In order to effectively utilize the forage wild plant resources, expand the application of multi-index comprehensive evaluation methods in evaluating nutritive value of some plant leaves for forest musk deer, the contents of five proximate nutrients including crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, nitrogen-free extract and crude ash of forage wild plant leaves were taken as the evaluation indexes, the nutritive value of different plant leaves was evaluated based on multi-index evaluation models such as Z-score, principal component method, Topsis method and entropy coefficient, and the four evaluation results were comprehensively evaluated for the second time. The results showed that there were some similarities among the four evaluation methods, such as the nutritive value of Cerasus serrula was the highest, some differences in the forage quality of some plants, and great differences in the evaluation results of individual plants. The second time comprehensive evaluation results were ranked as Cerasus serrula>Clematis gracilifolia>Chenopodium album and Betula platyphylla>Cornus macrophylla >Sorbaria arborea>Clematis potaninii>Aralia chinensis>Betula albo-sinensis>Clematis gracilifolia>Clematoclethra actinidioides>Vicia cracca>Salix cupularis>Cerasus clarofolia>Salix wallichiana>Hippophae rhamnoides>Sorbus hupehensis>Elaeagnus lanceolata and Berchemia polyphylla>Acer laxiflorum>Berberis dasystachya. The results could provide some ideas and methods for exploring the comprehensive nutritive value evaluation of the forage plant leaves for forest musk deer, and building a technical system related to the scientific and stable development of forest musk deer populations.

This study aims to investigate the differences of biological indexes and meat nutrients of Cyprinus carpio from earth pond reared mode and rice field reared mode (earth pond reared is defined as ER and rice field reared as RR, respectively). Three ER and three RR carps (approximately 800 g) were collected to measure and compare the biological indexes. In addition, the contents of conventional nutrients, amino acids and fatty acids of meat were analyzed and compared between ER and RR. The results showed that the condition factor and meat yield of ER were significantly higher than those of RR, while higher caudal peduncle length/caudal peduncle depth ratio was recorded in RR. Higher contents of crude fat, crude protein, ash, total essential amino acids, total nonessential amino acids, total amino acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids, and the essential amino acid score of meat were detected in ER, while significantly higher contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, ∑n-6 PUFA, and total highly unsaturated fatty acids were recorded in RR. In conclusion, the RR has slender body, lower meat yield and lower conventional nutrient contents; the meat amino acids contents of ER are higher than that of RR, while the meat fatty acids composition of carps of the two modes has their own advantages, respectively.

Effects of pear, apple, peach and walnut sawdust cultivation materials on nutritional composition, amino acid profile and nutritional value evaluation of Pleurotus ostreatus were studied. The results showed that the fruiting bodies cultivated by pear sawdust contained the greatest amount of indispensable amino acids and flavor amino acids; the fruiting bodies cultivated by apple sawdust contained the greatest amount of crude fiber, magnesium, copper, zinc, medicinal amino acids, umami amino acids and sweet amino acids; the fruiting bodies cultivated by peach sawdust contained the greatest amount of carbohydrates and ash; and the fruiting bodies cultivated by walnut sawdust contained the greatest amount of protein, crude polysaccharides, calcium and iron. According to the FAO/WHO pattern, the SRC value of the fruiting bodies cultivated by apple sawdust substrate was the highest, suggesting that apple sawdust cultivated P. ostreatus had the highest nutritional value.

To provide a scientific basis for the nutritional evaluation of Acrossocheilius parallens muscle, the contents of routine nutrition components, fatty acids and amino acids in muscle were determined and analyzed by biochemical method. The results showed that the contents of water, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash in A.parallens muscle were (77.20±0.42)%, (19.70±0.22)%, (3.25±0.07)% and (1.30±0.01)%, respectively. There were 21 kinds of fatty acids in the muscle, including 8 saturated fatty acids (SFA) and 13 unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). The proportion of UFA and essential fatty acid (EFA) was 68.07% and 21.76%, respectively. There were 17 kinds of amino acids in the muscle, including 7 essential amino acids (EAA), 2 semi-essential amino acids (HEAA) and 8 non-essential amino acids (NEAA). EAA and umami amino acid (UAA) accounted for 40.85% and 37.55% of the total amino acids, respectively. The amino acid composition of A.parallens muscle was well balanced. The amino acid score (AAS) of A.parallens muscle was more than 1 except Valine, the chemical score (CS) was more than 0.5, and the essential amino acid index (EAAI) was 86.19, indicating that the quality of protein was good. To sum up, the high nutritional value of the A.parallens is a kind of high-quality economic freshwater fish with high development value.

