Five stems of rapeseed with abundant black microsclerotia were collected from Huangyuan County of Qinghai Province, China, and fungal isolates were obtained from the stems. They were identified based on morphology,molecular features and specific PCR detection. The results showed that the 10 fungal isolates belonged to Verticillium longisporum lineage A1/D3. One of the 10 isolates(HW7-1) was tested for virulence on three species of rapeseed, including B. napus Zhongshuang 9, B. rapa Qingyou 9 and B. juncea Tayou 2 by conidia inoculation of HW7-1 on roots of young seedlings. Control seedlings were inoculated with V. dahliae conidia or water alone. The seedlings of these treatments were transplanted in culture mix and incubated in a growth chamber(20°C). Results suggested that the control seedlings of three cultivars appeared quite healthy, while the seedlings inoculated with HW7-1 turned yellowing leaves, seedling stunting or even death after 22 days post-inoculation. V. longisporum was re-isolated from he yellow leaves, thus fulfilling Koch?s postulates. Moreover, compared to the control treatments,inoculation with HW7-1 caused flowering delay and seed yield reduction on Tayou 2 with production of microsclerotia on the stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. longisporum lineage A1/D3 on rapeseed in northwestern China.

Both rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis) and marjoram(Origanum majorana) are abundant in phenolic compounds,exhibiting exceptional antioxidant activity. This study aims to assess the impact of rosemary and marjoram extracts on the stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating. Sunflower oil supplemented with herbal extracts or butylated hydroxytoluene(BHA) at a concentration of 200 ppm was stored for six months under light and dark conditions at room temperature. Peroxide value(PV), p-anisidine value(An-V), and total oxidation(TOTOX) value were measured to monitor lipid oxidation progression. A significant difference(P < 0.05) was observed between light and dark storage for all studied samples regarding oxidation parameters. The ethanolic extract of rosemary exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to BHA and other extracts. Furthermore,sunflower oil supplemented with the ethanolic extract of rosemary underwent weekly treatment at 100°C for 30min over four consecutive weeks. Although all oxidation indicators increased during repeated heating, the addition of rosemary and marjoram extracts as well as BHA significantly reduced these indicators. These findings demonstrate that both rosemary extracts and marjoram extracts can serve as natural antioxidants in edible oils.

The objective of this study was to determine the differences of aroma and taste in three black sesame originsbefore and after processing via flavor and widely metabolomics. By analyzing the sensory characteristics and metabolites of raw and treated black sesame from China, Vietnam, and Myanmar, treated Chinese sesame have the most significant change in hardness after thermal processing, low viscosity and was easy to chew. The electronic nose could distinguish between raw and treated sesame due to the aroma distribution. The reason of treated sesame from China was “fragrant” is due to the highest content(2545.50 μg/kg) of total pyrazines including 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine. 933 metabolites were detected via a wide targeted metabolomics in the taste of raw and treated sesame. Based on the analysis of metabolites related to bitterness, 145 substances were selected. The main bitter contributors may be amino acids,dipeptides and organic acids.

The study explored the influence of defatted flaxseed gum powder(DFGP) on the stability and quality of sesame paste by measuring and analyzing its composition, color, texture, particle size, centrifugal oil separation rate,rheological properties, and microstructure. The results showed that the moisture and polysaccharide content of sesame paste was increased as the DFGP increased. Additionally, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the sesame paste was improved, while the presence of particles with small particle size(1–100 μm) was decreased.The rate of oil precipitation was reduced by 28.99% when the amount of DFGP was 6%. The sesame paste samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, demonstrating shear thinning. As the shear rate increased, the apparent viscosity of sesame paste gradually decreased. Both the storage modulus(G') and the loss modulus(G'') increased as the shear frequency increased. The microstructure observation revealed that protein and oil were evenly distributed in the sesame paste system, and the addition of DFGP enhanced the bonding between oil and protein.This study can provide valuable references for high-quality sesame paste products in the food industry.

Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board(MPOB) Kluang Research Station,Johor,Malaysia,in 1994.Dura palms from 52 families and tenera palms from 44families of MPOB-Angola were evaluated for their bunch yield and bunch quality components.The objectives o this study were to determine the genetic variability among the families and performance of MPOB-Angola germplasm for yield improvement.The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant difference between the dura and tenera families for most of the traits,suggesting the presence of high genetic variability which is essential for breeding programmes.Among the duras,family AGO 02.02 displayed the best yield per formance,with a high fresh fruit bunch,oil yield and total economic product at 240.40,29.46 and 37.93 kg palm~(-1)year~(-1),respectively.As for the teneras,family AGO 03.04 recorded the highest FFB yield and oil yield a249.25 and 45.22 kg palm~(-1)year~(-1),respectively.Besides that,several families with big fruit sizes or producing a mean fruit weight of 14–17 g were also identified.Both dura and tenera from AGO 01.01 recorded the highest oi to bunch (O/B) of 17.76%and 28.65%,respectively.These findings will facilitate the selection of palms from the MPOB-Angola germplasm for future breeding programmes.

The use of biochar can have several effects on plant germination,depending on raw material,preparation method and application dose.However,the molecular mechanisms that lead to those results have yet to be elucidated.The aim of this research was to improve the understanding of these mechanisms by characterizing the metabolic effects of sugarcane bagasse biochar on soybean germination.Three types of biochars were prepared by pyrolysis at 300~°C (SCB300),400~°C (SCB400) and 600~°C (SCB600).Then,each one was mixed into sand at 1%,3%,5%(w/w) dose,respectively.The experiment was performed in 8 days of incubation,when the number of germinated seeds and the average radicle length were determined.To evaluate the metabolome,the dry biomass (DB) was subjected to extraction with a mixture of methanol-d4and D_2O (1:1 v/v).The extracts were submitted to metabolomics analysis by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.The Relative Germination,Relative Average Radicle Growth and Germination Index increased in all treatments compared to control.On the other hand,the DB increased in all treatments,except for SCB300,at doses of 1%and 3%w/w.Seven metabolites (alanine,asparagine,acetic acid,citric acid,glycerol,fatty acids and sucrose) were identified and quantified in DB extracts as the most influential finding for the separation of treatments.Taken together,these results strongly suggested that biochars accelerated the catabolism of triacylglycerols to sucrose and induced a slight osmotic stress.

Two field experiments were conducted during the main seasons of 2021/2022 at the Research and Production Station of National Research Centre in Egypt to investigate the effects of farmyard manure(FYM) and boron on Canola growth, yield, oil yield, and quality. The results unequivocally demonstrated that the combined application of FYM at a rate of 14.4 ton ha-1with a foliar spray of boron at 100 ppm positively influenced plant characteristics, leading to enhanced growth rates and higher yields compared to the control group. Moreover, this integrated approach significantly improved nutrient content by enhancing levels of oil content, carbohydrates,proteins, phenolics, flavonoids, and total soluble sugars. These findings provide compelling evidence that utilizing farm manure along with boron can effectively enhance Canola properties in newly reclaimed soils while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

The presence of acidic soil in rural areas poses difficulties for agricultural production. One factor regulating soil pH is the overuse of inorganic fertilizer. The increased use of fertilizers in soybean production not only raises sustainability concerns but also contributes to soil acidity. Therefore, the use of organic fertilizer could offer a solution for addressing both issues related to soil acidity and sustainability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the manipulation of soil pH using organic fertilizer for soybean production under acidic stress. The planting medium, consisting of a mixture of topsoil, rice husk charcoal, and organic fertilizer(in a ratio of 2:1:1),was supplemented with 0.5 g of NPK fertilizer as a basal treatment in each planting medium. To regulate the soil acidity to pH 4, we added FeSO4and allowed the mixture to incubate for 30 days. The results demonstrate that the application of three types of organic fertilizers chicken manure(P1), oil palm empty bunch fertilizer(P2), and vermicompost(P3) positively impacts the growth of three soybean varieties. The findings indicate that the application of P2 organic fertilizer can increase vegetative growth almost 50% in soybeans on acidic soil,including plant height, leaf count, and root length. Meanwhile, applying P3 organic fertilizer can boost reproductive growth responses in soybeans on acidic soil, such as pod number(from around 0-4 unit to 42–51 unit),grain number(from around 0-5 unit to 88–90 unit), and grain weight(from around 0–0.37 g to 12–25 g). Organic fertilizer has the potential to regulate soil pH, promoting higher yields of soybeans under acidic stress.