This paper systematically elaborated on the core characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles (including their definition, classification, and payload capacity) and geographic information system (GIS) technology (taking ArcGIS as an example, such as its definition and data acquisition functions). Meanwhile, it conducted research from the perspectives of application scenarios, collaborative practices, existing problems, and optimization strategies. UAVs exert advantages in efficient operations in 4 major fields of forestry, namely forest survey and monitoring, pest and disease control, fire prevention and extinguishing, and afforestation and renewal. ArcGIS software, on the other hand, provides spatial data processing and decision support in forestry information management, resource protection, and forestry planning and management. The collaborative application of the 2 technologies in scenarios such as forest land area measurement and afforestation plot verification has significantly improved the efficiency of forestry work and data accuracy. The study finds that the current application of technology needs further optimization in aspects such as the performance of hardware facilities, data collection, and the development of grassroots professional teams. Accordingly, optimization suggestions are put forward, such as upgrading hardware configurations, constructing a UAV data sharing platform, and strengthening the introduction, cultivation of grassroots talents and skills training. The research shows that the integrated application of UAV and ArcGIS technologies provides scientific and technological support for the sustainable utilization of forest resources, and also offers a reference for the promotion and application of new technologies in the field of forestry.

【Objective】 To analyze the genetic diversity relationship of phenotypic traits in forage oat germplasm resources worldwide, conduct Cluster analysis and Comprehensive evaluation, explore excellent materials, and provide Material basis and Technical support for Germplasm creation and Breeding utilization of forage oats. 【Method】 Using 244 collected domestic and foreign forage oat germplasm as experimental materials, they were planted in Guyuan City, Ningxia from 2023 to 2024, and 11 Phenotypic traits including plant height, stem diameter, tiller number, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, ear length, whorled layers number, number of spikelets, fresh weight, and hay weight were systematically measured. Multiple evaluation methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function, and hierarchical cluster analysis were comprehensively used for multi-dimensional evaluation. 【Result】 Phenotypic variant analysis showed that the coefficient of variation of the 11 traits ranged from 12.11% to 42.69%, among which tiller number, leaf length, and number of spikelets had higher coefficient of variation, which were 42.69%, 32.90%, and 32.77% respectively; The genetic diversity index ranged from 1.408 to 2.077, among which number of spikelets, stem diameter, and hay weight had higher genetic diversity index, which were 2.077, 2.075, and 2.074 respectively; Correlation analysis revealed that there were 41 pairs of significant or extremely significant relationships among the 11 traits, and the indicators with higher correlation with hay weight of forage oats were fresh weight, leaf number, leaf width, whorled layers number, plant height, and number of spikelets in sequence; The principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of six principal components were extracted, which were 28.980%, 14.833%, 12.494%, 9.556%, 7.495%, and 6.850% in sequence, with the Cumulative contribution rate reaching 80.209%; Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the 244 germplasm resources into 5 Groups. Among them, the germplasm resources in Group Ⅱ had thick stem diameter, long ear length, and many whorled layers number, belonging to lodging-resistant or high yield materials; The germplasm in Group Ⅲ and Ⅳ had high plant height, long leaf length, and many tiller number, belonging to high yield forage materials; The germplasm in Group Ⅴ had multiple leaves, wide Leaf width, many number of spikelets, and high fresh and hay weight, belonging to high-quality forage type and high grain yield materials. The Comprehensive phenotypic evaluation value (F value) of germplasm resources was obtained through analytical methods such as membership function, and 20 accessions of Core germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive traits were screened out. 【Conclusion】 The results revealed that the 244 forage oat germplasm resources possess rich phenotypic genetic variation and diversity; Cluster analysis divided the 244 germplasm resources into 5 different groups, which can be selected and utilized according to the excellent characteristics of different germplasm resources and breeding objectives; 20 accessions of forage oat germplasm resources with excellent comprehensive traits, such as As166, As129, As163, As131 and As80 were screened out using F value.

Coordinating light and nitrogen (N) distribution within a canopy is essential for improving rice yield and resource use efficiency.  However, limited research has examined light and N distribution in response to planting density and N rate, and their relationships with grain yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE), and N use efficiency for grain production (NUEg) in rice.  A two-year field experiment was conducted with two hybrid varieties under three N levels, 0 kg ha^–1 (N1), 90 kg ha^–1 (N2) and 180 kg ha^–1 (N3), and two planting densities, 22.2 hills m^–2 (D1) and 33.3 hills m^–2 (D2).  Results showed 3.4% higher yield and 4.4% higher NUEg under N2D2 compared with N3D1.  The extinction coefficient for N (K_N) and light (K_L) and their ratio (K_N/K_L) at heading stage were significantly influenced by N rate, planting density, and their interaction.  K_N decreased with the increase of N input or planting density.  Compared to N1, K_N decreased by 43.5 and 58.8% under N2 and N3, respectively, while K_N under D2 decreased by 16.0% compared to D1.  Higher K_L and K_N/K_L values occurred under low N rates, with opposite trends under high N rates.  Increased planting density led to decreased K_L and K_N/K_L values.  N2D2 demonstrated higher K_L and K_N, and thus comparable K_N/K_L, compared to N3D1.  Correlation analysis revealed K_L negatively correlated with RUE, while K_N and K_N/K_L positively correlated with NUEg.  These findings indicate that increasing planting density under reduced N input could maintain rice yield while enhancing resource use efficiency through regulation of canopy light and N distribution.

To explore the efficiency of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers in rice, this experiment set up four treatments of fertilization: conventional fertilization, Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer, Sirte slow-release fertilizer, and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer. The rice yield and soil chemical properties were measured in each plot, and the effects of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers on reduction and efficiency of rice fertilizer, soil fertility and determination of soil chemical properties were evaluated using combination of the analysis of soil enzyme activity and microorganism indicators. The results showed that when fertilizer nutrients quantity decreased by 13%, the theoretical yield of rice was consistent with the actual yield, with Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment>Sirte slow-release fertilizer treatment>conventional fertilization treatment>Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer treatment; under the application of slow (controlled) release fertilizer in rice, the cost-saving and fertilizer reduction effect of Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were the better; the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium content of rice grains and straw treated with Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were relatively higher. Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment had the best effect on improving various chemical and biological characteristics of soil. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the application of Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer had the best effect.

To investigate the effects of bacterial fertilizer and amino water-soluble fertilizer combined application on rhizosphere soil and growth of tobacco plants under the condition of chemical fertilizer control, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer on tobacco plant growth, rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, bacterial community structure and diversity under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, with conventional fertilization as control (A0B1). The results showed that compared with A0B1, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer showed various effects. (1) The contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available P and the activity of catalase and urease in rhizosphere soil increased, and the activity of nitrate reductase decreased. (2) The diversity and relative abundance of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were increased, the relative abundance of specific bacteria, fungi and dominant bacteria (Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes) increased, and the relative abundance of dominant bacteria (Actinobacteria and Entorrhizomycota) decreased. (3) Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH was the key environmental factor positively correlated with the abundance of bacterial and fungal communities, and available P was negatively which correlated with the relative abundance of bacterial communities. (4) This combined application method promoted the growth and development of tobacco and leaf opening. In general, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, the application of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino soluble fertilizer can improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient level, improve the rhizosphere micro-ecological environment, and promote the growth and development of tobacco plants, the overall effect of bacterial fertilizer+75.0 g/hm² amino water-soluble fertilizer treatment(A1B3) is better.

