Wolfiporia cocos a fungus in the genus of Wolfiporia Ryv. & Gilbn, Polyporaceae. It is rich in a variety of chemical compounds, including triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, volatile oils, proteins, amino acids and trace elements, etc. Among these chemical compounds, triterpenoids and polysaccharides are major active components in W. cocos. Polysaccharides of W. cocos are usually isolated from sclerotium, mycelium and fermentation broth. Thesepolysaccharides have a variety of pharmacological effects, including immunoregulation, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-depression. This review article summarized research progress on monosaccharide composition, structural characteristics and pharmacological effects of W. cocos polysaccharides, with emphasis on regulation of macrophage function, T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte, induced expression of related cytokines, as well as the signal pathway of the immunomodulatory effect. Prospects of W. cocos polysaccharides in food and drug industry were also discussed. This study provides a useful reference for applications of W. cocos polysaccharides.

Morchellamushrooms are apt to be attacked by various pests and microorganisms because of their open and rough field cultivation mode and special ascocarp structure. Understanding the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests in morel field cultivation is the basis of prevention and control. Based on the field investigation and disease studies, combining with the disease and pest control strategies of other mushrooms, the common pathogenesis including pests (e.g. snails, slugs, springtail, sciarid, flies, wood moth larvae, millipede and oribatid) and diseases (bacterial diseases such as soft rot and ascocarp redness, and three common fungal diseases Diplospora longispora, Fusarium spp. and cobweb diseases) in morel field cultivation were described and analyzed. The countermeasures for prevention and control of pests and diseases were provided. The land should be pretreated before seeding through lime usage, sun exposure, braise shed, long time flooding and other measures, in order to reduce the number of pests and pathogens effectively. Diseases and pests that are occurring could be prevented by trapping and pathogen isolation strategies. In the whole cultivation process, the most suitable environment should be created for the growth and development of morels in accordance with their growth habits, therefore enhancing the disease resistance by improving their own health conditions.

Compositions of flavor substances in edible mushrooms, including volatile compounds(eight-carbon volatile compounds,sulfur compounds and acid,aldehydes,ketones, esters,etc.) and non-volatile compounds(soluble sugars, free amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids, etc.), were reviewed. Effect of different processing methods on flavor of edible mushrooms, extraction methods of flavor substances thereafter and the development of edible mushroom derived seasoning were summarized in detail. In addition, future prospects of research on flavor substances in edible mushroom and seasoning development were discussed, lending basis to better development of the edible mushroom industry.?

A novel morel cultivation mode using spawn bottles was developed. In the new mode, mycelial blocks were inoculated into transparent glass jars (560 mL each) filled with cultivation substrate (spawn bottle), cultivated at 18 ℃ in darkness for 3 d to allow mycelial growth, and then the spawn bottles were placed on planting land with the mouth down on the ground and cultivated until harvest. Different cultivation substrates in combination with different spawn bottle numbers per cultivation plot of 1.5 m×1.5 m were studied on three strains of Morchella sextelata, YAASJNLM1-31, YAASJNLM6-6 and YAASJNLM6-20, respectively. Different cultivation substrates comprised different proportions of wheat grain and sawdust, including 100% sawdust (M0), 25% wheat grain+75% sawdust (M1), 50% wheat grain+50% sawdust (M2), 75% wheat grain+75% sawdust (M3) and 100% wheat grain (M4), respectively. Different spawn bottle placements were 8, 12, 14 and 16 bottles per cultivation plot of 1.5 m×1.5 m, respectively. Each strain was cultivated in all 20 combinations of the above conditions, and then measured for yield and nutrient consumption in spawn bottles. The results showed that the yield of YAASJNLM1-31 was high using M1 and 16 bottles per cultivation plot. When cultivated on M4, the yield of YAASJNLM1-31 was high under 12, 14 and 16 bottles per cultivation plot. When 14 or 16 bottles were placed on a cultivation plot, the yield of YAASJNLM1-31 was high on M1-M4. For YAASJNLM6-6, high yields were obtained under the following combinations: M2×8 bottles per cultivation plot, M3×8 bottles per cultivation plot, M4×8 bottles per cultivation plot, M1×12 bottles per cultivation plot, M2×12 bottles per cultivation plot, M3×12 bottles per cultivation plot, M4×12 bottles per cultivation plot, M2×14 bottles per cultivation plot, and M3×14 bottles per cultivation plot. For YAASJNLM6-20, high yields were obtained under M1-M4 with 8 bottles per cultivation plot. For YAASJNLM1-31, the substrate consumption ratio of each treatment group varied greatly (40.81%-64.75%). The consumption ratio of YAASJNLM1-31 on M0 was 40.81%-41.73%, and the consumption ratio of YAASJNLM1-31 on M4 was 49.65%-50.44%. Both organic carbon consumption and total nitrogen consumption were positively correlated with yield. The above results provided a reference to improve morel cultivation mode.

