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Auricularia of Different Varieties and Habitats: A Comparative Study on the Polysaccharides Content
Li Zhen, Chen Jiemei, Liu Xianzhao, Tan Lirong, Sun Hongmei
Auricularia of Different Varieties and Habitats: A Comparative Study on the Polysaccharides Content
The paper aims to establish a method for the determination of polysaccharides in Auricularia and compare the polysaccharide content of Auricularia in different varieties and regions. Anthrone-sulfuric acid method was used to determine the content of polysaccharides in Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha from different habitats, and the methodological investigation was conducted. The results showed that: the concentration of dextran had a good linear relationship with its absorbance in the range of 3.27-23.61 μg/mL (R2=0.9993), with an average recovery rate of 101.2% and RSD of 3.5% (n=9). The polysaccharides content of A. auricula from Jiangshan, Benxi and Zhangzhou was 4.1%, 3.0% and 3.5%, respectively; the polysaccharides content of A. polytricha from Jiangshan and Xuzhou was 4.1% and 3.6%, respectively. The method is suitable for the determination of polysaccharides in Auricularia. There was certain difference in the polysaccharides content of A. auricula from different habitats, but not for the A. polytricha. The overall difference in the polysaccharides content between the two varieties was not obvious.
Auricularia auricular / Auricularia polytricha / Polysaccharides / Anthrone-sulfuric Acid Method / Region {{custom_keyword}} /
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Influence of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to the characterization and corresponding antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula (AAP) was determined. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, partial acid hydrolysis, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis and atomic force microscopy, AAP was a heteropolysaccharide (composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose and rhamnose at the molar ratio of 37.53:1:4.32:0.93:0.91) with the molecular weight of 2.77x10(4) Da, observed as a spherical lump, and the backbone of AAP was mainly composed by glucose with (1-->3) linked. Moreover, AAP exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals), in lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays. The present result suggested that AAP by MAE had low molecular weight and remarkable antioxidant capability.
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Radiation is known to be associated with pathology of various human diseases. This study has focused on the effect of radiation on glucose homeostasis with regard to metabolic function of liver and pancreas and the effect of polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricular (SNAAP) on glucose metabolism. The (60)Co-gamma-radiated mice displayed destroyed redox equilibrium, accompanied by increased blood glucose accumulation, decreased insulin and hepatic glycogen contents, impaired blood glucose tolerance ability, abnormal changes in activities of glucose metabolism-related enzymes and damaged hepatic and pancreatic function, while SNAAP can restore the disordered glucose metabolism to some extent. Increased phosphorylation of JNK and FoxO1, reduced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3beta and increased expression of PEPCK, G6Pase and GYS2 in the liver as well as the decreased expression of PDX1, GLUT2 and IRS1 in the pancreas of radiated mice were recovered after treated with SNAAP, leading to an improved gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis. These findings clearly indicate that SNAAP has significant potency in radiation-induced glucose metabolism disorder through modulating the JNK pathway in the liver as well as the PDX1/GLUT2 in the pancreas.
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Total Auricularia auricula polysaccharide (AAP(t)) was prepared by extracting and removing the proteins. Column chromatography was used to further graded it into AAP(1) and AAP(2). Three AAPs were modified by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method to obtain three sulfated AAPs (sAAPs), sAAP(t), sAAP(1) and sAAP(2), respectively. Three sAAPs and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were added into cultivation system of chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) in three manners, pre-, post- and simultaneous-adding polysaccharide with NDV respectively, taking three non-modified AAPs as control. Their anti-viral activities were compared by MTT method. The results showed that sAAPs and AAPs at a certain concentration could significantly inhibit the cellular infectivity of NDV in three manners. The effects of sAAPs were better than that of AAPs. It indicated that sulfated modification could enhance the antiviral activity of AAP. sAAP(1) and sAAP(t) possessed stronger activity and would be as the component of a new-type antiviral drug.
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In this study, a dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) from 70% Auricularia auricula-judae ethanol extract showed the highest level of antitumor activity compared to other solvent fractions (ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). The DCMF was found to have more potent antitumor activity against broncheoalveolar cancer (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 57.2 microg/mL) and gastric cancer cells (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 73.2 microg/mL) compared to the other solvent fractions, although all fractions inhibited the proliferation of the tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. We further analyzed the DCMF composition by gas chromatography-coupled mass spectroscopy. Based on the results of this analysis, an antitumor active component (diazane) was identified in the DCMF. However, we found that diazane alone had a lower level of antitumor activity than the DCMF. These findings indicate that other unknown components of the DCMF also are responsible for the cytotoxic effects of DCMF against tumor cells. Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that DCMF induced cytotoxicity or tumor cell apoptosis as a result of the downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and p53 overexpression. Taken together, our study results demonstrated that the DCMF may be used as a functional additive for enhancing antioxidant activities and suppressing tumor growth in the body.
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A fraction of a 0.05 M NaOH solution-soluble polysaccharide, termed AAFRC, was obtained from Auricularia polytricha by protease-assisted aqueous extraction followed by precipitation with ethanol and purification with gel filtration chromatography. Analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a TSK-G5000PW(XL), column and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-400HR indicated that AAFRC is homogenous with an average molecular weight (Mw) of about 1.20x 10(6) Da. The structure of AAFRC was revealed by chemical methods including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results indicated that AAFRC is a glucan consisting 1,3-beta-glucan, 1,4-alpha-glucan, and 1,3-alpha-glucan backbone with a single 1 ->)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl side-branching unit on every six residues, on average, along the main chain. The growth of transplantable Sarcoma-180 (S-180) in mice was also significantly inhibited by AAFRC compared with the model controls (P<0.01), with the inhibitory rate being 43.61%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
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Mushroom extracts are a new source of supplements for health and pharmaceutical due to their bioactivities. This study was to optimize the extraction parameters of a soluble polysaccharide from Auricularia polytricha (SPAP) by response surface methodology. The practical optimum parameters were an extraction time of 4h, an extraction temperature of 95 degrees C and a ratio of water to fruiting bodies of 28 mL/g, and the highest extraction rate was 19.77%. In vivo, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were diet-induced hypercholesterolemic models and oral administration of SPAP to evaluate anti-hypercholesterolemic effects. The results showed that SPAP decreased the serum concentrations of blood lipid, made them close to the normal level. The total cholesterol in the SPAP consumption groups was significantly decreased 34.6 +/- 7.6% and 33.3 +/- 7.9% with dose of 4.5 and 9.0mg/kg BW in the 29th day. This study suggested that SPAP was a suitable natural agent and may be applied in therapy.
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The crude total Auricularia auricula polysaccharide (AAPct) was extracted by water decoction and ethanol precipitation, protein was removed to obtain total A. auricula polysaccharide (AAPt), then was graded into AAP1 and AAP2 through column chromatography. sAAPt, sAAP1 and sAAP2 were prepared by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. In vitro test, the effects of sAAPt, sAAP1, sAAP2, AAPt, AAP1 and AAP2, on chicken peripheral lymphocytes proliferation were compared. The results showed that sAAPt and sAAP1 demonstrated better effect. In vivo test, 14-day-old chickens were injected respectively with sAAPt, sAAP1, AAPt and AAP1 at the first vaccination of ND vaccine, once a day for three days. On days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after the first vaccination, the peripheral lymphocytes proliferation and antibody titer were determined. The results indicated that sAAPt possessed the best efficacy and would be expected to be used as a component of a new-type immunopotentiator.
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