The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for predicting the prospect of grain production, improving the efficiency of grain production and ensuring food security. Using the statistical data of Hunan Province, the grey relational analysis method was used to screen the highly relevant influencing factors and a GM (1, N) prediction model was established to predict the grain production. The most influential factors related to the grain production of Hunan in 2008-2017 are the sowing area of grain crops and the total power of agricultural machinery. The scientific and technological factors are the main factors that affect the grain production, followed by natural and social factors. In 2018-2027, the grain production of Hunan has less fluctuation, and the total power of agricultural machinery and the fiscal agricultural expenditure have a greater impact. The total power of agricultural machinery has an important influence on grain production in the past and next ten years, and it is increasingly dominant. To maintain the level of production, it is necessary to attach great importance to the level of agricultural mechanization and steadily increase the sowing area of grain crops.

The grain yield from 1999 to 2017 in Shaanxi was divided into two stages and 10 influence factors of grain yield were analyzed dynamically with grey correlation analysis method, and the data processing was realized by SAS statistical software, aiming to provide data support for improving grain productivity and enhancing grain security in Shaanxi. The results showed that the most important factor affecting the grain yield in Shaanxi was the grain planting area. The effect of effective irrigation area and rural employment on grain yield was gradually enhanced. It was imperative to reduce the amount of pesticides and fertilizers and increase their efficiency. On the macro level, natural factors were still the first to influence grain output, the impact of scientific and technological factors was increased, and the last was policy factor. The important measures to ensure food security in Shaanxi are improving the quality of cultivated land, stabilizing the sown area of grain crops, reducing the amount and increasing the efficiency of pesticides and fertilizers, and promoting green grain production.

The Lentinula edodes Huxiang F2 and two of its selfbreeding progenies, 243 and Shenxiang 1504, were analyzed for their crude proteins and hydrolyzed amino acids and evaluated for their amino acid profile as well as nutritional value based on the amino acid score (AAS), Institute of Medicine (IOM) pattern score, chemical score (CS), amino acid ratio coefficient (RC), score of RC (SRC) and essential amino acid index (EAAI). There were fewer crude proteins in 243 and Shenxiang 1504 than their parental strain Huxiang F2. Strain 243 contained equal amounts of total amino acids and essential amino acids as Huxiang F2. The ratios of essential amino acid to total amino acid and essential amino acid to nonessential amino acid met the requirements of FAO/WHO ideal protein model. Among all three strains, strain 243 received the highest scores in AAS, IOM, CS, SRC and EAAI. The protein digestibility corrected amino acids score (PDCAAS) of the three strains ranged between 0.54 and 0.61, and strain 243 ranked first followed by Huxiang F2.

【Objective】 As the important components of our daily diet, the vegetables contain various nutrients people need. The objective of this study was to evaluate vegetables by the categories, contents and proportion of nutrients in vegetables to provide scientific guides for people to choose vegetables. 【Method】 38 common vegetables were selected as test materials and divided into ten kinds, including leaf vegetables, stem vegetables, flower vegetables, allium species, solanaceous vegetables, melon vegetables, root vegetables, tuber vegetables, fresh bean vegetables, and wild vegetables, according to China Food Composition 2 ^nd. 42 essential nutrients were defined as evaluation indexes, including water, protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, amino acids and 2 unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid (ω-6) and a-linolenic acid (ω-3)) and dietary fiber, which were considered as good for health. And then the contents of the nutrients of the vegetables were listed in terms of China Food Composition 2nd. Three degree ( Degree of Diversity (DD), Degree of Match (DM) and Degree of Balance(DB)) of 42 kinds of nutrients’ in 38 common vegetables were calculated respectively.. Finally, the Deviation Index as the overall nutrient evaluation of the three indexes was culculated, and then an overall nutrient evaluation of the vegetables based on Deviation Index was analyzed. 【Result】 DD indices showed that the common vegetables had the similar kinds of nutrients. DM indices indicated the contents of nutrients of the stem, leaf and flower vegetables were high and the top three vegetables were shepherd’s purse, coriander and spinach. DB indices showed the proportion of nutrients of the flower vegetables and allium vegetables were more suitable for people’s needs and that the top three vegetables were onions (young green), leek and cucumber. Finally, based on ‘Deviation Index’ giving an overall nutrient evaluation ranking for vegetables, it showed that the deviation index of the stem, leaf and flower vegetables were small and that the top three vegetables were shepherd’s purse, coriander and spinach.【Conclusion】 Compared with previous vegetable profiling models, such as index of nutrition quality and nutrient profiling, this method considered the proportion of the nutrients in vegetables so that it ensured the nutrition profiling of vegetables more comprehensive. As the deepening of the scientific research, we coud certify the contribution of the nutrients to people and then multiplied by the corresponding weights so that this nutrient evaluation was more suitable for people’s needs.

