Wastewater from aquaculture has attracted wide attention as one of the sources of agricultural non-point source pollution, and the management of aquaculture wastewater has become a current research hotspot. In order to understand the mechanism of aquaculture wastewater purification and enhance the purification technology efficiency, this paper introduces the current status, hazards, and related control policies of aquaculture pollution in China, and reviews the aquaculture wastewater purification technologies developed in the past two decades. Finally, the research direction of aquaculture wastewater is discussed to put forward the possibility of strengthening the sedimentation unit, and using new materials and microorganisms to intensify the purification system.

The author described the development status of special economic animal breeding industry for recent years. Mainly special economic animal breeding in our country, for example animal fur (fox, raccoon dog, mink), deer (cervus nippon, wapiti), rare birds in areas such as industrial development, scientific research and innovation breakthrough, achieved significant results, international influence and future development the trend was summarized. The author pointed out that the field of special economic animal breeding in China has been in the field of scientific research achievements, the influence in the world, and the gap between other countries and China’s special economic animal breeding industry in the future research. The author pointed out the direction for China’s special economic animal breeding industry sustainable development.

Animal welfare in livestock husbandry influenced quality and safety of animal-derived food and then did people’s health. The development of animal welfare in China was lagging behind that in western developed countries in many aspects such as people’s attitude toward animal welfare, legislation, scientific research, education and production practices, which were related to the development level of livestock husbandry and also to national conditions related at present in China. In recent years, with consumers’ attention to quality and safety of livestock products, the government, academia and enterprises have begun to value animal welfare in livestock breeding. The healthy breeding guided by the concept of animal welfare would develop rapidly and the sound welfare labeling mechanism and legal norms would be established to guide people to pay close attention to animal welfare.

To improve the water quality, the fishery multiplication and the restoration of ecological environment, the application of EM bacteria has attracted extensive attention and become a research hotspot in recent years. This study systematically reviewed the definition and source of EM bacteria, the effect and mechanism of EM bacteria in aquaculture in recent decades, and elaborated the factors affecting the effect of EM bacteria. It is found that: EM bacteria have significant effects on regulating microbial ecological structure, reducing harmful substances in water environment, improving immunity, gaining weight and increasing yield; however, the basic theoretical research of EM bacteria technology is still relatively weak, and there are still deficiencies in the production technology and application process. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to improve production technology, establish and improve screening system, and develop new fields of research and application of EM bacteria in aquaculture, so as to create greater economic value for aquaculture and provide the possibility for sustainable aquaculture.

Freshwater pond aquaculture is the main mode of aquaculture in China, its industrial structure optimization and upgrading is of great significance. The study introduced current status and main species of freshwater pond aquaculture in China, expounded the changes of freshwater pond aquaculture in terms of species structure, culture technology and culture methods, and outlined the main modes of freshwater pond aquaculture in China at present. The study also discussed main problems of freshwater pond aquaculture from eight aspects: species, feed, diseases, environment, aquaculture equipment, aquatic product quality and safety, and aquaculture management, and put forward suggestions on each of these problems, in order to provide ideas for the healthy, high-yield, environmental protection and standardized development of modern freshwater pond aquaculture in China.

To provide scientific reference for illuminating the pollution status of aquaculture in China, based on the existed pollution discharging coefficients and breeding yield of 2014, we calculated and analyzed the total discharge amount of major aquacultural pollutants.Due to the lack of correlation data, this paper chooses the year of 2014 as the year of measurement. The results showed that the main pollution discharge amount of total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), copper and zinc in aquaculture in 2014 was 68.342 × 104, 16.660 × 104, 13.769 × 104, 164.154 × 104, 253.746 and 729.842 t, respectively. COD and NH3- N accounted for about 7% of the total wastewater amount in China.. Due to differences in yield, breeding way and variety, pollutant discharge amount from freshwater aquaculture was much higher than that of marine aquaculture. In addition, to promote the sustainable development of aquaculture in China, we put forward suggestions such as controlling freshwater aquaculture production, adjusting breeding way, developing healthy and ecological breeding technology and promoting research on related systems.

