
Ecological and Economic Benefit Analysis of Crop Rotation and Development Suggestions
YU Taize, JIA Wei, AN Xiaohui, JIN Shuqin, WEI Xue, LI Ying, ZHANG Dan
Ecological and Economic Benefit Analysis of Crop Rotation and Development Suggestions
Driven by intensive planting and economic benefits, continuous cropping, planting a single crop in the field year after year, has become a common planting mode in China. Long-term continuous cropping has caused many problems, including serious pests and diseases, low yields, and deteriorating soil health. Crop rotation is one of the effective solutions to continuous cropping obstacles and plays a crucial role in the implementation of national strategies such as food security, ecological environment development, and rural revitalization. The paper expounded on the economic and ecological benefits of crop rotation compared with continuous cropping through literature review, and provided suggestions for developing China’s crop rotation based on the comparison of domestic and foreign crop rotation systems. The results show that compared with continuous cropping, crop rotation has higher economic and ecological benefits. Also, it is found that China’s current crop rotation system differs from foreign countries in terms of guidance, promotion mechanisms, subsidy methods, and regulatory measures, and there are still many problems in the development process of crop rotation in China. Combining with the experiences of foreign crop rotation, this paper proposes that we should formulate scientific crop rotation plans, develop crop rotation techniques (conservation tillage, cover crops, water-saving irrigation, and etc.), strengthen the promotion of crop rotation, accurately implement the crop rotation policy, and timely carry out reasonable evaluation and policy adjustments, which have a guiding significance for the large-scale development of crop rotation in China.
crop rotation / economic benefit / ecological benefit / soil health / policy suggestion {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 中外轮作制度对比 |
中国 | 其他国家/组织 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
轮作 指导 思路 | 2019年农业农村部《探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点方案》提出,要在东北冷凉区、北方农牧交错区等地开展轮作试点[47] | 美国:《土地保护储备计划》(Conservation Reserve Program,CRP),其计划的政策设计、组织实施等宏观任务由政府完成,具体的轮作休耕计划由土地所有者与州政府协同制定,并由农民自愿申请[48]; 欧盟:农民主要遵循《共同农业政策》(Common Agricultural Policy,CAP),其中规定,强制大型农场主每年对一定比例的土地进行轮作,强制小规模土地所有者每年对所有土地进行轮作[49]。 | ||
宣传 推广 机制 | 自上而下的,在国家、省、地、县4级进行农业推广,从中央到农民个人进行业务指导与推广[50] | 日本:政府和农协双轨推广制,即在从中央到地方有一套健全的农业普及体系的同时,发展农民自己的组织即日本农业协同组合[51]; 美国、中国台湾:教育—科研—推广“三位一体”的合作农业推广体制,高校教育科研与农业推广得到了有机结合[52]。 | ||
补贴 方式 | 中央财政对轮作休耕制度试点给予适当补助,在具体实施过程中,试点省可根据实际情况细化具体补助标准[53] | 美国:保险公司、信托公司、政府部门等均参与补贴计划,大多数补贴以作物保险计划、收入担保补贴以及价格支持等形式进行发放,有效利用市场机制[54]; 日本:将耕地分级,不同的级别有不同的标准,补贴水平有差异;在补贴的同时,建立奖惩机制,对配合者进行奖励,对不配合者进行惩罚[55],如对于积极配合轮作休耕的农民,政府会发放600~4000美元/hm2的奖励补贴[56]。 | ||
轮作 监管 | 农业农村部、财政部等部门联合对轮作休耕试点地区进行监督,相关省、县适时督导,并且同时探索卫星遥感技术配合监管[47] | 美国:根据土壤数据库等资料与图表建立了环境效益指数,从多角度对于土地轮作休耕情况进行评价,并依据评价结果,结合市场实际情况,进行轮作验收与下步工作的制定[57]; 美国、日本:存在民间第三方机构,保证监测、审计结果客观公正。 美国、德国、加拿大、日本:均已拥有成熟的遥感技术,以此为依托进行轮作休耕监管[58]。 |
[1] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[2] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[3] |
BULLOCK. D G. Crop rotation[J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 2008, 11(4):309-326.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[4] |
The Nature Conservancy. Rethink soil: a roadmap for us soil health[EB/OL]. https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/docume nts/rethink-soil-external-paper-103116.pdf, 2021-01-22.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[5] |