The paper aims to develop grape pomace as a new type of feed resources scientifically, we measured the hygienic index, nutrient content and amino acid composition of grape pomace by national standard methods, and analyzed the value of essential amino acids by international general methods. The results showed that: the grape pomace hygienic index, including Pb, As, Hg, Cd, F, aflatoxin, bacteria, total number of molds met the national standard of feed hygiene; the conventional nutrient content in grape pomace contained crude protein of 12.0%, crude fat of 8.4%, crude fiber of 29.5%, crude ash of 3.2%, Ca of 0.82%, total phosphorus of 0.08%; the total amount of amino acids was 10.78%, with the proportion of essential amino acids 34.88%, and the delicious amino acid accounted for 43.43% of the total amino acid; the chemical score (CS), amino acid score (AAS), essential amino acid index (EAAI), biological value (BV), nutrition index (NI) and Score of Ration Coefficient of Amino acid (SRCAA) of grape pomace protein were 43.3, 47.7, 65.8, 60, 7.9, and 76.3, respectively. Grape pomace, with other well-balanced essential amino acids except for the insufficient sulfur-containing amino acids of first limiting amino acid, it is a new feed resource to be developed.

【Objective】 Six domestic alfalfa cultivars (Zhongcao No.3, Gannong No.1, Longmu No. 806, Zhongmu No.2, Xinjiang Big Leaf, Gongnong No.1) were used, amino acid content and the nutrition evaluation of alfalfa were studied, to provide the scientific basis for utilization and further research on native alfalfa germplasm resources or alfalfa resources development and utilization. 【Method】 Randomized block design with three replications was used. Different cultivars were planted in different experimental plot, the experimental plot area was 30 m ². The first year, first cut alfalfa which in the early flower stage were used. After 20 min heated at 105℃ and 48 h heated at 65℃, alfalfa were smashed to pass through a screen of 60 meshes. The samples were hydrolyzed by HCl and analyzed by automatic amino acid analyzer. Amino acid constituents and contents were analyzed. Alfalfa essential amino acid composition were compared with FAO/WHO amino acid pattern spectrum and FAO/WHO ideal protein standards. Ratio of essential amino acid (RAA), ratio coefficient (RC), score of RC (SRC) or essential amino acid index (EAAI) were calculated to evaluate the nutritional value. 【Result】 All of six domestic alfalfa cultivars contained 17 amino acids, 7 essential amino acids and 9 medicinal amino acids. Except Asp, Cys, Pro, F and (S+F)/B were significant difference among six cultivars, other amino acids compositions had no significant differences. The content of total amino acids in alfalfa were ranged from 14.85% to 19.48%, essential amino acids were range from 5.35% to 6.93%, non-essential amino acids were range from 9.50% to 12.55%, medicinal amino acids was greater than 60%. The content of total amino acids, essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids were highest in Xinjiang Big Leaf alfalfa. The ratio of sweet and fresh taste to bitter taste amino acid was above 1.8. Only Met+Cys were lower than FAO/WHO amino acid pattern. E/T was ranged from 35% to 36% and E/N was ranged from 54% to 57%, which were a little lower than FAO/WHO ideal protein standards. SRC was ranged from 73 to 74, and EAAI of all alfalfa was closed to 1. 【Conclusion】 There were abundant species and high content amino acid in alfalfa. The essential amino acids were relatively balanced and reasonable. Alfalfa were good protein sources, which also has medicinal value. The first limiting amino acid was Met+Cys. When used as vegetables, it is recommended that something which has high content of Met+Cys were used as complementary food to improve their nutritional value.

Grain production is an important part of the national economy, and grain yield is significant for guaranteeing grain security in China. In order to improve the scientific and accurate prediction of grain yield, based on the analysis of the existing prediction methods, the grey theory and neural network were combined organically, the main and objective factor indexes were determined from many influencing factors on grain yield by grey correlation analysis. These indexes were applied in the prediction of grain yield with the artificial neural network. The results showed that the maximum error of the artificial neural network prediction was 1.21%, the average error was 0.63%, and the prediction accuracy was relatively high. This study provides a scientific and effective forecasting method for grain yield.

To study the nutrient composition of leaves from five kinds of forage grasses, evaluate the nutrition value of amino acid, and provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of forage grasses fodder, crude protein, amino acid, crude fat, Ca and P were measured by conventional method, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were measured by filter-bag method, the nutrition value of amino acid was evaluated by essential amino-acid scoring and chemistry scoring. The results indicated that: (1) the contents of CP, Ca, NDF and ADF were significantly different, the content of CP of water hyacinth was the highest, and CP contents in two kinds of leguminous forages grasses were significantly higher than that in gramineous forage grasses, while ADF contents in leguminous forages grasses were significantly lower than that in gramineous forage grasses; (2) there were amino acids of full range in the forages grasses, the contents of total amino acids and essential amino- acids were rich, methionine was the limiting amino acid in forages grasses. The conclusion showed that (1) CP content in water hyacinth, alfalfa and kudzu were higher, which could be used as feedstuff; (2) Italian rye and hybrid wolftail could be developed as coarse fodder; (3) methionine or methioninerich raw material should be added when producing complete formula feed for animals with the five kinds of forage grasses.

