Wolfiporia cocos a fungus in the genus of Wolfiporia Ryv. & Gilbn, Polyporaceae. It is rich in a variety of chemical compounds, including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, volatile oils, proteins, amino acids and trace elements, etc. Among these chemical compounds, triterpenoids and polysaccharides are major active components in W. cocos. Polysaccharides of W. cocos are usually isolated from sclerotium, mycelium and fermentation broth. Thesepolysaccharides have a variety of pharmacological effects, including immunoregulation, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-depression. This review article summarized research progress on monosaccharide composition, structural characteristics and pharmacological effects of W. cocos polysaccharides, with emphasis on regulation of macrophage function, T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte, induced expression of related cytokines, as well as the signal pathway of the immunomodulatory effect. Prospects of W. cocos polysaccharides in food and drug industry were also discussed. This study provides a useful reference for applications of W. cocos polysaccharides.

Morchellamushrooms are apt to be attacked by various pests and microorganisms because of their open and rough field cultivation mode and special ascocarp structure. Understanding the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests in morel field cultivation is the basis of prevention and control. Based on the field investigation and disease studies, combining with the disease and pest control strategies of other mushrooms, the common pathogenesis including pests (e.g. snails, slugs, springtail, sciarid, flies, wood moth larvae, millipede and oribatid) and diseases (bacterial diseases such as soft rot and ascocarp redness, and three common fungal diseases Diplospora longispora, Fusarium spp. and cobweb diseases) in morel field cultivation were described and analyzed. The countermeasures for prevention and control of pests and diseases were provided. The land should be pretreated before seeding through lime usage, sun exposure, braise shed, long time flooding and other measures, in order to reduce the number of pests and pathogens effectively. Diseases and pests that are occurring could be prevented by trapping and pathogen isolation strategies. In the whole cultivation process, the most suitable environment should be created for the growth and development of morels in accordance with their growth habits, therefore enhancing the disease resistance by improving their own health conditions.

At the present stage solid organic waste utilization situation as a starting point in China, combined with edible fungi growth characteristics and the present situation of the edible mushroom industry in our country, the feasibility, convenience and efficiency edible fungus in solid organic waste. From edible fungi to biological waste utilization of animal and plant production, biological conversion rate, the efficiency of the mycelia protein and recycling utilization the residue of produced edible fungus, confirmed the production of edible fungi can achieve multiple efficient recycling of biomass in the biological chain.

Yellow blotch in oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a common disease caused by bacteria. Major P. ostreatus producing areas in China were investigated and sampled for fruiting bodies infected with yellow blotch disease. Then bacteria were isolated from pileus surface, identified and tested for pathogenicity. The results showed that the symptoms of yellow blotch were divided into six types as follows: yellow-brown spots (type Ⅰ), yellow-brown concave blotches (type Ⅱ), yellowing crack (type Ⅲ), flaky yellowing (type Ⅳ), black-brown spots (type V) and wet rot pielus (type Ⅵ). For the isolated and purified bacteria, 22 isolates were verified to be pathogenic by wound inoculation. Using 16S rDNA sequences and the Biolog system, these isolates were identified as nine bacterial genera. From the same diseased sample, one to three pathogens were isolated, and different pathogens caused similar symptoms. Inoculation of Pseudomonas tolaasii resulted in yellow-brown concave blotches on pilei with curled edge. Inoculation of P. reactans, Serratia fonticola, Sphingobacterium sp., Mycetocola sp. and Cedecea sp. caused flaky yellowing on pilei. On the other hand, Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus sciuri, Ignatzschineria sp. and Providencia vermicola only caused slight yellowing on pileus surface. When noninvasive inoculation was used, only P. tolaasii showed pathogenicity. This study is important for revealing the causes of yellow blotch disease in P. ostreatus and provided a reference for comprehensive control measures of this disease.

Compositions of flavor substances in edible mushrooms, including volatile compounds(eight-carbon volatile compounds,sulfur compounds and acid,aldehydes,ketones, esters,etc.) and non-volatile compounds(soluble sugars, free amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids, etc.), were reviewed. Effect of different processing methods on flavor of edible mushrooms, extraction methods of flavor substances thereafter and the development of edible mushroom derived seasoning were summarized in detail. In addition, future prospects of research on flavor substances in edible mushroom and seasoning development were discussed, lending basis to better development of the edible mushroom industry.?

In order to discuss the effect of edible fungi wastes long-term used in farmland, and to provide the basis of environmental impact assessment, this paper explored the influence of edible fungi wastes to soil physical-chemical properties and nutrient characteristics, by compared with different tillage periods soil (2, 3, 4, 6, 10 years) with application of edible fungi wastes continuously. The results showed that, the fertility of the soil had been greatly improved compared with uncultivated desert soil, but soil physical-chemical properties, organic C, N, P and K had different variation tendency under different tillage period, and salt content increased with tillage periods, as well as C levels, but K and P level maintain the same level between 2-6 years, with N levels decreased cultivation age. Soil salt content showed positive correlation with P, K and soil organic matter. The above results indicated that cultivation and land use and related irrigation profoundly affected desert soil under different tillage period with a application of edible fungi wastes.

