In order to explore the way of water spinach planting in floating bed affecting the water micro-ecological environment of tilapia aquaculture ponds, water spinach floating beds were set up in the ponds under the 10% coverage. These ponds served as the treatment group, while the other ponds without floating beds served as the control group. After the vigorous growth of water spinach, the samples of water from treatment ponds, control ponds, and the samples of water spinach roots were collected respectively. The DNA of the samples was extracted, part of them was used to amplify the 16S rRNA genes and carry out the high-throughput sequencing, to investigate the effect of water spinach planting on the bacterial community structure in water, and analyze the relationship between the root system of water spinach and the bacterial community structure of surrounding water. Another part of DNA was used to conduct the fluorescent quantitative PCR to determine the copy number of nitrogenase gene, and analyze the effect of water spinach planting on the nitrogenase genes in tilapia aquaculture pond ecosystems. The results showed that the direct effect of water spinach planting on the community structure of planktonic bacteria in the water was not significant; however, the root biofilm of water spinach played an important role as a key part of the pond micro-environment. At the same time, water spinach root biofilm also increased the number of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms per unit volume in pond water.

Picking orchard is an important type of leisure agriculture. It has obvious advantages in reducing the circulation links of agricultural products, exploiting the marketing channels, building brands, integrating the primary, second and tertiary industry, and improving agricultural economic benefits. Taking Laoyou Ecological Farm in Yangzhong Town of Youxi County as an example, this paper analyzed the problems in the development of picking orchard, such as lack of overall planning, inadequate service concept, insufficient varieties for picking, fierce homogenization competition, high labor cost, as well as less fine management, brand building and marketing promotion. Based on the analysis, we put forward management suggestions, including accurate positioning of the picking orchard, adopting high standard green planting technology, improving service facilities, implementing functional zoning, using new media for marketing promotion, establishing brands and so on, in order to promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional orchard and realize rural industry revitalization.

The Ecological Conservation Area (ECA) of Beijing is not only an important protective screen for the ecological safety of Beijing, but a significant foundation for local social-economic development. Its development requires balancing the relationship of ecological protection and economic development. Miyun District, located in the northeast of Beijing as an ECA, was taken for case study. In this study, farmers’ income data change from 2006 to 2018 was analyzed, and indicators of agroforestry water expenditure, the regional GDP, cultivated land area, etc., were selected to construct the evaluating system for correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis, aiming to explore the indicators’ impacts on farmers’ income. The results showed that the per capita income of farmers had an upward trend and was positively correlated with five indicators such as agroforestry water expenditure and regional GDP, and was negatively correlated with total agricultural machinery power consumption and other indicators. To promote the coordinated development of ecological economy in ecological conservation areas, the study puts forward some adaptive income increasing strategies, such as strengthening the infrastructure construction, increasing the investment in human capital, promoting industrial transformation and upgrading and improving the ecological compensation mechanism.

In order to understand the characteristics of carbon storage and the distribution pattern of carbon pool in Phyllostulis pubescens ecosystem, P. pubescens forests with five typical stand densities were selected in Miaoshanwu Forest Farm of Qianjiangyuan Forest Ecosystem Positioning Observation and Research Station in Zhejiang Province. The carbon storage in the P. pubescens ecosystem was analyzed. The analysis showed that, among the 5 P. pubescens stand densities, the soil organic carbon content decreased with the increase of soil depth. Soil layer carbon storage was the highest component of carbon storage of all stand types, ranging from 127.65 t/hm² to 166.65 t/hm². The carbon storage in the arborous layer was from 15.59 t/hm² to 31.59 t/hm², and the arborous layer in stand density IV and V had significantly higher carbon storage than that in other stand densities (P<0.05); and the carbon storage in the shrub-herb layer and litter layer was less. With the increase of stand density, the carbon storage of arborous layer, soil layer and the total ecosystem of P. pubescens also increased. In conclusion, with the increase of stand density, the carbon storage of P. pubescens ecosystem increases gradually. Compared with other forest ecosystems, the carbon storage of P. pubescens ecosystem is still slightly lower, and it is recommended to increase the planting density without affecting the economic benefit.

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-320 nm) radiation enhancement and climate change are critical global environmental issues. The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and the increase of greenhouse gases (GHGs, e.g. CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) emissions are major factors driving these issues. Enhanced UV-B radiation would affect carbon and nitrogen balance of terrestrial ecosystem through a series of biogeochemical processes, and influence the emission of GHGs to the atmosphere, further impact the global climate change. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on CO₂ emissions in terrestrial ecosystems through litter or soil and the mechanisms involved in these processes (photochemical degradation of recalcitrant organic molecules into soluble organic carbon, abiotic photo-mineralization of organic compounds and photo-induced microbial degradation). Besides, the influence of enhanced UV-B radiation on CH₄ and N₂O emissions (through changes in the chemical structure of plant tissue and the composition of root exudate) were summarized. The emission patterns of CH₄ and N₂O under the interaction of UV-B radiation enhancement and other environmental factors in different ecosystems were also discussed. In addition, the elevated temperature and reduced precipitation could promote photodegradation of organic matter induced by UV-B radiation enhancement, and further increase GHGs emissions. At present, studies regarding the effects of UV-B radiation enhancement on terrestrial ecosystem are still limited, while most of which focus on arid ecosystems and there are few quantitative studies. In the future, more long-term and large-scale field studies combining with models are needed to quantify the contribution of enhanced UV-B radiation to greenhouse gas emissions in terrestrial ecosystem. The study will provide theoretical reference for the accurate prediction of GHGs emissions under global environment change scenario.