In this paper, we optimized the determination method for geosmin (GSM) and 2-mathylisoborneol (2-MIB) in aquaculture water and aquatic products by using the method of microwave distillation - solid-phase microextraction - gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (MD-SPME-GC-MS). We optimized the four pre-treatment processing parameters, including carrier gas rate, microwave power, distillation time and collection method, and determined the experimental conditions as follows: carrier gas rate of 60 mL/min, microwave power of 400 W, distillation time of 6 min, and constant of 250 mL. In aquaculture water, the detection limit of GSM and 2-MIB reached 1 ng/L and 10 ng/L, respectively. In aquatic products, the detection limit of GSM and 2-MIB reached 0.025 μg/kg and 0.25 μg/kg, respectively. The standard curve of this method had good liner relation in the range of 1-200 ng/L and 10-200 ng/L (R² was 0.9997 and 0.9982, respectively). The average recovery rate of GSM and 2-MIB at different concentrations (1, 5, 7, 10, and 20 μg/kg) was 45.28%-49.92% and 82.15%-87.36%, respectively. In this experiment, the water samples and aquatic product samples from Wuxi were detected by this method. The result showed that the average concentration of GSM and 2-MIB in the water samples was 19.58 ng /L and 58.29 ng /L, respectively. In aquatic products, only GSM was detected, and the average concentration was 0.61 μg/kg. This method can be widely used to detect fishy substances in aquaculture water and aquatic products.

Welfare rearing of laying hens combines welfare with production of laying hens, and is the developing trend of laying hen industry. At present, cage rearing is dominant in China, welfare rearing of laying hens needs to be carried out. First, we clarified the definition and modes of welfare rearing of laying hens. Second, we summarized the current status of welfare rearing from the following aspects, i.e. enrichment of rearing environment, rearing equipment, rearing density, management (beak broken, forced moulting, ventilation, light, etc.), transportation, and slaughter. Finally, we pointed out the existing problems for welfare rearing of laying hens and put forward corresponding countermeasures, aiming to provide a reference for the welfare rearing and promote the healthy and stable development of laying hen industry in China.

The rise and development of shrimp aquaculture industry is the result of market demand and technological progress. Based on the data of China fisheries yearbook and FishstatJ database from FAO, the author made a qualitative and quantitative analysis of China’s overall scale of shrimp aquaculture from 1958 to 2015, the changes of the indicators including breeding species, yield per unit area, production cost and income, and the changes of technological path for shrimp breeding, disease prevention and control, nutritional needs, diet formulation and delicacy management. The study could clarify the evolution rule and provide reference for formulating a sustainable development strategy of shrimp aquaculture.

This paper reviews the present situation of aquaculture in Rudong area of Jiangsu Province. The main shrimp and crab culture species in this area were summarized, including Penaeus vannamei, Eriocheir sinensis, white backtail shrimp and comb crab. The current status of shrimp and crab culture in Rudong area was analyzed, so did the related problems of seed stock and diseases in the process of the sustainable development. Countermeasures were put forward, such as strengthening scientific culture management, introducing professional and technical personnel, enhancing scientific and technological services, adhering to ecological water-saving aquaculture mode, developing green shrimp and crab culture industry, building well-known brands, and promoting economic and social benefits.

In order to explore the way of water spinach planting in floating bed affecting the water micro-ecological environment of tilapia aquaculture ponds, water spinach floating beds were set up in the ponds under the 10% coverage. These ponds served as the treatment group, while the other ponds without floating beds served as the control group. After the vigorous growth of water spinach, the samples of water from treatment ponds, control ponds, and the samples of water spinach roots were collected respectively. The DNA of the samples was extracted, part of them was used to amplify the 16S rRNA genes and carry out the high-throughput sequencing, to investigate the effect of water spinach planting on the bacterial community structure in water, and analyze the relationship between the root system of water spinach and the bacterial community structure of surrounding water. Another part of DNA was used to conduct the fluorescent quantitative PCR to determine the copy number of nitrogenase gene, and analyze the effect of water spinach planting on the nitrogenase genes in tilapia aquaculture pond ecosystems. The results showed that the direct effect of water spinach planting on the community structure of planktonic bacteria in the water was not significant; however, the root biofilm of water spinach played an important role as a key part of the pond micro-environment. At the same time, water spinach root biofilm also increased the number of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms per unit volume in pond water.

To gain an in-depth understanding of the residue characteristics and risk assessment of mercury in the pond culture environment of Eriocheir sinensis, a total of 14 samples of water bodies and sediment from 7 Eriocheir sinensis aquaculture ponds were collected in Wuxi of Jiangsu. The residue levels of mercury in different forms were analyzed by liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), and the risk of mercury residues was assessed by the single-factor method. The results showed that the mercury content in water bodies ranged from ND (not detected) to 18.20 μg/L, mainly inorganic mercury (Hg²⁺), and other forms included methylmercury (MeHg) and ethylmercury (EtHg). The mercury content in sediment environment ranged from 0.01 to 0.022 μg/g, in which the content of inorganic mercury decreased and the content of methyl mercury increased. Compared with NYT 5361-2016 Environmental Conditions of Pollution-Free Agricultural Products - Freshwater Aquaculture Origin, it was found that the mercury content in the water body exceeded the standard in 5 samples, and the exceeding rate was 71.43%; the mercury content in the sediment environment exceeded the standard in 1 sample, and the exceeding rate was 14.29%. Further research on the ecological risk of water inorganic mercury residues to Eriocheir sinensis showed that the risk quotient ranged from 0 to 0.05, far below 1, indicating that the mercury residues in the water body did not affect the safe growth of Eriocheir sinensis. The detection of heavy metal mercury in aquaculture water is of great significance to the healthy growth of Eriocheir sinensis and food safety.