In order to find out the influence of treating mushroom residue with different water content and microbial agents on composting, the mushroom residue with different water content and microbial agents were studied in the paper, the physical and chemical properties change of the mushroom residue and the effect of the water content and microbial agents on mushroom residue were analyzed. The results showed that the physical and chemical properties of the mushroom residue with different treatment are improved greatly, the result of the mushroom residue with 30-35% water content was best, and which followed by 40%-45% water content and adding microbial agents, and then was with 45%-50% water content and the result of mushroom residue with 20%-25% and 60%-65% were worst.

【Background】Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) is prone to quality deterioration, such as umbrella opening, water loss, and browning after harvest, which seriously affects the storage quality and commercial value. Our previous research has confirmed that the nanocomposite packaging material (Nano-PM) could effectively delay the postharvest quality deterioration of A. bisporus, but the preservation mechanism is still unclear. 【Objective】 In this study, the differentially expressed proteins of A. bisporus in Nano-PM and polyethylene packaging material (Normal-PM) during storage were analyzed by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics technology. The preservation mechanism of Nano-PM on A. bisporus was further explored. 【Method】A. bisporus was taken as the research object. The Nano-PM was used for the preservation of A. bisporus, and the Normal-PM was used as the control. The protein extraction and trypsin hydrolysis were performed on A. bisporus during storage. The differentially expressed proteins were screened by TMT labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, the main metabolic pathways involved in differential proteins were studied. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology was used to determine the gene expression levels of differential proteins..【Result】 The Nano-PM effectively maintained the appearance quality of A. bisporus and delayed the increase of cell membrane permeability. The number of differential proteins in two groups increased during storage. In the middle (6 d) and late (10 d) stages of storage, the numbers of differential proteins were 62 and 148, respectively. Among them, 22 differential proteins were common. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, these differential proteins were mainly related to pathways, such as energy metabolism and lipid metabolism. The lipid metabolism pathway was mainly analyzed, and the results showed that the Nano-PM had a regulatory effect on the membrane lipid metabolism of A. bisporus. Compared with the Normal-PM, the protein expression of fatty acid synthase, phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase, and phosphatidic acid phosphatase under Nano-PM were up-regulated, while the protein expression of key enzymes in membrane lipid degradation, such as phospholipase D and lipase, were down-regulated. At the gene level, the expression of genes encoding these proteins were consistent with the proteomics results..【Conclusion】 The differential proteins of different packaged A. bisporus during storage could be screened and analyzed by TMT-based quantitative proteomics technology. Nano-PM regulated the membrane lipid metabolism of A. bisporus, and inhibited the expression of membrane lipid degradation-related enzymes, which effectively delayed the increase in cell membrane permeability of A. bisporus, maintained the structure and function of the cell membrane, and delayed the quality deterioration of A. bisporus during storage.

In order to extensively investigate edible mushroom polysaccharides as an effective antioxidant resource. The article reported the extraction and purification methods, as well as the physical and chemical properties and bioactivities of edible mushroom polysaccharides by summarizing the literatures, then provided a basis for further studies and references.

Using the self-assembly method, nanoparticles of sulfated Hericium erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan （DS-CS NPs） were prepared through electrostatic interaction. The preparation process of DS-CS NPs was optimized by single factor experiments and response surface design with particle size as the evaluation index. The nanoparticles prepared under the optimal process were determined for particle size, morphology and in vitro bioactivity. The results showed that the optimal nanoparticle preparation parameters were as follows： 1 mg·mL^-1 sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan （DS）, 800 r·min^-1 stirring rate, initial pH of chitosan （CS） solution set at pH 4. The resultant DS-CS NPs were 128.41 nm in average with a narrow particle distribution. Compared with DS, DS-CS NPs showed higher antioxidant activity in vitro. DS-CS NPs significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and TNF-α secretion in macrophage RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan nanoparticles showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Two commercially available Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP),WSK and BETA, were determined for total sugar content, uronic acid content, structural characteristics, weight-average molecular weight (M_w), and then studied for their anti-aging effect at a dose of 100 mg·kg^-1 in aging mice established by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg·kg^-1 D-galactose. WSK and BETA were obtained by hot water-enzyme extraction and hot water extraction, respectively. Each treatment group was measured for contents of hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid in mouse skin, antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA concentration in mouse serum, liver and heart, levels of inflammatory factors in mouse serum, intestinal pH, and concentrations of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The results showed that the total sugar contents (dry weight) of WSK and BETA were 91.2% and 89.5%, respectively. The uronic acid contents of WSK and BETA were 20.2% and 19.3%, respectively. The M_w of WSK and BETA were 10.83×10⁶ and 3.59×10⁶, respectively. Neither of the two polysaccharides contained triple helix structure. Compared with WSK, BETA increased hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid contents (P<0.01), SOD activity in serum (P<0.05) liver and heart (P<0.01), and GSH-Px activity in liver and heart (P<0.01). In contrast, BETA decreased MDA levels in liver and heart (P<0.01), and IL-1β and TNF-α levels in serum (P<0.01) compared with WSK. Both WSK and BETA partially reversed the changes of pH in colon and total SCFAs concentration due to aging. The results suggested that BETA showed better anti-aging effects on skin aging, tissue oxidative stress and inflammation than WSK.