Mountainous area is one of the ecologically fragile systems. To clarify the impact of land use change on the ecological service value of mountainous area is beneficial to the protection of ecological environment and the land use planning in urban and rural areas. This study took Renhua County as an example, based on Landsat TM images in 2000, 2010 and 2020, RS and GIS software were adopted to analyze the land use change in Renhua County in the 20 years, and the impact of land use change on land system stability and ecosystem service value were analyzed from the perspective of ecological service value. The result showed that: (1) the land use types in Renhua County were forestland, cropland, grassland, water area and construction land, and their area was in a descending order; from 2000 to 2020, forestland, cropland and grassland showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, while the area of construction land increased year by year, and the area of water area showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing; (2) from 2000 to 2020, the land use degree index showed an increasing trend, the information entropy of land use structure ranged from 0.76 to 0.82, the stability of land use structure increased, and the land use balance degree ranged from 0.47 to 0.51, with an increase year by year; (3) the change of land use type affected the change of ecological service value, from 2000 to 2020, the overall ecological service value of Renhua County showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing, with a net increase of 394.4078 million Yuan; (4) among the 11 secondary service functions, the value of hydrological regulation function had an obviously increasing trend, increased from 3.4241679 billion Yuan in 2000 to 3.8055619 billion Yuan in 2020. The research results could provide a basis for the protection of natural resources, the sustainable economic and ecological development, and the land structure adjustment in mountainous areas.

To understand the development and application of meta-analysis in agroecology research and provide reference for relevant research, 718 valid literature was obtained with ‘meta’ as the keyword, and quantified by CiteSpace visualization software and Web of Science (WOS) literature analysis tool. The results show that the total number of international publications in agro-ecological meta-analysis has increased significantly. University of California, Davis (UC Davis), China Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Wageningen University have high international influence in the field of agro-ecological meta-analysis. The research topics of agroecology meta-analysis are diverse. The assessment of ecological and environmental effects of farmland management measures, land use change, climate change on biodiversity and greenhouse gases, the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen nutrient cycling, and the changes and interaction difference of different ecosystems are the main application fields at the present stage. As an important tool for agro-ecological research, meta-analysis provides a new way to verify hypotheses and develop new theories for large-scale comprehensive research, but it is still difficult to fully meet the needs of practical work by simple meta-analysis. A comprehensive meta-analysis based on big data fusion, machine learning model algorithms and expert knowledge assessment will be the focus of future research.

In order to fully explore and utilize the functional active substances of the green peel of different ecological banana varieties, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was established to quantitatively analyze main phenolic acids in the green peel of various banana varieties. Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C₁₈ column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) was used, gradient elution was conducted with methanol (A)-0.2% formic acid aqueous solution (B), flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, injection volume of 5 μL, column temperature of 35℃. Under the negative ion scanning mode and the multi-reaction monitoring mode, the electrospray ionization source was detected. The separation effect of seven phenolic acids (gallic acid, quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and rutin) was good, and the mass scores showed good linear correlation in the range of 1-200, 1-2000, 1-200, 1-200, 1-200, 2-200, and 1-500 μg/L (r²>0.9992), respectively, the average recovery (n=6) was 84.37%-92.17%, and RSD≤10.96%. The established UPLC-MS/MS method had the characteristics of accuracy, sensitivity, rapidity and good repeatability, and could be used for the simultaneous determination of the content of the seven phenolic acids in green banana peel. The content of main phenolic acids in the green peel of different ecological banana varieties was significantly different. The phenolic acid content in green peel of non-dessert bananas was significantly higher than that of dessert bananas, and the phenolic acid content in green peel of non-dessert banana ‘Pahang’ was the highest, which was 2.12 mg/g.

In order to better evaluate the health of the wetland ecosystem in the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve, according to its characteristics and the connotation of wetland ecosystem health, we used the Euclidean distance theory and selected 13 indicators from four aspects of water, soil, biology and society, to construct the assessment system of the wetland ecosystem and evaluate the ecosystem health. Then, we analyzed the existing problems of the reserve based on the index diagnosis method. The results showed that the ecosystem health index (A value) was 0.656. The water guarantee rate, soil pH, dynamic balance of plant community, dynamic balance of animal community, population density, ratio of water extraction to water storage, ratio of wetland output value to input capital contributed positively to A value. The contribution of soil available phosphorus, wetland capital input capacity and supply function type to A value was negative. The evaluation method adopted by this study on wetland ecosystem health based on Euclidean distance could accurately reflect the ecosystem health, the existing problems were analyzed, and some suggestions on further improvement of the natural reserve were put forward.

To screen out suitable flue-cured tobacco varieties in Shaoguan ecological tobacco areas, a field comparative experiment was conducted to study the differences of eight introduced flue-cured tobacco varieties on agronomic traits, disease occurrence, economic traits, appearance quality, sensory quality and chemical composition. The results showed that the field comprehensive performance of ‘FJ312’, ‘Minyan 7’and‘Yunyan 87’ were better than that of the control ‘K326’, the three varieties’ plant height was 78.0 to 108.5 cm, and the maximum leaf area was 1167.41 to 1454.26 cm²; the yield was 1727.05 to 2178.67 kg/hm², which was 20.83%-52.43% higher than that of ‘K326’; the output value was 43368.90 to 58946.13 yuan/hm², which was 29.68%-76.26% higher than that of ‘K326’. The disease resistance, appearance quality and sensory quality of the three varieties were better than those of ‘K326’, and ‘FJ312’ and ‘Minyan 7’ had the strongest disease resistance, whose incidence rate of the tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco bacterial wilt and tobacco brown spot were zero. In a word, ‘FJ312’, ‘Minyan 7’ and ‘Yunyan 87’, which are adaptable in Shaoguan ecological tobacco areas, can be used as local backup flue-cured tobacco varieties and have certain application prospects.