Starting from the problems faced by the sustainable development of domestic aquaculture industry, we independently developed the ‘biomass refining’ technology and the complete set of equipment, extracted water-soluble organic carbon materials with high activity and small molecules from natural plants, and introduced them into aquaculture. Combined with years of research and practice, we analyzed the economic and social benefits, and proved that the plant derived small molecule organic carbon had high activity and could play an important role in aquaculture.

This study aims to investigate the differences of biological indexes and meat nutrients of Cyprinus carpio from earth pond reared mode and rice field reared mode (earth pond reared is defined as ER and rice field reared as RR, respectively). Three ER and three RR carps (approximately 800 g) were collected to measure and compare the biological indexes. In addition, the contents of conventional nutrients, amino acids and fatty acids of meat were analyzed and compared between ER and RR. The results showed that the condition factor and meat yield of ER were significantly higher than those of RR, while higher caudal peduncle length/caudal peduncle depth ratio was recorded in RR. Higher contents of crude fat, crude protein, ash, total essential amino acids, total nonessential amino acids, total amino acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids, and the essential amino acid score of meat were detected in ER, while significantly higher contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acids, ∑n-6 PUFA, and total highly unsaturated fatty acids were recorded in RR. In conclusion, the RR has slender body, lower meat yield and lower conventional nutrient contents; the meat amino acids contents of ER are higher than that of RR, while the meat fatty acids composition of carps of the two modes has their own advantages, respectively.

The traditional aquaculture pattern can easily cause water pollution and waste of water resources. In order to reach the goal of healthy aquaculture, pond recirculating aquaculture system (PRAS) takes measures to purify water by using power flow purification and bioremediation techniques under the guidance of circular economy, such as establishing artificial wetland to form a sustainable development model. In this study, we summarized the construction of the three main models of PRAS and their effects on water purification, and analyzed the main problems in the operation of the system. The existing studies showed that the average removal rates of TN, TP, NH4+-N, CODMn, and NO2--N were basically maintained at 60%. Besides, we analyzed the factors such as the ratio of purification area to pond area as well as the effects of the substrate, plant, pH and temperature in the purification unit. This study can provide a reference for further in-depth research on PRAS.

This paper aims to evaluate the influence of meteorological factors on the shrimp and crab breeding industry in Xiangyang of Hubei Province, and put forward corresponding measures for scientific breeding of shrimp and crab. The laws of meteorological factors' change were analyzed based on nearly 30 years data observed in Xiangyang. The authors reviewed the annual changing trend of main meteorological factors related to the breeding of shrimp and crab, such as temperature, sunshine hours, continuous wet weather, rainstorm, wind force and atmospheric pressure, and discussed the potential climate risks, in order to make rational use of weather forecasting and early warning to achieve the purpose of disaster prevention and reduction. The results showed that suitable temperature, abundant rainfall, mild climate, sufficient sunshine and relatively fewer meteorological disasters could provide favorable climatic conditions for the breeding of shrimp and crab in Xiangyang. By analyzing the law of temperature change in Xiangyang and the relationship between air temperature and water temperature, the authors determined the best period of postlarvae release (after Qingming) and the best period of fishing (before Frost's Descent) for shrimp and crab breeding. At the same time, the authors also analyzed the effects of meteorological factors such as low temperature damage, sunshine hours, continuous rainstorm, gale and thunderstorms on the breeding of shrimp and crab, and put forward the corresponding preventive measures to reduce the impact of weather disasters. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the local meteorological department to make medium and long-term climate prediction and short-term weather forecasting and warning services according to the shrimp and crab breeding cycle. Based on our research results, farmers should attach great importance to the application of early warning information and take active measures to reduce the loss of shrimp and crab breeding caused by meteorological disasters.

