We applied this innovative framework in five regions in East Asia where land consolidation has significantly changed cropland parcels. Our method demonstrated robust detection results, with stable accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, all exceeding 0.85. Screening redundant edge pixels reduced noise and permitted efficient detection of changes in cropland parcels. Our method extends the traditional detection of semantic change to structural change and can quickly detect cropland parcel changes with high accuracy. This capability offers the potential to identify hotspot areas of cropland changes on a larger scale without the need to produce full cropland maps, which is particularly useful for monitoring land consolidation programs.

A novel variegated tea cultivar exhibiting a stable variegated phenotype was recently identified, demonstrating significantly elevated amino acid content concomitantly with reduced polyphenolic compound levels compared to conventional green-leaf varieties. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, variegated leaves and normal leaves of ‘Huangshanzhong’ tea plant were used to perform pigment content analysis and comparative transcriptome analysis. The chlorophyll content in variegated leaves significantly decreased compared to normal leaves, while the ratio of Chl a to Chl b was enhanced. Multiple genes (CsrpiA, CsGAPDH, CsgpmI, CsPK and CsOGDH) involved in sugar metabolism exhibited downregulated expression in variegated leaves. Key genes involved in the photosynthetic pathway were down-regulated in variegated leaves, such as light-harvesting protein complex chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (CsLhca1, CsLhca4, CsLhcb1 and CsLhcb3) and photosystem II complex proteins (CspsbP and CspsbW). Meanwhile, genes involved in chlorophyll degradation metabolism (CsSGR, CsCLH1) were upregulated in variegated leaves. Compared to the wild type, transgenic plants of CsCLH1 and CsCLH2 exhibited no significant changes in chlorophyll content. Enzyme activity assays showed that CsCLH1 could degrade chlorophyll in vitro. Subcellular localization results revealed that CsCLH1 and CsCLH2 were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus. These findings suggest that impaired photosynthetic system function, suppressed carbohydrate synthesis, and accelerated degradation of photosynthetic pigments collectively contribute to the variegated phenotype in tea leaves. This study advances our understanding of mechanisms underlying plant leaf variegation.

Anthocyanins play a crucial role in plant growth, development, reproduction, and stress response. Additionally, anthocyanins enhance the quality of fruits and vegetables due to their antioxidant properties. While numerous previous research has been conducted on anthocyanins, limited information exists regarding their composition and the role of the anthocyanin pathway gene DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase) in chili pepper leaves. In this study, we used a purple leaf pepper cultivar H18 with anthocyanins on the leaves decreasing as they grow and develop. Targeted anthocyanin metabolite assays revealed that the contents of delphinidin, malvidin, and petunidin derivatives followed the same trend as the overall anthocyanin content, with delphinidin derivatives being the predominant component of H18 pepper leaves. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on H18 leaves at four different stages. The results showed that DEGs at various stages were primarily associated with biological processes and flavonoid metabolic pathways. Through evolutionary tree and expression analysis, three candidate genes involved in DFR function were identified. Substrate catalysis assays of CaDFRs demonstrated that only CaDFR1 was active, catalyzing DHQ, DHM, and DHK. VIGS-mediated silencing of CaDFR1 resullted in a significant decrease reduction in anthocyanin levels in H18 pepper leaves and stems and along with a decreased reduction in the expression levels of other candidate functional genes in the anthocyanin metabolic pathway. This study identifies the key anthocyanin components in the leaves of H18 peppers and validates the function of CaDFR1, providing a theoretical foundation for modifying anthocyanin content in pepper plants through molecular breeding.

Triticeae represents one of the most significant sources of cereal crops in Poaceae, including wheat, barley, and rye. Global annual production reaches 900 million tons, constituting 30% of total grain production. The utilization of wild relatives is crucial for enhancing crop resilience. Sea barley (Hordeum marinum Huds), a wild relative species of wheat and barley, demonstrates exceptional salt/waterlogging tolerance and other valuable traits. Moreover, it exhibits partial cross-compatibility with common wheat. Sea barley has emerged as an essential donor of elite genes for crop breeding, with potential applications both as a de novo domesticated crop and as forage cultivated in saline-alkali soils and waterlogged areas. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding sea barley, emphasizing its origin, evolution, genome characteristics, genetic transformation, mechanisms of stress tolerance, fungal resistance, and cross-compatibility with wheat. Additionally, we identify key knowledge gaps and future research directions to enhance its utilization for crop breeding and novel crop development, aiming to transform sea barley from an underutilized wild grass into a genetic resource for climate-smart agriculture.