To screen germplasm resources of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus with high environmental adaptability to Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, seeds from six geographical sources, Yinchuan (Ningxia), Hohhot (Inner Mongolia), Qiqihar (Heilongjiang), Baoding (Hebei), Shuyang (Jiangsu), and Taiyuan (Shanxi)—were sown in 2020 at the experimental base in Daqing. The site features a temperate continental monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 4.2℃, annual precipitation of 427.5 mm, and chernozem soil. After four years of cultivation, functional leaves from mature plants were collected. Using paraffin sectioning, 14 leaf anatomical traits were measured, including midvein diameter, midvein vessel diameter, leaf thickness, epidermal thickness, cuticle thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, stomatal length, and stomatal width. Derived indices such as palisade-to-spongy ratio (P/S), cell tension ratio (CTR), and sponge ratio (SR) were also calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering were employed to elucidate anatomical differentiation among seed sources and their environmental adaptation under uniform growing conditions. Key findings include: (1) significant genetic divergence in leaf anatomy was observed among seed sources. Core adaptive traits included P/S ratio, CTR, palisade tissue thickness, midvein diameter, and leaf thickness. The Qiqihar (Heilongjiang) source exhibited superior performance, with palisade tissue thickness of (96.03±3.73) μm, P/S ratio of (3.84±1.14), and CTR of (63±0.4)%, all significantly higher than other sources. In contrast, the Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) source showed the lowest values for these traits (palisade tissue thickness: 72.25±7.43 μm; P/S ratio: 1.52±0.55; CTR: 37±0.4%). (2) PCA extracted four principal components, collectively accounting for 85.12% of the total variance. PC1 (44.34% variance) was heavily loaded with P/S ratio (0.93) and CTR (0.92), reflecting the synergistic function of mesophyll structure in light capture and water use. PC2 (20.50%) was associated with midvein diameter (0.87) and vessel diameter (0.92), indicating vascular transport efficiency. PC3 (11.79%) was linked to upper (0.86) and lower (0.76) epidermal thickness, representing protective mechanisms. PC4 (8.49%) correlated with leaf thickness (0.71) and stomatal length (-0.85), suggesting a trade-off between leaf thickness and stomatal size regulation. (3) Environmental adaptability rankings, consistent with cluster analysis, based on PCA composite scores, were as follows: Qiqihar (0.98) > Shuyang (0.10) > Baoding (0.06) > Yinchuan (-0.02) > Taiyuan (-0.15) > Hohhot (-0.97). Hierarchical clustering (Euclidean distance = 5) grouped the sources into three adaptability categories: Group I (Qiqihar, Shuyang)-high adaptability; Group II (Baoding, Yinchuan, Taiyuan)-moderate adaptability; Group III (Hohhot)-low adaptability. This study clarifies the genetic differentiation in leaf anatomical traits of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and identifies key adaptive indicators, providing an anatomical basis for selecting superior germplasm in Northeast China and similar ecological regions. It also offers theoretical support for assessing the adaptability of medicinal plants introduced across different geographic areas.

【Objective】Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is an important legume crop in China, yet, its production is severely constrained by soil salinity. This study aimed to systematically identify and evaluate the salt tolerance of a large-scale adzuki bean germplasm collection to provide elite genetic resources and a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of salt-tolerant adzuki bean cultivars. 【Method】A total of 398 adzuki bean accessions were evaluated in a hydroponic system under 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress a concentration determined as suitable for screening in preliminary experiments. The salt injury index and 10 root morphological traits of each accession were measured post-treatment. A comprehensive salt tolerance value (D-value) for each accession was calculated using a combination of principal component analysis (PCA) combined with the subordinate function method. Based on the D-value, all accessions were systematically evaluated and classified into different salt tolerance grades. Subsequently, differences in salt tolerance among three germplasm types (cultivars, landraces, and wild accessions) were compared. Finally, stepwise regression analysis was employed to identify key indicators for evaluating seedling salt tolerance and to construct a simplified evaluation model. 【Result】Salt stress significantly inhibited root growth in adzuki bean, but extensive genetic variation was observed among the accessions. PCA effectively reduced the 10 root traits to three independent principal components, accounting for a cumulative 88.76% of the total variation. According to the criteria of a comprehensive salt tolerance value (D-value) and salt tolerance grade, a group of highly tolerant accessions at the seedling stage, such as B552 and B533, were identified. Comparative analysis indicated that wild accessions and landraces exhibited stronger seedling stage salt tolerance potential than cultivars, with wild accessions showing particularly outstanding tolerance. Stepwise regression analysis identified the salt tolerance coefficients of five key traits, including root volume, root fresh weight, root dry weight, average root diameter, and number of root crossing as the key indicators. Based on these indicators, an optimal regression equation with a very high coefficient of determination was established. 【Conclusion】This study systematically evaluated the salt tolerance of a large-scale adzuki bean germplasm collection at the seedling stage. It not only identified a group of elite salt-tolerant accessions, but also established a simplified and efficient comprehensive evaluation system for seedling salt tolerance in adzuki bean based on five key root traits.

Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe is a plant resource with food and medicinal value, as well as health-promoting functions. This study aims to investigate the metabolic product differences in flower buds among various Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe varieties in the Wenshan Region. In this study, flower buds from two independently selected varieties (‘Wenhe1’, ‘Wenhe2’) and one locally preserved variety of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe were used as experimental materials. An extensive targeted metabolomics analysis utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was conducted to investigate the differences in metabolites and metabolic pathways among the flower buds of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe varieties. The findings indicated that ‘Wenhe2’ had the highest vitamin C content, whereas the landrace variety possessed the highest crude fiber content. In total, 758 metabolites were identified in Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe buds, including 145 amino acids and derivatives, and 110 flavonoids. Among these metabolites, 94 were differentially expressed between ‘Wenhe1’and ‘Wenhe 2’, 65 between ‘Wenhe1’ and the control group, and 87 between‘Wenhe2’ and the control group. These variations predominantly occurred in amino acids and their derivatives, as well as sugars and their derivatives. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis revealed that both tested varieties exhibited significant upregulation in pathways related to amino acid synthesis and sinigrin synthesis compared to the control group. Additionally, in the comparison between ‘Wenhe1’ and ‘Wenhe2’, the metabolic pathways significantly upregulated in ‘Wenhe1’ included the pentose phosphate pathway and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, which were strongly associated with photosynthesis. Under identical conditions, significant differences were observed in the metabolite profiles of ‘Wenhe1’ and ‘Wenhe2’ compared to local varieties, especially in metabolites of practical significance, including those involved in amino acid synthesis and glucosinolate synthesis. These results offer valuable insights for the functional breeding of Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe and the exploration and utilization of effective metabolomic resources.

Forest resources are important natural and strategic resources, playing a significant role in ensuring the supply of timber and forest products and maintaining forest ecological security. The current situation and existing problems of forest resource protection in Nanling County, Anhui Province were systematically analyzed, and targeted countermeasures and suggestions were put forward. The study area has continuously deepened the reform of the forest chief system, establishing a forest resources management system with clear rights and responsibilities and efficient implementation. In 2024, the number of forest chief inspections increased by 76.12%. Strictly implemented systems such as the quota management for forest felling, granted townships the authority to approve and issue forest felling permits, and the average processing time for logging permits has been shortened from 15 days to 10 days. A database of cases involving illegal destruction of forest resources was constructed. Remote sensing interpretation technology was adopted to optimize the data processing accuracy and information extraction efficiency of the system, and the compliance rate of seedling felling operations had reached 95%. Forest resources management needs to be further improved in 3 aspects: forest resources protection and management, supervision of tree felling, and publicity of felling policies. Based on this, it is proposed to optimize the personnel allocation of the forest chief system and form a joint force of human and technological prevention supervision relying on the comprehensive management platform of the forest chief system in Anhui Province. Forestry and grassland authorities at all levels adhere to the forest felling quota and certificate-based felling system, proactively adjust inspection methods and supervision contents, and establish a traceability system for the entire felling process. Through various forms such as rural notice boards, television and radio, efforts should be made to enhance the publicity of regulations and policies on forest felling management, providing references for the sustainable management of forest resources and ecological protection.

To deeply understand the wild plant resources in Saihanba Mechanical Forest Farm, this study adopted the method of typical sampling combined with field investigation to set up 12 sample lines in the natural forests of this area, and investigated the composition of wild plant species and the types of rare and endangered plants there. The results showed that the wild plant species in this area were relatively rich, with a total of 183 species belonging to 122 genera and 56 families. Angiosperms dominated in vegetation classification, with a total of 176 species belonging to 116 genera and 51 families. In terms of life forms, herbaceous plants accounted for the largest proportion, with a total of 134 species belonging to 86 genera and 39 families, making up 73.22% of the total species. The dominant families of wild trees were Rosaceae, Betulaceae and Pinaceae; the dominant families of wild shrubs were Rosaceae and Caprifoliaceae; and the dominant families of wild herbaceous plants were Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae and Liliaceae. This area was home to rare and endangered forest and grassland resources, including the second-class national key protected wild plant Cypripedium guttatum. In Hebei Province, 12 species of wild plants were protected, including Acanthopanax senticosus, Papaver nudicaule and Primula maximowiczii. This study provides a reference for the conservation of plant diversity and the construction of the ecological environment in forest farms.