To investigate the effects of water parameters on the concentrations of heavy metals in water and fish muscle in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), using tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) weighed (57.9±0.87) g as experimental creature, we conducted a 60-day experiment in 8 small RASs simulating the actual work condition with changing several water parameters including alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total suspended solid (TSS). The results showed that at the end of the experiment, alkalinity had obvious effect on the content of Cu, Zn in water and content of Zn in muscles; dissolved oxygen had obvious effect on the content of Cu in water and contents of Cu, Zn in muscles; TSS had no significant effect on contents of heavy metals in both water and muscles. However, in such experimental conditions, the contents of heavy metals in the muscle (the edible part of fish) of tilapia were under the limits of the national and industrial standards.

Marine fish have high nutritional value and is popular with the people, and the market is short of supply. China is the largest mariculture country in the world, and has accumulated rich experience in the exploration and practice of marine fish farming. Based on the data of China Fisheries Yearbook and FishstatJ database from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the author combines qualitative & quantitative methods to sort out the development of mariculture industry since the founding of the P. R. China, including species structure, regional distribution characteristics, aquaculture models and cost-benefit indicators. The author also analyzes the paths of technological change of marine fish farming, disease prevention and control, nutritional needs and diet formulation, fine management and aquaculture engineering facilities, thus to reveal the evolution rule and provide reference for formulating the sustainable development strategy of marine fish farming.

To study the suitable plants for N and P purification in aquatic water, Eichhornia crassipes, Spirodela polyrrhiza and Ipomoea aquatica were selected as test subjects. The biomass gradients were set up. The water samples were taken once every 5 days. The indexes of N and P such as TN, NO₃^-, NO₂^-, NH₄⁺-N and TP in aquatic water were determined and analyzed. The effects of different plants, biomass gradients and experimental time on N and P purification were studied. The results showed that the three plants grew normally and had good purification capacity for N and P in aquatic water. The three plants had better effect on N purification in 10-15 days, and on P purification in 15-20 days. The biomass of Eichhornia crassipes, Spirodela polyrrhiza and Ipomoea aquatica with the best purification effect on N and P was 2000-2500 g/m ³, 150-200 g/m ³ and 800-1600g/m ³, respectively. All the three kinds of plants can be used to purify N and P of aquatic water, the order of the purification effect on TN, TP, NO₃^- was Ipomoea aquatica > Spirodela polyrrhiza > Eichhornia crassipes, while on NO₂^-、NH₄⁺-N was Eichhornia crassipes> Ipomoea aquatica > Spirodela polyrrhiza. Eichhornia crassipes is more suitable for the purification of N and P in aquatic water.

By adding Chlorella to tilapia aquaculture water, this study aims to explore the optimal concentration of Chlorella for the degradation of N and P and the regulation of microbial community in aquaculture water. Control group (NC), low concentration group (LC), middle concentration group (MC) and high concentration group (HC) were set to explore the effects of different concentrations of Chlorella on reducing the concentration of N and P in tilapia aquaculture water. The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze bacteria community structure changes of aquaculture water body. Compared with other treatment groups, N and P nutrition of water body in HC group decreased, and the degradation rate of nitrogen in three forms was NH₄⁺-N>NO₃^--N>NO₂^--N. Compared with NC group, the microbial diversity of MC and HC group decreased. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in each treatment group increased, while that of Bacteroidetes decreased, and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in HC group was the highest, the community richness was significantly correlated with the content of NH₄⁺-N. In summary, Chlorella can absorb N and P nutrition from aquaculture water, regulate aquaculture water microbial community structure, and improve aquaculture water quality. The study could provide a theoretical basis for aquaculture production practice.

Innovative tools play a crucial role in the technology development of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine, and the systematic summarizing and application study of these tools could provide ideas for the development of modern Chinese veterinary medicine. In this paper, we sorted out the evolutionary history of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine and analyzed the effect of innovative tools on promoting the advancement of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine. Meanwhile, discussion was carried out to shed light on the development of modern Chinese veterinary medicine. Results indicate that innovative tools could strongly promote the evolution of traditional Chinese veterinary medicine and the innovative thinking has important implications for the development of modern Chinese veterinary medicine.

To assess the pollution risk and environmental loaded pressure (ELP) caused by the rapid development of livestock and poultry breeding (LPB) during the 14th Five-Year Plan period in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, according to the data of LPB, the emissions of livestock and poultry manure (LP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were estimated by the pollutant discharge coefficient method. Environmental loaded pressure of LPB was evaluated by the indexes, including the suitability evaluation, land-loaded pressure and the nutrient-loaded pressure. The results showed that: (1) the emissions of COD, N and P were 1.23 million, 68600 and 7440 tons, respectively; (2) the suitability areas of LPB were mainly distributed in the southern mountainous area, in total, the land-loaded capacity was greater than the amount of LPB; however, the amount of LPB in Litong District was 3.1 times that of the land-loaded pressure, which posed a great risk of breeding pollution; the manure could not be all returned to field in Yinchuan urban area, Litong District and Jingyuan County; (3) the N emission was estimated to reach 120000 tons in 2025, showing an increase of more than 50000 tons compared with that of 2020; the P emission was estimated to reach 12000 tons, correspondingly 1.7 times that of 2020; the COD emission was estimated to reach 2.517 million tons, correspondingly 1.5 times that of 2020. In 2025, the loaded warning value of cultivated land for LP will reach 3.50. Therefore, countermeasures were put forward from six aspects: proper control of breeding scale, strict LP returning to field, strengthening fertilizer use of LP, scientific treatment of LP pollution, setting up LP centralized treatment center and policy support.