In order to find out the influencing factors of grain production fluctuation in Jiangsu Province, and to speed up the structural reform of grain supply side, the grain production of Jiangsu Province from 1999 to 2015 was divided into two periods according to the characteristics of grain yield in Jiangsu Province. The dynamic analysis of 10 influencing factors in these two periods was performed using the method of gray correlation analysis. The results revealed that grain planting area was the most important factor affecting the grain yield in Jiangsu Province. The effective irrigated area and total power of agricultural machinery had experienced the change from weak to strong. The agricultural expenditure ratio was important, although its pulling effect was weakened. A large number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have a great effect on the grain yield, and there is a big increase in utilization rate. On the macro level, the impact of science and technology on grain production is increasing, followed by policy and natural factors. In order to increase the grain output of Jiangsu Province，it is suggested that more efforts should be put to stabilize the planting area of grain crops，improve the level of agricultural science and technology, actively develop green food production, and increase the financial input to agriculture.

China has a large population, and food security is a major event relating to people’s livelihood. Strengthening grain yield prediction can ensure food security. Based on historical data of grain yield in Sichuan from 2001 to 2015, we adopted grey system theory and set up GM (1, 1) prediction model on the basis of the weakening buffer operator, then used four error checking methods, including residual error, grade ratiodeviation, correlation degree and posteriori error to test the reasonability and the prediction accuracy. Then we applied GM (1, 1) prediction model to predicting the grain yield in future three years. Test results indicate that the grey system theory is appropriate when it is applied to grain yield prediction and has high prediction accuracy. According to GM (1, 1) prediction model, the grain yield of the year 2016, 2017, 2018 will increase by -2.11%, -0.39% and 1.21% respectively year on year. It can be concluded that the grain yield of Sichuan will increase in fluctuation in the near future.

The paper aims to understand the recycling use of grape pomaceby analyzing the research status of its nutritional value and summarizing research progresses at home and abroad. The study will benefit the indepth and extensive use of grape pomace. Grape pomace includes skin, seed and stem, which contains rich protein, vitamins, polyphenols, tartaric acid, dietary fiber, grape seed oil and so on. The utilization degree of grape pomace in domestic is still not high and mainly focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds especially the polyphenols have obvious antioxidant activity, which are now widely used in medical care, food, cosmetic and chemical industry. The accumulation of grape pomace in brewing season is the problem that needs to be solved urgently. The promotion of comprehensive utilization could not only protect environment but also create huge economic benefits.

In order to make grain yield stable and increase grain production in Shandong Province, influencing factors on grain yield were analyzed by gray correlation method using statistical data in Shandong Province from 1991 to 2010. The results showed that effective irrigation area was the strongest influencing factor on grain yield in Shandong Province, followed by grain yield per unit area, area of cultivated land, effective amount of agricultural fertilizer, total power of agricultural machinery, pesticide amount and rural electricity consumption. Finally, the suggestions including improving the effective irrigation area, stabilizing and improving grain yield per unit area and area of cultivated land were proposed to ensure the stable grain yield increase in Shandong Province.

【Objective】The whole-crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been used as forage for a long time in some countries. However, there were few studies and no forage wheat was bred in China. The present research compared the yields, nutrient value and fermentation quality of 3 wheat varieties selected from 15 varieties before, in order to provide a theoretical basis for planting wheat on winter fallow fields in South China. 【Method】Wheat was sown after autumn rice was harvested. The  seedling density of three varieties was 3.3×10⁵ plants·hm^-2 with three replicates in a randomized block design, and the area of each plot was12 m²(3 m×4 m). The N, P₂O₅ and K₂O were applied with 90.0, 36.0 and 48.0 kg·hm^-2 at a ratio of 6 to 4 as base fertilizer to topdressing at jointing stage. At dough stage, the plant height, tiller number of wheat were observed, and the yield was determined using a quadrant of 1.0 m×1.0 m in triplicates; the plant materials above 10 cm of the ground were taken for  microbiological analysis. The fresh samples were taken for chemical analyses and silage making. Fresh wheat materials were chopped into 2 to 3 cm lengths. After thorough mixing, 300 g of fresh materials was immediately packed into a plastic film bag (30 cm × 40 cm) in triplicates, degassed and sealed using a vacuum sealer. Thereafter, the bags were maintained at dark place for 60 d at the ambient temperature for silage quality investigation. The dried materials were ground by a hammer mill for chemical analyses.【Result】The plant heightand yields of dry matter and crude protein of Shimai 001 were 75.27 cm, 6.69 and 0.53 t·hm^-2, respectively, significantly higher than the other two varieties (P＜0.05); the dry matter digestibility and relative feeding value of HYN were the highest (63.84% DM and 113.51). The crude protein content of Xumai 856 was higher than that of HYN (P＜0.05), while Shimai 001 had no significant differences with the former varieties. The soluble carbohydrates contents of HYN, Shimai 001 and Xumai 856 were 11.83% DM, 9.14% DM and 5.93% DM, respectively, which were significantly different (P＜0.05). There were no significant differences in amounts of lactic acid bacteria, aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds among wheat varieties (P＞0.05). More lactic acid bacteria epiphyted on 3 varieties, which exceeded 10⁶ cfu·g^-1 FM. After opening the bag silos, the pH values of Shimai 001 and HYN were about 4.30, lower than 4.50 of Xumai 856, but not significant (P＞0.05). Shimai 001 had better fermentation quality, indicated by the highest content of lactic acid and the lowest content of butyric acid. After the silage materials were exposed upon to air for 192 h, the pH values of Shimai 001 and Xumai 856 had little change, their aerobic stability was better than that of HYN.【Conclusion】Based upon the yields of dry matter and crude protein, nutritional value and silage quality of whole plant wheat, Shimai 001 has a great potential as forage planting on winter fallow fields in Guangdong province.