Wheat-maize rotation is a widely used planting pattern in oasis irrigated areas in northwest China.  Although this planting pattern has the advantage of breaking the barrier of continuous cropping to some extent, it also has some problems such as large evaporation and prominent soil degradation during fallow period, which seriously restricts the improvement of crop yield.  Planting green manure (GM) after wheat and returning it to field can effectively improve soil physicochemical properties, regulate photosynthetic characteristics of subsequent crops and promote crop yield.  However, the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of crop yield improvement under different green manure return methods (GMRM) is still unclear.  Therefore, by exploring the relationships among soil moisture and temperature environment, maize root structure, photosynthetic characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and yield under different GMRM, this study aims to provide theoretical basis for clarifying the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of GMRM to improve maize yield.  A three-year field experiment was conducted at a research station in the Shiyang River Basin (Gansu, China).  Five treatments were involved in this study: (i) conventional tillage without GM (CT), (ii) no-tillage with total GM mulching (NTG), (iii) no-tillage with removal of aboveground GM (NT), (iv) tillage with total GM incorporation (TG), and (v) tillage with only root incorporation (T).  Results showed that the NTG and TG significantly increased soil water content (SWC) in 0-110 cm soil layer, soil temperature (ST) of maize seedling (V3) to jointing stage (V6), canopy cover (CC), leaf stay-greenness (SG), root length (RL), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (ՓPSII), maize biomass and grain yield (GY) compared with CT.  In addition, NTG and TG significantly decreased ST of maize big trumpet stage (V12) to blister stage (R2), and dissipation of excess energy (NPQ) compared with CT.  The GM return to field could improve root structure and canopy coverage of maize mainly by improving soil water content.  The optimization of maize root structure and canopy coverage increased maize chlorophyll content (SPAD) value and promoted P_n.  The increase of P_n inhibits the increase of NPQ, thus promoting ՓPSII.  The increase of ՓPSII promoted the increase of maize biomass, and finally realized the increase of maize GY. 

The Pacific spadenose shark (Scoliodon macrorhynchos) is a cartilaginous fish commonly found in China's coastal waters. In recent years, the population resources of this species are continuously declining and it has been listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. In order to further understand the species and provide a basis for its scientific management and protection, this study investigated and analyzed genomic genetic resources of S. macrorhynchos. In this study, whole-genome resequencing was performed on the genomic DNA of the S. macrorhynchos. Using the resequencing data, preliminary genome assembly was conducted and its quality was evaluated. Genome-wide identification of microsatellite loci was carried out with calculation of their relative abundance. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence was de novo assembled using bioinformatics software. The assembled mitochondrial sequence was comparatively analyzed against published GenBank reference sequences to identify variant sites; variations were annotated by genomic location (protein-coding genes, tRNA genes, and the control region) and analyzed for nonsynonymous substitutions. The results showed that the genome of the S. macrorhynchos exhibited the following characteristics: size= 2991.63 Mb, heterozygosity rate= 0.46%, repetitive sequence proportion= 63.37% and GC content= 44.34%. The preliminary genome assembly yielded a total length of 2482 Mb with a scaffold N₅₀ of 3342 bp. A total of 470542 microsatellite loci were identified genome-wide, with a relative abundance of about 189.58 loci/Mb. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence (16693 bp) was de novo assembled using bioinformatics tools, consistent with published GenBank reference sequences. Comparative analysis revealed 19 variant sites in the mitochondrial genome: 16 in protein-coding genes, 2 in tRNA genes, and 1 in the control region. Among variants in protein-coding genes, 4 were nonsynonymous substitutions located in the COIII, ND4, ND5, and Cyt b genes. The genome of the S. macrorhynchos is likely of a complex type. This study obtained foundational genetic resources including a draft genome assembly, genome-wide microsatellite markers, and mitochondrial genome data. Comparative mitochondrial genome analysis revealed heightened variability in protein-coding regions. Multiple nonsynonymous substitutions detected in key mitochondrial genes (COIII, ND4, ND5, Cyt b) suggest that relaxed purifying selection may be the primary evolutionary driver of the mitochondrial genome in this species. This research aims to provide essential genetic resources for advancing S. macrorhynchos genomics studies, investigations of genetic evolution, and conservation initiatives.

【Objective】To explore the ideal traits and methods that can characterize the drought resistance of the core germplasm population of alfalfa at the seedling stage, and to mine excellent drought-resistant germplasm, so as to provide technical support and material basis for the identification of drought resistance of alfalfa at the seedling stage, germplasm innovation and breeding.【Method】Using 111 core germplasms of alfalfa as materials, the single drought resistance coefficients of six traits, namely plant height (PH), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), main root length (MRL), root fresh weight (RFW), and root dry weight (RDW), were determined under natural drought stress and normal water supply (control). Combining the analysis methods such as the single drought resistance coefficient, correlation, principal component, membership function, linear stepwise regression, and clustering of each trait of alfalfa, the response differences of each alfalfa germplasm to drought stress were evaluated, the traits and methods for identifying drought resistance at the seedling stage were screened, and the excellent resources of drought resistance at the seedling stage of alfalfa were explored.【Result】The analysis of the single drought resistance coefficient indicated that drought stress significantly inhibited all six traits of alfalfa at the seedling stage. The results of trait correlation showed that there was a positive correlation among the six traits. The principal component results indicated that the six individual drought-resistant traits of alfalfa could be combined into four comprehensive drought-resistant traits, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 86.885%. The methods such as single drought resistance coefficient, correlation, principal component and linear stepwise regression were comprehensively evaluated to determine that SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW were the ideal traits for evaluating alfalfa materials at the seedling stage. Using the classification methods of CDC value and D value, the drought resistance of 111 core germplasm populations of alfalfa at the seedling stage was classified. It was found that there were only subtle differences in the classification of drought resistance of various germplasm by the two drought resistance classification methods. The D values of 111 alfalfa core germplasms were clustered and classified. The various germplasms were divided into 5 categories, which belonged to strongly drought-resistant, moderately drought-resistant, moderately drought-resistant and drought-sensitive germplasms respectively.【Conclusion】Determine that SFW, SDW, RFW and RDW are the best traits for drought resistance evaluation of alfalfa at the seedling stage; The number of highly drought-resistant and relatively drought-resistant materials of alfalfa at the seedling stage excavated was 6 and 25 respectively.

To investigate the dynamic changes and adaptive control mechanisms of sensitive periods in plants in deep underground environments, Nicotiana benthamiana was used as a model to study its environmental response mechanisms. An orthogonal experimental design was implemented to regulate light intensity (4000-12000 Lux), temperature (20-30℃), and humidity (60-80% RH). Growth and physiological parameters including plant height and leaf area were quantitatively measured, and environmental sensitivity characteristics were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The cycle of Nicotiana benthamiana could be divided into germination-rapid growth period (1-14 d), rapid growth-stable period (15-62 d) and stable-mature period (63-76 d). PCA analysis showed that PC₁-PC₂ cumulatively explained 58.6% of the variation, of which PC₁ (44.90%) was mainly related to light intensity and leaf area, and PC₂ (13.70%) was mainly related to soil redox potential (Eh) and temperature. Plants were highly sensitive to the environment in the early stage of growth (1-62 d), especially to light and temperature. The average daily plant height growth in the 12000 Lux group was 4.82 ± 0.15 mm, which was 17.0% higher than that in the 8000 Lux group. The environmental sensitivity transition point occurred on day 63^rd, marking a shift from environment-dependent growth to physiology-regulated growth. Optimized cultivation conditions of 20℃-25℃, 70%-80% RH, and 8000-12000 Lux significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation capacity. Under this condition, the photosynthetic-nitrogen metabolism coupling efficiency of the plant was the best, the chlorophyll content was 28.3% higher than that of the 30℃/60% RH/4000 Lux control group, and the nitrogen assimilation capacity was increased by 31.5%. This study revealed plant adaptation mechanisms in extreme environments, providing theoretical insights for environmental regulation in deep subsurface plant cultivation and advancing foundational theories for deep underground agriculture.

Microbial driven nitrogen cycle processes play a crucial role in promoting material cycling within aquaculture systems, purifying aquaculture water environments, and maintaining ecosystem balance. Compared to natural ecosystems, aquaculture systems receive higher anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen, exhibit a rich diversity of nitrogen forms, and have their nitrogen cycling processes and associated microorganisms influenced and regulated by intertwined, complex, and easily fluctuating environmental factors. This article elucidates the ecological characteristics of aquaculture environments and reviews research progress on the major nitrogen cycle processes, including nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and their associated microbial communities within aquaculture ecosystems. It summarizes the environmental impact characteristics of nitrogen-cycling functional microorganisms. It discusses other potential ion redox reactions coupled with nitrogen cycling processes in aquaculture environments. Finally, the future research directions for the nitrogen cycle in aquaculture environments are prospected. The aim is to deepen the understanding of nitrogen cycling processes and their functional microorganisms in aquaculture systems, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the purification of nitrogen in aquaculture environments.