Soil salinization severely impairs mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedling uniformity and productivity. In this study, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using a natural population of 374 mungbean accessions and 4,875,143 SNPs. By evaluating the population under two independent environments and applying two statistical models, we identified a significant SNP (Chr01_26769549) associated with relative germination traits under salt stress. Based on this locus, a Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) marker was successfully developed for marker assisted selection. Integrated haplotype and expression analyses confirmed polygalacturonase gene VrPG1 as a key candidate gene regulating salt tolerance during seed germination. Two haplotypes of VrPG1 (Hap1/Hap2) were identified, with a mutation in the Hap1 promoter region enhancing its transcriptional activity. Overexpression of VrPG1 in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly increased germination rates under salt stress by promoting endosperm cell wall softening. Salt-tolerant mungbean varieties exhibit higher polygalacturonase activity and earlier loosening of thin-walled cell walls during the germination period, which promotes seed imbibition and radicle emergence. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that VrPG1 enhances salt tolerance during germination through cell wall remodeling. This study provides novel genetic targets and efficient marker-assisted selection tools for breeding salt-tolerant mungbean. This study provides novel genetic targets and efficient marker-assisted selection tools for breeding salt-tolerant mungbean varieties.

The rapid and accurate identification of functional major blast-resistance genes represents a crucial and essential step in rice blast-resistance breeding. This study focused on five major blast-resistance genes at the Piz/Pi9 locus: Piz, Pi2, Pi9, Pizt, and Pigm. Molecular markers were developed for each gene, and one Pyricularia oryzae differential strain containing only the avirulence gene Avr-Pizt was identified through screening. This screening utilized a set of rice monogenic lines containing 24 major blast-resistance genes and a landrace Gumei 4 containing the major blast-resistance gene Pigm. Analysis of 193 rice varieties from Heilongjiang province using the molecular markers identified 42 varieties containing Pizt and 54 ones containing Piz. Subsequently, using the differential strain of Avr-Pizt, 29 varieties, including Longgeng 31, Longgeng 3013, and Longgeng 1614, were confirmed to contain functional Pizt. This research establishes an approach that combines molecular markers and P. oryzae differential strains for efficient and precise identification of functional major blast-resistance genes in rice.

Low phosphorus (LP) stress induces tissue-specific anthocyanin biosynthesis and sugar accumulation in plants. However, the relationship between sugar levels and phosphate (Pi) availability in regulating anthocyanin remains unclear. This study investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of sugar accumulation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize seedlings, and conducted experiments modifying sugar status to examine the significance of sugar accumulation for LP-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. The results demonstrated that, under LP conditions, anthocyanin biosynthesis and sucrose accumulation were spatially and temporally coupled, with leaf sheaths exhibiting the lowest Pi content and highest sucrose and anthocyanin levels. Artificially increasing endogenous sucrose through cold-girdling promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas reducing sucrose via leaf-shading inhibited it. Analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between sucrose and anthocyanin levels. In vitro incubation of leaves and sheaths with different sugars further confirmed that sucrose accumulation was indispensable for LP-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Therefore, the temporal and spatial patterns of anthocyanin biosynthesis under LP are determined by both tissue Pi levels and sucrose accumulation, and anthocyanin distribution can be modulated by altering Pi and sucrose patterns. Transcriptome analysis of LP-treated leaf sheaths, with or without sucrose accumulation, suggested that PHR1 may mediate the interaction between sugar and LP signaling pathways in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. These insights elucidate the mechanisms governing tissue-specific anthocyanin biosynthesis under LP conditions, while providing potential targets for improving phosphorus use efficiency via anthocyanin regulation.

Cotton leaves are fundamental components for cotton growth and serve vital roles in photosynthesis and transpiration. The completion of point cloud data on cotton leaf morphology is critically important for examining the interaction between morphological parameters and the environment. Previous methods have shown effective performance in capturing objects with regular shapes and continuous surfaces, particularly for industrially produced 3D-modeled objects. However, these techniques demonstrate limitations in processing plants with diverse morphological structures. This study proposes PCompNet (a segmentation and improved completion network) for cotton leaf point cloud completion, reconstructing complete geometries from whole plants with diverse shapes and discontinuous surfaces through morphological part segmentation technique with deep hierarchical point-set feature learning. Additionally, a unified loss function was implemented to effectively penalize the average distance discrepancy between patch centers and their nearest neighbors in PF-Net, preventing the generated missing point clouds of cotton leaves from excessive concentration. The experimental results demonstrated that PCompNet achieved substantial reductions in Chamfer distance (CD) on the Cotton3D dataset compared to PMP-Net, GRNet, SnowfakeNet, FoldingNet, and PF-Net, with reductions of 95.46, 98.45, 97.46, 100.00, and 84.93%, respectively. Moreover, PCompNet accurately completed missing regions at different scales while maintaining the geometry of the input point cloud. Even with 75% of data missing, the CD value remained at 0.115. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of PCompNet in completing point cloud data for cotton leaves, indicating its potential for applications in cotton growth and environmental studies.