The three-phase partitioning (TPP) method was used to extract crude polysaccharides from Flammulina filiformis. Using the extract obtained by the traditional alcohol precipitation method (FVP70) as the control, the TPP derived crude polysaccharide extract (FVPTPP) was measured for extraction yield, protein content, polysaccharide content, monosaccharide composition, weight-average molecular weight distribution, and in vitro antioxidant and immunological activities. The results showed that the extraction yield of FVPTPP (2.30%) was lower than that of FVP70. However, FVPTPP had a significantly higher polysaccharide content of 40.53%. TTPFVP consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 2.6:10.8:13.3:1.0:4.7:0.1, and mainly contained two polysaccharide components with a weight average molecular weight of 2.36×10⁷ and 4.77×10⁵, respectively. On the other hand, FVP70 consisted of fucose, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 6.2:1.0:23.3:25.7:4.2:11.3:0.3, and mainly contained one polysaccharide component with a weight average molecular weight of 3.31×10⁵. Compared with FVP70, TPPFVP showed stronger DPPH and ABTS scavenging ability, ferric reducing ability, and stimulation of NO release from RAW264.7 cells.

In order to establish a method for determination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and acidinsoluble lignin in edible fungi substrates, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) method was modified in acid concentration, reaction temperature and reaction container. The NREL reaction system of 0.3 g sample in 87 ml 4% (w/w) sulfuric acid hydrolyzed at 121℃ was adjusted to 0.1 g sample in 10 ml 1.2 mol/L (15.4% w/w) sulfuric acid hydrolyzed at 100 ℃ in this study. The reaction container and heating equipment were changed from pressure tube and autoclave to centrifuge tube and water bath. The improved reaction system avoided overflow of sulfuric acid during heating, and was convenient to achieve solidliquid separation by centrifugation. Using the improved reaction system, the optimal hydrolysis time for substrates of Volvariella volvacea, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus, and Hypsizygus marmoreus were determined to be 1.5 h, and the optimal hydrolysis time for Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma lucidum substrates were 2 h. The new method was validated for determination of lignocellulose in edible fungi substrates after comparison of cellulose, hemicellulose, and acidinsoluble lignin contents between the new method and the NREL method.

Primordial stage is very important for the development of Flammulina filiformis. Using darkness as the control, the industrial cultivation strain T022 was treated with blue light 2 d after scratching for three consecutive days with 6 h every day. The results showed that the number of primordial buds increased and the number of aerial hypha decreased in the blue light group. There were 168 differential genes between the blue light group and the control group. Among the differential genes, 76 were up-regulated and 92 were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that blue light mainly effected the expression of primordial hydrophobins associated with cell wall components and transmembrane proteins. Compared with the control, seven hydrophobin genes pertaining to cell wall components were down-regulated, six cell membrane related protein genes were up-regulated, and 15 transporter genes were down-regulated.

The resemblance between edible mushroom and poisonous mushroom in appearance makes it hard to distinguish them from each other by conventional methods. In order to achieve the automation of judgment and strengthen the reliability, this paper proposed a method to measure the toxicity of mushroom based on support vector machine. To begin with, collection and pre-processing of the sample data were conducted. Then C-SVM model was built up and trained in accordance with one-to-one principle to further achieve multiclassification by support vector machine. At last, constant step length method was applied to obtain the optimum parameters of the model. By comparing accuracy of SVM classification in diverse sample sizes and parameters, the feasibility was verified in simulation experiments. SVM was more accurate, easy-conducting and practical comparing with neural network and decision tree.

Using Illumina sequencing and MNP marker screening, 31 strains of Pleurotus eryngii and the main cultivated variety ‘Ple 0100’ in Fujian Province were used to construct a database containing 503 MNP markers for genetic similarity （GS） analysis and variety identification. The results showed that the GS of the 32 strains ranged between 1.79% and 99.60%, among which the GS of DUS16 and DUS17 was 99.60%, that between DUS02 and DUS23 or DUS30 was 99.01%, and that between DUS23 and DUS30 was 99.20%. There was no antagonistic reaction between strains with a high GS, and they may be very similar or the same. MNP markers were used to analyze fruiting bodies, fruiting body tissue isolates, cultivation residue, fruiting body base samples from three P.eryngii production factories, and the results showed that these samples were 100% similar to ‘Ple 0100’, suggesting that MNP markers can be used for variety identification of samples other than mycelium. Five inbred strains and their parents were detected by MNP markers. The results showed that the GS between the inbred strains ranged between 26.84% and 61.43%, and that between the inbred strains and their parents ranged between 28.43% and 78.33%, suggesting that there were extensive chromosome recombination and homologous chromosome exchange during the meiosis of P. eryngii. Tissue isolates of 56 commercial mushrooms from 52 P. eryngii factories in China were detected by MNP markers, and their similarity with ‘Ple 0100’ was 100.00%, indicating that the cultivated varieties of P. eryngii in China were highly consistent. The MNP molecular marker technique in combination with next-generation sequencing can be used to analyze the genetic similarity between P. eryngii strains and identify new strains.

