Cerasus humilis is a woody shrub with increasing economic importance. Due to its high oil content in seed with desired fatty acid(FA) composition, C. humilis has been considered as a potential woody oilseed crop in China. However, FAs accumulation and related molecular mechanisms of FA biosynthesis in C. humilis seed have not been elucidated well. In this study, oil contents and FA compositions of developing C. humilis seed were analyzed. The total oil content in mature seed reached 48.7% while unsaturated FA concentration reached a high level of 96.2%. Three c DNA libraries of C. humilis developing seed were constructed at the beginning and 2 fast oil-accumulation stages, followed by Illumina sequencing with the platform of HiSeq~TM 2000. Differentially expressed unigenes(DEGs) were identified during the respective seed development stages to investigate transcription dynamics. Among DEGs, 82 unigenes were identified as being closely involved in de novo FA and triacylglycerol(TAG) biosynthesis. Surprisingly, among DEGs involved in TAG biosynthesis, expression of unigenes encoding GPATs(glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) were relatively low and unigenes encoding LPAATs(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase) were highly expressed, suggesting that LPAAT contributed more in storage lipids metabolism in C. humilis seed. Genes encoding DGAT2(diacylgycerol acyltransferase2) were the most highly expressed while expression of DGAT1 was very low, suggesting DGAT2 was the dominant DGAT which catalyzed TAG biosynthesis. To verify these results,10 unigenes were selected and their expression patterns were analyzed by quantitative RTPCR. These data provided comprehensive information for understanding the molecular mechanism of FA and TAG biosynthesis in C. humilis seed.

Trehalose and its precursor, trehalose-6-phosphate, play critical roles in plant metabolism and response to abiotic stresses. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS) is a key enzyme in the trehalose synthesis pathway. Hence this study identified TPS genes in sesame(Si TPSs) and examined their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses. Totally, ten Si TPSs were identified and comprehensively characterized. Si TPSs were found to be unevenly distributed on five out of 13 sesame chromosomes and were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts and vacuoles of cells. Phylogenetic analysis classified Si TPS proteins into two groups(I and II), which was supported by gene structure and conserved motif analyses. Analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter regions of Si TPSs revealed that they might primarily involve developmental and environmental responses. Si TPSs exhibited different expression patterns in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses. Most group II Si TPS genes(Si TPS4-Si TPS10) were strongly induced by drought, salt, waterlogging, and osmotic stress. Particularly, Si TPS10 was the most significantly up-regulated under various abiotic stresses, indicating it is a candidate gene for improving sesame tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Our results provide insight into the TPS gene family in sesame and fundamental resources for genomics studies towards dissecting Si TPS genes' functions.

Sesame and groundnut crops are the major oilseed crops produced for exports and local consumptions in Ethiopia.This study attempted to evaluate land suitability for oilseeds crops using Geographic Information Systems(GIS)and multi-criteria evaluation in Diga district of East Wollega zone, western Ethiopia. To support the growing population, sesame and groundnut land suitability evaluations were carried out to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production. Different data inputs were used, including mainly climate data(temperature and rainfall), topography data(slope), soil data(soil texture, soil depth and soil drainage), and infrastructure data(road and market). In this study, sesame and groundnut land suitability areas were categorized into 4 classes: highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and not suitable. The result revealed that, about 252.1 ha(0.4%) and 113.1 ha(0.2%) were highly suitable for sesame and groundnut respectively. Result showed that most parts of the study area were moderately suitable for sesame and groundnut productions. Specially, the central and western parts of the study area were highly suitable and moderately suitable for sesame production. The study recommended the local communities to utilize the existing potential of the study area for sesame and groundnut productions. Moreover, decision makers should promote the suitability of the area for both small-and large-scale investment on sesame and groundnut production.

As a current analytical instrument for lipidomics profiling with high sensitivity, selectivity, and throughput, mass spectrometry(MS) has been widely used in the field of clinical medicine, nutrition, bromatology, botany and etc. During the routine use of shotgun-MS and high performance liquid chromatography-MS(HPLC-MS) in lipid analysis, an important problem to be solved is the defective repeatability and stability resulting from signal attenuation or drifts in LC-peak shape and retention time of MS platform. To remove or minimize the influence, extensively accepted and applied QC(quality control) samples must be performed. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the application of QC samples, which could 1) provide the ability to equilibrate the analytical platform at the beginning; 2) act as a quality assurance(QA) procedure during the analytical process; 3) perform signal correction in the data handling with the purpose of reducing analytical variation and improving the precision of quantitative analysis; 4) the data between different laboratories can be compared through the incorporation of particular QC samples-Standard Reference Material(SRM) 1950. In addition, we display 4 types and requirements of QC samples during quality control in lipidomics profiling. Lipidomics profiling based on MS strongly requires commonly accepted guidelines for quality control to perform routine, large-scale researches, so as to integrate data from different scientists for more information.