Lime application represents an established approach for ameliorating soil acidity, and understanding its effects on the interactions between aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions is essential for promoting sustainable agricultural practices that enhance carbon sequestration. This investigation examined the interactions among Al and Fe oxides and SOC fractions under long-term fertilization and liming. A long-term field experiment was implemented with five treatments: CK (no fertilizer), N (nitrogen fertilizer), NCa (N plus lime), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), and NPKCa (NPK plus lime). Soil samples were obtained from three depths: 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm. The findings revealed that lime application increased SOC by 20.84% under the N treatment but decreased SOC by 9.97% under NPK, compared with CK. At the 0–10 cm depth, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was substantially higher under NCa (410.51 mg kg^-1) and NPKCa (372.83 mg kg^-1) compared with CK. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) demonstrated consistent enhancement under NPK and NPKCa across all soil depths compared with CK. DOC exhibited significant positive correlations with both aluminum (Ald), reactive aluminum (Alo) and aluminum (Alp), indicating a key role of organically bound and reactive Al in carbon dynamics. Compared to the CK treatment, SOC stock increased significantly by 43.49% under NPK and by 36.82% under NPKCa. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that lime application mitigated the negative effects of free Al (Ald) on carbon sequestration, while Fe oxides (Fed) contributed positively to SOC stabilization. DOC showed no significant impact on carbon sequestration rate (CSR), while easily oxidizable carbon (EOC) negatively affected CSR directly. These results highlight the crucial role of lime in improving acidic soil conditions and enhancing the stability and sequestration of soil organic carbon.

Lime application represents an established approach for ameliorating soil acidity, and understanding its effects on the interactions between aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions is essential for promoting sustainable agricultural practices that enhance carbon sequestration. This investigation examined the interactions among Al and Fe oxides and SOC fractions under long-term fertilization and liming. A long-term field experiment was implemented with five treatments: CK (no fertilizer), N (nitrogen fertilizer), NCa (N plus lime), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), and NPKCa (NPK plus lime). Soil samples were obtained from three depths: 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm. The findings revealed that lime application increased SOC by 20.84% under the N treatment but decreased SOC by 9.97% under NPK, compared with CK. At the 0–10 cm depth, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was substantially higher under NCa (410.51 mg kg^-1) and NPKCa (372.83 mg kg^-1) compared with CK. Particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) demonstrated consistent enhancement under NPK and NPKCa across all soil depths compared with CK. DOC exhibited significant positive correlations with both aluminum (Ald), reactive aluminum (Alo) and aluminum (Alp), indicating a key role of organically bound and reactive Al in carbon dynamics. Compared to the CK treatment, SOC stock increased significantly by 43.49% under NPK and by 36.82% under NPKCa. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that lime application mitigated the negative effects of free Al (Ald) on carbon sequestration, while Fe oxides (Fed) contributed positively to SOC stabilization. DOC showed no significant impact on carbon sequestration rate (CSR), while easily oxidizable carbon (EOC) negatively affected CSR directly. These results highlight the crucial role of lime in improving acidic soil conditions and enhancing the stability and sequestration of soil organic carbon.

Soybeans, a crucial grain and oil crop, are valued for their high protein and oil content.  Soil salinization presents a significant abiotic stress that negatively impacts soybean growth and development, leading to reduced yield and quality.  The germination period represents a critical phase in soybean development.  This study evaluated salt tolerance in 165 soybean mutant lines during germination, resulting in the identification of five elite salt-tolerant germplasm resources.  Multi-environment Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified 11 significantly associated and 44 suggestive SNPs, alongside five novel QTLs linked to salt tolerance.  Analysis of candidate regions qtl5-1 and qtl5-2 identified Glyma.05G097200 and Glyma.05G240200 as promising candidate genes, exhibiting distinct expression patterns between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive genotypes. Functional characterization in Arabidopsis demonstrated that overexpression of the soybean gene GmMACPF1 induced salt sensitivity, while the macpf1 mutant of Arabidopsis displayed enhanced salt tolerance.  Additionally, GmMACPF1 underwent selection during soybean domestication, with haplotypes Hap1 and Hap3 conferring improved salt tolerance.  These results indicate that GmMACPF1 functions as a negative regulator of salt tolerance during germination, offering novel insights into the molecular mechanisms governing soybean response to salt stress during this crucial developmental stage.

Microbial necromass carbon (MNC) serves a crucial function in the formation and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Although biochar amendment is recognized as a promising approach for enhancing SOC sequestration, its impact on MNC accumulation across the paddy soil profile remains uncertain. Through a 4-year field experiment, this study examined the effect of biochar amendment on MNC accumulation across three soil layers (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm) in a paddy soil profile by combining vertical soil profiling, microbial community dynamics, and biomarker analysis. The results showed that biochar amendment reduced MNC by 10.5% (0–15 cm), 7.5% (15–30 cm), and 9.6% (30–45 cm), respectively, compared to the unamended control. In the topsoil (0–15 cm), the reduction in MNC under biochar amendment was attributed to decreases in both fungal and bacterial necromass carbon (C), whereas in the subsoil (15–45 cm), it primarily resulted from the decrease in bacterial necromass C. Biochar amendment reduced MNC content by decreasing microbial biomass and increasing nitrogen (N) acquisition enzyme activities, mainly due to a shift in the microbial community toward K-strategists and intensified microbial N limitation. This study provides novel insights into the microbially-mediated SOC dynamics in response to biochar amendment.