翘鳞香菇是新近开发的具有市场潜力的食用菌新品种。本文综述了其栽培技术、固体发酵、深层培养、药理活性和生物修复等方面的研究进展,为其进一步开发应用提供参考。

Seven cultivars of Ganoderma lucidum ‘Hunong’ series were cultivated under the same conditions and the resultant fruiting bodies were determined and compared for total polysaccharide content, nucleoside content, triterpenoid content, sugar alcohol content, molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, and stimulation activity on RAW264.7 macrophages to release NO. The results showed that the total polysaccharide content of different ‘Hunong’ cultivars ranged from 1.15% to 5.11%, and the top three high polysaccharide content cultivars were G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ （5.11%）, G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.8’ （2.36%） and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ （2.07%）. There were differences in the molecular weight distribution of crude polysaccharides from different G. lucidum cultivars. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ mainly contained three polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 3.38 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1, 4.24 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1 and 4.38 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 1.01 × 10⁷ g·mol^-1 and 8.03 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 4.50 × 10⁵ g·mol^-1 and 6.20 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. The remaining four cultivars contained a polysaccharide component of 4.56 × 10³ g·mol^-1- 5.47 × 10³ g·mol^-1. Fruiting bodies of all seven new cultivars were found to contain cytidine, uridine, and guanosine. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ showed the highest nucleoside content （1 456.5 μg·g^-1）. The triterpenoid content of the seven cultivars ranged from 2 241.93 μg·g^-1 to 5 123.54 μg·g^-1, and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ showed the highest content. For sugar alcohols, the seven cultivars mainly contained arabitol and mannitol. Erythritol was detected at a low level （<0.9 mg·g^-1）. The water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the seven new cultivars enhanced NO release from RAW264.7 macrophages at 50-500 μg·mL^-1, and that of G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.5’ showed the highest activity. The results provided a scientific basis for the development and utilization of the new G. lucidum cultivars of ‘Hunong’ series.

To explore the edible and medicinal value of edible fungi with cinnamon as cultivation material, based on cinnamon wood cultivation material and common cultivation material, the polysaccharides of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus were extracted and determined respectively. The antioxidant capacity of edible fungi polysaccharides was evaluated by ORAC method, and the hypoglycemic effect was analyzed by animal experiment. The results showed that there were great differences in polysaccharide content of edible fungi among different varieties and different cultivation materials. The polysaccharide content of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom from common cultivation material and cinnamon cultivation material was 16.89% and 14.44% respectively, and that of Pleurotus citrinopileatus from common cultivation material and cinnamon cultivation material was 4.22% and 5.95% respectively. The antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide of Pleurotus citrinopileatus was significantly higher than that of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom, and the antioxidant capacity of edible fungi polysaccharides from cinnamon cultivation material was significantly higher than that from common cultivation material. The polysaccharide high dose groups of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material could significantly relieve the diabetes symptoms in mice. The low dose groups also had a certain degree of improvement on the diabetes symptoms in mice. The efficacy of the experimental groups increased with the increase of dosage. At the same experimental concentration, the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide of Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material was better than that of ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom from cinnamon cultivation material. It could be seen that ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus from cinnamon cultivation material had considerably high polysaccharide content, and both had strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. The results of this experiment can provide theoretical reference for the development and utilization of cinnamon resources in the production of rare edible fungi such as ‘Xiangwei’ mushroom and Pleurotus citrinopileatus.

A wild mushroom was collected from the wild grasslands of Nomuhong Forestry Centre in Haixi,Qinghai Province,purified to obtain strain CDM-1 and then identified to be Agaricus sinodeliciosus.The mycelium of CDM-1 grew well on PDA medium（200 g potato,17 g glucose,17 g agar powder,and 1000 mL water）,and the mycelial growth speed was 1.755±0.1 mm/d.The optimal temperature and pH for the mycelial growth of CDM-1 were 25℃ and 8.0,respectively.For the artificial cultivation of CDM-1,a cottonseed hull substrate containing 61% cottonseed hull,26% fermented cow manure,9.8% bran,0.8% lime,0.8% gypsum,0.8% calcium superphosphate,and 0.8% light calcium carbonate was used.Fruiting bodies of cultivated CDM-1 were obtained after covering casing soil for 17 days,and the cultivated fruiting bodies were white and umbrella-shaped with an average weight of（72.00±1.22）g for individual mushrooms. 