[Purpose/Significance] As digital technology continues to reshape the preservation and utilization of cultural heritage, the study of the value co-creation of cultural heritage data resource has gained increasing importance. The growing significance of cultural heritage data, coupled with advancements in digital tools such as big data, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality, require a deeper understanding of the collaborative processes that create value. This research focuses on the value co-creation mechanism of cultural heritage data resources, aiming to offer new perspectives on how diverse stakeholders, including cultural heritage institutions, digital technology providers, and the public, interact dynamically across different stages of data resource management. By proposing a three-dimensional analysis framework based on "stages-subjects-scenarios," this study not only enhances the understanding of the co-creation process, but also contributes to the academic field by exploring the role of different stakeholders in different contexts. The innovation lies in the application of this framework to analyze the specific mechanisms of value co-creation, highlighting the different involvement levels of stakeholders in various stages of data management and usage. The study provides practical implications for improving the management and utilization of cultural heritage data resources, particularly in the context of fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and community engagement. [Method/Process] The study takes an integrated approach, combining case analysis, stakeholder theory, and qualitative research methods, with a particular focus on expert interviews and case study reviews. Through a systematic review of both domestic and international examples, the research explores how different phases of data management - such as data collection, integration, sharing, and application - unfold in practice. The case studies were selected using a multi-source approach, which includes authoritative recommendations, literature reviews, and online surveys to ensure a diverse set of representative projects. We analyzed each case to identify the key stages and stakeholders, and how they interact within specific application scenarios. The theoretical foundation is grounded in stakeholder theory and value co-creation frameworks, while empirical evidence was drawn from ongoing projects in the digital humanities and cultural heritage fields. Using this combination of theoretical and empirical sources, the research developed a thorough understanding of how value co-creation mechanisms evolve and manifest in the context of cultural heritage data management contexts. [Results/Conclusions] The research reveals that the value co-creation of cultural heritage data resources involves multiple stakeholders, each contributing differently at various stages of the process. The identified stages include data collection, integration, sharing, application, and dissemination, each with distinct stakeholder involvement. Key stakeholders include cultural heritage institutions, digital technology providers, content creators, government bodies, and the public, each playing a critical role at different phases. For instance, cultural heritage institutions are central during the data collection and preservation stages, while content creators and developers take a more prominent role during the application and innovation stages. The research also identifies that stakeholder participation varies across different application scenarios, such as digital exhibitions, educational projects, and creative industries. The study concludes that achieving effective value co-creation requires a flexible, collaborative approach, tailored to the specific needs of each stage and scenario. Recommendations for future practice include improving collaboration between stakeholders, encouraging public participation, and establishing clearer frameworks for data governance and intellectual property rights.

Maize stalks as one of the main agricultural by-products, has become a research focus in the field of green and sustainable agricultural development due to its high value resource utilization. The current status of maize stalks resources in Sichuan Province was reviewed and its advantages, challenges, and countermeasures as feed for earthworms were analyzed. The study area primarily cultivates maize varieties such as forage maize (e.g., Zhengdan 958) and fresh-eating maize (e.g., Chuannuoyu 918), which have large planting areas and generate substantial amounts of maize stover. Traditionally, the stalks are converted into biochar-based fertilizers or co-applied with organic fertilizers to improve soil fertility.The advantages of using maize stover as earthworm feed include its rich organic matter content, which provides ample nutrients for earthworm growth and reproduction. Additionally, stalks mulching on the soil surface shields earthworms from direct sunlight, creating a suitable growth environment. Natural decomposition of returned stalks can significantly reduce labor costs while enhancing soil fertility, improving soil structure without causing pollution. However, practical applications face challenges such as slow degradation rates, potential pesticide residues, and limited technical research.To address these issues, targeted countermeasures are proposed: selecting fertile soils and easily degradable maize varieties, employing biodegradation technologies to enhance degradation efficiency and nutrient availability, adopting integrated pest management and green control techniques to reduce chemical pesticide use and minimize risk factors, and intensifying research efforts to cultivate interdisciplinary talents proficient in both earthworm farming and maize stalks utilization. This study provides a reference for the development of maize stover as earthworm feed and the sustainable growth of the earthworm industry.

In order to comprehensively understand the distribution and preservation status of ancient and famous trees outside the built-up area of Haikou City, Hainan Province. The quantity of each grade, the distribution of families and genera, the growth vigor and the newly added quantity of ancient and famous trees in this area were mainly investigated and analyzed, and reasonable protection measures were formulated. The investigation showed that there were a total of 1 254 living ancient trees of 28 species belonging to 24 genera and 19 families in this area, among which 220 were in Xiuying District, 238 in Longhua District, 596 in Qiongshan District and 200 in Meilan District. There were 2 first-class ancient trees, 24 second-class ancient trees and 1 228 third-class ancient trees, mainly from the Moraceae family. Most ancient and famous trees were growing normally, with luxuriant branches and leaves and were well-preserved. Among them, Xiuying District has built a total of 220 ancient and famous trees of 9 species belonging to 8 genera and 5 families outside the district, mainly from the Moraceae family. There are 2 second-class ancient trees and 218 third-class ancient trees. Dongshan Town had the largest number of surviving ancient trees, with 109, while Yongxing Town has the fewest, with 48. 3 endangered ancient trees and 26 new ancient trees have been added. The ancient and famous trees in the study area may have been disturbed by urban development and human activities. Protective measures such as straightening the trees, repairing tree holes, manually removing unreasonable tree pits around the ancient trees, strengthening protection and management, and improving the site environment should be taken to protect their ecological functions and biodiversity value. This article provides a reference for the sustainable protection and utilization of ancient and famous trees.

The application of the conservation-oriented concept in the planning and construction of the park was summarized. Taking the cultural and sports park in Midong District, Urumqi, Xinjiang as an example, planning and design strategies for the project area are proposed from two aspects: intensive land use and systematic water resource management. Adhering to the concept of conservation, with the aim of building a green ecological landscape and integrating diversified service facilities, we are committed to creating a comprehensive urban park that combines ecology, landscape, leisure and entertainment, sports exercise, cultural education and consumption experience. In terms of land resources, flexible spatial planning and design are adopted, which enhances the comprehensive utilization efficiency of land, creates multi-functional spaces and enhances the flexibility of facility layout, and avoids the waste of resources caused by the idleness of single-function sites at specific times. In terms of water conservation, the natural precipitation from is fully collected. During the planning and design process, the climatic and geographical conditions of the project area are fully considered, and native tree species and drought-resistant plants are selected. During the construction phase, optimize the planting time of plants and carry out pruning reasonably, etc. During the maintenance and management stage, modern soil moisture monitoring systems are applied, and water-saving irrigation equipment is used to reduce the maintenance costs of urban greening and the utilization of water resources. This article provides a reference for the sustainable development of gardens in relevant regions.

The aims are to explore the main influencing factors of remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) in Maqu County and find out the relationship between different land use types and ecological quality changes, to provide basic data for ecological protection and sustainable development in the Yellow River Basin. Based on remote sensing data, this paper analyzed the change characteristics of vegetation coverage and RSEI in Maqu County from 2000 to 2021. The results showed that: (1) the land use in Maqu County was mainly grassland, and the change of land types was not large from 2000 to 2021. The ecological environment quality showed a significant decline trend in 2011 and 2017, and the environmental quality increased significantly in 2021. (2) The area of ecological degradation in Maqu County from 2000 to 2010 was 4484.72 km², and the area of ecological improvement from 2011 to 2021 was 8374.59 km², with an increase of nearly 70.05%, and the area of ecological quality improvement increased significantly. (3) From 2000 to 2021, the transfer of land use types in Maqu County was mainly between forest land and grassland. The ecological environment quality of Maqu County was closely related to vegetation cover, humidity and altitude had little influence on the ecological environment quality, but the influence of temperature had increased.