Recent studies have shown that the highly susceptibility to oxidation ofα-linolenic acid (ALA) enriched emulsion delivery system was harmful for human health which limited their incorporation into functional food. Impacts of natural sesamol (SOH) and sesamin (SES)on stability of flaxseed oil-in-water emulsion were investigated. Results showed that SOH indicated higher antioxidant activity and significantly prolonged the time of emulsion oil-off by retarding oil droplet aggregation in a dose dependent manner throughout storage. Moreover,SOH showed substantial extended lag phase of lipid oxidation products, especially for secondary oxidation products (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS), with a maximum reduction of 70%with 800μM dosage. The antioxidative efficiency of SOH might relate to its strong ability of scavenging free radical and chelate transition metal. Furthermore,SOH significantly enhanced interfacial barrier property and reduced permeation rate of peroxyl radical across emulsion interface by hydrogen bonds between sugar groups of saponin molecules and SOH. However, no obvious change in barrier property of emulsion was observed in SES. SOH improved physicochemical property of flaxseed oil-in-water emulsion with higher antioxidant activity and stronger interfacial barrier property, so that it could be serve as plant-based antioxidant in oil-in-water emulsion delivery system.

To develop a simple and fast method for screening genetically modified ingredients from processing by-product and waste, direct quantitative PCR(q PCR) kit-Taqman which omitting multi genomic DNA preparing steps was developed in this study. A total of 18 oil crop processing by-products and wastes including 10 soybean and 8 cotton materials were collected from food processing factories. Compared with 2 commercial direct q PCR kits,conditions of DNA releasing procedure and PCR amplification were optimized. Element screening was performed at the initial step of genetically modified(GM) ingredient testing procedure via direct q PCR. GM event identification was carried out in positive samples by initial screening. Totally 5 screening elements(P–35 S, T-NOS, Cp4-epsps, bar and pat) for soybean materials and 6 screening elements(P–35 S, T-NOS, NPTII, Cry1 Ac, bar and pat) for cotton samples were detected. In GM event identification, MON531 and MON1445 were found in cotton materials. Results were further confirmed by real-time PCR with DNA extraction and purification. The direct q PCR system proposed by this research was convenient for rapid screening and identification of GM ingredients in oil crop primary by-product and waste.

Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in China and is grown in rotation with potato in the northern parts of China, including Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. In 2014, diseased samples of sunflower(variety 3638 C) with black sunken lesions on bracts and stems of sunflower were collected in Wuchuan, Hohhot(41050 N, 111270 E) and Chahaeryouyihouqi,Wulanchabu(41520 N, 11300 E), Inner Mongolia, China. We used morphological and molecular techniques to identify the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined phylogenetic dataset using the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(gpd) and Alternaria major allergen gene(Alt a1) was done to support the morphological identification. In addition, PCR was performed with specific primers targeted on Alt a1 and calmodulin genes of A. solani and A. tomatophila. The results showed that HaAs7 gave an amplicon of the expected size(164 bp) with A. solani-specific primers, however, no band was observed with the A. tomatophilaspecific primers. The opposite pattern of PCR result(483 bp) was obtained with DNA of HaAt4 as template,indicating that HaAs7 is A. solani and HaAt4 is A. tomatophila. Furthermore, evaluation the pathogenicity of the recovered Alternaria isolates and their potential as causal agents of Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower was done.Pathogenicity tests showed that A. solani and A. tomatophila tested could be capable of causing Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower. Till now, nine species of Alternaria have been reported causing Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower, this is the first report that A. solani and A. tomatophila as causal pathogens for Alternaria leaf blight on sunflower.

A field study was set up to compare dry matter accumulation and grain yield of 3 different types of film mulching, namely FFC(full film muched on tiny ridges covered with soil), PFC(full film muched covered with soil), and PF(full film muched with no cover). The experiment was laid out in a complete random design with 3 replications at northwest(34°40′N, 105°06′E) of China. This study determined that(1) film mulching treatment increased leaf area and dry matter accumulation of oil flax in semi-arid areas;(2) accumulation of dry matter under PFC treatment was markedly higher than other treatments except anthesis stage;(3) average grain yield of oil flax under film mulching treatment was 52.67%-60.33% higher than flat plot without mulched or ridge(CK) treatment;(4) grain yield of oil flax was substantially correlated with plant height, grain number and 1,000 kernels weight. This study demonstrated that film mulching has significant effects on crop grain yield improvement in the northwest of China.

Melanin involves in various biological functions, widely used in cosmetic, pharmacology medicine and other fields. However, melanin application is limited due to low productivity and high cost. In this work, melanin extraction method from rapeseed meal(RSM) was explored. Effects of hydrochloric acid(HCl) concentration, ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and time, and solid-liquid ratio were evaluated systematically. According to results of single factor experiment and Box-Behnken experiment, the optimum extraction conditions of melanin from RSM were as follows: HCl concentration, 0.5 mol/L; ethanol concentration, 70%; extraction temperature, 40 o C; extraction time, 1 h; solid liquid ratio, 1/4 g/mL. Under these conditions, extraction yields of crude melanin(CM) and purified melanin(PM) were 9.00% and 1.44%, respectively. Compared with synthetic melanin(SM) from Sigma, the relative purities of CM and PM were 7.82% and 29.57%, respectively. Moreover, feedstuff value of RSM residue was also improved after melanin isolation by significantly reducing glucosinolate content.