Three wild Ganodermastrains were collected from Fujian province in China and were identified by morphological and molecular characterization(ITS and ITS-RFLP).Then their biological characteristics and effective components were compared with the reference Ganoderma lingzhi strain ZK.The results showed that the three wild Ganodermastrains(LQ,LJ,Y1)were all identified to be Ganoderma multipileum.The wild G.multipileum strains showed significantly faster mycelial growth than strain ZK(P<0.01).The optimum temperature for maximum growth of strain LQ,LJ and Y1 were 32,32 and 34 ℃,respectively.These optimal temperatures were higher than the optimum temperature of strain ZK.All three wild G.multipileum strains preferred acidic growth condition.Fruiting body yield of G.multipileum LQ and Y1 were(12.1±1.3)and(11.7±0.9)g per bag,reaching more than 66% of the yield of ZK [(17.6±1.8)g per bag].Polysaccharides content in fruiting body of strain Y1 and LQ were(12.9±0.1)and(10.7±0.3)mg/g respectively,which were significantly higher than that of strain ZK(9.2±0.2)mg/g(P <0.01).Triterpenoids content in fruiting body of strain LJ,Y1 and LQ were 7.5,7.5 and(6.5±0.3)mg/g,respectively,which were 84.27%,84.27% and 73.03% of that in strain ZK,respectively.HPLC analysis showed that G.multipileum strains contained some chemicals that are not otherwise found in G.lingzhi,suggesting their rich triterpenoids variety.?

Using the ulcerative colitis (UC) model in vitro established by inducing Caco-2 cells with H₂O₂, the effects of Inonotus obliquus ethyl acetate extract (IOE) on UC and possible mechanism were studied through measuring cell viability, mRNA levels of related inflammatory factors, and protein expression in NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways by CCK-8, RT-PCR, Western blotting, respectively. In addition, the protective effect of IOE in vivo was studied by treating UC mice established by freely drinking 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) with different doses (10, 20 and 40 mg·kg^-1) of IOE. For each treatment group, the expression of NF-κB and IL-6 were determined by Western blotting and pathological changes of colon tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE). The results showed that IOE reduced both the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, inhibited H₂O₂-induced NF-κB activation and protein expression associated with the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Compared with the UC model group, IOE significantly decreased DAI (disease activity index,DAI) score, ameliorated local damage in colon tissue, inhibited IL-6 and NF-κB protein expression. The results showed that IOE had a therapeutic effect on UC, and the underlying mechanism is related to NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways.

Recycling traditional Chinese medicine wastes is an urgent challenge in China. Currently, the wastes are mainly processed by stacking or burning, which not only wastes resources, but also pollutes the environment. Edible fungi are rich in a variety of enzymes that can degrade cellulose and lignin, and thus can be used to recycle traditional Chinese medicine wastes. The wastes can be used as cultivation substrates for edible fungi to produce delicious food with high protein content. Sources of Chinese medicine wastes, characteristics of edible fungi, and current status, advantages and potential safety risks of cultivating edible fungi with Chinese medicine wastes were summarized in this review article. Problems and solutions of utilizing traditional Chinese medicine wastes by edible fungi were also discussed so as to provide a reference for edible fungi cultivation using traditional Chinese medicine wastes.

The underlying mechanism of mycelium degeneration of Morchella esculenta in the process of subculture was studied through comparative transcriptome analysis. Mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 were successively subcultured for seven passages, and then mycelial growth rate was calculated for different passages. The mycelia of the first （M1） and the sixth （M6） passage were collected, sequenced and then compared for transcriptome data through GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Eventually, seven differentially expressed genes （DEGs） related to mycelium degeneration were selected, and they were cel1, lac2, cah, png1, zpr1, did2 and Hsp31. These genes were then verified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 failed to proliferate at the seventh passage. There were 575 DEGs between M1 and M6, among which 198 DEGs were up-regulated and 377 DEGs were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in reactive nitrogen species metabolic process, nitrate metabolic process, nitrate assimilation, and ‘De novo’ IMP biosynthetic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in pentose phosphate pathway, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, selenocompound metabolism, biosynthesis of biotin cofactors, biotin metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The relative expression levels of the seven selected DEGs were consistent with the transcriptome analysis.

Macrofungi are closely connected to human life. However, most macrofungi lack efficient genetic manipulation system, which has greatly affected its gene function analysis and genetic improvement. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology has developed rapidly and has become one of the indispensable technologies in life sciences. This paper summarizes the classification of CRISPR/Cas systems and the gene editing mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9. It introduces the current progress of applying CRISPR/Cas9 in macrofungi research. In addition, the critical factors influencing gene editing efficiency were analyzed and discussed, such as expression of Cas9 and sgRNA, genetic transformation strategy and target selection. This review provides a reference for more applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in macrofungi.

Proteins in edible fungi have high values of research and development because of their high concentration and rich nutritional values. However, their nutritional quality has not been systematically evaluated. Protein assessment methods, including biological evaluation, non-biological evaluation and combined assessment method based on both digestibility and indispensable amino acid composition, and applications of these methods on evaluating nutrition values of edible fungal proteins were reviewed and discussed. Through analyses on different quantification approaches for amino acid nutrition and models of digestion and absorption, this paper provides references for rationally assessing and exploiting nutritional values of edible fungal proteins.