[Purpose/Significance] In the context of the booming development of the digital economy, public data, as a fundamental strategic resource of the country, plays an important role in promoting high-quality economic development, enhancing government governance capabilities, and stimulating social innovation vitality through its development and utilization. The "Opinions on Accelerating the Development and Utilization of Public Data Resources" (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions), is the first top-level design document for the development and utilization of public data resources at the central level. It directly affects the success or failure of the market-oriented allocation reform of data elements in terms of policy effectiveness. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the Opinions not only helps identify the strengths and weaknesses of policy design, but also provides scientific basis for the continuous optimization of policies, thereby ensuring the efficient development and utilization of public data resources and providing strong support for high-quality economic and social development. [Method/Process] This study introduces an innovative evaluation framework called S-CAD (Consistency Dependency Sufficiency) evaluation framework, which analyzes policy texts in depth through three dimensions: consistency, sufficiency, and dependency. 1) Consistency analysis focuses on the logical coherence between policy positions, goals, means, and expected outcomes. 2) Necessary and sufficient analysis evaluates the necessity and adequacy of policy measures for achieving goals. 3) Dependency analysis identifies key chains and stakeholders' interests and demands in policy implementation to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the policy. In terms of specific applications, this study first clarifies the dominant viewpoint of the policy (policy makers) and related viewpoints of policy implementers, participants, influencers. Subsequently, four typical elements of stance, objectives, means, and expected outcomes were identified from the policy text, and an analysis chart of the content of the Opinion was constructed. Inviting scholars from the field of information resource management to participate ensured the evaluation's scientificity and accuracy. Consistency analysis shows that the policy stance, objectives, means, and expected outcomes of the Opinion are logically closely related. The objectives revolve around accelerating the development and utilization of public data resources, and the means and objectives support each other. The expected outcomes are highly consistent with the means, reflecting the systematic and rational design of the policy. The analysis of necessity and sufficiency shows that policy measures play an important role in achieving goals, such as deepening the reform of data element allocation and regulating the authorized operation of public data, all of which provide strong guarantees for achieving policy goals. A dependency analysis reveals potential challenges in policy implementation. These challenges include difficulties in coordinating departmental interests, unclear details of data authorization operations, insufficient data quality and availability, and public concerns about privacy protection. In response to these issues, this study proposes suggestions such as strengthening departmental collaboration, clarifying data authorization operation processes, improving data quality and availability, strengthening data security management and privacy protection publicity. [Results/Conclusions] The issuance of the Opinions provides an important policy framework and guidance for the development and utilization of public data resources, but there is still room for improvement in areas such as departmental collaboration and privacy protection. To enhance public trust and support for policies, future, policy measures should be further refined, data authorization operation mechanisms should be optimized, data quality and utilization efficiency should be improved, and data security management and privacy protection should be strengthened. By continuously monitoring the development trends of the data industry and adjusting policies in a timely manner, we ensure the efficient and orderly promotion of the development and utilization of public data resources. This approach injects strong impetus into the high-quality development of the economy and society.

[Purpose/Significance] Online medical communities (OMCs) have become an indispensable infrastructure that allows patients to access professional knowledge and enables physicians to expand their service, However, persistent complaints about information quality, physician disengagement and patient attrition reveal that the involved parties often fall into a non-cooperative trap. Prior literature has dominantly examined either the static motivational profiles of individual physicians or patients, or the dyadic interactions between one knowledge contributor and one knowledge seeker. Our understanding of how value co-creation unfolds in a service-ecosystem setting, where platforms, physicians, and patients simultaneously adjust their strategies, is hampered by the absence of a holistic, dynamic, and multi-actor perspective. Therefore, this paper shifts the analytical lens from isolated behavior or bilateral exchange to an evolutionary game among three interdependent stakeholders - the platform, the physician and the patient - within the knowledge service ecosystem. By embedding regulatory cost-benefit logic, trust mechanism and perceived-value-loss arguments into an evolutionary framework, the study unpacks the conditions under which collective knowledge sharing can be sustained and identifies the critical levers that can nudge the system towards a virtuous equilibrium. The findings will advance service-dominant logic and knowledge-sharing theory by revealing how micro-level strategic adaptations aggregate to create macro-level ecosystem viability. The findings will provide actionable insights for platform governance aimed at mitigating the real-world crises such as physician burnout and patient dissatisfaction. [Method/Process] Drawing on evolutionary game theory, we constructed a tripartite model in which the platform chooses between active regulation and passive regulation, the physician between active contribution (including both knowledge transfer and affective/extra-role support) and passive contribution, and the patient between active participation (information search, feedback and self-management behavior) and passive participation. Utility functions were specified to capture the net payoffs of each actor under eight possible strategy combinations, incorporating extra benefits, additional costs, perceived value losses, platform incentives and trust-based moderators. Using replicator dynamics, we derived the evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) for each actor and the joint ESS for the system. MATLAB simulations were then employed to trace the trajectory of strategy adjustment under varying parameter values, with sensitivity analyses performed for regulatory cost, physician reward, community trust and patient effort cost. Parameter ranges were anchored in prior empirical evidence and refined to ensure convergence to feasible equilibria. [Results/Conclusions] The analytical and simulation results converge on three main insights. First, the system possesses a unique pareto-dominant equilibrium-the triad (active regulation, active contribution, and active participation)-that emerges when the product of each actor's trust-adjusted net benefit exceeds the corresponding threshold. Second, the transition path is highly sensitive to the relative magnitude of marginal benefits and costs: lowering the platform's regulatory expenditures or increasing its incremental revenue will accelerate convergence to active regulation; enhancing physicians' reputational and intrinsic rewards or reducing their affective labor cost will markedly elevate cooperative contribution; and compressing patients' cognitive and privacy cost while enlarging their health outcome gain will propel active participation. Third, community trust operates as a critical moderator: when trust is high, physicians are willing to contribute even if the perceived value loss from non-contribution is modest, whereas low trust neutralizes the effect of potential gains and locks the system into a low-effort trap. From a managerial perspective, the study recommends that platforms deploy AI-assisted tools to relieve physicians of repetitive tasks, calibrate incentive budgets to prevent overspending, and establish fairness-enhancing governance practices to foster trust. However, limitations include the omission of knowledge flows between physicians and between patients as well as the reliance on stylized parameters. Future research could extend the model to a multi-layer network incorporating professional sub-communities and patient peer groups, and calibrate the payoff structure with field data could enhance the model's external validity.

The current status of forest resources and the necessity of forest management in the Tianping Mountain Scenic Area of Suzhou City were analyzed. On this basis, combined with the natural topography and landforms, forest resource structure and ecological location characteristics of the study area, the study area was zoned and planned from the perspective of forest classification management. Ecological principles and sustainable management concepts were applied to design management measures and propose planning strategies. The results showed that the forest coverage rate in the study area was relatively high, with large areas of public welfare forests, tree forests and artificial forests. However, there were problems in the existing forest resources such as single stand structure, unbalanced age group ratio and insufficient landscape effect. Strengthen the tending and management of existing forest resources, enrich the diversity of regional forest vegetation, and address the predicament of forest management. The research area is divided into seven management zones, including the northern coniferous tree soil and water conservation forest management zone, the central characteristic forestry development composite management zone, and the central stone forest characteristic landscape greening management zone. Based on the characteristics of each management area, it is proposed to implement tending and thinning for the existing pure Masson pine forests, replanting broad-leaved tree species under the trees, conducting light transmission felling for dense young forests, implementing growth felling for middle-aged forests, and adjusting the growth space of trees, in order to optimize the forest resource structure in the study area, improve forest quality, and achieve sustainable forest development. This article provides a reference for sustainable forest management with similar natural resources.

This paper studies the influence of agricultural climate resources change on alfalfa production, and provides scientific basis for revealing the relationship between climate change and alfalfa production and developing targeted management measures for alfalfa production. Based on the daily average temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data from 1960 to 2019, as well as the observation data of alfalfa growth period in 2023 and 2024 in Hohhot, the interdecadal climate change research method was used to analyze the changing laws of alfalfa re-greening period, the earliest germination period of spring sowing, the minimum temperature during overwintering period, the accumulated temperature of each crop and the irrigation water demand in different growth stages. Results indicated that over the past 6 decades, the alfalfa re-greening period and earliest spring germination date had advanced significantly by 15.5 and 19 days, respectively. Concurrently, the overwintering minimum temperature increased by 4.8℃, and accumulated temperature in growing period (≥5℃) increased by 274.9℃. The precipitation adaptation efficiency remained suboptimal (0.2-0.3) during the first two harvests, requiring substantial irrigation (100-200 mm), while improving markedly (0.7) in subsequent harvests with significantly reduced irrigation demands (30-50 mm). Climate warming advanced the re-greening period of alfalfa by 7-10 days and extended the growth period by 15-20 days. The increase of precipitation concentration led to significant spatial and temporal differences in irrigation demand, which in turn promoted the transformation of alfalfa stubbles, and the yield per unit area increased by 12%-15%. The research results can provide scientific guidance for the efficient use of climate resources and avoiding disadvantages in alfalfa production.