Nitrogen limitation has been well documented in grasslands on the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau (QTP), significantly affecting predictions of plant growth and carbon sequestration potential here under future climate change scenario. Beside atmospheric deposition, asymbiotic biological nitrogen fixation (ANF) may be crucial for nitrogen input in QTP grasslands, due to the lack of artificial fertilization and legume plants. However, little is known about the ANF’s contribution to nitrogen input on the QTP. To fill this knowledge gap, we studied the composition, diversity and activity of ANF diazotrophs across the QTP grasslands by using multiple methods of transect sampling, ¹⁵N-labeling and DNA stable isotope probing (SIP), amplicon sequencing, Random Forest algorithm modelling and digital mapping. We found that Skermanella and Mesorhizobium were the most abundant diazotrophic genera. Soil pH and total phosphorus concentration were the dominant driving factors for their composition and diversity. DNA stable isotope probing with ¹⁵N₂ revealed that Mesorhizobium were the most active nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. The potential N-fixation rates of these diazotrophs ranged from 0 to 18.1 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1, resulting in an estimated annual input of approximately 0.50 Tg N across the entire QTP’s alpine grasslands (i.e. ~25% of annual nitrogen input). The most important factor affecting the ANF rate was soil micronutrient molybdenum, a cofactor in the nitrogen-fixing nitrogenase, accounting for 24.64% of the variance. These findings suggested that ANF diazotrophs play important roles in maintaining nitrogen balance in the QTP grasslands and expand our understanding of Mesorhizobium’s ecological roles beyond traditional symbiotic interactions.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics significantly influence ecosystem carbon source-sink balance, particularly in agroecosystems. However, uncertainty remains regarding optimal land use types for maximizing farmland carbon storage across different soil types, and identifying effective land management practices for enhanced carbon accumulation is essential for reducing agricultural emissions and strengthening carbon sinks. This study examined SOC variations in eastern Yunnan's subtropical highlands (2,132 sites), analyzing topsoil (0-20 cm) across five land uses (dryland, irrigated land, forestland, grassland, plantation) of five soil types (red, yellow, yellow-brown, brown, purple). The investigation explored relationships between SOC and edaphic factors (26 elements) to determine SOC influencing factors. The study area demonstrated a mean SOC content of 27.78 g kg^-1, with distinct spatial heterogeneity characterized by lower values in the southwestern sector and higher concentrations in the northeastern region. Brown soils displayed the highest SOC content (P<0.05), followed by yellow-brown then red, yellow, and purple soils. Irrigation significantly enhanced SOC storage, particularly in brown soils where irrigated land contained 2.2-, 2.4-, and 1.6-times higher SOC than forestland, grassland, and dryland, respectively. Similar irrigation benefits occurred in purple, yellow, and yellow-brown soils, indicating moisture limitation as the primary SOC constraint. Notably, SOC exhibited strong positive correlations with nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se). Nitrogen fertilization demonstrated dual benefits: enhancing SOC sequestration and promoting Se enrichment in crops, potentially supporting specialty agriculture. Although land use impacts on SOC varied across soil types (P>0.05), irrigation consistently emerged as the optimal management for carbon sink enhancement. These findings suggest that targeted water management could effectively reduce farmland carbon emissions in moisture-limited subtropical highlands. Strategic nitrogen application offers co-benefits for soil fertility and selenium biofortification, providing practical pathways for climate-smart agriculture in similar ecoregions.

Following the implementation of China's "Zero-Growth Action Plan on Fertilizers" in 2015, research has predominantly focused on replacing synthetic fertilizers with organic amendments to address over-fertilization concerns. However, insufficient attention has been given to the sustainable supply capacity of soil residual nutrients accumulated from previous over-fertilization. To investigate the transformation dynamics and supply capacity of residual nutrients during crop production, a 6-year field experiment was conducted in the dryland wheat growing region of China's Loess Plateau. Five treatments were established: farmer's fertilization (FF), regulated fertilization (RF), regulated fertilization without N (RF-N), regulated fertilization without P (RF-P), and regulated fertilization without K (RF-K). The study examined wheat yield formation, variations and stability of soil N, P, and K fractions, and their correlations with yield. Results indicated that wheat yield sensitivity to nutrient deficiency followed the sequence N>P>K. During the six-year period, the average yield under RF-N decreased by 22.0% compared to RF, showing statistical significance (P<0.05). Mineral N, light fraction organic N (LFON), and heavy fraction organic N (HFON) in RF-N showed progressive decline relative to RF and initial 2018 levels. Dissolved organic N (DON) and easily oxidizable organic N (EON) in RF-N initially decreased but subsequently increased due to N fraction transformations. Under RF-P, H₂O-P, NaHCO₃-P, and NaOH-P levels decreased by 40.0, 51.5, and 10.3% respectively (P<0.05) compared to the RF treatment, while HCl-P, residual P, and total P (TP) remained stable. The absence of K application (RF-K) reduced water-soluble K (WSK) by 10.9% (P<0.05), whereas exchangeable K (EK), non-exchangeable K (NEK), mineral K (MK), and total K (TK) showed no significant changes compared to the RF treatment. These findings demonstrated that the soil nitrogen pool exhibits lower stability compared to phosphorus and potassium pools during continuous residual nutrient supply. Notably, NO₃-N and LFON significantly influenced spike number and kernels per spike, driving yield formation. This research advances our understanding of sustained residual nutrient supply capacity in soil and provides theoretical foundations for optimizing fertilization strategies in dryland agroecosystems.