White Flammulina filiformis strain F0012 (WFS) and yellow F. filiformis strain F0027 (YFS) were cultivated on the same culture medium comprising 78% cottonseed hull, 20% bran, 1% gypsum and 1% glucose, and then analyzed for main nutritional components, amino acids and volatile components in their fruiting bodies by the national standard method and head space solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that WFS and YFS had a similar energy index and sodium content; the fat content and carbohydrate content of YFS were 25.00 mg·g^-1 and 704.00 mg·g^-1 respectively, both of which were greater than those of WFS (2.00 mg·g^-1 fat and 49.00 mg·g^-1 carbohydrates); the protein content of WFS was 175.00 mg·g^-1, which was greater than that of YFS (46.00 mg·g^-1). On the other hand, YES had a greater amount of total amino acids and essential amino acids than WFS. For both WFS and YFS, lysine registered the highest amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS). Contents of proline, arginine and lysine in YFS were 1.9, 1.5 and 1.4 times of those in WFS, respectively. There were 70 and 86 volatile compounds identified in WFS and YFS, respectively, and 34 volatile compounds were detected in both, accounting for 27.87% of the total volatile compounds. 3-Methyl-1-butanal and 2-methylbutyraldehyde were major volatile compounds in WFS and YFS, respectively.

To evaluate nutritional differences between wild and cultivated Hericium erinaceus, fruiting bodies of H. erinaceus collected from 5 different places of Jilin province in the wild and their corresponding cultivated fruiting bodies derived from tissue separation were analyzed for major nutritional components, amino acids, vitamins, mineral elements and ashes, respectively. The results showed that the wild fruiting bodies contained higher contents of dietary fiber, polysaccharide, ratio of medicinal and delicious amino acids to total amino acids than those of the cultivated ones. In contrast, the cultivated fruiting bodies contained more crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, ash, proportion of essential amino acids, ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids, and vitamins A, E, B2 and B3 than the wild ones. According to amino acids scores (AAS) and chemical scores (CS), the first limiting amino acid of the 5 wild H. erinaceus was isoleucine, and the first limiting amino acid of the cultivated H. erinaceus were lysine and isoleucine.

Wild Auricularia heimuer germplasm resources are abundant with excellent characteristics and are important genetic breeding materials. Thirty pairs of SSR primers were designed based on the complete genome sequence of A. heimuer. Among them,24 pairs are specific primers distributed on the eight groups of the constructed genetic linkage map of A. heimuer,and the remaining six pairs have good polymorphism. Then the SSR primers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 72 strains of wild A. heimuer collected in major domestic distribution areas （e.g. Yunnan,Jilin and Heilongjiang）,North Korea and Russia. The results showed that a total of 211 alleles were detected by the 30 pairs of SSR primers with 5-12 allelic loci per pair. The polymorphic loci were abundant with a high ratio of 100%. The average Shannon’s information index,observed heterozygosity,expected heterozygosity and polymorphism information content of the 30 pairs of SSR primers were 1.532,0.469,0.722 and 0.717,respectively. The genetic similarity coefficients among the tested strains ranged from 0.056 to 0.951 as calculated by NTSYS-pc2.10e,75.16% of the strains having a similarity coefficient less than 0.5. At the similarity coefficient of 0.718,the strains were divided into seven groups,among which JAUAH214 （Jilin Province）,JAUAH251 （Yunnan Province）,JAUAH282 （Jilin Province）,JAUAH301 （Yunnan Province） and JAUAH386 （North Korea） were independent groups with great differences between each other. Because of showing clear bands,high polymorphic information content and the ability to completely distinguish the 72 A. heimuer strains,nine pairs of core SSR primers were selected to be used in the construction of QR code fingerprint mapping. The study provided a reference for genetic breeding,germplasm resource conservation and intelligent management of A. heimuer.

The genetic diversity of Pleurotus citrinopilestus resources in National Edible Fungi Germplasm Resource Bank （Shanghai） was investigated by analyzing the genomic sequences of 24 strains with 15 inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） makers. Agronomic traits were also measured for the 24 strains, and the correlation between ISSR makers and agronomic traits was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results showed that there were abundant genetic variations in the 24 P. citrinopilestus strains. A total of 72 polymorphic fragments were detected by the ISSR markers, the polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.08-0.72, the Nei’s diversity index gene was 0.22-0.46, and the Shannon’s diversity index was 0.33-0.65. Using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） algorithm, the 24 strains were clustered into seven groups as follows： wild strain P1 was clustered independently in group Ⅰ; wild strains P4, P9, P10 and P11were clustered in group Ⅱ; wild strains P5 and P7 were clustered in group Ⅲ; wild strains P2, P8, and cultivated strains P12, P13 and P14 were clustered in group Ⅳ; cultivated strains P21 and P22 were clustered in group Ⅴ; cultivated strains P15, P17, P19 and P20 were clustered in group Ⅵ; wild strains P3, P6, and cultivated strains P16, P18, P23 and P24 were clustered in group Ⅶ. Wild stains and cultivated strains were generally clustered separately, and the genetic distance between P23 and P24 was very close. The variation coefficients of seven agronomic traits, including the first flush yield, number of fruiting body, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, depth of pileus depression, stipe diameter and stipe length, ranged from 5.03% to 32.20%, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 4.50-4.57. There were seven ISSR markers correlated with the first flush yield, pileus diameter and stipe diameter, among which ISSR 6 and ISSR17 were positively correlated （P<0.05） with first flush yield and stipe diameter.

