Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the largest oilseed crop in China and accounts for about 20% of world production. For the last 10 years, the production, planting area, and yield of rapeseed have been stable, with improvement of seed quality and especially seed oil content. China is among the leading countries in rapeseed genomic research internationally, having jointly with other countries accomplished the whole genome sequencing of rapeseed and its two parental species, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. Progress on functional genomics including the identification of QTL governing important agronomic traits such as yield, seed oil content, fertility regulation, disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress, nutrition use efficiency, and pod shattering resistance has been achieved. As a consequence, molecular markers have been developed and used in breeding programs. During 2005-2014, 215 rapeseed varieties were registered nationally, including 210 winter- and 5 spring-type varieties. Mechanization across the whole process of rapeseed production was investigated and operating instructions for all relevant techniques were published. Modern techniques for rapeseed field management such as high-density planting, controlled-release fertilizer, and biocontrol of disease and pests combined with precision tools such as drones have been developed and are being adopted in China. With the application of advanced breeding and production technologies, in the near future, the oil yield and quality of rapeseed varieties will be greatly increased, and more varieties with desirable traits, especially early maturation, high yield, high resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and suitability for mechanized harvesting will be developed. Application of modern technologies on the mechanized management of rapeseed will greatly increase grower profit.

油菜是我国最主要的油料作物，大力发展油菜产业将有助于保障我国油料供给安全。近年来，我国油菜产业的发展虽然取得了一定的成就，但油菜生产的比较效益有所下滑，国外进口油料冲击十分突出，产业发展处于瓶颈期，面临着巨大挑战。基于2018年农业农村部油料作物专家组的大量调研数据，通过广泛收集一手资料，结合国内外油菜产业发展形势，对我国油菜产业发展现状、困境以及潜力进行了系统梳理，为促进我国油菜产业发展提出对策建议，以期为保障我国油料产业供给安全、更有效地应对中美贸易摩擦提供智力支持。

长江流域是我国油菜主产区,面积与总产均约占我国油菜总面积与总产的90%左右。但与发达国家相比,我国长江流域直播油菜长期存在着“密度低、单产低、机械化程度低、肥料用量高、人工成本高”的问题。“三低两高”的现状,导致油菜生产成本高,效益低,农户种植油菜积极性不高,面积与总产长期徘徊,阻碍了该产区油菜生产的发展。近年来,各地生产实践均表明,合理密植是提高我国长江流域直播油菜生产效益,提高农户种植油菜积极性,缩小与发达国家差距的一项核心技术。本文根据相关研究,综述了长江流域直播油菜适当增加种植密度后,油菜的籽粒产量、籽粒品质、茎秆抗倒性、角果抗裂角性、肥料利用效率、光能利用率以及菌核病、杂草发生的变化规律及其机理,提出了直播油菜“以密增产、以密补迟、以密省肥、以密控草、以密适机”的“五密”栽培技术,为建立适宜油菜机械化生产的高产抗倒油菜群体提供了理论依据,同时也为油菜绿色轻简高效生产提供了技术支撑。

为筛选适宜贵州黄壤水旱轮作和旱地轮作种植的氮高效冬油菜品种，2018-2019年在贵州省遵义市播州区和毕节市黔西县开展田间试验，以26个不同的冬油菜品种为材料，设置4个氮素水平（0、45、135和180 kg/hm²），探讨品种间在生长、养分吸收及利用效率上的差异。结果发现，两种轮作种植情况下，所有品种的产量随施氮量的增加而增加，在施氮180 kg/hm²时，旱地轮作的产量、产值和经济效益以德油杂11号最优，分别达到3130 kg/hm²、 15 650元/hm²和9998元/hm²，水旱轮作的产量、产值和经济效益也以德油杂11号最优，分别达到2767 kg/hm²、13 835元/hm²和8183元/hm²。生物量也以德油杂11号最大。旱地轮作种植冬油菜，氮素农学效率随施氮量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势，在135 kg/hm²时达到最大值；各品种氮素偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低；氮素吸收效率也随着施氮量的增加而降低。旱地轮作种植冬油菜，产量、养分吸收和氮素利用效率均优于水旱轮作种植。推荐德油杂11号、黔油早2号、龙庭1号、庆油1号、金油8号、庆油3号、金农油1号、黔油早1号为较适宜的旱地种植品种，德油杂11号、黔油28号、广源68、庆油3号、华龙油1号、龙庭1号、庆油1号、渝油28为较适宜水旱轮作种植的品种；并认为冬油菜的氮肥管理应该根据轮作模式做调整。