The timely and accurate assessment of soil nutrient information is essential for ensuring global food security and sustainable agricultural development. This study evaluated the individual and fusion performance of mid-infrared (MIR) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectroscopy for predicting selected soil properties. Four sensor fusion strategies were implemented: direct concatenation (DC), feature-level fusion using stability competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (sCARS) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithms (sCARS-C and LASSO-C), multi-block fusion via sequential orthogonal partial least squares (SO-PLS), and Granger-Ramanathan model averaging (GRA) method to enhance prediction accuracy for 13 soil properties. The findings revealed that single sensor models using either MIR or pXRF provided accurate estimations for soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and pH, but showed limitations for total potassium (TK), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), available potassium (AK), and total phosphorus (TP). The DC model significantly improved predictions for Mg (Rp²=0.76, RMSEp=358.76 mg kg^-1, RPDp=2.03) and TK (Rp²=0.75, RMSEp=775.96 mg kg^-1, RPDp=2.00). The LASSO-C model demonstrated superior prediction accuracy compared to the DC model for AP, AK, TP, Zn, Mn, and Cu, achieving optimal results for AP (Rp²=0.89, RMSEp=21.37 mg kg^-1, RPDp=3.01) and Zn (Rp²=0.80, RMSEp=9.88 mg kg^-1, RPDp=2.32). This enhancement is attributed to LASSO's effective selection of feature information from the complete MIR and pXRF spectra. The GRA models achieved the highest prediction accuracy for TP, pH, AK, and Cu, with Rp² values of 0.80, 0.82, 0.82, and 0.65, RMSEp values of 129.21 mg kg^-1, 0.13, 48.38 mg kg^-1, and 3.87 mg kg^-1, and RPDp values of 2.23, 2.34, 2.37, and 1.67, respectively. For single-sensor applications, MIR spectra are recommended for predicting SOM, TN, and Ca (Rp²≥0.88, RPDp≥2.87), while pXRF is more cost-effective for measuring Ca, Fe, and Mn (Rp²≥0.80, RPDp≥2.22). This research demonstrates the effectiveness of MIR and pXRF sensor fusion in enhancing soil nutrient assessment accuracy, particularly for available nutrients and micronutrients.

Brassica napus represents a major oilseed crop essential for global vegetable oil production.  Stem lodging, which constitutes the primary form of lodging, significantly reduces yield and seed quality.  Nevertheless, the agronomic characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying stem lodging remain inadequately understood.  Through a two-year field assessment of 158 B. napus accessions, this study identified stem-breaking strength as the trait most highly correlated with stem-lodging angle, establishing it as the principal predictor of stem lodging in this species.  Comparative analysis between accessions with contrasting stem-breaking strength (‘Sy28’ high, ‘Gl210’ low) demonstrated that enhanced stem-breaking strength correlates with increased xylem and interfascicular fiber areas, along with higher concentrations of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in stems.  Transcriptome analysis of these accessions revealed stem-breaking strength associated genes involved in cambium activity; lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose biosynthesis; and transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall formation.  This research identified the BnaC04.NST1–BnaA10.COMT pathway as a fundamental regulator of stem-breaking strength, controlling xylem and interfascicular fiber development and lignin accumulation.  These insights advance understanding of stem-breaking strength's role in lodging resistance and establish a molecular pathway for its enhancement in B. napus.

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is an enteric coronavirus that poses a significant threat to the swine industry. However, the ecology, evolutionary history, and transmission dynamics of TGEV remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed 67 complete TGEV genomes collected globally between 1952 and 2023, employing comparative genomics to uncover the evolutionary dynamics and spatial dissemination of TGEV. Our findings reveal that TGEV can be classified into three major genotypes: the admixed GIa lineage with intercontinental distribution, the Europe-specific GIb lineage, and the U.S.-restricted GII lineage. Recombination events were identified in the ORF1a and S gene regions of GIa strains, suggesting that these genetic changes may have contributed to the evolutionary diversification of TGEV. Notably, the S gene is under strong positive selection, with five key codons under selection pressure, suggesting that the potential host–virus evolutionary arms race accelerates TGEV adaptation and diversification. Haplotype network analysis revealed that U.S. strains exhibit the highest genetic diversity, while Chinese strains are characterized by two dominant haplotypes surrounded by multiple closely related minor haplotypes. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis further confirmed that China has played an important role in the global dissemination of TGEV and clarified its transmission routes to regions such as the United States and Vietnam. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the evolution and spread of TGEV, and may contribute to the development of more effective strategies for its prevention and control.