In order to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of grain output in Henan Province, wavelet analysis was used to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of the grain output from 1978 to 2012 in Henan Province. The results showed that grain output in Henan Province had 5 years, 10 years and 20 years characteristic time scales, and 10 years and 20 years were the main ones. Time scale of grain output tended to be longer, and changes of grain output tended to be stable. Grain output in Henan Province was in relative harvest period at present, but it would be in a new grain reduction period subsequently. The selected influencing factors of grain output were all positive, and their increases would promote grain output, but influencing levels of different factors on grain output were different. Sequence of the influencing degree was grain sown area>effective irrigation area>number of rural agricultural workers>consumption of chemical fertilizer in farmland>total power of agricultural machinery>electricity consumed in rural area.

In order to assess the effects of climate change on grain production, find out the internal relations between them and guide local agricultural activities, the author analyzed the variation tendency of 3 main climatic factors (average temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration) in recent 21 years in Yibin City. The results showed that all the 3 factors had an increase tendency, and the fluctuant range of sunshine duration was comparatively small. The grey correlation analysis method was used to analyze the effects of climate change on grain yield. The results showed that the precipitation had the biggest influence on wheat yield with the correlation degree of 0.869; sunshine duration and per unit area yield had the biggest relevance with the correlation degree of 0.736. Therefore, climate change influenced grain yield significantly, especially climate yield. The results could provide basis for agricultural deployment.

Nutritional components in the meat of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) were analyzed through the common methods. The results showed that the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat and ash of fresh meat were 77.90%, 18.70%, 2.65% and 1.09%, respectively. Seventeen kinds of amino acids (excepted tryptophan) were detected out in the meat, total content of amino acids was 16.90% (% fresh samples), and essential amino acid index (EAAI) was 67.68 which was in general accorded with that of FAO/WHO food standards. According to AAS score, the first- and second-limiting amino acids of the meat of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) were threonine and sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine), respectively. According to CS score, the first- and second-limiting amino acids of the meat of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) were sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine and cystine) and threonine, respectively. Furthermore, the total content of delicious amino acids (Asp, Glu, Gly and Ala) was 39.11%. The?present study shows that tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus) is one of freshwater fishes with high delicious, nutritional quality and health effects.

As a rapidly developed analysis technology in recent decades, Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used in forage nutritional assessment due to its accurate, high efficiency and lossless. Assessing nutritional status of natural pasture accurately and timely can offer basic data of pasture nutrient supply and livestock carrying capacity, and is very important for grassland livestock production. This paper illustrates the principle and characteristics of NIRS, describes the direct and indirect methods to assess nutritive of forage from four levels, including conventional nutrients, minerals, anti-nutrients and nutrient digestibility, and looks into the future of NIRS utilization, in order to set a data base of pasture's nutrition and promote the application of NIRS in natural pasture, and contribute to the scientific management and rational utilization of pasture.

This test mainly analyzed pecan nutritional value and the economic benefits of planting pecan in rocky desertification area. After analysis, it was found that pecan had very rich nutrient elements. Compared with the other nuts, pecan had an advantage on fat, dietary fiber, amino acid etc. This article took the pecan planted in Yongdong, Xiushan, Chongqing as an example. The investigate result was that the net income of 14 years old hickory forests was 1273530 yuan/hm2, input-output ratio 9.74, and the investment income 8.74.Compared with common crops, planting pecan had more advantage, and the economic benefit sequence was pecan> honeysuckle> flue-cured tobacco> rice> sweet potato> corn.

The digestibility of main nutrient in 2 varieties of Italian Ryegrass for growing Fujian yellow rabbits was assessed by endogenous indicator method. The results show that: the digestibility of ryegrass "Maximus" and "Hercules" dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude fat (EE), crude ash (ash), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) digestion rates was: 52.67%, 82.68%, 21.70%, 26.58%, 28.59%, 68.37%, 57.69%, 71.64%, 70.82%, 64.38% and 50.45%, 79.53%, 24.69%, 30.45%, 32.69%, 69.84%, 59.38%, 70.48%, 69.31%, 69.30%, respectively. The apparent digestibility of Italian ryegrass DM, CP, EE, Ca and P was high, and the apparent digestibility of CF was low.