A wild mushroom was collected from the wild grasslands of Nomuhong Forestry Centre in Haixi,Qinghai Province,purified to obtain strain CDM-1 and then identified to be Agaricus sinodeliciosus.The mycelium of CDM-1 grew well on PDA medium（200 g potato,17 g glucose,17 g agar powder,and 1000 mL water）,and the mycelial growth speed was 1.755±0.1 mm/d.The optimal temperature and pH for the mycelial growth of CDM-1 were 25℃ and 8.0,respectively.For the artificial cultivation of CDM-1,a cottonseed hull substrate containing 61% cottonseed hull,26% fermented cow manure,9.8% bran,0.8% lime,0.8% gypsum,0.8% calcium superphosphate,and 0.8% light calcium carbonate was used.Fruiting bodies of cultivated CDM-1 were obtained after covering casing soil for 17 days,and the cultivated fruiting bodies were white and umbrella-shaped with an average weight of（72.00±1.22）g for individual mushrooms. 

Through germplasm resource collection, whole genome sequencing assisted analysis, preliminary screening, plot comparison, two-year regional experiments and demonstration and promotion, a new variety of Ganoderma lucidum, ‘Xianzhi 3', was obtained. Compared with ‘Xianzhi 1' and ‘Xianzhi 2' (controls), ‘Xianzhi 3' has thicker mycelial clusters and a mycelial density between that of ‘Xianzhi 1'and ‘Xianzhi 2'. ‘Xianzhi 3' also has thicker pilei, a smaller transverse diameter and shorter stipes (P<0.05). In the study, ‘Xianzhi 3' showed a slower growth rate than the controls at 10, 20 and 30 ℃. During the regional experiments, ‘Xianzhi 3' emerged fruiting bodies 5-6 days earlier than the controls, and also ejected mature spores 12-14 days earlier than the controls. The contamination rate of ‘Xianzhi 3' was also significantly reduced (P<0.05). Contents of polysaccharides, and triterpenoids and sterols in fruiting bodies of ‘Xianzhi 3' (calculated by oleanolic acid) were increased by 7.64% and 5.71% compared with ‘Xianzhi 1', and 15.76% and 11.53% compared with ‘Xianzhi 2', respectively. Contents of polysaccharides and triglycerides in spore powder of ‘Xianzhi 3' were increased by 25.79% and 24.80% compared with ‘Xianzhi 1', and 35.68% and 36.07% compared with ‘Xianzhi 2', respectively. During the demonstration and promotion, ‘Xianzhi 3' exhibited stable yields and effective compound contents in both fruiting bodies and spore powder. The results showed that ‘Xianzhi 3' is a new G. lucidum variety with good comprehensive characteristics.

Using the self-assembly method, nanoparticles of sulfated Hericium erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan （DS-CS NPs） were prepared through electrostatic interaction. The preparation process of DS-CS NPs was optimized by single factor experiments and response surface design with particle size as the evaluation index. The nanoparticles prepared under the optimal process were determined for particle size, morphology and in vitro bioactivity. The results showed that the optimal nanoparticle preparation parameters were as follows： 1 mg·mL^-1 sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan （DS）, 800 r·min^-1 stirring rate, initial pH of chitosan （CS） solution set at pH 4. The resultant DS-CS NPs were 128.41 nm in average with a narrow particle distribution. Compared with DS, DS-CS NPs showed higher antioxidant activity in vitro. DS-CS NPs significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and TNF-α secretion in macrophage RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan nanoparticles showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Wild fruiting bodies with bright color and robust growth were collected in a soybean field of Liujiaba, Luojiang Town, Tongchuan District, Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, and then subjected to tissue isolation, purification, primary screening and secondary screening to yield an excellent strain HL-13. Using the local main strains JL-3 and FJ-1 as the control, HL-13 was compared with them in terms of antagonism, mycelium cultivation characteristics, agronomic traits and phylogeny. HL-13 was also compared with JL-3 for biological efficiency in regional experiment and field production experiment. The results showed that HL-13 was selected due to its luxuriant mycelial growth with a significantly increased growth rate of (5.93±0.02) mm·d^-1. Its mycelial growth pH, mycelial growth temperature, fruiting temperature and cultivation period were pH 4-10, 3 ℃-28 ℃, 5 ℃-26 ℃, and 85 d, respectively. Fruiting bodies of HL-13 were pink purple to deep purple. The biological efficiency of HL-13 was (45.32±0.29)%, which was superior to that of JL-3 and FJ-1. The genetic distance between HL-13 and the controls was 0.0005. In the regional experiment between 2017 and 2018,HL-13 showed a significantly higher biological efficiency than JL-3 at all three test sites. Compared with JL-3, the average yield of HL-13 increased by 14.94% and 15.90% in spring and autumn, respectively. In the field production experiment between 2018 and 2019, HL-13 showed a significantly higher biological efficiency than JL-3 at all three sites, and the average yield of HL-13 increased by 17.7%.