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L~(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

Payenapara lleloneura Kurz.(Kan-zaw), an endemic medicinal plant only found in Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar,is widely used in the treatment of various cancer and different ailments. In the present research, the seeds were phytochemical investigated for their nutritional potential for their use as functional foods or novel diet oil resources. Nutritional evaluation showed that the seeds are rich in fats and carbohydrates(soluble sugars and starch). Fatty acid analyses showed that the seeds accumulate very rich α-eleostearic acid(α-ESA, 18:3Δ9 cis,11-trans,13 trans), an important conjugated fatty acid, up to more than 70 % of total fatty acids. The seed oil derived from the Kan-zaw tree contains approximately 3.25 % β-eleostearic acid(18:3Δ9 trans,11 trans,13 trans), an unusual conjugated fatty acid that imparts a potent anticancer application and industrially important drying qualities to Kan-zaw oil. Physicochemical properties of the Kan-zaw seeds were examined; petroleum ether(60–90C) extract of seed oils were also investigated for the saponification value, iodine value and estimation of acid value. Further,the present study investigated cytotoxic potential of ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform Kan-zaw seed extracts and commercial Kan-zaw oil against human cervical cancer cell line(HeLa). The Kan-zaw extracts and oil have shown significant anticancer activity on HeLa cells.

The next-generation sequencing platform has revealed the genomic sequences of numerous plant species that are ideal resources for simple sequence repeat( SSR) locus screening. In this study,we performed a comparative genomic SSR analysis on 9 sequenced plants. This showed that the total numbers of mono-,di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,and hexa-nucleotide repeat SSRs and compound SSRs ranged from 45,552 to 326,319,and the frequencies varied from 177. 9 to 573. 7 with an average of 401. 3 per Mb. The SSR numbers decreased as the size of the repeat unit increased. The mono-and di-nucleotide SSRs and compound SSRs accounted for more than 78% of the total SSRs in these plants. A/T-rich repeat motifs were generally dominant in most plants. The sizes of different SSRs varied from 10 to 7288 bp,but at least 85% of them were less than 45 bp. The polymorphism rates of different SSR types ranged from 1. 5% to 14. 4% in Sesamum indicum,and the mono-and di-nucleotide SSRs displayed the highest polymorphism,followed by the compound SSRs( 11. 2%). These results provide comprehensive insight into the SSR loci of plants and serve as an experimental reference for improvement of SSR marker development based on plant genomic sequences.

Aflatoxins are the most potent spontaneous carcinogen known as secondary metabolite. Aflatoxins detection in peanut is challenging on account of inherent complexity of high fatty matrices. A modified Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe(QuEChERS) method couple with liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS) has been developed to monitor aflatoxins in peanut. It?s a simple and rapid sample preparation for aflatoxins analysis compared with common method. Microporous metal-organic framework MIL-101(Cr) was used as absorbent in this research. Promising properties of high porosity and surface area endowed MIL-101(Cr) with efficiently aflatoxin enrichment with other matrix exclusion from high fatty sample. Negligible matrix effect was observed due to efficient extract clean up with MIL-101 sorbent. Recoveries ranged from 73.5% to 98.4% for aflatoxins, with relative standard deviations less than 7%. Limit of detection(LOD) and limit of quantitation(LOQ) for aflatoxins in peanut were 0.05-0.1 μg/kg and 0.2-0.6 μg/kg respectively. By using method described in this research, 15 real samples were successfully analyzed in which 6 samples were contaminated. MIL-101(Cr) was used to reduce matrix effect and develop a quick and effective method for aflatoxins detection in peanut via LC-MS/MS for the first time.

An Aspergillus section flavi isolate( NAFFHB396) was isolated from a peanut kernel. It was identified as Aspergillus flavus based on morphology and molecular characteristics. It produced yellow to green-colored conidia on CYA medium and colonies with bright orange in color on AFPA medium.NAFFHB396 was grouped with A. flavus NRRL21882 and NRRL3357 by phylogenetic analysis of partial calmodulin sequence data. It was found that 12 genes were absent in aflatoxin gene cluster in NAFFHB396. HPLC result further showed that it was an atoxigenic isolate. Co-inoculation of NAFFHB396 with a high aflatoxin producer AF2202 at the ratio of 1∶ 1 both on CYA medium and peanut kernel resulted in reduction of aflatoxin production by 88. 7% and 99. 8% respectively. These results suggested that the atoxigenic NAFFHB396 obtained in this study had a great potential to be a biocontrol agent to reduce aflatoxin contamination of peanut in China.