In order to reveal different region temperature and precipitation of climate change tendency and unit area grain yield influence in Anhui Province, based on meteorological data from 1971 to 1990 and unit area grain yield from 1991 to 2010 in 78 counties Anhui Province. On the background of climate changes in Anhui Province, the author analyzed the effect of precipitation on grain yield by adopting mathematical statistics. The results showed that; temperature rose obviously, but inter-annual variation was relatively small. Precipitation had no significant trend variation, but the inter-annual fluctuation was large. The northern precipitation was less than the south, but the variation coefficient was greater than the south. So output fluctuation was mainly caused by unstable water condition. From March to Septemper optimum precipitation in positive growth phase, which 4 region crops was respectively to 400-800 mm, 400-1000 mm, 500-1000 mm, 800-1400 mm from north to south. Actively growing period crops and precipitation were bullish which were synchronal. Precipitation was bullish that was produced adverse effected by output, especially of 4 regions.

In order to explore the relationship between the climatic resource and yield of grain, based on date of sunshine duration, temperature and precipitation in seven weather stations in Tianshui from 1961 to 2010, the author analyzed the variation law of agrometerological resource with the methods of rate of climate change, Mann-kendall and Z-score standardization. The results showed that: the annual sunshine duration decreased by 30 hours every 10 years. The annual mean temperature, average maximum temperature and average minimum temperature increased by 0.40℃, 0.36℃ and 0.39℃ every 10 years respectively. It also indicated that the annual precipitation decreased by 20 mm every 10 years. The comprehensive natural resource index varied with curve of the second degree and the turn point was at 1982. It decreased by 0.08 every 10 years from 1961 to 1982 and increased by 0.48 every 10 years. This variation met with the yield of grain at research area.

In order to realize the relationship between the rural floating population and the regional grain production, and protect the regional grain security, the article uses the empirical analysis method to study the grain production and the rural floating population in Anhui province and Shanghai City. The results showed that, the increase of the rural floating population outflow did not lead to regional food production to reduce, and the increase of the rural floating population inflows would not lead to regional food production increases. It meant that there was a reverse variation relationship between the rural floating population and regional grain production. On the whole, the flow of the rural floating population can promote regional grain production. In order to protect the regional grain security, according to two conditions of rural floating population outflow and inflow, some advises are proposed separately to lead rural floating population and achieve the increase of regional grain production.

This study was performed to determine the content and constituents of amino acids in Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet and evaluate the nutrition, so as to provide the scientific basis for utilization of those materials and further research. The samples were hydrolyzed by HCl and analyzed by automatic amino acid analyzer; the nutritional value was evaluated using amino ratio coefficient. All samples included 17 amino acids, 7 essential amino acids, 4 umami tasty amino acids, 9 medicinal amino acids. The total amino acids in Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet ranged from 23.4% to 24.52% , the essential amino acids took up 26.47%-27.52% of the total amino acids, the umami tasty amino acids took up 35.12%-37.44% of the total amino acids, and the medicinal amino acids took up 55.03%-57.54% of the total amino acids. With amino ratio coefficient, the first limiting amino acids were Met+Cys. SCR ranged from 66.0 to 69.7. The content and constituents of amino acids in Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet had no significant difference, the essential amino acids was relatively balanced and reasonable. Compared with Cordyceps Sinensis from different regions of Tibet, the Cordyceps Sinensis from Qamdo had higher trophic value than the others.

Fertilizer is an important measure for sustainable development of agriculture, fertilizers role in guarding the safety of our food is put into the other factors of production are not a substitute for, grasp the stimulation effect of chemical fertilizers from the guidance of agricultural production and to determine the scientific and effective fertilization programs have important theoretical and practical significance. This paper analyzed the chemical fertilizer use and food production relationship, selected the sown area of grain crops, the total power of agricultural machinery, the effective irrigation area, the amount of chemical fertilizer and agricultural workers for China's grain yield affecting factors. By using the principal component regression C-D production function model, calculated the input of chemical fertilizer on grain output elasticity and contribution rate. The results showed that: the use of chemical fertilizer and grain yield between strong positive correlation; 1978-2010 years of fertilizer on grain yield growth elasticity value was 0.18, the contribution rate was 20.79%, chemical fertilizer on increasing grain output elasticity and contribution and the results of previous studied phase decreased slightly, per unit mass of chemical fertilizer input to bring the actual grain yield increase the quantity decreases somewhat, but chemical fertilizer input was still an important factor in the increase of grain yield.