In order to compare the fatty acid composition in muscle of Mastacembelus armatus between farmed and wild populations, by gas chromatography analysis of cultured and wild fish, Mastacembelus armatus at juvenile ,fingerling and adult stage ,the muscle fatty acid composition and relative content were detected. The results showed that the muscle of cultured and wild Mastacembelus armatus had 24 kinds of fatty acids, the content of unsaturated fatty acid were the highest, the average content respectively (65.63 + 1.88)% and (59.03 + 2.11)%, especially rich in C18:2, docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) eicosapntemacnioc acid(EPA) and arachidonic acid(AA) polyunsaturated fatty acids; ΣUFA/ΣSFA ratio from juvenile to adult stage was on the rise, and the cultured population (2.45 + 0.21) higher than that of wild populations (1.98 + 0.15); the ratio of P/S to 1 for breeding Mastacembelus armatus at adult stage, more than half of the freshwater fish. Comprehensive analysis showed that the fatty acid content in muscle at different growth stages of farmed and wild Mastacembelus armatus although had some differences,also the breeding Mastacembelus armatus Sadvantage over wild Mastacembelus armatus but the meat quality in breeding Mastacembelus armatus fatty acid composition and equilibrium Similar to wild Mastacembelus armatus .

To understand the nutrient composition of fish muscle under the condition of recirculating aquaculture system, and to study the quality control of fish, in this study, the nutrient composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) muscle were compared in recirculating aquaculture system and in ponds under simulated wild conditions. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the general nutrient composition between the two conditions. 17 kinds of amino acids were detected, and there was no significant difference in the content of each component of amino acid between the two conditions. Amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS) showed that the first restrictive amino acid in recirculating aquaculture system was methionine, the lysine scored the highest among essential amino acids, and essential amino acid index (EAAI) in recirculating aquaculture system was higher than that in pond aquaculture system. The circulating water group detected 20 kinds of fatty acids and the pond group detected 14 kinds of fatty acids, there was no significant difference in the total amount of fatty acids between the two groups. There were significant differences in the composition of fatty acids. Among them, DHA was significantly higher in the circulating water group than in the pond group. In conclusion, the nutritive value of the muscle of Russian sturgeon under the recirculating aquaculture system is no less than that under the simulated wild condition pond.

Larimichthys crocea technological innovation can help strengthen the research and management of Larimichthys crocea industry. The study utilizes the sample data of Larimichthys crocea cage cultivation collected in Ningde of Fujian Province, and comparative analysis、sensitivity analysis and breakeven analysis are used to compare common varieties with new varieties. The result shows that per unit cost of new varieties’ production in feed and fixed worker wage are fully reduced, besides the profitability is also improved due to the adoption of new varieties. So it’s of great significance to promote the sustainable and healthy development of this industry.

A microcosm study was carried out to explore the possibility of applying garlic hydroponics to aquaculture. The experiment of planting garlic in tanks cultivating Brachydanio rerio showed that the natural mortality of Brachydanio rerio increased significantly when the initial density of garlic reached 4.75 g/L, which may be related to reduction of dissolved oxygen. The experiment of planting garlic in tanks cultivating Carassius auratusgibelio showed that planting garlic led to the significantly decreasing concentrations of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, permanganate index and nitrite nitrogen in water. Among these parameters, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen showed the biggest reduction of 89.1% after 33 days of cultivation (compared with the control group). The garlic hydroponics showed a good prospect of application in aquaculture for its good effect on water purification and its potential antibacterial ability. But it is noteworthy that the planting density needs to be controlled for the low dissolved oxygen caused by high planting density.

Modern agriculture is generated on the basis of traditional agriculture, and many kinds of wisdom of existence are contained in agricultural heritage and still have important practical significance today. As an important agricultural heritage in China, Binglangjiang buffalo feeding system has modern values of production, ecology, science and culture, and could promote the development of modern agriculture and the rural revitalization in the frontier minority areas. Through summarizing the modern value of Binglangjiang buffalo feeding system, this study can be conducive to the protection and utilization of agricultural heritage and make the heritage play a greater role in the development of agriculture and rural areas in the new era.