Using Illumina sequencing and MNP marker screening, 31 strains of Pleurotus eryngii and the main cultivated variety ‘Ple 0100’ in Fujian Province were used to construct a database containing 503 MNP markers for genetic similarity （GS） analysis and variety identification. The results showed that the GS of the 32 strains ranged between 1.79% and 99.60%, among which the GS of DUS16 and DUS17 was 99.60%, that between DUS02 and DUS23 or DUS30 was 99.01%, and that between DUS23 and DUS30 was 99.20%. There was no antagonistic reaction between strains with a high GS, and they may be very similar or the same. MNP markers were used to analyze fruiting bodies, fruiting body tissue isolates, cultivation residue, fruiting body base samples from three P.eryngii production factories, and the results showed that these samples were 100% similar to ‘Ple 0100’, suggesting that MNP markers can be used for variety identification of samples other than mycelium. Five inbred strains and their parents were detected by MNP markers. The results showed that the GS between the inbred strains ranged between 26.84% and 61.43%, and that between the inbred strains and their parents ranged between 28.43% and 78.33%, suggesting that there were extensive chromosome recombination and homologous chromosome exchange during the meiosis of P. eryngii. Tissue isolates of 56 commercial mushrooms from 52 P. eryngii factories in China were detected by MNP markers, and their similarity with ‘Ple 0100’ was 100.00%, indicating that the cultivated varieties of P. eryngii in China were highly consistent. The MNP molecular marker technique in combination with next-generation sequencing can be used to analyze the genetic similarity between P. eryngii strains and identify new strains.

A wild Auricularia delicata strain collected in Zambia, Africa， was studied for its biological characteristics, and then cultivated for the first time in northeastern China. This domesticated cultivar was named "deer tripe mushroom". The results showed that the mycelia of the new variety of A. delicata grew optimally under 28 ℃, pH 6, with glucose as the carbon source and yeast extract as the nitrogen source. For fruiting body development, the water content in the culture medium was maintained at 58-60%, and the optimum temperature was 26 ℃. The overall production time from inoculation to harvest was 43 days and the overall yield was 55-60 g/bag. With stable biological characteristics and high yield, this “deer tripe mushroom” is potentially a suitable resource for factory production of A. delicata.

Leccinum rubrum is a subalpine bolete from southwestern China with a strikingly distinguished morphology and potential edibleness. However, its species concept remains unclear and its systematic position is not determined by molecular evidence yet. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of 4 gene fragments and morphological observation indicated that this species should be put in the genus Butyriboletus. Therefore, a new combination Butyriboleuts rubrus was proposed. Another species Boletus kermesinus that originally described from Japan can be treated as the heterotypic synonym of Butyriboletus rubrus.

At the present stage solid organic waste utilization situation as a starting point in China, combined with edible fungi growth characteristics and the present situation of the edible mushroom industry in our country, the feasibility, convenience and efficiency edible fungus in solid organic waste. From edible fungi to biological waste utilization of animal and plant production, biological conversion rate, the efficiency of the mycelia protein and recycling utilization the residue of produced edible fungus, confirmed the production of edible fungi can achieve multiple efficient recycling of biomass in the biological chain.