Winter rape(Brassica napus L.) is better than other edible oil crops in China, but poor cold resistance is the key factor restricting its development. Hypocotyl length was found closely related to cold tolerance. The correlation between hypocotyl length and semi-lethal low temperature was significant, and the highest correlation between hypocotyl length and LT50 of autumn sowing was 0.9557. When the hypocotyl were treated at low temperature,the cells were seriously damaged and formed cavity structures, with cell walls seriously damaged or merged into each other. The positive regulation gene of hypocotyl length in resistant line of VHTSG 10 was identified as HY5(transcription factor HY5-like) by qPCR, and bZIP transcription factor was found to be its conserved domain. Fused gene by GFP and HY5 from VHTSG 10 was transient transferred into Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Corresponding to the 35S:GFP widely distributed in plasma membrane of leaf epidermis, the fusion protein 35S:HY5-GFP was mainly distributed in nucleus. Thus we regarded BnHY5 gene is a key gene related to cold tolerance and hypocotyl length in B. napus.

To ensure authenticity of sesame oil, an authentication technology was proposed using ion mobility spectrometry(IMS) and chemometrics. One-class classification(OCC) methods including one-class partial least squares(OCPLS)and one-class support vector machine(OCSVM) were employed to build authentication models for sesame oil.Subsequently, an independent test set was used to validate the constructed models. Validation set of 45 adulterated oils indicated that prediction correction rate of OCPLS model reached 95.6%(43 out of 45). Moreover, the complete set of sesame oils adulterated by sesame oil essence could be identified as counterfeit. Compared with previous studies, OCPLS model could work to identify untargeted adulteration. In conclusion, OCC method could effectively detect adulterated sesame oils containing as little as 10% other vegetable oils. This study provided a rapid screening method for adulterated sesame oil in market surveillance and a reference for developing authentication methods of other edible oils.

With the improvement of living quality,high-oleic peanuts have drawn people’s attention.Increasing oleic acid content of peanut oil should be desired for improving shelf life and potential health benefits.The flavor is among the most important quality attributes for commercial acceptance of peanuts products.The volatile components of high-oleic peanuts oil and normal-oleic lines were compared in this research.First,volatile components of peanut oils were analyzed and identified by solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(SPME/GC/MS).Then principal components analysis(PCA)was used to identify principal volatile components in peanut oils of different cultivars following three different processing methods,including roasting,boiling and roasting,and roasting by microwave-assisted.The results showed that there were obvious differences of the volatile components between high-oleic and normal peanut oils.Among different processing method of peanuts,there was no clear separation on volatile components observed between roasting and boiling and roasting by microwave-assisted.Moreover,the same genotype had the similar flavor characteristic.Different processing methods had no significant effect on volatile components in peanut oils.

Low temperature coupled with high soil moisture during sowing to emergence generally results in poor peanut stand, thereby posing a non-negligible threat to peanut production in north and northeast China. Five high-oleic(HO) peanut cultivars and 4 seed dressing treatments capable of controlling several diseases and insect pests along with untreated checks were used to find the best combinations to cope with the dual stresses during sowing to emergence period. High broad-sense hereditability estimates of seedling emergence indicated great potential for genetic improvement of this trait. Analysis of variance in the split-plot experiment showed that the main effects of variety and seed dressing and their interaction on seedling emergence were significant. Seed dressing treatments increased seedling emergence percentage by 2.09–35.00 percent points. Four of the 5 HO peanut cultivars yielded satisfactory results. For Huayu 665, Huayu 668 and Huayu 965, Huweisanbao may be the best option; for Huayu962, Weilidan was highly acceptable. These combinations will be evaluated further in multiple environments before large-scale extension.

Peanut seeds are ideal bioreactors for the production of foreign recombinant proteins or secondary metabolites.Seed-specific promoters(SSPs) can direct the expression of genes specifically in seeds to avoid undesirable effects associated with constitutive expression. However, few SSPs have been identified in peanut. Previous studies have shown that some allergen-encoding genes encode seed storage proteins or exhibit seed-specific/preferential expression. In this study, we characterized allergen-encoding genes from across the genomes of Arachis species to explore seed-specific genes. We found that at least 9 out of 16 identified peanut allergen-encoding genes were expressed specifically in the seeds or were preferentially expressed. A 1493-bp promoter fragment of allergen gene Ara h 1(we named it AHSSP6) was isolated from cultivated peanut genome. cis-element analysis showed that three RY repeat elements which usually exsisted in seed or embryo specific promoter sequence were also present in AHSSP6 sequence. Histochemical analysis showed AHSSP6 could drive the expression of a β-glucuronidase(GUS) reporter gene specifically in the seeds or cotyledon tissue of transgenic Arabidopsis, while not in other tissues. These findings indicated that these promoters of allergen genes were candidate SSPs, and AHSSP6 was a novel SSP which could be potentially utilized in peanut improvement.