      为明确不同氮素供应对油菜苗期碳氮积累及其在地上与地下部分配的影响，开展营养液水培试验，蒸馏水育苗移植后即开始全量营养培养。试验设置6个氮素培养浓度，分别为0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0和6.0 mmol/L，每7d取样，动态监测培养35d内的油菜地上和地下部的干物质及碳氮积累动态。结果表明，随氮素营养供应增加，单株叶面积、地上部干物质、各部位氮含量及氮积累量显著增加；根系干物质及碳氮积累量先增加后降低，各部位碳含量不受影响。分别在培养后第7~21d，各处理之间以0.1、0.5和1.0 mmol/L处理根系物质积累量较高，第28d后根系物质积累随氮素供应增加而增加。增加氮素供应显著降低植株根冠比（R/S）。单位面积叶片碳积累速率和单位质量根系氮吸收速率在氮素缺乏条件下，随氮素含量增加而增加。综上可知，氮素供应不足时，碳氮向根系的分配增加，植株碳氮积累速率显著降低，地上部受氮素缺乏影响更大。

【目的】研究油菜育秧盘毯状苗移栽，大田不同氮肥和密度耦合对油菜碳氮积累、运转和利用效率的影响，探讨植株碳氮代谢与油菜产量形成的关系。【方法】以宁杂1818油菜品种为试验材料，通过毯状苗的培育和移栽试验，比较不同年份、氮肥以及密度条件下碳氮积累、运转以及利用效率差异。【结果】油菜毯状苗适宜条件下移栽也可以获得3 750 kg·hm^-2高产。不施氮肥以及225 kg·hm^-2氮肥处理条件下随着密度增加产量显著增加，在300 kg·hm^-2氮肥处理和125 000穴/hm²移栽密度条件下1穴1株、1穴2株和1穴3株间产量无显著差异。油菜植株中碳素积累能力显著高于氮素积累能力，初花期前植株C/N比较低，为16.30，初花期后C/N比较高，为114.37。碳素籽粒生产效率、氮素籽粒生产效率随着氮肥用量增加呈下降趋势，其中氮素籽粒生产效率随施氮量增加下降幅度更大。初花期至成熟期叶片氮素运转率最高，不同处理变化范围为73.90%—78.56%，其次是茎枝氮素运转率，变化范围为38.96%—67.08%，根中氮素运转率最低，变化范围为24.45%—37.06%。不同处理叶片中氮素运转率差异较小，茎枝和根中氮素运转率随着氮肥用量增加逐渐降低。初花期至成熟期叶片碳素运转率为正值，不同处理变幅为23.16%—29.08%，随着密度增加叶片碳素运转率总体上呈增加趋势，不同氮肥处理间差异相对较小。初花期至成熟期根和茎枝仍然以积累碳素为主，两者碳素运转率表现为负值。【结论】油菜毯状苗机械移栽，可有效提高茬口较迟地区的油菜生产能力。油菜在初花期之前氮代谢能力强，初花期以后碳代谢能力强，前期氮素供应有利于植株营养体的建成，从而使得后期积累更多的碳素，促进后期的产量形成。

长江流域是我国油菜主产区,面积与总产均约占我国油菜总面积与总产的90%左右。但与发达国家相比,我国长江流域直播油菜长期存在着“密度低、单产低、机械化程度低、肥料用量高、人工成本高”的问题。“三低两高”的现状,导致油菜生产成本高,效益低,农户种植油菜积极性不高,面积与总产长期徘徊,阻碍了该产区油菜生产的发展。近年来,各地生产实践均表明,合理密植是提高我国长江流域直播油菜生产效益,提高农户种植油菜积极性,缩小与发达国家差距的一项核心技术。本文根据相关研究,综述了长江流域直播油菜适当增加种植密度后,油菜的籽粒产量、籽粒品质、茎秆抗倒性、角果抗裂角性、肥料利用效率、光能利用率以及菌核病、杂草发生的变化规律及其机理,提出了直播油菜“以密增产、以密补迟、以密省肥、以密控草、以密适机”的“五密”栽培技术,为建立适宜油菜机械化生产的高产抗倒油菜群体提供了理论依据,同时也为油菜绿色轻简高效生产提供了技术支撑。

黑龙江省是国家重要的粮食生产基地，种植饲肥兼用型油菜可以弥补黑龙江省饲草短缺的问题，同时饲料油菜作为绿肥作物在改善土壤结构、提升土壤有机质含量方面具有重要促进作用，本文回顾了饲料油菜在黑龙江省的发展历程，对饲料油菜引种与品种筛选、种植模式、栽培技术、青贮加工、利用方式等方面进行了综述，概括总结了北方寒区饲料油菜种植、加工和利用中存在的问题，对在寒区开展饲料油菜的研究和发展进行了展望。

\nOilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is a crucial source of edible oil and livestock feeding, and is a promising biofuel crop. The increasing demand for oilseed rape requires strategies to increase yield while retaining quality. Field experiments were performed in southern China to evaluate the impacts of fertiliser level and planting density on dry matter accumulation, seed oil and protein content (%) and yield (per ha), oil quality, and the profitability of oilseed rape. Fertiliser treatments contained nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and boron (B) at four increasing rates, compared with nil fertiliser, and there were six planting densities (range 7.5–45 × 104 plants ha–1). Dry matter accumulation significantly (P < 0.05) increased in response to increasing plant population and fertiliser level, whereas harvest index decreased, suggesting that increasing the production of oilseed rape is limited to improvement of population quality. Seed oil and protein contents were significantly affected by fertiliser level rather than planting density. Increasing the fertiliser rate increased seed protein content, simultaneously slightly decreasing oil content. Glucosinolate content of rapeseed slightly decreased with increasing fertiliser but erucic and oleic acid contents were not affected, indicating that increasing the fertiliser rate might not reduce oilseed rape quality. Manipulation of fertiliser level was more effective than altering planting density for increasing seed oil and protein yields. Highest seed oil and protein yields resulted from the highest fertiliser application of 240 kg N, 52.4 kg P, 174.3 kg K, 15 kg S and 1.2 kg B ha–1, under a planting density of 22.5 × 104 plants ha–1. Maximum economic gain occurred with the two highest fertiliser levels, whereas planting density has no significant effect on profitability. A balanced application of NPKSB fertilisers should be employed with direct-sowing cultivation of oilseed rape, aimed at building a suitable population structure that balances plant population density and individual growth.\n

为探究黄壤土条件下不同播种量及播种方式对冬油菜养分吸收及养分利用及产量的影响，连续2年在贵州省黔西县黄壤田以‘阳光131’为试验材料，采用裂区试验设计，以播种方式为主区，设置撒播（SB）、条播（TB）和穴播（XB）3种方式；以播种量为副区，设置3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 kg·hm^-2共5个水平，测定不同播种量及播种方式下冬油菜生物量、养分吸收利用、产量及其构成因子。结果表明，相同播种量下，不同播种方式冬油菜的生物量、养分累积量、肥料利用效率和产量均表现为条播优于撒播和穴播；相同播种方式下，冬油菜的生物量、养分累积量、肥料利用效率和产量均表现为随着播种量的增加先升高后降低，以播种量为6.0 kg·hm^-2时最高。TB6.0处理2年的生物量分别为9 798和10 351 kg·hm^-2，较其他处理提高615~3 196和254~2 714 kg·hm^-2；且氮、磷、钾的累积量分别平均为129.8、32.6和213.9 kg·hm^-2，均高于其他处理；2年的平均产量为2 657 kg·hm^-2，较SB6.0和XB6.0处理分别提高14.6%和7.6%。综上所述，在不间苗、不匀苗的情况下，条播为贵州冬油菜的最优直播方式，播种量以6.0 kg·hm^-2为宜，研究结果为贵州黄壤田冬油菜的科学种植提供了理论和科学依据。

Growth and yield responses to plant density (6.75 × 104, 9.75 × 104 and 12.75 × 104 plants ha–1) and stage of transplanting (30, 35 and 40 days after sowing) of winter oilseed rape cultivar HO 605 were investigated in two field trials in the 1996/97 and 1997/98 growing seasons at Zhejiang University Farm, Huajiachi Campus, China. Results revealed a progressive decrease in leaf area per plant in response to increasing plant density and delayed transplanting, though leaf area m–2 and leaf area index were higher in high‐density plants. Number of effective branches and pod per branch decreased with increasing plant density and delayed transplanting. There were no significant differences in the mean seed weight among treatments. Although the average number of seeds per pod was significantly lower for high‐density plants and delayed transplanting, the economically highest seed yields were realized in relatively high‐density plants. Seed oil content was negatively affected by increasing plant density, but no significant differences were observed with delayed transplanting. The highest seed yields of 1730.7 and 1748.1 kg ha–1 with no significant differences were observed for plant densities of 9.75 × 104 and 12.75 × 104 plants ha–1, respectively, transplanted at 35 and 30 days after sowing.

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape (DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River (RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment (NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N>–P>–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.

探讨矮秆油菜干物质与氮素积累分配对种植密度的响应及其与高秆品种的差异，以期为矮秆油菜合理密植提供参考依据。盆栽条件下，选用矮秆油菜MJ01（V1）和高秆油菜川油36（V2），设置2种密度（2，4株/盆）处理，研究密度对矮秆油菜干物质及氮素积累分配的影响及其与高秆油菜的差异。结果显示：加大种植密度，提高了矮秆油菜地上部植株干物质和氮素积累，增加了干物质、氮素在茎秆中的分配比例，降低了干物质、氮素在角果壳和籽粒中的分配比例。与高秆油菜相比，矮秆油菜地上部植株干物质和氮素积累较低，干物质和氮素在籽粒中的分配比例相对较高。矮秆油菜与高秆油菜之间的籽粒产量并无显著差异。增加种植密度，矮秆油菜氮收获指数略有升高，经济系数和氮生理利用效率则呈下降趋势。相同密度下，矮秆油菜的经济系数、氮收获指数和氮生理利用效率均大于高秆油菜，但差异均不显著。与高秆油菜相比，矮秆油菜的地上部植株干物质和氮素积累较低，经济系数、氮收获指数和氮生理利用效率较高，并且在适宜种植密度下矮秆油菜也可获得较高的籽粒产量。