True truffle (Tuberaceae) is an important group of macro-ascomycetes around the world. Many of true truffle species are highly valued by their special flavor and edibility. China is rich in natural resource and species diversity of truffle. However, over-harvesting and climate change occurred in recent years have threatened this group of fungi. In 2018, the “Red List of China’s Biodiversity—Macrofungi” was officially released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. As a supplement to this list, morphology, geographic distribution and current status of five threatened truffle species, Paradoxa gigantospora, Tuber huidongense, T. indicum, T. panzhihuanense, T. sinoaestivum, and available information for 19 near threatened species were described in this article. Current conservation status and threatening factors of the group were also discussed. Comprehensive investigations and a continuous long-term in situ observation of the population dynamics are highly suggested. Protection measures are in need to achieve sustainable use of these precious fungal resources.

翘鳞香菇是新近开发的具有市场潜力的食用菌新品种。本文综述了其栽培技术、固体发酵、深层培养、药理活性和生物修复等方面的研究进展,为其进一步开发应用提供参考。

Primordial stage is very important for the development of Flammulina filiformis. Using darkness as the control, the industrial cultivation strain T022 was treated with blue light 2 d after scratching for three consecutive days with 6 h every day. The results showed that the number of primordial buds increased and the number of aerial hypha decreased in the blue light group. There were 168 differential genes between the blue light group and the control group. Among the differential genes, 76 were up-regulated and 92 were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that blue light mainly effected the expression of primordial hydrophobins associated with cell wall components and transmembrane proteins. Compared with the control, seven hydrophobin genes pertaining to cell wall components were down-regulated, six cell membrane related protein genes were up-regulated, and 15 transporter genes were down-regulated.

White Flammulina filiformis strain F0012 (WFS) and yellow F. filiformis strain F0027 (YFS) were cultivated on the same culture medium comprising 78% cottonseed hull, 20% bran, 1% gypsum and 1% glucose, and then analyzed for main nutritional components, amino acids and volatile components in their fruiting bodies by the national standard method and head space solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that WFS and YFS had a similar energy index and sodium content; the fat content and carbohydrate content of YFS were 25.00 mg·g^-1 and 704.00 mg·g^-1 respectively, both of which were greater than those of WFS (2.00 mg·g^-1 fat and 49.00 mg·g^-1 carbohydrates); the protein content of WFS was 175.00 mg·g^-1, which was greater than that of YFS (46.00 mg·g^-1). On the other hand, YES had a greater amount of total amino acids and essential amino acids than WFS. For both WFS and YFS, lysine registered the highest amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS). Contents of proline, arginine and lysine in YFS were 1.9, 1.5 and 1.4 times of those in WFS, respectively. There were 70 and 86 volatile compounds identified in WFS and YFS, respectively, and 34 volatile compounds were detected in both, accounting for 27.87% of the total volatile compounds. 3-Methyl-1-butanal and 2-methylbutyraldehyde were major volatile compounds in WFS and YFS, respectively.

灵芝(Ganoderma)属于中国传统医药。灵芝酸为三萜类化合物,是灵芝中具有生物活性的物质。它的药理作用非常广泛,例如抑癌、抗病毒、抑菌、防治心血管疾病、保护肝脏和防治癫痫等。笔者综述了灵芝酸的药理作用、提取方法以及菌丝体发酵生产灵芝酸的研究进展,并对灵芝酸相关产品的开发和利用作了简要展望。

A wild strain of Trametes versicolor collected from rotten willow trees in Juzizhoutou, Changsha, Hunan province was isolated, identified and then domesticated. The results showed that the strain was identified as T. versicolor based on its morphological characteristics and 100% similarity between its ITS sequence (GenBank accession number: OL831142) and the published ITS sequences of T. versicolor in NCBI. The substrate for domesticated cultivation comprised 60% Eucommia ulmoides sawdust, 20% cottonseed hull, 17% wheat bran, 1% sucrose, 1% calcium carbonate and 1% gypsum. Using the above mentioned substrate and spiral bag opening method, the biological efficiency of T. versicolor reached 84.62%, and the resultant fruiting bodies contained 5.9%polysaccharides, 23.9% water-soluble extract and 3.1‰ ergosterol. The polysaccharide content and water-soluble extract content were 1.84 and 1.33 times the quality standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), respectively.