Driven by intensive planting and economic benefits, continuous cropping, planting a single crop in the field year after year, has become a common planting mode in China. Long-term continuous cropping has caused many problems, including serious pests and diseases, low yields, and deteriorating soil health. Crop rotation is one of the effective solutions to continuous cropping obstacles and plays a crucial role in the implementation of national strategies such as food security, ecological environment development, and rural revitalization. The paper expounded on the economic and ecological benefits of crop rotation compared with continuous cropping through literature review, and provided suggestions for developing China’s crop rotation based on the comparison of domestic and foreign crop rotation systems. The results show that compared with continuous cropping, crop rotation has higher economic and ecological benefits. Also, it is found that China’s current crop rotation system differs from foreign countries in terms of guidance, promotion mechanisms, subsidy methods, and regulatory measures, and there are still many problems in the development process of crop rotation in China. Combining with the experiences of foreign crop rotation, this paper proposes that we should formulate scientific crop rotation plans, develop crop rotation techniques (conservation tillage, cover crops, water-saving irrigation, and etc.), strengthen the promotion of crop rotation, accurately implement the crop rotation policy, and timely carry out reasonable evaluation and policy adjustments, which have a guiding significance for the large-scale development of crop rotation in China.

The study of land use change and ecosystem service value (ESV) is of great significance to the sustainable development and utilization of land resources. Taking Harbin as the study area, the characteristics of land use changes were analyzed by using the comprehensive evaluation and sensitivity analysis method of ecosystem service value based on equivalent factor. By improving and adjusting the unit area corresponding to different land use types and the service value and coefficient table of ecosystem in Harbin, this paper made a comprehensive, systematic and in-depth analysis on the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of ecosystem service value in Harbin from 2005 to 2020. The results showed that (1) from 2005 to 2020, the area of cropland and construction land increased slightly, while the area of forest land decreased gradually; the changes of the other three land use types were relatively small; (2) the overall ESV of Harbin showed a downward trend, forest, cropland and water area were the main contributors to the value of ecosystem services in Harbin, and the ecological service value of Harbin was mainly reflected in water conservation, soil protection and waste treatment. Therefore, when formulating the land use plan for the study area, it is necessary to focus on protecting the land use types with higher ecosystem service value coefficient, such as forest, cropland and water area, and carry out more scientific and rational planning, so as to realize the sustainable development of the land use types in each region in Harbin.

The aims are to study the ecological relationship between Rhizopus oryzae and tobacco leaf mildew (TLM) at the curing stage, and to provide a basis for making the disease-control strategy. The natural incidence rate of different parts of the petioles and stems were defined by tissue moisturizing method. The relationship between the incidence rate and water content was studied by inoculating the pathogen on petioles. The content of R. oryzae in the rhizosphere soil of tobacco fields and subsequent crops was determined by the dilution plate method. The results showed that the main fungus in tobacco rhizosphere soil was R. oryzae which caused TLM. Higher disease incidence rate appeared when the stem was close to petiole. Stem of continuously cropping tobacco plants displayed more incidence compared to that of new tobacco plants. The pathogen could easily invade the stem through infecting 1-14 nodes in the middle and lower parts of the plant. Tobacco petiole did not show any disease when the water content was lower than 40%, and the disease was most severe when the water content was 70%-80%. The number of R. oryzae in the root soil of continuously cropping tobacco plant was greater compared to newly planted soil. Root soil with black shank disease plants displayed more pathogen number compared to the one with healthy plants. R. oryzae was more abundant in the soil surrounding the roots of summer squash and cauliflower, while it was less in the soil surrounding the roots of peas and broad beans. This study highlights the significance of formulating control strategy for TLM at curing stage of tobacco.

In order to explore nitrogen fertilizer management measures of low carbon production in north China, the typical summer maize field was used as the study object. The treatments included four nitrogen fertilizer rates: N0(0 kg/hm²), N1(100 kg/hm²), N2(150 kg/hm²) and N3(200 kg/hm²). The net carbon effect of different nitrogen application rates on summer maize farmland ecosystem was evaluated through statistical analysis of the test data of soil greenhouse gas emissions, indirect carbon emissions from agricultural inputs, and crop carbon sequestration. The results showed that soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions increased with the nitrogen application rate, while the CH₄ uptake decreased with the nitrogen rate increase. The carbon equivalent of total soil emissions from treatment N1, N2 and N3 increased by 14.91%, 24.19%, and 29.67% compared with that of N0, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer input, reaching 135.27-270.55 kg/hm², contributed to a high proportion of the indirect emissions. Nitrogen application also promoted the accumulation of crop carbon sequestration, while the carbon content of net primary productivity of N0, N1, N2 and N3 reached 1965.56, 3125.68, 4345.55 and 4663.64 kg/hm², respectively. The carbon flow in agricultural system indicated that all the treatments were carbon sinks. The net carbon effect of N0, N1, N2 and N3 was 258.33, 1034.99, 2032.82, and 2192.16 kg/hm², respectively, and the carbon sustainable index reached 0.15, 0.50, 0.88 and 0.89, respectively. In summary, 200 kg/hm² nitrogen application can be recommended as an appropriate input, because it deserves more carbon sequestration in exchange for less carbon consumption, showing a higher net carbon effect.

China has more people and less arable land, and the number of people is increasing while the area of arable land is decreasing. We must take advantage of the characteristics of production objects and production factors to fully develop and utilize spatial ecological niche and temporal ecological niche, and scientifically combine agricultural production to give full play to the potential productivity of natural resource conditions, production objects, and various production factors, in order to improve the efficiency of the agricultural ecological economic system, offset the shortage of cultivated land and funds, and alleviate the troubles caused by the surplus of labor. Through a long-term typical investigation, the author took into consideration the selectivity of agricultural production objects, the discreteness of spatial layout, the controllability of production periods, the regional scale and volatility of market demand, and the interdependence and the substitutability of production objects and production factors, closely combined biology, ecology and social economics, and used cluster analysis and systematic comparison, to propose different optimization models for the innovative development of ecological agriculture. By coupling the rational development of the agricultural spatial-temporal economic ecological niche with the scientific allocation of production factors in all directions and throughout the process, the development of the spatial-temporal ecological niche is expanded from a two-dimensional form to a three-dimensional form, and the agricultural structure is advanced from the time section adjustment to the overall process optimization. This facilitates the small cycle of conversion of material and energy to boost the large cycle of the system, thereby effectively enhancing the power amplifier effect of the conversion of material and energy, and improving system productivity. The optimal coupling of the development of spatial-temporal ecological niche and the allocation of production factors outperforms the static and isolated space development and the backward method of allocation of agricultural production factors. It is an inevitable choice for the innovative development of ecological agriculture in China, and has theoretical and practical significance for promoting the sustainable, high-quality and efficient development of ecological agriculture.