To improve the extraction yield of lentinan and study its antioxidant and antibacterial activity, lentinan was extracted using hot water assisted by ultrasonic. The L9(33) orthogonal test was designed to optimized the extraction condition and the influencing factors were solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature and ultrasonic time. The results showed that the optimum extraction condition was extracting using 90℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 40 min with the solid-liquid ratio being 1:40. Under this condition, the extraction yield of lentinan was 6.47%. When extracting lentinan using 80℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 20 min with the solid-liquid ratio being 1:40, the antibacterial activity was the strongest, the inhibition zone diameter of Escherichia coli was (9.95± 0.86) mm, and that of Bacillus subtilis was (8.73± 0.57) mm. When extracting lentinan using 90℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 30 min with the solid-liquid ratio being 1:30, scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals reached the maximum of 22.04%. When extracting lentinan using 90℃ water assisted by ultrasonic for 40 min with the solid- liquid ratio being 1:30, the antioxidant activity was the strongest. The influencing degree of the three factors was in an order of solid- liquid ratio ＞ extraction temperature ＞ ultrasonic time. The results indicated that the optimal extraction condition could improve the extraction yield of lentinan, and lentinan had antibacterial and antioxidant activity to some extent.

Leccinum rubrum is a subalpine bolete from southwestern China with a strikingly distinguished morphology and potential edibleness. However, its species concept remains unclear and its systematic position is not determined by molecular evidence yet. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of 4 gene fragments and morphological observation indicated that this species should be put in the genus Butyriboletus. Therefore, a new combination Butyriboleuts rubrus was proposed. Another species Boletus kermesinus that originally described from Japan can be treated as the heterotypic synonym of Butyriboletus rubrus.

Seedlings of three pines, Pinus pinea, P. radiata and P. armandii were infected with mycelial blocks of Lactarius deliciosus to form ectomycorrhizae. The results showed that all three pines developedectomycorrhizae with L. deliciosus. The synthesized ectomycorrhizae were bifurcated with rod-shaped tips, and the color was bright yellow to orange. During the ectomycorrhizal synthesis experiment, two contaminating fungi, named as No.1 and No.2, also formed ectomycorrhizae with P. pinea and P. armandii, respectively. The ectomycorrhizae formed by No.1 and P. pinea were bifurcated with spindly tips, coronally swollen, ochre to yellowish brown in color which turned dark brown over time, and had curly hyphae on the surface of the sheath. The ectomycorrhizae formed by No.2 and P. armandii were bifurcated with spherical tips, pale yellow and translucent. Analysis of ITS sequences showed that No.1 and No.2 were Sphaerosporella sp. and Peziza ostracoderma, respectively.

Alcohol precipitation and membrane separation were used to prepare polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spores, respectively. The polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were determined for yield, polysaccharide content, monosaccharide composition, and studied for immunomodulatory activity through investigation of delayed-type hypersensitivity response, antibody production in spleen cells, carbon clearance and NK cell activity. The results showed that the polysaccharide yield of membrane separation was （4.61±0.28）% higher than that of alcohol precipitation. There was no significant difference in polysaccharide content between the two methods. The polysaccharides prepared by alcohol precipitation and membrane separation were found to be composed of rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose and sorbose, and the molar ratios of these monosaccharides in the two polysaccharides were 0.34∶0.31∶1.44∶4.48∶3.35∶0.31 and 0.27∶0.10∶1.70∶6.08∶1.84∶0.31, respectively. Glucose was the main monosaccharide in both polysaccharides. Both of them enhanced the immune activity of mice. The results provided a reference for the industrial production of G. lucidum spore polysaccharide.

灵芝(Ganoderma)属于中国传统医药。灵芝酸为三萜类化合物,是灵芝中具有生物活性的物质。它的药理作用非常广泛,例如抑癌、抗病毒、抑菌、防治心血管疾病、保护肝脏和防治癫痫等。笔者综述了灵芝酸的药理作用、提取方法以及菌丝体发酵生产灵芝酸的研究进展,并对灵芝酸相关产品的开发和利用作了简要展望。

A wild strain of Trametes versicolor collected from rotten willow trees in Juzizhoutou, Changsha, Hunan province was isolated, identified and then domesticated. The results showed that the strain was identified as T. versicolor based on its morphological characteristics and 100% similarity between its ITS sequence (GenBank accession number: OL831142) and the published ITS sequences of T. versicolor in NCBI. The substrate for domesticated cultivation comprised 60% Eucommia ulmoides sawdust, 20% cottonseed hull, 17% wheat bran, 1% sucrose, 1% calcium carbonate and 1% gypsum. Using the above mentioned substrate and spiral bag opening method, the biological efficiency of T. versicolor reached 84.62%, and the resultant fruiting bodies contained 5.9%polysaccharides, 23.9% water-soluble extract and 3.1‰ ergosterol. The polysaccharide content and water-soluble extract content were 1.84 and 1.33 times the quality standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), respectively.