Camellia oleifera industry plays a key role in the safety of edible oils in China, and its seed has great potential for comprehensive utilization. This review mainly introduced processing technology of Camellia seed, which included pretreatment, extraction, and high value utilization. The comprehensive utilization and nutritional value of Camellia seed were discussed. Microwave is the best pretreatment method, and shelling technology can improve oil yield. Cold pressing technology was widely accepted and aqueous enzymatic method had wide prospects. Comprehensive utilization technology of Camellia oleifera cake mainly focused on saponin extracting. In the future, processing technology of Camellia seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizy is an important disease of soybean,and yield losses are very common in humid growing regions. Most commercial cultivars are susceptible and the disease is usually managed with fungicides. Resistance breeding is the most effective in controlling the disease. In this study,detached-leaf assay and greenhouse inoculation were used to screen 200 Glycine soja accessions for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi in China. Most of the accessions were susceptible,and W8214 was the only accession that demonstrated RB resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizy. The further repeated tests confirmed the resistance in W8214.

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is an economically significant crop with aerial cleistogamous flowers and subterranean geocarpic fruit(pods). The formation of peanut pod requires movement of the embryo from air to ground and then development in the soil, which is a complex biological process involving transport and accumulation of sugars. Sugar transport proteins(STP) mediate the transport of monosaccharides in various physiological processes, including fertilization, ovary formation, and seed development. In this study, a total of 36 AhSTP genes(AhSTP1–36) containing the conserved sugar＿tr motif were identified in the A. hypogaea genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AhSTP genes were classified into four clades, and the arrangement of motifs in AhSTP proteins was similar within clades. Synteny analysis revealed that segmental duplication events have played an important role in the expansion of STP genes in peanut, and chromosome rearrangements might have facilitated the exchange of STP genes between the A and B sub-genomes. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the expression patterns of AhSTP genes varied among tissues. Hormone and abiotic stress treatments could upregulate or down-regulate the expression of AhSTP genes, and low temperature had a major effect on the expression of most AhSTP genes. Four AhSTP genes(AhSTP3, AhSTP9, AhSTP19, and AhSTP28) were specifically expressed in the pod, indicating that these genes might be involved in pod formation and development in peanut.The unique expression of these four genes during pod construction and development was confirmed in two different type cultivars using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Our findings provide new insights into the STP gene family in peanut and will aid future functional studies of AhSTP genes.

Nervonic acid plays an important role in nutrition and function of the human body. Malania oleifera, Acer truncatum and Xanthoceras sorbifolium are China's unique woody plant rich in nervonic acid in seed oil. This study aims to investigate the lipid composition of these 3 special resources. Their fatty acids were detected by gas chromatography coupled with flame detector(GC-FID). Triglycerides(TAGs) and phospholipids(PLs) were detected by shotgun-mass spectrometry(shotgun-MS). Results showed that M. oleifera oil presented the highest level of nervonic acid(46.20 ± 0.22%) among the 3 oils. Seeds oil of A. truncatum and X. sorbifolium had 3.53 ±0.20% and 1.83 ± 0.21% nervonic acid respectively. 53 species of TAGs and 15 species of PLs were identified in M. oleifera oil, with PLs content of 499.94 ± 22.34 μg/g. In A. truncatum oil, PL and TAG species were twice more than those in M. oleifera oil, and its' content of PLs was 76.27 ± 3.21 μg/g. In X. sorbifolium oil, 75 TAGs and 34 PLs were detected, with the lowest PLs at 23.84 ± 0.17 μg/g. The results demonstrated that these 3 vegetable oils have great potential to become nervonic acid supplements for human health.

To improve seed yield of male sterile line, the relationship between outcrossing rate and climate factors was explored. Data of blooming period, outcrossing rate of male sterile line and climate during 2006–2016 growing seasons were investigated and analyzed. The shortest blooming period was 18.8 d with mean temperature of 24 ℃–25℃ and 18.5 d with about 125 h natural illumination. More rainfall caused a longer blooming period, and a high outcrossing rate was found with about 100 mm rainfall and the mean temperature of 24 ℃–25℃. Increased natural illumination time by tapetum lucidum mulching improved outcrossing rate by 42.48% compared tocontrol. Overall, the selective combination of climate and environmental factors could be effective for increasing outcrossing rate and hybrid seed yield in the male sterile line of soybean.

Perilla frutescens(L.) is an edible, medicinal crop, and most popular in East Asia. Its molecular breeding and research are hampered by the paucity of molecular markers. Simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers are ubiquitous and widely used in eukaryotic genomes. EST-SSRs identification of perilla was performed in 116,387 reads generated by Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. In total 25,449 unigenes containing SSR and 33,867 SSR loci were identified, and 19,400 primer pairs were designed. Polymorphism of SSR primers was conducted by searching for insertions and deletions(INDELs), and 1,567 unique SSRs were predicted. Totally, 200 SSR primer pairs were selected for polymorphic validation among 23 perilla accessions. Results showed that 175 primer pairs produced amplicons, and 30 pairs exhibited polymorphism. Polymorphic ratio was higher by using INDEL method than using conventional primers. Phylogenetic analysis showed the 2 distinct groups: P. frutescens var. frutescens and P. frutescens var. crispa. Wrinkled leaf trait and seed trait were distinct between these 2 groups. However, no clear leaf color or geographic relationship was detected. The large scale development and identification of SSR marker in this research laid a foundation for genetic analysis and marker assisted breeding of cultivated perilla.