N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) fundamentally regulate plant growth and development through protein N-terminal acetylation (NTA), a crucial post-translational modification.  Although their functional importance is recognized, systematic characterization of NATs remains unexplored in Oryza sativa.  This study identified 14 OsNAA genes distributed non-uniformly across 12 chromosomes in japonica rice.  Phylogenetic analysis combined with conserved domain studies revealed distinct evolutionary clades of OsNAT catalytic subunits with preserved structural architectures.  Analysis of promoter regions identified a prevalence of stress-responsive and growth-related cis-elements, corresponding to developmental stage-specific expression patterns throughout vegetative and reproductive phases.  Several OsNAA genes exhibited substantial transcriptional responses to cold, drought, NaCl, and heat stresses.  Furthermore, gibberellin (GA) promotes the upregulation of specific OsNAA genes during seedling development.  Collinear analysis demonstrated that segmental and singleton duplication events drive the expansion of the OsNAT family.  Functional characterization revealed that OsNAA30 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm, displaying canonical NatC activity in vitro.  Deletion of OsNAA30 led to reduced plant height and fewer tillers, accompanied by decreased cell elongation in the stem internodes.  OsNAA30 appears to regulate rice growth by suppressing the expression of GA catabolism genes and cell cycle regulators of plant height and tillering.  Additionally, analysis of the OsNAA30 haplotype links this gene to variations in plant height, culm length, and tiller number, indicating that the OsNAA30 locus may have influenced the local adaptation of plant architecture.  This research provides essential insights into the OsNAT gene family and establishes OsNAA30 as a valuable genetic target for molecular breeding in rice.

Drought priming enhances plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses, including low temperature; however, its multigenerational effects in wheat remain incompletely characterized.  To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive multi-omics investigation combining transcriptomic profiling and hormone analysis to examine how drought priming across six consecutive generations influences offspring responses.  Wheat plants primed during grain-filling produced offspring with substantial alterations in gene expression and metabolism when exposed to low-temperature stress.  Analysis identified 424 and 1,679 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between primed and non-primed offspring under normal and low-temperature conditions, respectively.  Under low-temperature stress, primed progeny exhibited a significant reduction in N-(3-Indolylacetyl)-L-valine and marked increases in tryptamine, dihydrozeatin, and gibberellin A20 levels.  Pathway enrichment analysis revealed predominant effects on plant hormone signal transduction, brassinosteroid biosynthesis, and zeatin biosynthesis pathways, highlighting the central role of hormonal regulation in enhancing stress tolerance.  Analysis of carbohydrate metabolism revealed distinct generational patterns: grandparental drought priming primarily enhanced glucose-related enzyme activities, suggesting a sustained impact on glucose metabolism, while parental drought priming influenced sucrose metabolism more directly, indicating stage-specific regulatory roles.  These metabolic alterations corresponded with improved physiological performance under low-temperature stress, evidenced by higher chlorophyll fluorescence and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in primed offspring.  These findings demonstrate that ancestral drought priming induces heritable molecular and metabolic modifications that enhance low-temperature tolerance in wheat offspring.  This transgenerational stress memory presents a promising approach for breeding wheat varieties with improved resilience to cold stress and variable climates. Integration of both parental and grandparental environmental histories into breeding programs may optimize crop stability under abiotic stress.

目的：流行性出血病（Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease, EHD）是一种由流行性出血病病毒（EHDV）引起、经库蠓传播的虫媒传染病，感染野生及家养反刍动物，被世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）列为须通报动物疫病。近年来我国监测显示多个EHDV血清型在南方省份流行，且血清学阳性率极高，暴发风险严峻。然而，目前缺乏适用于现场、无需复杂仪器的快速检测技术。本研究旨在开发一种基于RT-ERA和CRISPR-Cas12a技术的EHDV核酸检测新方法，以实现对EHDV的高灵敏、高特异、快速且可视化的现场检测。

方法：本研究首先通过对EHDV不同血清型基因组序列进行比对分析，选定高度保守的S1基因片段作为检测靶标，并设计特异性crRNA。通过荧光检测法筛选并优化了CRISPR-Cas12a系统中的crRNA及Cas12a蛋白的最佳工作浓度。随后，针对该靶标设计了多对RT-ERA引物，通过筛选获得了最优扩增引物对（F6/R3）。将优化的RT-ERA扩增体系与CRISPR-Cas12a检测系统联用，构建了RT-ERA/CRISPR-Cas12a检测平台。通过使用梯度稀释的病毒RNA评估了该系统的检测灵敏度；通过检测蓝舌病病毒（BTV）、中山病毒（CHUV）等其他常见反刍动物病原体评估其特异性。最后，使用54份临床样本，分别经传统TRIzol提取法和HUDSON快速处理法处理样本后，将该检测系统与已建立的实时荧光RT-PCR方法进行比较，以评估其临床应用的灵敏度和特异性。

结果：本研究成功建立了EHDV的RT-ERA/CRISPR-Cas12a检测方法。优化的CRISPR-Cas12a系统在75 ng Cas12a蛋白和400 nM crRNA1条件下效果最佳。此外，最优RT-ERA引物对为F6/R3。该联用检测系统的灵敏度极高，荧光读值法和横向流动试纸条法的检测下限分别可达1.7 × 10¹拷贝/反应和1.7 × 10²拷贝/反应。特异性试验表明，该系统能有效检测EHDV-1, 2, 4-8, 10共8种血清型，而对BTV等其他病原体无一交叉反应。在54份临床样本检测中，基于TRIzol提取RNA的方法与实时荧光RT-PCR结果完全一致（灵敏度与特异性均为100%）；基于HUDSON快速处理的样本，其检测灵敏度为96%，特异性仍保持100%，可在无需核酸纯化的条件下实现快速检测。