【Objective】In recent years, with the promotion of rain-shelter cultivation and double cropping techniques, grape production in hot zones has achieved off-season and high-efficiency production. However, hot-region grapes face problems such as poor flower bud differentiation, uneven germination, and "flower running", which are the main constraints on stable and high-quality production. This study aims to systematically investigate and evaluate the inflorescence attachment characteristics and development quality of 98 grape germplasms in hot zones Guangxi, clarify the adaptability differences among different germplasms in hot zones, and provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for variety breeding and production management.【Method】This study investigated and evaluated the germination rate, flower bud rate, shoot formation rate, number of inflorescences per shoot, inflorescence attachment node, inflorescence type and quality of 98 grape germplasms in hot zones Guangxi for two consecutive years, covering European, American, and European-American hybrids. It deeply analyzed the quality differences and patterns among different varieties and inflorescence attachment nodes.【Result】Under the treatment of hydrogen cyanamide, all 98 germplasms could germinate and form shoots smoothly, among which 92 varieties could form normal inflorescences. The average germination rate was 90.42%, the shoot formation rate was 92.13%, the flower bud rate was about 61.06%, and the average number of inflorescences per shoot was 1.67. However, abnormal inflorescences were quite prominent, with a total proportion of 40.56%. This study classified abnormal inflorescences into three major types: tendrils type, differentiation cessation type and trophic tissue type. Among them, the tendril type was the most common, further divided into one to five tendril types, and all investigated varieties had two tendrils type inflorescences; the differentiation cessation type included single head type (only scales or death point), tendrils death point type, and branch death point type; the trophic tissue type included branch tendril and leaf tendril types. Shine Muscat showed all abnormal types and were representative materials of high sensitivity. Among the 8 investigated nodes, the inflorescence attachment was most concentrated at the 3rd and 4th nodes, accounting for 27.99% and 27.06% of the total inflorescences, respectively. The abnormal inflorescence rate at the 3rd node was the lowest, only 17.22%. Further population analysis indicated that V. vinifera L.×V. labrusca L. had higher flower bud rates (68.60%), more inflorescences per shoot (about 1.8), and higher normal inflorescence rates than V. vinifera (flower bud rate 46.59%). Moreover, varieties with high germination rates, flower bud rates, and shoot formation rates had more inflorescences per shoot and significantly lower abnormal inflorescence rates.【Conclusion】The attachment node of inflorescences significantly affects their quality performance. Among them, the middle nodes, especially the 3rd node, had the lowest abnormal inflorescence rate. Therefore, in production, for varieties prone to abnormal inflorescences, it is recommended to prioritize the retention of inflorescences at the 3rd node. Varieties with high germination rates, flower bud rates, and shoot formation rates and more inflorescences per shoot are more likely to obtain normal and high-quality inflorescences. Different grape populations show significant differences in inflorescence development and abnormal occurrence. V. vinifera L.×V. labrusca L. perform better in hot zones, with higher flower bud rates and normal inflorescence proportions. They are recommended as the preferred germplasm resources for cultivation in hot zones.

To cultivate talents in the field of environmental science, the problems existing in the Environmental Monitoring Experiments course were analyzed, such as rigid teaching mode, single content, one-sided assessment and insufficient innovation. Based on the OBE concept, reforms are carried out from 5 dimensions: teaching methods, teaching content, assessment system, laboratory management and innovative ability training. Specifically, a progressive teaching structure is constructed, the teaching syllabus is integrated, digital tools and modern monitoring technologies are introduced, a diversified assessment mechanism is established, the functional zoning of the laboratory is optimized, and practical innovation is strengthened by relying on the open laboratory and virtual simulation platform. After 8 years of practice, a series of achievements have been made, including the completion of relevant teaching reform projects, the compilation of 1 experimental instruction book and 1 set of multimedia courseware, and the establishment of a multi-dimensional performance evaluation system. In terms of students’ achievements, they have obtained 1 national-level innovation project, 2 first prizes in the college-level professional skills competition, and the relevant team has been awarded the provincial excellent practice team. The practice shows that the reform under the OBE concept can effectively improve the quality of experimental teaching, enhance students’ ability to solve practical environmental problems, and provide a reference for the practical teaching of environmental majors.

To explore effective approaches for improving the teaching quality of the Chinese Medicinal Resources course, this study focused on curriculum development and systematically investigated the implementation pathways of teaching reform for specialized courses by incorporating a small-class teaching model. Based on the characteristics of the Chinese Medicinal Resources course, a new teaching system was constructed, integrating theoretical instruction, practical training, and interactive discussions. Through reforms such as optimizing teaching content, innovating practical sessions, and improving evaluation mechanisms, the study emphasized the cultivation of students’ core professional competencies, including Chinese medicinal resource surveys and authentication of geo-authentic medicinal materials. The small-class teaching model was adopted, which effectively facilitated in-depth teacher-student interaction, enhanced the outcomes of practical teaching, improved students’ professional competence and self-directed learning abilities, and elevated overall teaching quality. This study provided valuable insights for the development of the Chinese Medicinal Resources course and held significant practical implications for cultivating high quality professionals to meet industry demands.

The research progress on the responses of plant leaf functional traits to environmental factors such as climatic factors (light, temperature, humidity), soil factors, and topographic factors (altitude, slope direction, slope position, and slope) was reviewed. In terms of climatic factors, different light conditions can lead to significant differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf lifespan, specific leaf area, and leaf size among plants. The relationship between leaf functional traits and temperature varies among different forest stands. The water transport capacity and hydraulic structure characteristics of leaves affect the water use efficiency, growth, competition and distribution of plants. Factors such as precipitation and soil humidity content can lead to diverse differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf size, specific leaf area and vein density among different plants. In terms of soil factors, the responses of plant leaf functional traits to different soil factors are different. In terms of topographic factors, the response mechanism of leaf functional traits to altitude is different in different developmental stages of different plants. The slope direction forms a local environmental gradient by regulating factors such as light and temperature, resulting in differences in leaf functional traits such as leaf area and specific leaf area among different plants. The utilization strategies of plant resources on different slopes are different, and there are differences in the performance trends of leaf functional traits such as leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area among different plants on different slopes. The functional traits of plant leaves vary with different slopes. This article provides a reference for clarifying the response mechanism of plant leaf functional traits to the environment.

In order to conduct a dynamic analysis of the fishery resources in Poyang Lake, a study on the resource status of Coilia nasus and its environmental carrying capacity under extreme low water levels was carried out. Based on the fishery resource survey data, the length-based Bayesian biomass estimation method was used to obtain the relevant parameters of Coilia nasus population, and the Ecopath model was applied to estimate its environmental carrying capacity under extreme low water levels. The results showed that the average L∞ of Coilia nasus in Poyang Lake was 374 (368-381) mm; the resource status index E (F/Z) was 0.067, far less than 0.5; the ratio of current biomass to original biomass (B/B0) was 0.89 (0.225-2.6), which was greater than 0.5; from 2018 to 2022, L∞ and B/B0 showed an upward trend, while the ratio of fishing mortality to natural mortality (F/M) showed a downward trend, indicating that the resources of Coilia nasus showed a recovery trend after the fishing ban. The Ecopath model revealed that environmental carrying capacity of Coilia nasus in Poyang Lake was 5.03 t/km² (approximately 1136.78 t), while its current biomass was 2.83 t/km² (approximately 639.58 t). Currently, the overall resources of Coilia nasus in Poyang Lake are in an undeveloped state. The environmental carrying capacity has restricted the population growth of Coilia nasus to a certain extent, but there is still a large growth space for its population. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of Coilia nasus resources and the protection of the entire lake ecosystem in Poyang Lake.

To comprehensively assess the ecological status of the wetlands in the Anhui Chinese Alligator National Nature Reserve, this study conducted investigations on water quality, wetland animal and plant resources, invasive species resources, etc., in this area. Countermeasures for the areas that need improvement in the monitoring work were proposed. The results showed that the water quality at monitoring points 3, 4, 5 and 6 was relatively poor, with indicators such as ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen partly exceeding the standard; the wetland plant habitats in the study area were diverse, with 4 vegetation type groups, 10 vegetation types and 85 clusters. The bird species were relatively rich, with a total of 13 orders, 27 families and 53 species. Among them, Passeriformes had the largest number of birds, while non-Passeriformes have the largest numbers of Pelicans and Charadrians. Amphibians consisted of 2 orders, 6 families and 8 species, including Hoplobatrachus chinensis, Fejervarya multistriata, Pelophylax nigromaculatus, etc. There were 3 orders, 7 families and 9 species of reptiles, including Gloydius brevicaudus, Sinonatrix annularis, Zaocys dhumnades, etc. Benthic animal biodiversity was relatively high and evenly distributed, with 3 phyla, 5 classes, 20 families and 38 species (genera). There were 24 species of invasive alien plants from 13 families, including Phytolacca americana, Dysphania ambrosioides, Amaranthus hybridus, most of which belong to the Compositae family. There are areas in wetland protection work that need further improvement, such as water environment, scientific research and monitoring levels, and public publicity. Based on this, suggestions such as strengthening ecological protection and restoration, improving scientific monitoring, and enhancing publicity work are put forward to effectively protect the biodiversity in the research area. This article provides a reference for the scientific protection and breeding of Chinese alligators.