吴萍. 构建耕地轮作休耕生态补偿制度的思考[J]. 农村经济, 2017(10):112-117.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[6] |
新华社. 中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议[N/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-11/03/content_5556991.htm, 2021-08-01.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[7] |
于台泽, 贾良良, 牛丽娟, 等. 马铃薯轮作的生态和经济效益--案例分析[J]. 中国马铃薯, 2020, 34(6):337-349.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[8] |
孙淑葵, 谭广泰. 甜玉米-马铃薯轮作的关键技术及生产效益[J]. 广东农业科学, 2007(9):10-12.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[9] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[10] |
KELLEY.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[11] |
陈少灿, 吴凤芝. 轮作分蘖洋葱对大白菜生长、品质及产量的影响[J]. 北方园艺, 2015(12):31-34.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[12] |
晋艳, 杨宇虹, 段琪, 等. 烤烟轮作连作对烟叶产量质量的影响[J]. 西南农业学报(增刊), 2004,267-271.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[13] |
卢维宏, 张乃明, 包立, 等. 我国设施栽培连作障碍特征与成因及防治措施的研究进展[J]. 土壤, 2020, 52(4):651-658.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[14] |
蒋旭平. 新疆棉农连作行为分析——基于棉花替代作物可选择空间的思考[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2009, 30(6):47-50.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[15] |
谭雪莲, 郭天文, 刘高远. 马铃薯连作土壤微生物特性与土传病原菌的相互关系[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2016, 35(8):30-35.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[16] |
刘星, 邱慧珍, 王蒂, 等. 甘肃省中部沿黄灌区轮作和连作马铃薯根际土壤真菌群落的结构性差异评估[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(12):3938-3948.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[17] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[18] |
颜志波, 赵甜, 王方海, 等. “多花黑麦草-水稻”轮作对稻瘟病发生程度的影响[J]. 草学, 2020(2):54-58,64.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[19] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[20] |
The effects of long-term different fertilization regimes on weed species diversity were evaluated in this study. Seven different fertilization treatments, each with three replicated plots and 20 years of fertilization, were investigated in oilseed rape fields under a rice–oilseed rape cropping system in Tai Lake region. Overall, 17 weed species from 11 families were recorded. Of these, <i>Alopecurus aequali, A. japonicas, Beck-mannia syzigachne, Malachium aquaticum</i>, and <i>Geranium carolinianum</i> had high population density, and were dominant in different plots. The weed species richness varied significantly among different fertilization treatments, ranging from 5 species in chemical fertilizer with oilseed rape stalk and rice straw treatment (CFOR) to 12 in N fertilizer treatment (NF). The composition and abundance of weed species also differed in different fertilization treatments. Shannon-Wiener index in NF was significantly higher than that in any other fertilization treatment while Simpson dominance index was the lowest. Pielou evenness index in non-fertilizer treatment (NoF) and NF were significantly higher than those in other fertilization treatments. As suggested by Whittaker index, chemical fertilizer and oilseed rape stalk treatment (CFO) and chemical fertilizer treatment (CF) had the most significant effects on weed community composition, chemical fertilizer and pig manure treatment (CFM) and chemical fertilizer and rice straw treatment (CFR) ranked the second, while NF and CFOR had no significant effect on weed community composition. Sørenson similarity index and clustering analysis suggested similar trends as Whittaker index. The results have indicated that the appli-cation of balanced N, P, K fertilizer and even plus organic manure (pig manure, oilseed rape stalk, and rice straw) was beneficial to effectively control dominant weeds and maintain weed species diversity by decreas-ing the abundance of those otherwise dominant species.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[21] |