The underlying mechanism of mycelium degeneration of Morchella esculenta in the process of subculture was studied through comparative transcriptome analysis. Mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 were successively subcultured for seven passages, and then mycelial growth rate was calculated for different passages. The mycelia of the first （M1） and the sixth （M6） passage were collected, sequenced and then compared for transcriptome data through GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Eventually, seven differentially expressed genes （DEGs） related to mycelium degeneration were selected, and they were cel1, lac2, cah, png1, zpr1, did2 and Hsp31. These genes were then verified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 failed to proliferate at the seventh passage. There were 575 DEGs between M1 and M6, among which 198 DEGs were up-regulated and 377 DEGs were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in reactive nitrogen species metabolic process, nitrate metabolic process, nitrate assimilation, and ‘De novo’ IMP biosynthetic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in pentose phosphate pathway, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, selenocompound metabolism, biosynthesis of biotin cofactors, biotin metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The relative expression levels of the seven selected DEGs were consistent with the transcriptome analysis.

Seven cultivars of Ganoderma lucidum ‘Hunong’ series were cultivated under the same conditions and the resultant fruiting bodies were determined and compared for total polysaccharide content, nucleoside content, triterpenoid content, sugar alcohol content, molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, and stimulation activity on RAW264.7 macrophages to release NO. The results showed that the total polysaccharide content of different ‘Hunong’ cultivars ranged from 1.15% to 5.11%, and the top three high polysaccharide content cultivars were G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ （5.11%）, G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.8’ （2.36%） and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ （2.07%）. There were differences in the molecular weight distribution of crude polysaccharides from different G. lucidum cultivars. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ mainly contained three polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 3.38 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1, 4.24 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1 and 4.38 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 1.01 × 10⁷ g·mol^-1 and 8.03 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 4.50 × 10⁵ g·mol^-1 and 6.20 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. The remaining four cultivars contained a polysaccharide component of 4.56 × 10³ g·mol^-1- 5.47 × 10³ g·mol^-1. Fruiting bodies of all seven new cultivars were found to contain cytidine, uridine, and guanosine. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ showed the highest nucleoside content （1 456.5 μg·g^-1）. The triterpenoid content of the seven cultivars ranged from 2 241.93 μg·g^-1 to 5 123.54 μg·g^-1, and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ showed the highest content. For sugar alcohols, the seven cultivars mainly contained arabitol and mannitol. Erythritol was detected at a low level （<0.9 mg·g^-1）. The water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the seven new cultivars enhanced NO release from RAW264.7 macrophages at 50-500 μg·mL^-1, and that of G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.5’ showed the highest activity. The results provided a scientific basis for the development and utilization of the new G. lucidum cultivars of ‘Hunong’ series.

In order to establish a method for determination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and acidinsoluble lignin in edible fungi substrates, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) method was modified in acid concentration, reaction temperature and reaction container. The NREL reaction system of 0.3 g sample in 87 ml 4% (w/w) sulfuric acid hydrolyzed at 121℃ was adjusted to 0.1 g sample in 10 ml 1.2 mol/L (15.4% w/w) sulfuric acid hydrolyzed at 100 ℃ in this study. The reaction container and heating equipment were changed from pressure tube and autoclave to centrifuge tube and water bath. The improved reaction system avoided overflow of sulfuric acid during heating, and was convenient to achieve solidliquid separation by centrifugation. Using the improved reaction system, the optimal hydrolysis time for substrates of Volvariella volvacea, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus, and Hypsizygus marmoreus were determined to be 1.5 h, and the optimal hydrolysis time for Pleurotus eryngii and Ganoderma lucidum substrates were 2 h. The new method was validated for determination of lignocellulose in edible fungi substrates after comparison of cellulose, hemicellulose, and acidinsoluble lignin contents between the new method and the NREL method.

To further optimize the industrial cultivation condition of Hupsizygus marmoreus, and screen out excellent strains, 11 Hupsizygus marmoreus cultivars from different places were used as materials. The mycelial growth, the mycelial growth rate and the mycelial growth indexes were compared, and the mycelial growth characteristics of different parent hypha species and original species were studied. The results showed that the mycelial growth of parent hypha species and original species of No.5‘( Hypsizygus marmoreus No.1’) and No.7‘( Hypsizygus marmoreus’) was better than that of others. Their mycelia were dense and uniform and the growth scores were higher, their average growth rate was significantly higher than that of other species. And their mycelial growth indexes were also higher. Therefore, considering the characteristics of mycelial growth, No.5‘( Hypsizygus marmoreus No.1’) and No.7‘( Hypsizygus marmoreus’) could be used as excellent strains for Hypsizygus marmoreus cultivation.