In order to find the optimal harvest time for Ganoderma lucidum cultivar ‘Hunong No.1’, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） and high performance exclusion chromatography-multi angle laser scattering （HPSEC-MALLS） were used to determine contents of triterpenoids and water soluble polysaccharides in fruiting bodies and bases at different growth stages. From the second to the seventh month after inoculation, every month was defined as a growth stage, and the different growth stages were designated as P1 to P6, respectively. Based on the yields of fruiting bodies and bases, the yields of triterpenoids and water soluble polysaccharides at different growth stages were also calculated. The results showed that the contents of ganoderic acid C2 and ganoderic acid G in fruiting bodies were high at P1and P2; the contents of ganoderenic acid B, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid F, and ganoderic acid DM in fruiting bodies were the highest at P2; the contents of ganoderic acid B, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid S, ganoderic acid T and total triterpenoids in fruiting bodies were the highest at P1; the contents of ganoderic acid C2, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid DM and ganoderenic acid B in bases were the highest at P1; the content of ganoderic acid G in bases was the highest at P5; the contents of ganoderic acid B and ganoderic acid S in bases were the highest at P6; the content of ganoderic acid F in bases was high at P1 and P6; the contents of ganoderic acid T and total triterpenoids were high at P5 and P6. For triterpenoid yield in fruiting bodies, ganoderic acid C2, ganoderic acid G, ganoderic acid B, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid F, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderenic acid B and total triterpenoids were the highest at P2; ganoderic acid A was the highest at P3; both ganoderic acid S and ganoderic acid T were the highest at P1. For triterpenoid yield in bases, ganoderic acid C2, ganoderic acid G, ganoderic acid B, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid F, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderenic acid B were the highest at P1; both ganoderic acid S and ganoderic acid T were the highest at P2; total triterpenoid yield was high at P1 and P2. For both fruiting body and base, the content and yield of water soluble polysaacharides were the highest at P1. These results provided a scientific basis for timely harvest of G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’.

Currently, the mating type of edible fungi was usually identified by microscopy examination of clampconnection after monmon crossing, which is laborintensive, timeconsuming and prone to artificial detection errors. Taking Lentinula edodes strain "Shenxiang 215" as an example, alignment information of factor A and factor B regions of dikaryon mating type was obtained by genome resequencing of the monokaryon and dikaryon parent strains whose mating type requiring identification. SNP loci in mating factors alleles were statistically analyzed, and suitable loci were selected to design primers. Allelespecific PCR (ASPCR) was used to determine the mating type of monokaryons and to exclude the dikaryons and heterozygotes. The proposed method improved the efficiency and accuracy of identification of the mating type of Lentinus edodes monokaryons. This method may serve as a molecular markerassisted breeding technique and provide new technical support for the genetic breeding of edible fungi

A wild Auricularia delicata strain collected in Zambia, Africa， was studied for its biological characteristics, and then cultivated for the first time in northeastern China. This domesticated cultivar was named "deer tripe mushroom". The results showed that the mycelia of the new variety of A. delicata grew optimally under 28 ℃, pH 6, with glucose as the carbon source and yeast extract as the nitrogen source. For fruiting body development, the water content in the culture medium was maintained at 58-60%, and the optimum temperature was 26 ℃. The overall production time from inoculation to harvest was 43 days and the overall yield was 55-60 g/bag. With stable biological characteristics and high yield, this “deer tripe mushroom” is potentially a suitable resource for factory production of A. delicata.

Through transcriptome sequencing and ORF BLAST analysis, the CDS of the lanosterol synthasegene AcLSS of Antrodia cinnamomea was identified, cloned and then expressed in E.coli. The resultant recombinant protein was first verified for its catalytic activity in vitro and then studied for its response to different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, metal ions and inducers, respectively. The results showed that the cloned AcLSS was 2205 bp, encoding 734 amino acids. The recombinant protein RAcLSS was soluble with a relative molecular weight of about 80740. It catalyzed the synthesis of lanosterol from 2,3-oxidized squalene, indicating that RAcLSS had the catalytic activity of lanosterol synthase. Compared with bran (control), glucose and sucrose decreased the content of triterpenoids regardless of the same AcLSS expression level. Compared with yeast extract (control), peptone and ammonium sulfate down-regulated AcLSS expression and also decreased the content of triterpenoids. Addition of Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺ or Mg²⁺ down-regulated AcLSS expression and also decreased the content of triterpenoids. Among different inducers, oleic acid and α-terpineol up-regulated AcLSS expression, but all the tested inducers decreased the content of triterpenoids.