To study the relationship between chemical composition and sensory quality of tobacco leaves of Yimeng hilly ecological region with honey sweetness and burnt flavor, 176 flue-cured tobacco samples from tobacco-growing areas of Weifang, Rizhao and Linyi in Shandong Province were selected as typical representative samples, including lower tobacco leaves X2L, X3L, X2F and X3F; middle tobacco leaves C2F, C3F, C2L and C3L; upper tobacco leaves B2F, B3F, B2L and B3L, and the conventional chemical compositions and sensory quality indexes were statistically analyzed. Simple correlation analysis showed that tobacco combustion had significantly negative correlation with total nicotine and extremely significantly negative correlation with the difference between total sugar and reducing sugar, and significant or extremely significant positive correlation with starch, reducing sugar and potassium. In addition, the ash content had significantly negative correlation with reducing sugar, chlorine and the difference between total sugar and reducing sugar, and extremely significantly positive correlation with starch. Irritation was significantly negatively correlated with chlorine. The canonical correlation showed that total nicotine was positively correlated with concentration and smoking strength. Nitrogen/nicotine was negatively correlated with concentration and smoking strength. Chlorine was negatively correlated with irritation and aftertaste. Therefore, total nicotine, nitrogen content and chlorine content are the key factors affecting the sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco in Yimeng hilly ecological region.

This study evaluates the value of forest ecosystem service function in Guandi Mountain state-owned forest region, aiming to provide a scientific basis and data support for objectively assessing the ecological benefits of the Natural Forest Protection Project, carrying out forest management and ecological benefit compensation, and realizing the value of ecological products. The study is based on the national forestry industry standard Forest Ecosystem Service Function Evaluation Specification (GB/T 38582—2020), and the second-class survey data of forest resources in 2019. The research shows that the total value of forest ecosystem service function in Guandi Mountain state-owned forest region is 21.442 billion yuan. The functions with the largest value are the value of purifying the environment, the value of water conservation and the value of oxygen release, accounting for 81.62% of the total value. Wenyuhe Forest Farm has the largest value of 1.491 billion yuan, and Wucheng Seed Garden has the smallest value of 0.229 billion yuan. Among the main stand types, arbor forest accounts for 85.46% of the total value, and shrubbery accounts for 14.54%. The value order of the main tree species is: Pinus tabulaeformis > Quercus liaotungensis > Larch> Poplar> Birch > Arborvitae> Spruce. Guandi Mountain state-owned forest region has a high value of forest ecosystem service function and plays an important role in the forest ecosystem service function in Shanxi Province. It is recommended to carry out scientific protection and restoration, improve forest quality accurately and monitor ecological benefit continuously, in order to maximize the value of forest ecosystem service function.

It is an important way to realize green development of agriculture in Sichuan hilly areas by selecting a reasonable ecological circular agriculture model according to local climate resources and agricultural types and carrying out nutrient balance management. This paper took Pengxi County of Sichuan as an example to conduct the empirical analysis, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the development of ecological circular agriculture in the hilly areas of eastern Sichuan. The results show that, based on the target yields and target nitrogen (N) application rates of crops and orchards, the application amount of organic fertilizer (biogas slurry) is calculated. The livestock and poultry manure and biogas slurry, which are produced in the project area, could be recycled within the crop fields and orchards, and the replacement rate of chemical fertilizer N could reach 31%-62%. Based on the calculation of the manure and organic fertilizer replacement in crop fields and orchards, the carrying capacity of livestock in the project area still has a certain potential. The model combines the local leading and advantageous agricultural industries, uses local planting and breeding wastes scientifically and rationally, and reduces the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution. Finally, the analysis of the management mechanism and development path of ecological circular agriculture in this study could provide an example for the development of circular agriculture in the hilly areas of eastern Sichuan.

In view of the shortage of water and heat resources in different ecological areas, and the frequent occurrence of wind disaster, lodging, low yield, poor quality and other problems in maize production, a new maize variety ‘MC278’ was bred by taking ‘Jing X005’ as female parent and ‘Jing 27’ as male parent. The inoculation tests of the variety in Jilin, Hebei and other places showed that it had strong resistance to small spot disease, Curvularia, dwarf mosaic, silk smut and stem rot, and was easy to infect large leaf spot, and it was moderately resistant to corn borer in Jilin. In the regional trials in Beijing, Inner Mongolia and other regions in different years, the kernel yield of ‘MC278’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Zhengdan 958’ (CK), the highest yield was 16166 kg/hm², and the average yield was increased by 8.3%. The content of crude protein, crude starch and lysine of ‘MC278’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Zhengdan 958’. In 2019, the production in Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and other regions showed that the yield of ‘MC278’ was all more than 12804 kg/hm², and the maximum yield was 14283 kg/hm². ‘MC278’ was equipped with field management measures and harvest techniques, such as suitable sowing date, density and water and fertilizer management, and prevention and control measures of diseases and insect pests. The variety passed the national examination and approval in 2019 (National Approved Maize Variety No.20190030), and its planting area now includes 15 provincial regions, such as Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong and etc.

The rural area is a complex and giant system formed by the organic combination of core elements such as population, land and industry. In order to explore the interaction between rural population, land and industry, this paper used these three elements of rural development to construct the evaluation index system of the coupling coordination degree based on the county panel data of the Dongting Lake Eco-economic Zone. Then, the paper adopted the coupling coordination degree model to deeply portray the spatial-temporal differentiation of the coupling coordination of rural population-land-industry in Dongting Lake Eco-economic Zone. Results showed that the development of the subsystems with rural population, land and industry in the Dongting Lake Eco-economic Zone was generally very different and unbalanced; the development of rural population-land-industry in most counties was in the stage of coupling coordination, forming a spatial pattern centered on the developed area of Yueyang City in the east of Dongting Lake Eco-economic Zone and gradually spreading outward in the form of circles, which showed an overall upward trend year by year. The coupling coordination degree had four types: bare coordination, primary coordination, intermediate coordination and good coordination. The rural population-land-industry coupling coordination degree as a whole showed the characteristics of increasing from primary coordination to intermediate coordination in the study area.