[Purpose/Significance] This paper investigates how generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) is reshaping the Searching as Learning (SAL) paradigm, focusing on its implications, challenges, and prospects in Library and Information Science (LIS). Traditional SAL emphasizes the cognitive and metacognitive processes by which users acquire and construct knowledge through information retrieval. However, the advent of GenAI - especially large language models (LLMs) - introduces a transformative shift from keyword-based querying to dynamic, dialogic, and multimodal interactions. This study aims to clarify the conceptual and practical significance of GenAI-driven SAL, explore its technical trajectories, and evaluate its impact on learners' behavior, learning strategies, and information literacy. It also highlights the emerging ethical and epistemological challenges posed by GenAI systems in learning-oriented search contexts. [Method/Process] Using the PRISMA-ScR framework, this study conducted a scoping review of academic and gray literature published between January 2023 and May 2025. A total of 1 681 records were retrieved from major academic databases and preprint repositories. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 22 studies were selected for in-depth qualitative analysis. Thematic coding and synthesis were conducted to extract recurring patterns and theoretical insights across three key dimensions: GenAI-enhanced search technologies, evolving user behaviors in SAL contexts, and normative concerns associated with credibility, agency, and transparency. The analysis was grounded in LIS theories, including information behavior, metacognitive models of learning, and digital/information literacy frameworks. [Results/Conclusions] The results reveal that GenAI is fundamentally reshaping SAL in three key areas. First, in terms of technology, GenAI systems (e.g., GPT-based chat interfaces) provide conversational, context-aware, and multimodal assistance, transforming SAL from reactive searching to proactive co-learning. These systems scaffold learning through adaptive query reformulation, real-time content summarization, and source triangulations supporting iterative reflection and cognitive engagement. Such affordances mirror the functions traditionally associated with human tutors, thereby expanding learners' capacity for critical inquiry and self-directed exploration. Second, user behaviors in SAL are undergoing a paradigm shift. Learners increasingly engage in human-AI co-construction of knowledge, participating in iterative query-dialogue loops that facilitate concept clarification and knowledge synthesis. While this enhances engagement, personalization, and perceived learning efficiency, it also raises concerns. Over-reliance on AI-generated content may undermine learners' critical thinking, reduce information discernment, and promote passive consumption. The study identifies a dual effect. While GenAI augments higher-order thinking and strategic learning, it can also lead to superficial comprehension when learners lack the skills to critically evaluate AI output. Third, the review underscores the urgency of addressing ethical and pedagogical challenges. Issues such as AI hallucination, algorithmic opacity, and biased content threaten the credibility of GenAI-enhanced learning environments. From an LIS perspective, this necessitates a reconfiguration of information literacy education to include AI literacy. Students must be equipped not only to retrieve and evaluate information, but also to interrogate algorithmic sources, verify provenance, and triangulate AI outputs with authoritative references. GenAI should be positioned as a cognitive assistant, not a definitive knowledge authority. GenAI holds substantial promise in enhancing SAL through greater interactivity, personalization, and cognitive scaffolding. However, these benefits must be balanced with informed practices that mitigate risks to learner autonomy, critical reasoning, and information ethics. This work establishes an analytical foundation for future research and practices at the intersection of AI, learning, and information behavior.

[Purpose/Significance] As generative artificial intelligence (AI) transforms library services, existing evaluation systems fail to capture dynamic characteristics of AI-driven resource discovery. This study develops a dynamic evaluation framework for public libraries' AI-enhanced services, addressing the gap between technological innovation and service assessment. [Method/Process] The research employed a mixed-methods approach to develop and verify a multi-dimensional evaluation framework based on Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) theory. The framework comprises five primary dimensions: physical environment, technical architecture, content organization, user interaction, and innovation capability-operationalized through fifteen secondary indicators. Each indicator was carefully designed to capture AI-specific capabilities, including cognitive guidance efficiency, multimodal interaction precision, semantic network depth, and generation-enhanced utilization rate. A sophisticated hybrid weighting methodology was implemented, integrating subjective and objective approaches. For subjective weights, the Analytic Hierarchy Process was employed with 30 domain experts constructing pairwise comparison matrices using standardized scaling methods. Geometric mean aggregation was applied to synthesize individual judgments, with consistency ratios maintained below the threshold to ensure logical coherence. For objective weights, the entropy method analyzed actual evaluation data variance, with greater variance indicating higher discriminatory power. The final weights were derived through multiplicative synthesis combining both approaches. The empirical validation study involved collecting 492 valid questionnaires from 14 strategically selected public libraries representing different stages of AI implementation between September and November 2024: one municipal library with comprehensive AI deployment, 11 district libraries with partial implementation, and 2 county libraries in early adoption phases. The questionnaire utilized a five-point Likert scale to assess real-time service performance across multiple scenarios. Statistical analysis employed fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to handle uncertainty in subjective assessments, structural equation modeling to validate construct relationships, and latent class analysis to identify distinct user interaction patterns. The framework demonstrated high reliability with Cronbach's alpha reaching 0.845 and strong construct validity with KMO value of 0.873. [Results/Conclusions] Content organization emerged as the most critical dimension with a combined weight of 0.302 2, while semantic network depth, cognitive guidance efficiency, and cross-media consistency ranked as top secondary indicators with weights of 0.090 3, 0.086 1, and 0.084 7 respectively. Performance evaluation revealed content organization scoring 74.873 points versus user interaction at 68.040 points, highlighting the gap between technical capabilities and user experience. Significant differences existed across library levels, with municipal libraries outperforming county libraries by over one point in technical architecture and semantic network depth. Four distinct user patterns emerged: technology-oriented, content-immersive, efficiency-focused, and assistance-dependent. Each requires a tailored service approach. The study proposes the following optimization strategies: multimodal interaction frameworks, adaptive user profiling, hierarchical collaboration mechanisms, and knowledge graph-based content reorganization.

【Objective】 To provide high-quality parental materials for broadening the genetic foundation of Xinjiang wheat resources as well as parental selection and cultivar development in breeding programs, the genetic diversity and relationships of protein quality traits and storage protein components in Xinjiang wheat germplasm resources were analyzed in this study. 【Method】 A total of 303 Xinjiang wheat accessions were evaluated for variation, correlation, and cluster analysis of protein quality traits and storage protein component contents. Genetic diversity indices (H') and membership function values were calculated to comprehensively assess the materials.【Result】 The coefficients of variation (CV) for protein quality traits and storage protein component contents in Xinjiang wheat resources ranged from 5.52% to 60.99% and 9.17% to 23.69%, respectively. The highest CV for protein quality traits was observed in 8-minute width (60.99%), while the highest CV for storage protein components was found in unextractable polymeric protein (UPP, 23.69%). Genetic diversity indices ranged from 1.06 to 2.15 with an average of 1.78. In addition, the gluten index (GI) exhibiting the highest value (2.15) and peak time (PT) the lowest (1.06). Correlation and multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the comprehensive evaluation value (F₁₅) effectively assessed protein quality (gluten quality). Key traits for protein quality evaluation included gluten index (GI), peak time (PT), 8 minute width, sedimentation value (SV), and unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), which are applicable for future breeding applications. Cluster analysis classified the 303 accessions into three groups (15.84%, 43.23%, and 40.92%, respectively). Group I exhibited the highest comprehensive evaluation value (F₁₅) and optimal quality indices, with significantly superior means for seven parameters, including percentage of unextractable polymeric protein (%UPP), unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), gluten index (GI), peak time (PT), 8 minute width, 8 minute area, and sedimentation value (SV). This confirmed the reliability of F₁₅ in evaluating gluten quality. 【Conclusion】 The genetic diversity distribution patterns and relationships of protein quality traits and storage protein components in Xinjiang winter wheat resources were elucidated. Critical traits for protein quality evaluation were identified, and a set of accessions with superior comprehensive performance in storage protein components and protein quality traits were selected based on F₁₅. These resources hold significant potential for utilization in future wheat breeding programs of Xinjiang.

The research progress on Capsicum annuum germplasm resources, including 6 aspects: collection, sorting and evaluation, resistance identification, quality research, phenotypic traits, preservation techniques, and development and utilization were reviewed. In terms of the collection, sorting and evaluation of Capsicum annuum germplasm resources, it is mainly collected collaboratively by units such as the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. More than 2 000 germplasm materials have been stored in the database, and a preliminary evaluation has been conducted on its key horticultural traits, economic characteristics and disease resistance. In terms of resistance identification, methods such as root irrigation with zoospores, inoculation of isolated fruits, and field resistance assessment are the basic means for resistance identification of Capsicum annuum， which are conducive to obtaining resistance materials. In terms of quality research, through the detection of Capsicum annuum fruit components, the main agronomic traits and the correlation analysis among them, the precise and targeted improvement of quality traits is achieved. In terms of phenotypic traits, the phenotypic characteristics of Capsicum annuum show high diversity and variability in germplasm resources. In terms of preservation technology, the preservation method combining a dryer with silica gel and plastic bags is suitable for short-term preservation. By using low-temperature refrigeration facilities and dehumidification equipment, better medium and long-term preservation effects can be achieved. In terms of development and utilization, Capsicum annuum is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries through various utilization methods such as fresh consumption, drying, condiment processing, pickling and processing extraction. This article provides a reference for the creation of Capsicum annuum germplasm resources and the breeding of characteristic varieties.