To understand the growth rule of juvenile Oratosquilla oratoria in pond culture, and provide a scientific basis for large scale production, an experiment was conducted to study the growth characteristics of juvenile O. oratoria at 15℃-31℃ by measuring the body weight and body length. The results showed that: (1) the 30-day-old juvenile O. oratoria reached an average body length of 11.79 ± 0.67 cm after 100 days rearing from 8.20 ± 0.45 cm, which increased by 0.036 cm per day on average, the average body weight increased from 7.14±1.17 g to 20.54 ± 3.44 g, and gained at the rate of 0.134 g per day on average; (2)the linear relationship of body length and body weight in juvenile O. oratoria was W=0.016L^2.879 (R²=0.978), and the b value was close to 3; exponential functions were the optimal model to describe the relationship of body length, body weight and culture times of juvenile O.oratoria; (3) the relative fatness was the highest in 30-day-old and the lowest in 90-day-old, there was no distinct relationship between relative fatness and water temperature of juvenile O. oratoria; the instantaneous growth rates of juvenile O. oratoria were affected by the change of water temperature above 23℃, they were increased with temperature increasing and reached the maximum in 90-day-old. To sum up, O. oratoria has strong adaptability under artificial culture condition, its growth of body weight is the same as that of the body length, and is suitable for artificial culture on large scale

Based on the aquatic products data of Fisheries Bureau of Qianjiang City and the climate data of Qianjiang meteorological station from 1988 to 2017, the influence of geographical and geomorphological characteristics and climatic ecological characteristics on crayfish breeding was analyzed, and the climate risks were discussed. The results showed that Qianjiang was full of lakes and rich in natural bait, which was advantageous to the development of crayfish breeding industry. Qianjiang had abundant rain, warm climate and sufficient light energy, the geographical and meteorological conditions of Qianjiang provided excellent climate and ecological environment for crayfish breeding. There was little extreme weather in Qianjiang city, but the disastrous weather was very harmful to crayfish breeding, there was certain climate risk. The authors pointed out that the possible damages to crayfish breeding could be caused by heavy rain, high temperature heat damage, strong cooling (low temperature cold damage) and other disastrous weather, and put forward corresponding measures for scientific breeding of crayfish.

To investigate the status and pollution situation of livestock and poultry breeding industry in Yiwu City and put forward the corresponding measures, annual total excrement from main livestock/poultry and nitrogen, phosphorus content in which were evaluated based on the agricultural pollution census data and poultry waste emission coefficient in urine. The study showed that, gross livestock/poultry excrement in 2007 comprises of 16.6×104 tons of feces and 48.5×104 tons of urine. The total livestock/poultry excrement contained 0.18×104 tons total N, 348.59 tons total P, 3.16×104 tons COD, 1.10×104 tons Cu, and 2.07×104 tons Zn. Among the main livestock/poultry, pigs excreted the highest amount of feces, accounting for 78.3% of the total excrement; the livestock/poultry urine was also produced by pigs, accounting for 99.8%. The highest amount of livestock/poultry excrement came from Yiting town, accounting for 39.4%.

To investigate the microbial communities’ structure of water and intestine of black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) reared in in-pond raceway culture system (IP) and pond (EP), intestines and culture water were selected as research objects. Using high-throughput sequencing technology, the structure and function of bacterial communities under the two different culture modes were compared and analyzed. The results show that the microbial communities are mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi, and the sum of their abundance is 98.32%-99.22%. At genus level, bacteria are significantly different. Furthermore, the main increased species in IP mode were Ruegeria (14.84%) Synechococcus (14.24%), Marivita (3.58%), norank_o__PeM15 (2.97%) and norank_C__KD4-96 (2.56%)(P<0.05) (IP > EP). However, the main bacteria in EP model are Enterobacter (10.31%), Mycobacterium (10.30%), Romboutsia (7.37%), Enterococcus (6.29%) and Lactococcus (5.38%) (P<0.05) (IP < EP). The bacterial community in intestine has high richness and diversity, IP mode is significantly higher than that in EP mode (P<0.05), but there is no significant difference between fish intestines (P>0.05). There are differences in the structure and function of the flora under the two culture modes, and there are a large proportion of bacterial communities with significant differences in relative abundance. Most of the dominant bacteria with significant differences are beneficial bacteria in the intestine of black sea bream in IP mode, while in the EP mode, the bacteria are mostly chronic or conditional pathogens.