Tobacco virus disease (tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus Y, etc.) is one of the most common tobacco diseases in the world, which often causes great loss in tobacco production. In order to understand the spatial distribution of tobacco virus disease in field, this paper analyzed the ecological niche characteristics of virus disease pathogens through field systematic investigation. The results show that the host ecological niche breadth of tobacco virus disease is large in Longyan tobacco planting area. With the growth of tobacco, the ecological niche breadth of tobacco virus disease gradually increases, and the value in the later growth stage is close to 0.9, indicating that the virus disease could infect most of the tobacco in the area. At the same time, the ecological niche breadth of the incidence of cucumber mosaic virus disease is 0.94, and that of common mosaic virus disease is 0.8256, indicating that the spread rate of cucumber mosaic disease is faster than that of common mosaic disease. The research on the ecological niche of infectious diseases could provide a basis for the effective ecological regulation of diseases.

The grain aphid Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), considered as S. avenae (Fab.) in China, is one of the most widely distributed aphid species which needs chemical control annually in northern China at wheat grain filling stage. The spatial-temporal population dynamics of the grain aphid is affected by geographical area, meteorological factors, natural enemies, agricultural practices, biodiversity, and resistance characteristics of wheat varieties to aphid at different growth stages in field. In general years, the dynamics of aphid population develop with the wheat growing and temperature rise in field. The aphid number has sporadic occurrence at the jointing stage of wheat seedling and cluster occurrence at booting stage, increases rapidly after head sprouting, and reaches the peak at mid-late stage of grain filling, and decreases sharply at milking stage. The aphid spatial distribution pattern follows random distribution - contagious distribution - aggregated distribution (mosaic distribution) - uniform distribution - aggregated distribution (mosaic distribution)- disappearance. The wheat grain number is affected weakly by aphids before wheat head sprouting because the population of aphids is very small in field. But the 1000-grain weight is significantly affected by the aphid as its population increases rapidly during grain filling stage in field. In this paper, an ecological control strategy is proposed for grain aphid. We suggest that the dynamic control index of this pest should be established according to the resistance/tolerance characteristics of wheat varieties to aphid during different growth stages. The priority should be given to the biological control before wheat head sprouting, and the dynamic control index should be strict; the chemical control should be carried out after head sprouting, and the dynamic control index could be loosened. The utilization of plant protection UAV combined with artificial intelligence is also suggested to automatically discover the occurrence center of aphid and other pests/diseases, and to spray pesticides precisely on the occurrence center in wheat field simultaneously.

The purpose is to provide theoretical reference and data support for optimizing the allocation of land resources and promoting the sustainable development of regional ecology, society and economy. Based on the construction of the evaluation index system of land use benefit, using the models of coupling coordination degree, relative development degree and obstacle degree, the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and major influencing factors of the coupling coordination degree of land use ecology-society-economy system in 17 cities of the Shandong Province were explored. The results are as follows. Land use ecology-society-economy system of Shandong was in the primary coordination state of running-in stage and showed a continuous rising trend in 2008-2017. The coupling coordination degree increased steadily from 0.54 to 0.70, and its annual average was 0.63. The equilibrium level of coupling coordination degree among cities was gradually improved in 2008-2017. Its variation coefficient of coupling coordination degree decreased from 0.126 to 0.072, but the coupling coordination degree of land use ecology-society-economy system in different cities still showed an obvious gradient distribution difference from the east to the west of the province. There was a significant difference in the relative development degree among the ecological, social and economic subsystems of land use in different cities. The southern sides of central Shandong and its northern area, together with Weihai City, had constituted an obvious half-circle ecological lag region by 2017. Social and economic barriers affecting the coupling coordinated development of land use ecology, society and economy were dominant throughout, but the ecological impact increased since 2013. During the study period, the coupling coordination level of land use ecology-society-economy system in different cities in Shandong was continuously improved, but the differences among different regions were still obvious, and there was still more space for improvement. Therefore, it is suggested that different cities should consider the main obstacle factors of their own and implement differentiated development strategies according to local conditions.

The purposes are to enrich the variety of comprehensive rice-fishery cultivation, make full use of paddy resources, expand market supply and provide an important basis for the steady development of rice fishery comprehensive farming industry in mountainous areas. The comparative analysis on ecological comprehensive rice-fishery cultivation of Allogynogenetic gibel carp ‘CAS Ⅲ’ and Cipangopaludina cahayensis was conducted in Wuyishan City. The results showed that after 139 days of cultivation, the total yield of ‘rice+crucian carp+snail’ model reached 9937.5 kg/hm², 7.72% higher than ‘rice+crucian carp’ model, but 7.67% lower than ‘rice+snail’ model. The total profit of ‘rice+crucian carp+snail’ was higher than that of ‘rice+crucian carp’ and ‘rice+snail’ model by 25.83% and 77.91% respectively; the comparative benefits of output-input ratio, cost profit and sales profit rate were significantly higher than those of the ‘rice+snail’ model. The ecological farming model of ‘rice+crucian carp+snail’ could effectively improve the comprehensive farming effect of paddy field, but it is also necessary to optimize the key technologies and the mixed proportion of aquatic animal stocking in order to further improve the comparative benefits of rice-fishery cultivation in paddy field.