To better understand waterlogging effect on leaf senescence in winter rapseed(Brassica napus L.) during flowering stage, experiments were designed to explore foliar K application influences on adverse effects of waterlogging stress. Winter rapeseed was sprayed with K after waterlogging at initial flowering stage. Results indicated that waterlogging significantly decreased leaf net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), intercellular CO_2 concentration(Ci) and transpiration rate(Tr). It also declined maximum quantum yield of PS II(Fv/Fm), quantum yield of electron transport(ΦPS Ⅱ) and photochemical quenching(qP), but increased leaf non-photochemical quenching(NPQ) and minimal fluorescence(Fo). Interestingly, exogenous application of K significantly alleviated waterlogging-induced photosynthesis inhibition. Foliar K application increased RuBisCO activation, chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, while significantly decreased MDA content under waterlogging stress. Moreover, K supplementation improved accumulation of K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), N, Zn~(2+), Mn~(2+), Fe~(2+) in leaves. In general, foliar K application is effective in alleviating deleterious effects of waterlogging stress and delays leaf senescence of winter rapeseed.

Lard, a fat rich in saturated fatty acids(SFAs), is regarded as a risk factor for metabolic diseases. In the present study, effect of different lard blended with sunflower oil diets on lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, liver, and serum by mouse model was researched. Body weight, body fat percentage, cross-sectional area of adipocytes, liver triglycerides(TGs), and oil red stained area in mice liver of lard blend sunflower oil(L-SFO) group were significantly lower than those of sunflower oil(SFO) group, whereas no significant differences were observed between mice of lard and L-SFO groups. Serum TG and free fatty acid levels were significantly lower in L-SFO group than in other two groups. Furthermore, data showed that sunflower oil decreased contents of hormonesensitive lipase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1(CPT-1) and increased fatty acid synthase activity in liver tissue. A mixture of lard and sunflower oil rather than only sunflower oil or lard might promote body fat loss and reduce lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, serum, and liver by promoting hydrolysis of TG, increasingβ-oxidation of fatty acids. These data suggested that mixing lard and vegetable oil(e.g. sunflower oil) for cooking,or alternate using lard and vegetable oil could be beneficial for reducing body fat.

Auxin has been reported to regulate plant growth and development, as well as to mediate plant adaption to abiotic stresses, including drought. AUX/LAX family displays auxin uptake functions and comprises four highly conserved genes AUX1 and LIKE AUX1(LAX1, LAX2, and LAX3) in Arabidopsis. There are fifteen Gm LAX family genes in the soybean genomes and several members were regulated by dehydration stress. In this study, the sequence differences and expression pattern of Gm LAXs-I were analyzed under stress treatment between the soybean droughttolerant Jindou 21 and drought-sensitive varieties Zhongdou 33. Five homologous genes of AUX1 were all responsive to PEG, salt, ABA and IAA stimuli. There were two SNPs in the promoter region of Gm LAX4 gene, and this gene was differentially expressed in two cultivars. Moreover, our results showed YFP-Gm LAXs are predominantly localized in plasma membrane. Taken together, our results suggest that Gm LAXs are involved in abiotic response, which can provide theoretical and technical support for the genetic improvement of soybean drought tolerance.

To explore genetic resource of wild soybean(Glycine soia. L), RNA-seq was used to investigate cyst nematode resistance of G. soja. Root transcriptome expressions were profiled at 9, 15 and 20 d post inoculation(DPI) in resistant and susceptible G. soja to SCN(soybean cyst nematode). A total of 1,594 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified in roots infected by SCN compared with non-infected roots. In the resistant accession, 619, 65, and 8 DEGs were detected at 9, 15, and 20 DPI, respectively, while 327, 460 and 115 DEGs were detected at the same sampling point of susceptible accessions. DEGs were enriched in peroxidase gene sets which were involved in response to oxidative stress and oxidation reduction. Two gene families, ZIM transcription factor and WRKY transcription factor were enriched. WRKY transcription factor was only enriched in resistant accession. Moreover, gene expressions of 9 DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR. XLOC_023202, an unknown protein was up regulated more than 5 fold at 9 and 15 DPI in the resistant accession. These results provided an atlas of gene expressions of G. soja in response to SCN infection, and identified candidate DEGs for future research.