The three-phase partitioning (TPP) method was used to extract crude polysaccharides from Flammulina filiformis. Using the extract obtained by the traditional alcohol precipitation method (FVP70) as the control, the TPP derived crude polysaccharide extract (FVPTPP) was measured for extraction yield, protein content, polysaccharide content, monosaccharide composition, weight-average molecular weight distribution, and in vitro antioxidant and immunological activities. The results showed that the extraction yield of FVPTPP (2.30%) was lower than that of FVP70. However, FVPTPP had a significantly higher polysaccharide content of 40.53%. TTPFVP consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 2.6:10.8:13.3:1.0:4.7:0.1, and mainly contained two polysaccharide components with a weight average molecular weight of 2.36×10⁷ and 4.77×10⁵, respectively. On the other hand, FVP70 consisted of fucose, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 6.2:1.0:23.3:25.7:4.2:11.3:0.3, and mainly contained one polysaccharide component with a weight average molecular weight of 3.31×10⁵. Compared with FVP70, TPPFVP showed stronger DPPH and ABTS scavenging ability, ferric reducing ability, and stimulation of NO release from RAW264.7 cells.

Three wild Ganodermastrains were collected from Fujian province in China and were identified by morphological and molecular characterization(ITS and ITS-RFLP).Then their biological characteristics and effective components were compared with the reference Ganoderma lingzhi strain ZK.The results showed that the three wild Ganodermastrains(LQ,LJ,Y1)were all identified to be Ganoderma multipileum.The wild G.multipileum strains showed significantly faster mycelial growth than strain ZK(P<0.01).The optimum temperature for maximum growth of strain LQ,LJ and Y1 were 32,32 and 34 ℃,respectively.These optimal temperatures were higher than the optimum temperature of strain ZK.All three wild G.multipileum strains preferred acidic growth condition.Fruiting body yield of G.multipileum LQ and Y1 were(12.1±1.3)and(11.7±0.9)g per bag,reaching more than 66% of the yield of ZK [(17.6±1.8)g per bag].Polysaccharides content in fruiting body of strain Y1 and LQ were(12.9±0.1)and(10.7±0.3)mg/g respectively,which were significantly higher than that of strain ZK(9.2±0.2)mg/g(P <0.01).Triterpenoids content in fruiting body of strain LJ,Y1 and LQ were 7.5,7.5 and(6.5±0.3)mg/g,respectively,which were 84.27%,84.27% and 73.03% of that in strain ZK,respectively.HPLC analysis showed that G.multipileum strains contained some chemicals that are not otherwise found in G.lingzhi,suggesting their rich triterpenoids variety.?

Fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugosoannulata at different developmental stages,including young mushroom stage （S1）,gill stage （S2）,early maturity （S3）,maturation stage （S4） and parachute stage （S5）,were determined for nutritional components,texture characteristics and taste components. The results showed that crude protein content remained the same from S1 through S4 and then decreased slightly at S5; total sugar content appeared to increase from S1 to S5; crude fiber content ranged between 5.67% and 6.34%; crude fat content remained 1.15%-1.45%. The hardness and chewiness of pileus and stipe increased initially and then decreased. Pileus cohesiveness and stipe cohesiveness were 0.49-2.07 gf and 0.09-0.17 gf,respectively. Based on principal analysis of texture and nutritional components,an evaluation model was established to comprehensively evaluate different developmental stages,and the results showed that fruiting bodies of S4 and S2 were high quality. S2 showed the highest 5′-nucleotide content （9.13 mg·g^-1）,TAV （112.15） and EUC （788.66 gMSG·100 g^-1）. S4 showed the highest content of total free amino acids （93.83 mg·g^-1）,umami amino acids （12.89 mg·g^-1） and sweet amino acids （17.04 mg·g^-1）. This study provided a reference for timely harvesting S. rugosoannulata rich in nutrition and taste components.

Hericium erinaceus is an edible mushroom with medicinal value and has a long history of consumption in China. The polysaccharides of H. erinaceus were a major category of bioactive components due to their various biological activities, including protection on gastrointestinal health, anticancer activity, antioxidant activity and neuroprotective activity. In this review article, we summarized recent progresses in extraction, purification, structure and bioactivities of H. erinaceus polysaccharides, and aimed to provide a useful reference for development of health food products out of H. erinaceus and further research on H. erinaceus polysaccharides in relation to their activities.