As a typical human disturbed ecosystem, coal field not only plays an important role in promoting economic development, but also provides strong support for maintaining the stability of ecosystem. Evaluation of ecological environment sensitivity in coal field is one of the main ways to realize the regional control of coal field. Taking six coal fields in Shanxi Province as examples, this paper adopted GIS spatial analysis technology to select indexes from topographical and geological conditions, habitat, water resources environment, human disturbance and other aspects, and constructed the evaluation index system and evaluation model of ecological sensitivity of coal fields. Based on the three factors of soil erosion sensitivity, soil desertification sensitivity and human disturbance in the six coal fields, the ecological environment sensitivity level evaluation and spatial distribution characteristics analysis were carried out. The results showed that: (1) among the soil erosion sensitivity of the six major coal fields, the proportion of the four grades of insensitivity, mild sensitivity, moderate sensitivity and severe sensitivity was: 18.7%, 43.4%, 25.6% and 12.3%, respectively; the high sensitivity of soil erosion was caused by sandy soil and silt soil, relatively concentrated precipitation, large topographic relief and strong hydraulic erosion; (2) the sensitive areas of moderate and severe land desertification accounted for 10.4% and 3.8%, which were mainly caused by perennial gale in winter and spring, low precipitation, dry surface, mostly sandy soil texture and low vegetation coverage; (3) the proportion of mild, severe and complete disturbance areas in the coal field environment was 36.4%, 38.2% and 11.1% respectively; the degree of human disturbance in the northern part of Ningwu coal field, the southeastern part of Qinshui coal field and the southern part of Datong coal field showed complete human disturbance type, and the disturbance landscape types were urban and rural construction land, industrial and mining land, and other construction land, which were mainly distributed in the city and its surrounding areas; (4) the areas with mild, moderate and severe comprehensive eco-environmental sensitivity accounted for 20.3%, 36.4% and 11.1% of the total study area respectively, and the areas with non-sensitivity accounted for 20.3%, and the areas with high sensitivity were mainly distributed in the north of Ningwu coal field, the southeast of Datong coal field, the north and northeast of Qinshui coal field. The research results could provide data support and a scientific basis for the development and utilization of mining area and ecological protection.

To alleviate the contradiction between ecological protection and local sustainable development, this paper took the Qingyazhai Nature Reserve in Hebei Province as an example, used questionnaires and conditional value assessment method to analyze the willingness of local farmers to accept ecological compensation and their livelihood capital. The results showed that the average expected value of ecological compensation willingness of farmers in the reserve was 4148 yuan/hm². The main form of compensation for farmers was cash compensation, followed by policy compensation and in-kind compensation, with the lowest demand on technical compensation. The highest compensation demands by farmers were preferential policies for farmers and the improvement of the social security system. Among the in-kind compensation, farmers’ demand for grain and organic fertilizers ranked the first, and the demand for environmental pesticides ranked the second. In terms of technical compensation, there was a high demand for fruit and vegetable planting technology, agricultural planting technology and agricultural product processing technology. The natural capital of the reserve was 0.1812, the human capital was 0.4431, the physical capital was 0.1638, the financial capital was 0.4165, and the social capital was 0.2998. The overall development of livelihood capital was unbalanced, showing vulnerability, and the livelihood capital of farmers with different compensation willingness was different. This research is of significance for the formulation of ecological compensation policies in the study area and the construction of reasonable ecological compensation mechanisms.

Yuanjiang dry-hot valley is a poorly vegetated and fragile arid ecosystem in low land. Although it was lushly forested before the middle of the 17^th century, it became a tropical montane savannah after the end of the 17^th century. This study focuses on the diversity and distribution patterns of plants in this representative xerophytic flora, aiming to explain the impact of main environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation and underground water supply on species and populations, so as to explore the adaptation of plants. Furthermore, dry-hot environment indications corresponding to species and species assemblage were considered. Therefore, alpha and beta indices were employed to cope with biodiversity differences in plant species and its environment, respectively. Selected indices were subscribed to the relationship among species, population size, and their living circumstances in terms of Species_estimated, Singletons, Uniques, ACE, ICE, and Chao2. The results show that: (1) alpha diversity is higher in the transects and plots closing to the river channel (< 25 m), and decreases away from the riverway; (2) beta diversity increases from upper to lower stream in L-transect (Bray-Curtis < 0.500), however, it is reversed in P-transect, the homoplasy is obvious (Bray-Curtis > 0.500); (3) in the lowland of dry-hot valley, indices of Species_estimated, Singletons, Uniques, ACE, ICE, and Chao2 are significantly high beside river especially in the tidal range, which indicates a strong reliance on water supply. Conclusively, species composition and distribution patterns in the lowland of Yuanjiang dry-hot valley are deeply affected by heterogenity of water and temperature allocation. Plant species and their diversity are closely correlated to the microhabitat along river channel, and this correlation could be an approach for environmental monitoring potentially.

Since 2006, the decline of Yangtze cetacean, a critically endangered cetacean species living in the Yangtze River, has attracted widespread attention. To provide a good living environment for the Yangtze finless porpoise in the Zhenjiang Yangtze cetacean provincial nature reserve, a series of ecological restoration projects have been carried out. From 2015 to 2018, ecological floating islands, artificial fish nests and benthic animals release were constructed in the water area of Hechangzhou to carry out ecological restoration. During this period, this study conducted tracking monitoring and effect evaluation for ecological restoration projects. The results show that the construction of ecological floating islands could improve the biodiversity and community structure complexity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the region. Artificial fish nests have a certain effect on the proliferation of stickiness spawning fish, such as Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Hemiculter leucisculus and Xenocypris davidi. The construction of ecological floating islands and artificial fish nests has better effects on fish aggregation. The proliferation and release of benthic animals could significantly increase the abundance and biomass of released species and the community biomass of benthic animals in the reserve, and the effect of the proliferation and release is medium. The ecological restoration effect of the nature reserve is remarkable, which provides a scientific basis for the ecological restoration of the aquatic life reserve affected by engineering construction.