Photosynthetic products are mainly produced by leaf and green silique of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) at reproductive growth stage. This study aimed to compare photosynthetic features of leaf and green silique of 'Qinyou 7' hybrid oilseed rape variety. Results showed that, during photosynthetic day time, net photosynthetic rate(P_N) and stomatal conductance(gs) of leaf were markedly higher than that of silique. Compared with silique, leaf had significant higher P_N, g_s, light saturated net photosynthetic rate(P_(Nmax)), light saturation point(LSP), and apparent quantum yield(AQY), but lower light compensation point(LCP), CO_2 compensation point(Γ) and carboxylation efficiency(CE) under various light densities and CO_2 concentrations. Carboxylation activities of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC) and chlorophyll a, b(Chl a, b) of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Our study demonstrated that leaf of oilseed rape at reproductive growth stage had higher photosynthetic capacity than green silique due to its higher carboxylation activity of photosynthetic enzymes as well as higher gs and Chl contents. This study might have good implication in selecting a biological control strategy to enhance seed yield and oil production of oilseed rape.

Aflatoxin is a strong carcinogenic and toxic fungal toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and other Aspergillus species, and can seriously threaten the health of consumers, thus becoming a global concern. Corn, as an important oil and economic crop, is highly susceptible contaminated by aflatoxin. In this study, antagonistic bacteria with strong inhibitory effect on aflatoxin were screened to provide support for the treatment aflatoxin contamination control in corn. Ten strains which have strong antagonistic effects against A. flavus were isolated from healthy corn from different corn producing areas in China. Among them, the antagonistic bacteria JTFM1001 through corn kernels in vivo and field experiment, the inhibition effect of aflatoxin contamination reached above 70% and 55%, respectively. And the strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis based on its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16 S r DNA. In addition,our data showed that it can colonize in the rhizosphere and survive for a long time, forming the dominant flora,with broad application prospect. Finally, we were surprised to find that the antibacterial metabolites secreted by the antagonistic bacteria was one of the mechanisms of its inhibition of A. flavus and aflatoxin. This will provide us with new ideas and perspectives on the effective prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination in corn and corn oil.

Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)-restorer system is a useful tool to exploit heterosis in soybean. The major restorer gene for the M-type CMS is known as Rf-m, located in the 162.4-kb region on chromosome 16. Sequence analysis has revealed that the Rf-m locus in Glycine max consists of seven pentatricopeptide repeat(GmPPR) genes.The deduced amino acid sequences contain 8 to 14 PPR motifs, and a phylogenetic analysis grouped these GmPPR proteins into two PPR subfamilies: Glyma.16 G161800 belongs to the PLS subfamily, and the P subfamily consists of Glyma.16 G161900, Glyma.16 G162000, Glyma.16 G162100, Glyma.16 G162700, Glyma.16 G162800, and Glyma.16 G163100. The phylogenetic analysis of seven GmPPR proteins and 27 other plant PPR proteins also showed that proteins in the same subfamilies cluster together. Comparative sequence analysis was conducted using the seven Rf-m candidate GmPPR genes from the sterile line W931 A, the maintainer line W931 B, and the restorer line WR016, the result showed that Glyma.16 G161900 had higher polymorphism than the other candidate genes.Based on real-time quantitative RT-PCR data, all seven GmPPR genes were differentially expressed but showed constitutive expression in roots, stems, leaves, and pollen grains. Additionally, the expression level of Glyma.16 G161900 in the sterile line W931 A was significantly higher in all tissues than in the restorer line WR016.Taken together, these results suggest that Glyma.16 G161900 is the most likely candidate for the restorer gene Rfm. This study is the first report and analysis of candidate fertility restorer(Rf) genes encoding PPR proteins in soybean.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated DNA transformation for transient gene expression in protoplasts and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in lower epidermis of leaves are readily available in several plant species. In the study, these two versatile tools were used in rapeseed. A simple and efficient method was established for isolating protoplasts from rapeseed cotyledons and leaves, and found that cotyledons might be better than true leaves. Transient expression analysis showed that yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and luciferase (LUC) could be expressed in rapeseed protoplasts. Moreover,GUS histochemical assays indicated that Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transient expression was achievable only in lower epidermis of rapeseed cotyledons and expression signal was the highest on the 5th day after injection with the bacterial suspension (OD600=0.8).These methods might provide valuable tools for rapid functional gene analysis in rapeseed.