Stropharia rugosoannulata can be cultivated by many kinds of agricultural and forestry by products,and thus it has appreciable economic, ecological and social values. In recent years, the cultivation area of S.rugosoannulata has been expanding in China. Its bioactive components, including polysaccharide, sterol,flavonoid, phenol and lectin, and their pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial,antitumor and anti-diabetic effects, were reviewed here, thereby providing references for further exploitation and application of S. rugosoannulata.

In order to find out the influence of treating mushroom residue with different water content and microbial agents on composting, the mushroom residue with different water content and microbial agents were studied in the paper, the physical and chemical properties change of the mushroom residue and the effect of the water content and microbial agents on mushroom residue were analyzed. The results showed that the physical and chemical properties of the mushroom residue with different treatment are improved greatly, the result of the mushroom residue with 30-35% water content was best, and which followed by 40%-45% water content and adding microbial agents, and then was with 45%-50% water content and the result of mushroom residue with 20%-25% and 60%-65% were worst.

Fourteen candidate steroid binding P450 genes involved in the biosynthesis of ganoderic acids（GAs）in Ganoderma lingzhi were first screened by comparison of gene relative expression levels in G.lingzhi between liquid static and shaking cultures using the quantitative fluorescence PCR method,then further screened by correlation analysis between expression level and GA-T content under different culture conditions including shaking,static,static with the addition of calcium and static with nitrogen-limiting,and finally confirmed for activity through the antisense RNA technology.The results showed that expression levels of P450 gene cyp512a3,cyp512a11,cyp5144n1,cyp512u4 and cyp512v2 under the static culture condition were 7.2,3.7,3.4,89.8 and 63.4 folds,respectively,compared to those under the shaking culture condition.Among the five P450 genes,cyp512a3 and cyp512v2 showed a positive correlation between gene expression and GA-T content.Compared to the wild G.lingzhi,the GA-T content in three cyp512v2-silence G.lingzhi strains decreased by 13%,69% and 66%,respectively.Our results suggested that P450 cyp512v2 may play an important role in the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid T in G.lingzhi.

Two commercially available Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFP),WSK and BETA, were determined for total sugar content, uronic acid content, structural characteristics, weight-average molecular weight (M_w), and then studied for their anti-aging effect at a dose of 100 mg·kg^-1 in aging mice established by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg·kg^-1 D-galactose. WSK and BETA were obtained by hot water-enzyme extraction and hot water extraction, respectively. Each treatment group was measured for contents of hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid in mouse skin, antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA concentration in mouse serum, liver and heart, levels of inflammatory factors in mouse serum, intestinal pH, and concentrations of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The results showed that the total sugar contents (dry weight) of WSK and BETA were 91.2% and 89.5%, respectively. The uronic acid contents of WSK and BETA were 20.2% and 19.3%, respectively. The M_w of WSK and BETA were 10.83×10⁶ and 3.59×10⁶, respectively. Neither of the two polysaccharides contained triple helix structure. Compared with WSK, BETA increased hydroxyproline and hyaluronic acid contents (P<0.01), SOD activity in serum (P<0.05) liver and heart (P<0.01), and GSH-Px activity in liver and heart (P<0.01). In contrast, BETA decreased MDA levels in liver and heart (P<0.01), and IL-1β and TNF-α levels in serum (P<0.01) compared with WSK. Both WSK and BETA partially reversed the changes of pH in colon and total SCFAs concentration due to aging. The results suggested that BETA showed better anti-aging effects on skin aging, tissue oxidative stress and inflammation than WSK.

Alcohol precipitation and membrane separation were used to prepare polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spores, respectively. The polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were determined for yield, polysaccharide content, monosaccharide composition, and studied for immunomodulatory activity through investigation of delayed-type hypersensitivity response, antibody production in spleen cells, carbon clearance and NK cell activity. The results showed that the polysaccharide yield of membrane separation was （4.61±0.28）% higher than that of alcohol precipitation. There was no significant difference in polysaccharide content between the two methods. The polysaccharides prepared by alcohol precipitation and membrane separation were found to be composed of rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose and sorbose, and the molar ratios of these monosaccharides in the two polysaccharides were 0.34∶0.31∶1.44∶4.48∶3.35∶0.31 and 0.27∶0.10∶1.70∶6.08∶1.84∶0.31, respectively. Glucose was the main monosaccharide in both polysaccharides. Both of them enhanced the immune activity of mice. The results provided a reference for the industrial production of G. lucidum spore polysaccharide.