程传鹏, 潘俊峰, 万开元, 等. 轮作对农田杂草的影响研究进展[J]. 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(30):1-9.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[22] |
许艳丽, 李兆林, 李春杰. 小麦连作、 迎茬和轮作对麦田杂草群落的影响[J]. 植物保护, 2004(3):26-29.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[23] |
高菊生, 徐明岗, 曹卫东, 等. 长期稻-稻-紫云英轮作28年对水稻产量及田间杂草多样性影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2010, 26(17):155-159.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[24] |
环境保护部, 国土资源部. 全国土壤污染状况调查公报[N/OL]. https://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/qt/201404/W0201404175589 95804588.pdf,2021-02-22.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[25] |
张长青, 路广鹏, 马祎明. 我国农民采用轮作休耕存在的问题及对策[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2019, 47(7):246-247,250.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[26] |
新华社. 中共中央国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见[N/OL]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/05/content_2857363.htm,2021-02-22.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[27] |
张俊伶, 张江周, 申建波, 等. 土壤健康与农业绿色发展:机遇与对策[J]. 土壤学报, 2020, 57(4):783-796.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[28] |
PRESTON, T R, LENG R A. The greenhouse effect and its implications for world agriculture (The need for environmentally friendly development)[J]. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 1989, 1(1):21-30.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[29] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[30] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[31] |
于寒, 吴春胜, 王振民, 等. 连作对大豆根基可培养微生物及土壤理化性状的影响[J]. 华南农业大学学报, 2014, 35(2):28-34.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[32] |
董广辉, 夏正楷. 土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力[J]. 水土保持研究, 2003(3):80-82.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[33] |
张瑜, 许晓鸿, 隋媛媛, 等. 保护性耕作对黑土区坡耕地水土流失防治效应影响研究[J]. 吉林水利, 2012(11):1-5.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[34] |
张成君, 师尚礼, 康文娟, 等. 不同轮作模式土壤酶活性特征及与化学性质的关系[J]. 中国草地学报, 2020, 42(5):92-102.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[35] |
周勃, 魏彦宏, 朱锦泉, 等. 水旱轮作对长期连作棉田土壤生物活性的影响[J]. 农村科技, 2014(7):25-27.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[36] |
万年鑫, 郑顺林, 周少猛, 等. 薯玉轮作对马铃薯根区土壤养分及酶活效应分析[J]. 浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版, 2016, 42(1):74-80.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[37] |
洪洁, 康建依, 刘一倩, 等. 生菜连作及生菜-菠菜轮作对土壤细菌群落结构的影响[J]. 生物技术通报, 2019, 35(8):17-26.
以生菜连作和生菜-菠菜轮作不同次数的土壤样品为材料,研究比较生菜不同种植方式下土壤细菌群落的差异。采集0-20 cm深度土壤样品,分别提取样品总DNA,采用高通量测序技术分析生菜种植前后土壤样品中细菌多样性。测序结果经过质控过滤,共获得有效序列46 865条,对相似水平为97%的OTU进行生物信息统计分析,共得到OTU 21 692个。Heatmap图和群落组成分析显示,样品共检测到细菌40个门,89个纲,190个目,371个科,693个属,其中变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门在连作过程中占比逐渐下降,而在轮作过程中较为稳定。另外,壤霉菌属、节细菌属、黄杆菌属、溶杆菌属及微细菌属等有益菌属逐渐成为轮作土壤样品中的优势菌属。主成分分析结果表明,轮作和连作土壤样品差异明显。生菜在连续种植第5次后,产量和过氧化氢酶活性分别下降了24.1%和20.7%,出现连作障碍,而轮作生菜产量和过氧化氢酶活性较连作分别提高了49.6%和10.5%。菠菜-生菜轮作土壤中细菌类群具有丰富的多样性,随着轮作的增加有上升的趋势,可在一定程度上缓解生菜连作过程中出现的问题。
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[38] |
徐少卓. 棉隆熏蒸加短期轮作葱对苹果连作障碍的防控研究[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学,2018.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[39] |