The paper aims to analyze the role of multi-stakeholders in inclusive eco-planning and point out that they could promote the paradigm shift of social governance. Eco-planning is an important part of China’s ongoing territory spatial planning and a bridge between the natural and social ecosystems, and promoting social governance at local level through the eco-planning process is the key to achieving territory spatial planning. Based on research and practice since 2000, the paper analyzed the role of the local governments and their departments, the public, planners, and other social forces in the interactive cooperation in formulating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating of eco-planning. And the paper compared the two social governance paradigms which eco-planning faces. The research pointed out that the inclusive and cooperative governance paradigm in eco-planning had the ability to promote paradigm shift of social governance. Through the description of the inclusive eco-planning process, it indicated that the way of coordinating the relationship between stakeholders in its specific process could help transform social governance into a multi-stakeholders’ cooperative governance system and a multiple consultation platform in which multi-stakeholders participate.

To study the multi-year change of the ecological quality of vegetation in Fenghua, the MODIS vegetation index and the meteorological observations from 2000 to 2018 were selected to calculate and analyze vegetation coverage, vegetation net primary productivity and ecological quality index of vegetation. The results showed that: (1) from 2000 to 2018, all the three indicators in Fenghua presented a trend of improving, with the average growth rate of 0.26%/a、1.7 g C/(m²·a) and 0.19/a, respectively, exceeding the 0.01 significance level except the net primary productivity of vegetation; (2) in 2018, the ecological quality of vegetation in Fenghua reached the highest level, but there were big differences among different regions, the vegetation coverage and vegetation net primary productivity in mountainous areas were significantly better than those in urban areas, the ecological quality of vegetation in Dayan, Xikou and Shangtian ranked as the top three; (3) the change of the vegetation ecological quality index was less affected by the annual precipitation after 2014, it might be related to the enhanced ecological protection and restoration; compared with 2005 when the “Two Mountains Theory” was first proposed, 90.0% of the regions achieved a positive increase in ecological quality index of vegetation in 2018, especially in mountainous areas. This study found that the ecological quality of vegetation in Fenghua has been improved since 2000, however, the spatial differences in eco-environmental quality are significant, the ecological quality of vegetation in some plain areas are getting worse, which needs enhanced protection.

The article studied the significance of Xi Jinping's thought on ecological civilization and the implementation of a series of green ideas such as "lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets", analyzed the internal relationship between the construction of ecological civilization and the sustainable development of the countryside, expounded the practice and experience of ecological civilization construction and rural green development of Fujian Province. The authors put forward some thoughts and countermeasures such as taking the four factors (production, ecology, life and life) as the main line, focusing on building a basic implementation system with the government as the leading factor, the village as the platform, and the farmers as the main body, strengthening the sustainable development of industry and the construction of ecological environment management system with public participation; the focuses of the specific countermeasures include guiding the development of rural ecological economy according to the situation, giving a full play to the diversified functions of agriculture, preventing the expansion of rural non-point source pollution, strengthening the publicity and popularization of rural ecological civilization, improving rural residential environment, ensuring green production with a clean environment, promoting the integration of ecology and industrialization, and exploring and establishing the coupling of protection and utilization.

In order to investigate the fresh yield of various cultivars of cassava in different ecological environment and to explore the cassava cultivars with high yield and high benefit, 4 cassava cultivars were studied on their fresh yield and economic benefit in six experiment sites. The results indicated that in different ecological environment, the fresh yield and the economic benefit varied among different cassava cultivars. The ‘SC124’ cultivar cultivated in Xinmajie had the highest fresh yield, which was 66816.67 kg/hm² among the tested samples, and the cultivar also had the highest economic benefit, which was 40090.00 yuan/hm². The experiment could provide beneficial materials for further popularizing cassava cultivars with high yield and high benefit, and methods and ways for the exploiting cassava resources.

With the progress of the times, antibiotics for treating bacterial diseases have been constantly developed, and they are widely used in animal husbandry and medical industries. The residual antibiotics are difficult to be decomposed in the animal body and human body, they get in the environment along with the excreta, they are reabsorbed by animals or accumulate in animals. Different types of antibiotics can also cause damage to the balance of microbial populations in the environment and even induce the production of resistance genes, which cause irreversible harm to humans. It this review, we analyze the antibiotic residues entering the human body by various forms, and the harm they can bring to human health. We summarize some common methods for detecting antibiotics and the methods for degrading antibiotics, including biodegradation, abiotic degradation and combined biodegradation. At last, we point out the future direction of the antibiotics’ residual degradation in the environment.

To show time-honored China’s agricultural ecological wisdom, promote the integration and symbiosis of “ecological wisdom—ecological practice—ecological civilization”, we summarized the ecological wisdom and planning thinking of China’s agricultural land use through document analysis and induction of historical classics and traditional agricultural practices. The research shows that the ecological wisdom of agricultural land use in China is reflected by the favorable weather, favorable geographical position, and the emphasis on human resources. The overall ecological concept, time cycle thinking and factor planning thought are the external manifestation of the planning thinking of agricultural land use in China. In urban-rural spatial planning and rural revitalization, the wholeness mode of thinking should be set up, including conducting spatial allocation under the perspective of the community of life for man and nature to realize the people-oriented urbanization, controlling the spatial planning of the land demarcation line to lay a foundation for future spatial layout; building the system of natural parks to form a sound protection shield for national ecological safety; promoting urban-rural integration and rural revitalization to narrow the gap between urban and achieve shared prosperity; and keeping the strategic margin to realize the added value of urban-rural development. In the overall planning of land and population elements, it is advocated to give play to the subjective initiative of people. Although agricultural land use in ancient China is small-scale land use and ecological practice, its ecological wisdom is still of positive significance for understanding and promoting the practice of land spatial planning today.