【Objective】The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of fertilizing compost and chemical fertilizer on feed production potential of the whole corn plant silage, and thus providing a theoretical support for appropriate application of compost in corn silage cultivation. 【Method】 A field trial was conducted with a single-factor randomized block design. Three fertilizer treatments were different amounts of compost at 20, 40, and 60 t•hm-2, respectively. Chemical fertilizer with urea 400 kg•hm-2, superphosphate 450 kg•hm-2 and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) 300 kg•hm-2 was used as control. Biomass, dry matter (DM) yield, nutrients content and ruminal degradability were measured to elucidate the effect of compost amount on yields of DM, nutrients and degradable nutrients per unit land of the silage corn. 【Result】 Compared with control, the contents of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and gross energy (GE) of whole plant corn silage were significantly increased (P＜0.05) with the increased amount of compost. The content of crude fiber (CF), however, was notably decreased (P＜0.05), and there was no significant difference (P＞0.05) in carbohydrate content. Meanwhile, ruminal degradabilities of CP, EE, carbohydrate, and GE of corn silage were enhanced (P＜0.05) with increased fertilizer amount of compost. Regardless of fertilizer amount of compost, yields of biomass, nutrients, ruminally degradable nutrients, and relative feed value (RFV) of corn silage were higher than that of control (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results showed that compost administration can improve corn silage biomass and feeding values compared with administration of chemical fertilizer. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal fertilizing amount of compost was 40 t•hm-2.

Anhui Province is one of the major grain production provinces in China. The paper reviews the history process and quantity characteristic of food output fluctuation in Anhui province and analyses rule of food output applying wave theory and grey relation theory with food production statistic data from 1978 to 2010. The results show that the food output fluctuation showed classical fluctuation, fluctuation period is short and the length is rules, fluctuation showed moderate, is a rather long period of expansion in systolic. By comparison of fluctuation of food output, the period can be divided into several stages. With grey correlation analysis of the influence factors of in Anhui province, Chemical fertilizer is the important factor of food output growth, crops disaster areas have a small impact on food output.

The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the growth, nutrition, as well as yield of crabs was investigated when these fertilizers was applied for once under a symbiosis system composed of paddy and crab. Comparing to conventional famer practice (FP) and optimum fertilization (OPT), treatment A1 (balanced fertilization) had a satisfied result on the growth, as well as the yield and quality of crab. The contents of protein, fat and moisture in edible part of crabs were 20.3%, 6.3% and 72.0% respectively. At the same time, the yield of paddy was the highest with number of 11002.5kg/hm2. The survival rate of crabs was as high as 66.7%, which could satisfy the demand of agricultural production.As far as OPT treatment was concerned, it seemed more suitable for paddy instead of crabs.

The nutrient evaluation of artichoke, Cynaya scolymus. L and its by-product were overall analyzed to develop feedstuff related to artichoke and to clarify the effects of beef finishing. So the artichoke’s nutrient ingredients were analyzed and 30 BMY bulls were finished. The results showed that the crude protein contents of artichoke by-products were above 10.33%, and that the in vitro dry matter digestibility, NDF and ADF of artichoke power, silage artichoke and artichoke buds were 60.09%, 26.71%, 26.51%; 54.97%, 31.10%, 31.24% and 47.14%, 34.24%, 26.08%, respectively. Moreover, the degradation rate in rumen of artichoke’s by-products were higher than the most of usual forages; the DMD and CPD were 65.14% and 50.09%, respectively, indicating the nutrient levels were similar to high-quality forages. Finishing trials showed that the ADGs treated by artichoke pellet feed of artichoke and silage artichoke were 1 132 g and 838 g, respectively, which were significantly higher than silage corn (620 g) (P<0.01). The finishing effects treated by artichoke’s by-products surpassed the silage whole-plant corn, improving the benefits of beef industry. The nutrient values of artichoke’s by-products were closer to the high-quality forages and good for utilizing in beef industry.

Protein from mycelia and fruit bodies of lnonotus obliquus was assessed in terms of six nutritional quality indices-Amino Acid Score (AAS),Chemical Score (CS),Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI), Biological Value (BV),Nutritional Index (NI) and Amino Acid Ratio Coefficient Score (AARCS).AAS, CS,EAAI,BV,NI and AARCS values of I.obliquus mycelia were 75.0,44.5,92.2,88.8,24.7 and 52.0,respectively,compared with corresponding values for fruit bodies of 47.1,20.3,99.4,96.6,2.94 and 33.0.

Coprinus comatus was cultivated on a series of growth substrates in which different amounts of the sawdust component were replaced with Chamaecrasta nictitans.Protein from C.comatus fruit bodies was assessed in terms of six nutritional quality indices - Amino Acid Score (AAS),Chemical Score (CS),Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI),Biological Value (BV),Nutritional Index (NI) and Amino Acid Ratio Coefficient Score (AARCS).Fruit bodies cultivated using a substrate containing 66.5% sawdust,30% wheat bran,1% sucrose,1% CaCO_3,1% Ca(OH)_2,0.3% KH_2PO_4 and 0.2% MgSO_4 served as controls.The nutritional quality of protein from fruit bodies cultivated on suhstrates containing C.nictitans was superior to protein from controls.Protein from fruit bodies cultivated on a substrate in which the sawdust component had been entirely substituted with C.nictitans was ranked highest in terms of EAAI,BV and NI,second in terms of AAS and AARCS,and had the third-ranked CS value.