赵其国, 钱海燕. 低碳经济与农业发展思考[J]. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(5):1609-1614.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[40] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[41] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[42] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[43] |
王立为. 旱地马铃薯田温室气体减排与增产协同机制和模式研究[D]. 北京: 中国农业大学,2015.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[44] |
钟川. 稻田不同种植模式对土壤肥力、细菌多样性及温室气体排放的影响[D]. 南昌: 江西农业大学,2019.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[45] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[46] |
魏宝梅, 赖新云, 万茜. 浅淡温室气体的危害[J]. 黑龙江科技信息, 2011(13):25.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[47] |
中华人民共和国农业农村部种植业管理司. 农业农村部财政部关于做好2019年轮作休耕制度试点工作的通知[N/OL]. http://www.moa.gov.cn/gk/zcjd/201906/t20190625_6319177.htm,2021-01-22.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[48] |
向青, 尹润生. 美国环保休耕计划的做法与经验[J]. 绿色中国, 2006(1):73-78.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[49] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[50] |
程小兵. 我国农业推广现状及发展对策[J]. 现代农业科技, 2018(23):255-256,259.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[51] |
李淑英. 日本农业推广体系的特点及启示[J]. 世界农业, 2007(12):10-11.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[52] |
武英耀, 张改清. 美国合作农业推广体制及其对我国的启示[J]. 山西农业大学学报:社会科学版, 2003(4):371-374.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[53] |
人民日报. 今年中央财政支持轮作试点面积2500万亩[N/OL]. http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0609/c1004-30047013.html,2018-06-09/2021-01-22.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[54] |
TAXPAYERS for COMMON SENSE. Effects of Farm Subsidies on Farm Management Decisions[EB/OL]. https://www.taxpayer.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Report-Effects-of-Farm-Subsidies-on-Farm.pdf,2021-01-22.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[55] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[56] |
谭永忠, 赵越, 俞振宁, 等. 代表性国家和地区耕地休耕补助政策及其对中国的启示[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(19):249-257.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[57] |
杨庆媛, 信桂新, 江娟丽, 等. 欧美及东亚地区轮作休耕制度实践:对比与启示[J]. 中国土地科学, 2017, 31(4):71-79.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[58] |
朱国锋, 李秀成, 石耀荣, 等. 国内外轮作休耕的实践比较及政策启示[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2018, 39(6):35-41,92.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[59] |
路广鹏. 大庆市农民实施轮作意愿研究[D]. 大庆: 黑龙江八一农垦大学,2019.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[60] |
张晶, 史怡宁, 韩沁沁. 我国轮作休耕政策实施状况与优化研究[J]. 黑龙江农业科学, 2019(6):142-147.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[61] |
农业农村部. 2019年全国耕地质量等级情况公报[N/OL]. http://www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2020/202004/202005/t20200506_6343095.htm,2020-01-22
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[62] |
周泉, 黄国勤. 江西省水稻绿色生产的问题与对策研究[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2020, 41(2):9-15.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[63] |
高忠奎, 蒋菁, 唐秀梅, 等. 水旱轮作条件下花生品种筛选及土壤特性变化分析[J]. 南方农业学报, 2018, 49(12):2403-2409.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[64] |
周少平, 谭广洋, 沈禹颖, 等. 保护性耕作下陇东春玉米—冬小麦—夏大豆轮作系统土壤水分动态及水分利用效率[J]. 草业科学, 2008(7):69-76.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[65] |
秦欣, 刘克, 周丽丽, 等. 华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作节水体系周年水分利用特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(19):4014-4024.
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
[66] |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
{{custom_ref.label}} |
{{custom_citation.content}}
{{custom_citation.annotation}}
|
Collection(s)
/
〈 |
|
〉 |