The valuation of ecological compensation serves as the foundation for the precise implementation of compensation policies. This study takes Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province as its research area. To address the issue of calculating regional forest ecological compensation standards, it employs the environmental restoration cost method combined with qualitative analysis and quantitative evaluation. Key forest ecosystem service indicators such as water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, air purification, and soil conservation were selected to construct an evaluation model for accounting the forest ecological compensation value in the region for 2022. The results showed that the total forest ecological compensation value in the study area in 2022 was 176 million yuan, with the values of water conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, air purification, and soil conservation functions was 64.470 1, 92.355 5, 1.695 9, and 17.703 2 million yuan, respectively. Forest ecological compensation is based on the average forest growth area and the growth rate of forest coverage rate in each county. ML County has the largest average forest growth area and the highest forest coverage rate, so it can receive ecological compensation funds according to the allocation weight. The average forest growth areas of J City and MH County are negative, but their forest coverage rates are relatively high; thus, flexible compensation should be provided based on changes in their forest quality, structure, and other factors. In conclusion, the accounting results align with the practical context of regional forestry ecological construction and are deemed operational. Based on these findings, countermeasures and suggestions were proposed, including formulating reasonable ecological compensation standards, broadening the sources of ecological compensation funds, improving the ecological compensation system, and strengthening policy communication. These recommendations aim to provide a foundation for relevant departments to formulate and optimize local ecological compensation policies.

To investigate the current status of wild boar population resources in Nanling County, Anhui Province, a camera-trapping survey was conducted from August 13 to October 13, 2021, covering 5 forested regions and agro-forestry ecotones including Hewan Town, where 40 infrared cameras were deployed. The monitoring results revealed that wild boars were recorded at 37 out of 40 camera sites, with only 3 locations failing to capture any wild boar activity. The estimated population density ranged between 1.83 and 2.46 individuals/km⊃2; across the five surveyed townships, yielding an average density of 2.145 individuals/km⊃2;. These findings indicated that wild boars were widely distributed and highly active throughout the study area, the wild boar population density in certain areas required further control. This observed spatial variation in density may be attributed to differences in habitat quality and food resource availability, as well as varying levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Based on these results, implementing comprehensive management strategies including strengthened patrol monitoring systems, sustained public awareness campaigns, and tiered population control measures to effectively regulate wild boar densities were recommended. This study provides valuable references data for developing wild boar damage prevention and control measures in relevant regions.

In order to accurately master the wild morel species distributed in Yongxing Township, Chuxiong Prefecture and their occurrence patterns, to promote the long-term protection, utilization, cultivation and domestication research of local wild morel resources, a survey of wild morel resources was conducted at five locations including Naruan, Xiaozhuang, Guanyinsi, Huiba, and Lagu in the Yongxing area. Combined with the morphological characteristics of the fruiting bodies, molecular identification technology was used to conduct molecular identification and naming of the selected five samples. The results showed that the fruiting time of wild morels in the Yongxing area was from the end of September to the second half of October, and they mostly occurred 1-3 days after rainfall. The growth environment was mainly broad-leaved mixed forests dominated by oak trees and birch trees. Constructing a phylogenetic tree based only on ITS indicated that the five morel samples all belonged to the yellow morel group, but all species within the genus Morchella cannot be accurately distinguished. Using the multi-gene lineage consistency species identification method to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the combination of ITS+LSU+EF1-a+RPB1+RPB2 showed that the morels distributed in the Yongxing area were two yellow lineage species, Morchella sp. Mes-15 and Morchella sp. Mes-19, which was the first report.

This study aims to evaluate the regulatory effects of attapulgite-based biofertilizers on the growth of continuous cropping strawberry plants and soil environment. Using the strawberry cultivar ‘Hongyan’ as the experimental material, treatments were designed as follows: conventional fertilization (CK) and supplemental commercial organic fertilizer (T3) as controls, compared with supplemental attapulgite composite microbial fertilizer (T1) and attapulgite bio-organic fertilizer (T2). The results demonstrated that, compared to CK, T1 and T2 treatments significantly increased the yield of continuous cropping strawberries by 15.56% and 12.71%, respectively. Fruit quality was also improved, with soluble solids content elevated by 43.00% and 41.17%, and soluble sugar content increased by 31.40% and 26.32%, respectively. Additionally, both treatments markedly enhanced soil organic matter and invertase activity. Compared to CK, microbial community analysis revealed that T1 increased bacterial Chao and Shannon indices by 1.18-fold and 1.03-fold (P<0.01), while T₂ elevated fungal Chao and Shannon indices by 1.72-fold and 1.14-fold (P<0.05). Furthermore, both treatments significantly increased the relative abundance of Glomeromycota while reducing Basidiomycota abundance (P<0.05). At the genus level, beneficial microorganisms such as Phenylobacterium sp., Linnemannia sp., and Chrysosporium sp. were enriched, whereas the pathogenic fungus Dactylonectria sp. was suppressed (P<0.05). These findings indicate that attapulgite-based biofertilizers effectively mitigate strawberry continuous cropping obstacles.

As bioindicators, soil nematodes’ distribution patterns reflect soil-plant health. Environmental changes regulate nematode communities via resource-environment pathways, with impacts varying across ecosystems and disturbance durations. Studies indicated that these effects varied across ecosystem types, with differing responses to short-term and long-term disturbances. From the perspective of soil ecology, this review systematically examined the spatial heterogeneity of nematode distribution and their responses to typical environmental changes in forests, grasslands, farmlands, wetlands and deserts. Future research should focus on the effects of specific trophic groups of nematodes, comprehensively assess their roles across ecosystems and contribute to ecosystem sustainability.

【Objective】 Common smut (Mycosarcoma maydis) is a major fungal disease affecting maize production in China. This study aimed to screen for resistant germplasm resources and analyze their physiological and biochemical responses to pathogen infection, providing scientific support for disease resistance breeding. 【Method】 A total of 425 maize germplasm resources were selected and systematically screened for their resistance to common smut. Sugar metabolism, oxidative stress responses, and photosynthetic parameters were analyzed to identify high-resistant, moderate-resistant, and susceptible inbred lines. WGA-AF488/PI staining was used to analyze the hyphal proliferation to reveal the disease resistance traits of different inbred lines. 【Result】 The study found significant annual differences in the disease index and incidence of common smut in 2021 and 2022, primarily influenced by temperature and precipitation. Principal component analysis showed that the disease index on day 4, 8, and 12 post-inoculation was a key indicator of disease severity, while the disease incidence at the grain filling stage (R2) and wax ripening stage (R4) revealed differences across growth stages. Additionally, 6 high-resistance inbred lines (e.g., Q319), 67 medium-resistance inbred lines (e.g., D599), and 171 susceptible inbred lines (e.g., M407) were identified. Sugar metabolism analysis showed significant differences in sucrose, fructose, and glucose contents across inbred lines with different disease resistance, indicating the critical role of sugar metabolism in the competition between the pathogen and the host. Oxidative stress analysis revealed significant increases in H₂O₂ and O^2- contents post-infection, with the high-resistant inbred line Q319 exhibiting the strongest OH^- scavenging capacity. SOD and POD activities were significantly increased on days 4 and 8 post-inoculation, with the SOD activity of D599 increasing by 114.98% on day 8 and the SOD activity of Q319 increasing by 96.08%. On day 12, the POD activity of D599 and Q319 increased by 164.27% and 160.91%, respectively, indicating strong antioxidant defense capabilities in resistant materials. WGA staining showed that hyphal extension was limited in Q319, primarily concentrated near the vascular bundles, suggesting strong cell wall defense. D599 exhibited intermediate hyphal expansion speed and range, representing moderate defense capacity, while M407 displayed extensive hyphal spread with large intercellular infection, indicating weak cell wall defense. Post-inoculation, the net photosynthetic rate of Q319, D599, and M407 decreased by 52.5%, 52.8%, and 100.2%, respectively, compared to the control group, with significant reductions in photosynthetic pigment content; however, the decline decreased from 4 to 12 d. 【Conclusion】 This study reveals significant differences in sugar metabolism, oxidative stress responses, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthesis among different maize inbred lines under Mycosarcoma maydis infection. The high-resistance inbred line Q319 exhibits strong disease resistance through low sucrose, high fructose and glucose metabolism, along with higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content and efficient antioxidant ability. The high-susceptible inbred line M407 shows increased sucrose accumulation and insufficient antioxidant response, resulting in significantly decreased net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, leading to increased disease susceptibility. The medium-resistance inbred line D599 displays intermediate photosynthetic function and pigment accumulation, with disease resistance between Q319 and M407.