Peanut cultivation in China spans various ecological zones, each with unique environmental conditions. Identifying suitable peanut varieties for these regions has been challenging due to significant phenotypic variations observed across environments. This study, based on a comprehensive analysis of 256 peanut varieties, selected nine representative varieties(Huayu23, Yuanza9102, Silihong, Wanhua2, Zhonghua6, Zhonghua16, Zhonghua21,Zhonghua215, Zhonghua24) for cultivation in five distinct ecological zones including Chengdu, Hefei, Nanjing,Shijiazhuang, and Wuhan. The yield and quality related phenotypic traits of these varieties were thoroughly assessed, revealing a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Principal component analysis(PCA) effectively distinguished varieties based on yield and quality traits. Strong correlations were observed between specific traits, such as seed size and quality components. The G × E interaction was evident, as some varieties consistently performed better in certain environments. Varieties with lower coefficient of variation(CV)values exhibited stable trait expression, making them reliable choices for broad cultivation. In contrast, varieties with higher CV values displayed greater sensitivity to environmental fluctuations, potentially due to specific genetic factors. Two high oleic acid varieties, Zhonghua24 and Zhonghua215, demonstrated remarkable stability in oleic acid content across diverse environments, suggesting the presence of genetic mechanisms that buffer against environmental variations. Overall, this study underscores the importance of selecting peanut varieties based on their adaptability and performance in specific ecological zones. These findings provide valuable insights for peanut breeders and farmers, facilitating informed decisions for improved crop production and quality.

<正>Professor Chunyun Guan,born in Jingzhou,Hubei Province in 1938,is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering,chairman of the Academic Committee of Hunan Agricultural University,and the former president of the University.

Triacylglycerols(TGs) are the main constituents(95%-98%) of plant oil with high nutritional value. They are usually determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS) which takes a relatively long time during chromatographic separation. Therefore, in this study, a method about fast determination and quantification of TGs in plant oil based on MALDI-TOF-MS(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) was established. OCNT(oxidized carbon nanotube) and CNT(carbon nanotube) were firstly used as matrix of MALDI-TOF-MS for TGs identification. Satisfyingly, OCNT showed good ionization efficiency, especially when used with CHCA(α-Cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid). Sandwich method was optimized to solve the problem that how matrix and sample were deposited to the plate well and to improve ionization efficiency. Nine calibration curves were established for TGs quantification analysis in plant oil. To verify the accuracy of this method, relative content(%) of fatty acids(FAs) calculated from TGs in peanut oil, rapeseed oil, and soybean oil, respectively, by MALDI-TOF-MS were compared with that calculated from FAMEs(fatty acid methyl esters)by gas chromatography. In general, the results were relatively consistent, proving that this method was convenient, fast and accurate for the determination of main TG molecular species in plant oil.

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and cash crop in the world. Peanut germplasm collected in China are abundant, which provides important material guarantee for peanut breeding and industrial development.Here, the safe conservation technology and indicators of peanut germplasm resources in the Oil Crops Middleterm Genebank of China were expounded from three processes of storage, monitoring, reproduction and renewal. We summarized and reviewed the situation of conservation and utilization of peanut germplasm resources in the Middle-term Genebank in the past 20 years. The future research direction of peanut resources in the Oil Crops Middle-term Genebank of China is prospected.

Heterosis has been widely exploited and utilized in rapeseed breeding. Reliable and precise prediction techniques of heterosis contributed in accelerating the crossbreeding and reducing the cost of large-scale field evaluation. Combined with our work in last decades, this review summarized the progress on heterosis prediction of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.), compared the efficiency of different methods, and proposed its prospect.

Investigation on fungal populations and mycotoxins of mouldy rapeseed was conducted in this paper. A total of 578 rapeseed samples were collected from 11 Chinese provinces in 2015, and 141 samples were contaminted by mycete. Mouldy rapeseed samples with exceeding specified standard were found in all areas. The highest percentages of samples were from Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces with above standard rate of 31.91%, 24.54% and 20.45% respectively. Mycete in 29 severely mouldy samples were isolated and determined by using dilution method. Eighty-three dominant isolates were found, among which fungal strain number ranged from 1 to 8. Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium steckii and Penicillium citrinum were dominant myco-populations identified by morphological and molecular biological methods. Rapeseed from the Southern provinces including Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangxi were contaminated by more isolates. Mycotoxins content were evaluated by LC–MS/MS. AFB_1, BEA and FB_1 were the top 3 prevalent mycotoxins. BEA and FB1 contaminations in rapeseed were relatively low. This investigation provid support for protecting public health and ensuring consumption security of rapeseed.

Vascular tissue serves as the channel for nutrient transport and signal transduction between different organs in plants. To study molecular identity and behavior of mobile substances transmitted between organs via vascular tissue, it is necessary to collect exudate from stem or other organs. Modified stem-cutting method for exudate collection in soybean was used in this study by selecting the optimum sampling time and position, using reagents preventing RNA degradation, etc. Diurnal dynamics analysis of exudate emission was found to be the highest during 10:00-10:10 am. Totally 15 μL pure exudate was collected from the stem cut between cotyledonary and unifoliolate nodes at V1 stage(unifoliolate just expanded) of young soybean seedling. Improved TRIzol method was used to extract RNA and protein from stem exudate. A phloem specific gene of Glycine max sieve element occlusion s, SEO, in exudate samples was successfully amplified by RT-PCR, which comfirmed the success of RNA extraction. SDS-PAGE showed the majority of proteins in exudate were of low molecular weight. Method proposed in this study would facilitate collection of quality exudate and enhance further investigation of mobile substances in soybean.