By constructing a model of coupling degree and coupling coordination degree, the authors calculated the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree of industrial development and ecological protection of 37 villages and towns in Beijing’s ecological conservation area, aiming to coordinate the ecological and industrial construction of Beijing’s ecological conservation area. Combining the basic situation of township industry and ecological protection in Beijing’s ecological conservation area, the township industry and ecological protection were set as subsystems, and 16 indicators were selected from the perspective of industrial output value, industrial modernization level and agricultural resources and environment. The entropy method is used to calculate the index weights of industries and ecology, so as to obtain the respective comprehensive evaluation values S (1, Z) and S (2, Z), and the coupling degree C of the ecological conservation area and the degree of coupling coordination D. The results showed that Liubinpu Town, Qianjiadian Town, Jiuxian Town, Yongning Town and Xiangying Town in the northeast of Yanqing District, Yanchi Town in the southwest of Mentougou District, Baoshan Town in the northwest of Huairou District, Bulaotun Town, Dachengzi Town and Taishitun Town in the northeast of Miyun District had relatively low degree of coupled and coordinated development, and they belonged to the barely coordinated development area with poor coordination. Yukou Town, Wangxinzhuang Town in Pinggu District, and Dongshaoqu Town in Miyun belonged to the middle-level coordinated development area with a good degree of coordination. Through the coupling degree and the coupling degree coordination degree model, it was found that the coupling degree values of the 37 towns were relatively high, and there was no obvious difference. From the perspective of the development type of the coupling coordination degree, there was still a great space for the development of coupling coordination among the 37 towns in the future.

To explore the spatiotemporal variations of soil water and saline-alkali in compound ecosystem of sand and meadow in the Songnen Plain, the soil water content (SWC), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH in 0-300 cm soil profile in sand, meadow and middle area (between sand and meadow) regions from May to September were analyzed. The results showed that the mean SWC in meadow region was 20.5% and 52.7% higher (P<0.01) than that of middle area region and sand region, respectively. In middle area region, higher SWC in 0-20 cm soil and lower SWC in 30-150 cm soil were observed in September. In meadow region, SWC was lower in 0-10 cm soil in July and it gradually declined with the increase of soil depth from 10 to 150 cm. The mean EC and mean pH in meadow and middle area regions were higher (P<0.01) than that of sand region. The mean EC in meadow region was 39.8% higher (P<0.01) than that of middle area region. In meadow region, higher EC and pH were observed in 0-10 cm soil in July and in 30-70 cm soil in September. In middle area region, higher EC and pH were observed in 0-10 cm soil in September. The surface soil saline-alkali mainly occurred in meadow region and middle area region in July and September, respectively, and the different saline-alkali degree of the two kinds of regions was determined by species, soil texture and soil water table level.

With the establishment and improvement of domestic Gaofen satellite ground observation system, the need for refined ecological remote sensing monitoring and analysis has been put on the agenda. The authors took Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Hejing County as an example, used GIS and remote sensing technology to perform normalized vegetation index (NDVI) inversion on the satellite data of Gaofen No.6, to generate vegetation index coverage levels and combined land use types, analyzed the current situation of vegetation ecological landscape in the study area; and used DEM data to extract the two main topographic factors of elevation and slope to conduct correlation analysis of the spatial distribution of NDVI values. The results show that: (1) the spatial distribution of vegetation coverage in Hejing County has obvious spatial heterogeneity, in general, it is mainly moderate and low coverage vegetation; (2) the vegetation index of Hejing County at low altitude and high altitude area is relatively low, and the vegetation index reaches the maximum in the middle altitude area (2500-3200 m), the maximum value was 0.48; (3) the slope has greater impact on vegetation. At about 10°, the vegetation growth is good and the vegetation index reaches the maximum.

The aims of this study are to select suitable farming methods for dryland crops in the Yangtze River Basin, improve the yield and quality, obtain higher economic benefits and promote the sustainable development of dryland agriculture. The effects of intercropping on crop yield, quality, agronomic traits, ecological and photosynthetic characteristics, and nutrient uptake were reviewed both at home and abroad. The results show that the total yield (or income) of crops using an intercropping system is higher than that of any monoculture system. Intercropping significantly improves the quality of crops. Intercropping makes each crop complementary in space-time, water and fertilizer utilization. The total efficiency of radiation interception and utilization of intercropped dryland crops is not lower than that of monocultures of specific crops, and the soil water content and nutrient utilization rate of the intercropping system are higher than that of the monoculture system. Intercropping could lead the two crops to compete and improve the nutrient absorption, thus enhancing fertilizer use efficiency and reducing fertilizer loss rate. Intercropping system could use light, temperature and water intensively. Given the problems of dryland crop intercropping in the Yangtze River Basin, four research directions were pointed out.

To understand the effects of rice-crayfish ecological planting and breeding on the yield and quality of fine palatable japonica rice in Taihu Lake region, and provide reference for the decision-making of rice-crayfish ecological planting and breeding, five rice varieties (lines) with good taste and two planting densities were selected to analyze the characteristics of rice yield and quality formation under different modes of rice-crayfish ecological planting and breeding and traditional rice cultivation. The results showed that the soil physical and chemical properties were significantly improved in rice-crayfish ecosystem compared with that of traditional field cultivation. The number of effective panicles increased significantly, but panicle formation rate, grain number per spike, seed setting rate, 1000 grain weight and yield decreased significantly. The chalkiness trait was significantly improved by the ecological planting and breeding, the contents of protein and amylose significantly were increased, as well as the disintegration value and gelatinization temperature, and the subtracting value was decreased. Reducing planting density could improve rice quality. There were differences among the varieties, and some related traits of rice quality were significantly affected by the interaction between planting patterns and varieties. In general, rice varieties with fine palatable quality is suitable for the long term rice-crayfish ecological planting and breeding, and proper reduction of nitrogen and planting density could ensure safe and stable production and achieve better taste quality.

To sort out the application research of ecological value assessment by using the choice experiment method in China, 59 related documents are analyzed. The results show that the domestic research on ecological value assessment can be roughly divided into the research on the ecological value of scenic spots and the study of regional value. The tourism cost in the study of ecological value of scenic spots is 265.51-1381.38 per visit, and the estimated value by ticket is 7.78-127.12 yuan per visit; the regional ecological value is mainly paid by personal willingness and family willingness, among which, the environmental value of individual willingness payment is 23.77-1066.99 yuan per year, while the household willingness payment is 21.77-769.42 yuan per year. The results show that the ecological value calculated by travel cost is higher in scenic spots valuation study, and the value measured by individual willingness payment is more different in the estimation of regional ecological value. Therefore, attention should be paid to the difference between different accounting methods.