The study determined the change condition of major nutrients in sorghum straw、 corn straw、 soybean straw and sweet potato vine in different conservation methods(open-air conservation 、shed conservation 、silage and ammoniation). And two steers (450±15kg) with permanent rumen cannulas were used to determine the effects of conversation methods on the rumen degradabilities of DM、OM、NDF and ADF.The results show: The CP content of straws was higher significantly affected by the conservation methods(P<0.01); The conservation methods higher significantly affected the OM content of sorghum straw (P<0.01) and significantly affected of sweet potato vine (P<0.05); higher significantly the NDF content except sweet potato vine (P<0.01), significantly the ADF content of sorghum straw and corn straw (P<0.05). higher significantly of soybean straw and sweet potato vine; The WSC content of straws was higher significantly affected by the different conservation methods (P<0.01). The oven-drying and ammoniation improved the rumen degradabilities of DM、OM、NDF and ADF of straw except soybean straw.

评价了原菌株J1和经60Co射线辐射诱变的姬松茸(Agaricus blazeiMurril1)突变株J3的孢子中蛋白质的营养价值。结果表明,突变株J3孢子中蛋白质的氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数、生物价和营养指数分别为40.0、26.8、70.5、65.10和15.0,均高于原菌株J1表明,突变株J3孢子中蛋白质的营养价值优于原菌株J1。

【Objective】An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of relay intercropping of spring-sown maize and summer-sown maize on dry matter yield and nutritive values of whole-crop forage at different nitrogen level compared with sole cropping.【Method】The effects of relay intercropping at different nitrogen levels on dry matter yield, crude protein yields and crude fat yields of the spring-sown maize, summer-sown maize, and the whole year were studied in a randomized block design. And the reasons of these effects were analyzed from the changes of nitrogen uptake and field microclimate.【Result】Relay intercrops were higher in the annual yields of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fat than either spring-sown maize or summer-sown maize grown as sole crops. The land equivalent ratios of crude protein yield of whole-crop for N1 (187.5 kg•ha-1) and N2 (375 kg•ha-1) were 1.54 and 1.77, respectively. And the land equivalent ratios of crude fat yield of whole-crop for N1 and N2 were 1.39 and 2.55, respectively. In general, the dry matter yield and nutritive values of relay intercrops were lower than those of sole crops. But at N2, the crude fat yield of spring-sown maize in relay intercropping system was higher than that of sole cropping; and no significant differences were observed between the crude protein yield of summer-sown maize relay intercropping and that of sole cropping. The nitrogen uptake of relay intercrops were lower than that of sole crops, but increased with nitrogen applied more quickly. 【Conclusion】 Compared with sole cropping, relay intercropping of spring-sown maize and summer-sown maize can increase the annual nutritive values, which are mainly resulted from nitrogen uptake and field microclimate. In the relay intercropping system, the nutritive values of spring-sown maize are affected greater, while those of summer-sown maize are affected less, because of their different growth stages in coexistence. Increased the application of nitrogen can relax the competition in relay intercropping system, and improve the yield and nutritive values of whole-crop forage.

分析了不同氮源培养料对虎奶菇菌核蛋白质营养价值的影响。试验结果表明,在4种参试氮源中,以尿素为氮源栽培的虎奶菇,其菌核蛋白质的化学评分、氨基酸评分、必需氨基酸指数、生物价、营养指数、氨基酸比值系数分均最高,分别为22.8、27.3、73.3、68.2、11.1和18.8。

Effect of different cultivation temperatures on the protein nutrition value in the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber was tested.The results showed that the amino acid index,biological value,nutritional index and ratio coefficient of amino acid in the protein of the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber cultivated under 23～28℃ were 79.49,74.94,10.11 and 11.0 respectively,which was higher than that of the natural cultivation temperature treatment.The amino acid scores and chemical scores of this treatment was 13.36 and 11.77 respectively,which was lower than that of the natural cultivation temperature treatment.The result revealed that the protein nutrition in the sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber cultivated under 23～28℃ was high,and it could be extended into production.

In a field experiment, the effects of plant density (75 000, 112 500 and 150 000 plant/ha) on forage nutritive value were studied. The main results were as follows: with the increase of plant population, fresh matter and dry matter yield per plant of corn decreased significantly, but those per hectare of corn increased significantly, and higher grains yield was gotten at higher plant density. Forage nutritive quality of whole plant corn changed, and crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and general energy (GE) yield increased significantly. It could harvest more forage matter yield and improve forage nutritive value of whole plant corn through the increase of the plant density of corn by applying plant growth regulators.