To evaluate the efficacy of allogynogenetic gibel carp ‘CAS V’ in paddy field cultivation, the experiments with feeding and unfeeding cultivation mode were carried out in Wuyishan. The growth performance and production of fish were measured, the survival rate, specific growth rate and production index and input-output ratio were analyzed. The results showed that, after 62 days’ paddy field cultivation, the production, survival rate, weight gain rate and specific growth rate of allogynogenetic gibel carp ‘CAS V’ in the feeding mode were 2.17, 1.47, 1.98 and 1.60 times of those of the unfeeding mode respectively, and the average size and condition factor were significantly higher than those of unfeeding mode (P＜0.05). Under the experimental conditions, the unit profit of the feeding mode of paddy field cultivation was 9817.50 yuan/hm², which was 2.23 times of that of the unfeeding mode. Therefore, the income of allogynogenetic gibel carp ‘CAS V’ of feeding mode is higher than that of unfeeding mode, but more efforts should be done to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and reduce labor cost to raise the economic benefits.

In order to explore the influence of waterweed coverage area on aquaculture water quality and growth performance of Palaemonetes sinensis in ponds, in the experiment, three groups of 10%, 30% and 50% (A, B and C) waterweed densities were set up, and 500 thousand shrimp larvae with average weight of 0.01 g were cultured per 666.7 m ² in pond. The hydration index was measured once every 5 days, and the growth index and feed coefficient of shrimp were measured after the experiment. The results showed that: the water temperature was A>B>C after 20 days. The dissolved oxygen of B was higher than that of A after 15 days. The dissolved oxygen of C was higher than that of A and B in 25-45 days, and lower than A and B in 50-85 days, in the two periods, the dissolved oxygen of C was significantly different from A and B (P<0.01). From 35 to 85 days, the pH was C>B>A, and the difference was extremely significant among the three groups (P<0.01). In 15~25 days, ammonia nitrogen was A>B>C, while C>A>B was found in 40~85 days, and the difference was extremely significant (P<0.01) among the three groups. The nitrate nitrogen was A>B>C in 25~45 days, and C>A>B in 50~85 days, and the difference among the three groups was extremely significant (P<0.01). The growth index and unit yield were B>A>C. The feed coefficient was C>A>B, and there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between B and C. Based on the water quality indexes, the growth performance and the feed utilization, waterweed density of 30% area (B) is better than the other two groups under the experimental conditions.

To study the influence of the floating bed culture of Jussiaea stipulacea (0, 5% planting area) on the pollutants in the culture pond of red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus× O. niloticus), the water quality indexes, such as COD_Mn, Chl.a, TN, NH₃-N, NO₂^--N, NO₃^--N, TP and PO₄^3--P, were determined. The results showed that compared with the control group, J. stipulacea could significantly reduce the contents of Chla, NH₃-N, NO₂^--N, as well as the contents of COD_Mn, TP, TN and NO₃^--N in the culture ponds of red tilapia. The average removal rate of NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N was more than 50%, but the removal effect on phosphorus was unsatisfactory.

In order to understand the impact of macroscopic algae farming on seawater DO content, to clear the change process of DO content, in light, dark, light and dark alternately conditions, Sargassum thunbergii and Hizikia fusiforme from Wenzhou Dongtou offshore were brought to the laboratory for breeding. Set light (2h, 6h, 12h), dark (2h, 6h, 12h), alternating light and dark (1h 1h, 6h 6h, 12h 12h) treatment conditions, DO was determined, also to analyzed its oxygen production rate and oxygen consumption rate. The result showed that: with the extension of farming time, Sargassum thunbergii and Hizikia fusiforme oxygen production rates were all declining, Sargassum thunbergii oxygen production rate was higher than Hizikia fusiforme (P<0.05); Under dark conditions, Sargassum thunbergii maximum oxygen consumption rate at the time of 6h up to 288.02mg/kgDW?h, Hizikia fusiforme maximum oxygen consumption rate at the time of 2h up to 207.46 mg / kgDW?h, Sargassum thunbergii oxygen consumption rate was higher than Hizikia fusiforme; Sargassum thunbergii net oxygen production rate under alternating light and dark increased slowly at first and then drastically reduced, the net oxygen production rate up to 457.08 mg / kgDW?h at the short alternating cycle (1h 1h). Hizikia fusiforme net oxygen production rate first increased and then decreased, while the medium alternating cycle (6h 6h) up to 64.04 mg / kgDW?h. Macroscopic algae farming with alternating light and dark environment when carried out, photosynthetic oxygen production and dark respiration oxygen consumption converted continuously. Overall, Macroscopic algae farming increased the DO content of the seawater. Ecological and social value of the macroscopic algae farming was significantly, it should be vigorously promoted.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a new method for rapid spectral analysis. With the development of spectroscopy and stoichiometry, near-infrared spectroscopy has been widely used in agriculture, food, medicine and petrochemical industries, which has greatly improved the informatization level of various industries. Based on the application status of near-infrared spectroscopy in poultry breeding, the development of near-infrared spectroscopy and its application in feed ingredient detection and poultry meat detection are summarized in this paper. Within the aspects of feed detection and poultry meat detection, a mathematical model with high precision and high stability for predicting was established by correlating the spectral information of the poultry meat sample with the reference value of the quality index. Compared with traditional methods, near-infrared spectroscopy has the advantages of providing large amount of information and fast calculation. This paper also summarizes the application status of near-infrared spectroscopy in feed quality detection and meat quality detection, and points out the possibility of large-scale application of near-infrared spectroscopy in poultry farming. The problems and future development of near-infrared spectroscopy are discussed; the results show that NIR spectroscopy has good development prospects and application value in feed and animal products’ detection.