Global climate change has intensified drought stress, presenting a significant challenge to agricultural production and breeding. The root system, as the primary organ sensing stress signals, plays a crucial role in determining plants' drought adaptability in soil conditions. Consequently, identifying optimal root architecture under drought conditions has become essential in crop breeding. This study employed a HT-ARPP to systematically analyze a natural population of 228 representative upland cotton accessions in specialized root boxes during seedling-stage drought stress. Root phenotypes were monitored 11 times across 20 days, generating over 20,000 images through an automatic root phenotypic robot, which yielded 27 image-based digital underground root traits (i-R_traits). The drought-resistant coefficient (DRC, ratio between drought and control of i-R_traits) was utilized to evaluate phenotypic responses. A comprehensive index of drought adaptability (CIDA) was developed through root traits analysis, and stepwise regression analysis established a model of key i-R_traits, enabling classification of accessions into 5 groups based on root adaptability to water deficiency. An ideal drought-adaptability root architecture was proposed through combined analysis of aboveground and underground phenotypes. The findings indicate that medium and intermediate drought resistant cotton accessions represent optimal breeding materials for maintaining stable growth under variable conditions, offering a novel strategy for future breeding programs focused on optimized root architecture.

The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical parameter in SOC response models concerning climate warming, which governs both the direction and magnitude of soil carbon-climate feedback. However, the relative importance of soil organic compounds in the regulation of the Q₁₀ remains unclear, partly due to the relative stability of SOC compounds. Long-term different fertilization could change the quantity and quality of soil organic compounds. Here, a 38-year fertilization experiment combined with pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was used to identify the effect of key soil organic compounds on the Q₁₀. Five treatments were chosen: no fertilization (CK), nitrogen fertilization (N), N combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilization (NPK), manure (M), and NPK combined with manure (NPKM). The results revealed that the Q₁₀ under M and NPKM were 1.59 and 1.66, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under CK (1.35), N (1.29), and NPK (1.36). There was a positive linear relationship between the Q₁₀ and SOC (R⊃2;=0.76, P<0.01), whereby manure-enriched SOC is more vulnerable to decomposition under future warming. Among the soil organic compounds, esters and phenols predominated, representing 30.30% and 18.83% of the composition, respectively. Manure increased soil stable organic compounds relative to CK and chemical fertilizer. The increased stable organic compounds under manure led to a high Q₁₀. In addition to the positive effect of soil alphaproteobacteria and pH on the Q₁₀, manure increased the Q₁₀ by increasing phenols and decreasing esters, whereas chemical fertilization did the opposite. These findings first provide substantial evidence that soil organic compounds play an important role in the magnitude and mechanism of SOC response to climate change. Manure-induced SOC, when compared to chemical fertilizers, conferred a heightened sensitivity to climate warming within agroecosystems.

Soil organic carbon (SOC), representing the largest terrestrial organic carbon pool, significantly influences soil quality. The incorporation of residues is widely recognized as a method to regulate SOC sequestration. A 365-day incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the contribution of straw-derived carbon (SDC) of varying quality to SOC fractions (free particulate OC (fPOC), occluded POC and mineral-associated OC (MAOC)), and examine the relationships between microorganisms and SOC fractions by incorporating ¹³C-labelled maize stems (ST), leaves (LE), sheaths (SH) residues (1%) in Chinese Mollisol. Results indicated that compared to control (CK), ST, LE and SH treatments enhanced SOC, fPOC and MAOC by 4.8-19.5, 35.7-49.5 and 1.6-3.9%, respectively. The SDC-SOC and MAOC content of LE were 29.1-38.1% and 17.5-44.5% higher than ST and SH, respectively. The SDC-oPOC content of SH was 3.1% higher than LE. The PLFA concentration decreased steadily throughout the incubation period, while necromass remained in-fluctuating until an obvious increasing trend observed at later stage. Furthermore, structural equation model (SEM) revealed that lignin to nitrogen ratio (LigN) of ST exhibited negative association with SDC-fPOC, and bacterial diversity in SH showed negative correlation with LigN and positive correlation with SDC-oPOC, while demonstrating positive correlation between microbial necromass and SDC-MAOC in LE. These findings indicated that POC dynamics correlated with straw chemical traits, while MAOC showed links to both microbial necromass traits and straw chemical characteristics. These findings advance our understanding of how straw residue quality influences SOC turnover and stabilization through microbial community interactions, contributing to the development of policies to improve soil fertility, and promote the rational and efficient utilization of straw.

Xyloglucan is the main component of hemicellulose in the cell walls of higher plants, which provides mechanical support. The XTH gene family encodes xyloglucan endotransferase/hydrolase, which is a key enzyme in cell wall remodeling. However, studies on XTH family-related genes in apples are rare. In this study, the MdXTH30 gene, isolated from apple (Malus×domestica), was responsive to abscisic acid, NaCl, and PEG 6000, and was localized to the cytoplasm according to a subcellular mapping technique. To further investigate the role of MdXTH30 in the stress response, we generated transgenic MdXTH30 apple calli and heterologously expressed this gene in Arabidopsis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The results demonstrated that MdXTH30 enhanced resistance to drought, salt stress, and pathogens by regulating the expression of relevant genes in apple calli and Arabidopsis. These findings provide valuable insight into potentially important candidate genes for improving biotic and abiotic stress resistance at the cell wall level.

Cold stress represents a critical constraint on crop productivity, particularly in temperate climates. Despite the established role of abscisic acid (ABA) in cold stress responses, the precise mechanisms through which transcription factors mediate ABA-dependent cold tolerance remain elusive. Here, we identify VaMYB4a, a MYB transcription factor from Vitis amurensis Rupr. (Amur grape), as a key regulator of cold tolerance. It integrates ABA signaling with the CBF (C-repeat binding factors)-COR (cold-regulated) pathway to orchestrate cold stress adaptation. Through a combination of overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout lines in Arabidopsis thaliana, grape callus, and Vitis vinifera.L seedlings, we demonstrate that VaMYB4a enhances freezing tolerance by promoting osmotic regulation, ROS (Reactive oxygen species) scavenging, and stomatal closure. VaMYB4a functions as a homo-dimer, with its C-terminal domain being essential for transcriptional activation. Mechanistically, VaMYB4a directly upregulates CBF and COR genes while fine-tuning ABA signaling components such as ABI1 and ABF4. Notably, ABA exhibits a dual role: enhancing VaMYB4a-mediated freezing tolerance under short-term stress but attenuating its effects during prolonged cold exposure, revealing an intricate regulatory crosstalk between cold and hormonal pathways. Our work not only advances the molecular understanding of cold adaptation but also provides a promising genetic target for developing stress-resilient grape varieties to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Poa crymophila, a perennial Poaceae species native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, exhibits remarkable adaptability to cold and drought. As a pioneer species for ecological restoration and a high-quality forage grass, it holds significant ecological and economic value. However, the lack of a clear genetic background has hindered in-depth investigation of its adaptative mechanisms. Here, Oligo-FISH analysis revealed that Poa crymophila possesses 28 chromosomes in its somatic cells (2n=28). De-novo genome assembly yielded a 3.71 Gb autotetraploid genome (2n=4x=28, monoploid size ≈0.93 Gb) with 143,547 annotated protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that P. crymophila diverged from Poa infirma and Poa supina 6.19–20.09 million years ago, coinciding with the rapid uplift event of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, after which a whole-genome duplication drove its autotetraploidy. Comparative genomics revealed expansions in stress-tolerance gene families (e.g., cytochrome P450s, laccase LACs, Cold-Regulated CORs, etc.), and contractions in photosynthesis-related gene families. Additionally, 622 positively selected genes involved in metabolism, stress response and signaling were detected, including KMS1, which is shared with Tibetan Barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) and Tibetan semi-wild wheat (Triticum aestivum subsp. tibeticum). Notably, P. crymophila could synthesize abundant schisandrin A under stress, a hepatoprotective secondary metabolite, further enhancing its value as a forage resource. These findings provide valuable genomic resources for breeding stress-tolerant forage crops and supporting ecological restoration in high-altitude regions.

The long-term overuse of insecticides has accelerated the evolutionary development of insect resistance. In this process, carboxylesterases as pivotal enzymes in detoxification metabolism, play a critical role in the formation of pest resistance, with their enhanced activity and altered expression levels being closely associated with the development of resistance mechanisms. In this study, the VmCarEs-6 gene was screened and cloned based on the transcriptomic data of Therioaphis trifolii under reverse stress conditions. The aim was to investigate the role of this gene in the sensitivity of T. trifolii to chemical pesticides through RNA interference and inhibitor treatments. Indoor bioassay results demonstrated that exposure to LC₅₀ concentrations of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT), isoprocarb (IPC), phoxim (PHX), and imidacloprid (IMI) significantly upregulated the expression of the VmCarEs-6 gene in T. trifolii. Following RNAi-mediated silencing of VmCarEs-6 using star polycation (SPc)-encapsulated double-stranded RNA, the mortality rates of aphids treated with the four insecticides increased by 35.6, 23.4, 31.1, and 23.3%, respectively, compared tothe control group. Additionally, the carboxylesterase inhibitor TPP exhibited a synergistic effect when combined with the aforementioned insecticides, with synergistic ratios increasing by 1.54, 1.28, 1.24, and 1.17, respectively, consistent with the RNAi results. Field trials further validated the indoor findings, showing that on the 5^th day after application, the control efficacy of LCT+TPP, IPC+TPP, PHX+TPP, and IMI+TPP combinations improved by 35.6, 21.5, 46.0, and 70.1%, respectively, compared to the use of chemical pesticides alone.The functional inhibition of the VmCarEs-6 gene in T. trifolii through RNAi and TPP treatment significantly impaired the pest's detoxification metabolism, thereby enhancing its sensitivity to chemical pesticides. This study provides a critical theoretical foundation for elucidating the mechanisms of resistance in piercing-sucking pests and developing targeted pest control products.