The preliminary study showed that the integrated mode for water quality control, named as “5% water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) + 10% filler + algae splashing (Chlorella pyrenoidose)” is worth popularizing. To further verify the effect, the purification effect of different water spinach planting ratios on nitrogen and phosphorus in pond water was studied. Water quality indexes, such as TN (total nitrogen), NH₃-N (ammonia nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus), COD_Mn (permanganate), TSS (total suspended solid), pH and DO (dissolved oxygen), were determined by setting the planting proportion of 5%, 8% and 10% of water spinach, the environmental and economic benefits were also evaluated. The results showed that the TN, NH₃-N, TP, COD_Mn and TSS in tilapia pond were reduced to a certain extent by the cultivation of water spinach. The removal rates of TN and TP were 10%-15% and 20%-40% respectively. The 5% water spinach planting group also had the good removal effect on NH₃-N and COD_Mn, and the economic benefit of this mode was good, which was suitable for application.

Methomyl is a highly toxic pesticide, which can contaminate aquaculture water by means of surface leaching. To study the purification efficiency of water spinach on methomyl in the water body and other water quality indexes and investigate the impact of water spinach on tilapia, we took methomyl, tilapia, water spinach and indoor cultivation system as test materials to measure the water quality indexes according to the Water and Wastewater Monitoring Analysis Methods. The methomyl concentration in the water body was measured by the Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS), and the glutathione (GSH) content (the DTNB method), superoxide dismutase (SOD) content (WST-1 method) and catalase (CAT) content (the Ultraviolet Spectroscopy) were measured using the assay kit. The results showed that the growth rate of tilapia decreased with the increase of methomyl concentration in water. Methomyl contamination led to increasing the oxidative pressure of the tilapia liver, and caused the changes of SOD, CAT and GSH. Water spinach could effectively reduce the content of methomyl in the aquaculture water through body absorption, it purified TN, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N in the water contaminated by methomyl to a certain extent and reduced the oxidative stress of the tilapia liver. The study reveals that water spinach grown in water can effectively reduce the pollution of methomyl and ensure fish growth.

To promote the transformation and upgrading of pond aquaculture model in China, and to develop environmental-friendly farming model, this paper summarizes the development of China's freshwater aquaculture industry, sums up the present application demonstration of Intensive Pond Aquaculture(IPA) in China, analyzes the composition and advantage of IPA system, points out the problems and process defects in the application of IPA in aquaculture of different fish species, puts forward the optimization scheme and suggestions. The authors think that IPA is suitable for enterprise management, which can reduce management investment and improve aquaculture efficiency. In the application of IPA, system optimization and process innovation should be carried out according to the biological habits of fishes, in order to adapt to the needs of famous and excellent fish species. Due to the advantages of water saving, ecology, high efficiency and environmental protection, IPA could meet the future development requirements of aquaculture, and has a broad application prospect and development space in China's freshwater aquaculture industry.

To study the effect and mechanism of “using aquaculture to curb alkali saline-area” model on the saline-alkali land, the saline-alkali land in Jingtai County was used as test field, the solodization effect of aquaculture technology on sandy saline-alkali soil and loam saline-alkali soil was compared. The effects of aquaculture on saline and alkali migration were studied by regularly monitoring and analyzing the changes of water quality parameters in different types of soil and water before and after fish culture. The results showed that the aquaculture model could improve the soil environment of saline and alkaline areas to some extent, and the control effect on sandy soil was better than that on loam soil. In addition, the ammonia nitrogen produced during the cultivation did not show an upward trend, which indicated that it did not cause secondary pollution to the local area. The results of this study provided theoretical and technical support for the application and promotion of “using aquaculture to curb alkali saline-area” model in northwest China.