Yellow blotch in oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a common disease caused by bacteria. Major P. ostreatus producing areas in China were investigated and sampled for fruiting bodies infected with yellow blotch disease. Then bacteria were isolated from pileus surface, identified and tested for pathogenicity. The results showed that the symptoms of yellow blotch were divided into six types as follows: yellow-brown spots (type Ⅰ), yellow-brown concave blotches (type Ⅱ), yellowing crack (type Ⅲ), flaky yellowing (type Ⅳ), black-brown spots (type V) and wet rot pielus (type Ⅵ). For the isolated and purified bacteria, 22 isolates were verified to be pathogenic by wound inoculation. Using 16S rDNA sequences and the Biolog system, these isolates were identified as nine bacterial genera. From the same diseased sample, one to three pathogens were isolated, and different pathogens caused similar symptoms. Inoculation of Pseudomonas tolaasii resulted in yellow-brown concave blotches on pilei with curled edge. Inoculation of P. reactans, Serratia fonticola, Sphingobacterium sp., Mycetocola sp. and Cedecea sp. caused flaky yellowing on pilei. On the other hand, Enterobacter sp., Staphylococcus sciuri, Ignatzschineria sp. and Providencia vermicola only caused slight yellowing on pileus surface. When noninvasive inoculation was used, only P. tolaasii showed pathogenicity. This study is important for revealing the causes of yellow blotch disease in P. ostreatus and provided a reference for comprehensive control measures of this disease.

【Background】Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) is prone to quality deterioration, such as umbrella opening, water loss, and browning after harvest, which seriously affects the storage quality and commercial value. Our previous research has confirmed that the nanocomposite packaging material (Nano-PM) could effectively delay the postharvest quality deterioration of A. bisporus, but the preservation mechanism is still unclear. 【Objective】 In this study, the differentially expressed proteins of A. bisporus in Nano-PM and polyethylene packaging material (Normal-PM) during storage were analyzed by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics technology. The preservation mechanism of Nano-PM on A. bisporus was further explored. 【Method】A. bisporus was taken as the research object. The Nano-PM was used for the preservation of A. bisporus, and the Normal-PM was used as the control. The protein extraction and trypsin hydrolysis were performed on A. bisporus during storage. The differentially expressed proteins were screened by TMT labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, the main metabolic pathways involved in differential proteins were studied. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology was used to determine the gene expression levels of differential proteins..【Result】 The Nano-PM effectively maintained the appearance quality of A. bisporus and delayed the increase of cell membrane permeability. The number of differential proteins in two groups increased during storage. In the middle (6 d) and late (10 d) stages of storage, the numbers of differential proteins were 62 and 148, respectively. Among them, 22 differential proteins were common. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, these differential proteins were mainly related to pathways, such as energy metabolism and lipid metabolism. The lipid metabolism pathway was mainly analyzed, and the results showed that the Nano-PM had a regulatory effect on the membrane lipid metabolism of A. bisporus. Compared with the Normal-PM, the protein expression of fatty acid synthase, phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase, and phosphatidic acid phosphatase under Nano-PM were up-regulated, while the protein expression of key enzymes in membrane lipid degradation, such as phospholipase D and lipase, were down-regulated. At the gene level, the expression of genes encoding these proteins were consistent with the proteomics results..【Conclusion】 The differential proteins of different packaged A. bisporus during storage could be screened and analyzed by TMT-based quantitative proteomics technology. Nano-PM regulated the membrane lipid metabolism of A. bisporus, and inhibited the expression of membrane lipid degradation-related enzymes, which effectively delayed the increase in cell membrane permeability of A. bisporus, maintained the structure and function of the cell membrane, and delayed the quality deterioration of A. bisporus during storage.

Aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica stem was added at various doses (5, 15, 30 g·L^-1) to Phylloporia ribis in submerged fermentation. Then mycelial growth and metabolite production of P. ribis were investigated. The results showed that addition of L. japonica stem aqueous extract resulted in significantly increased ergosterol, total polysaccharides and semi-essential amino acids in P. ribis mycelia. On the other hand, biomass, chlorogenic acid and adenosine remained the same in all groups.

Consuming Coprinus comatus together with wine can cause gastroenteritis and a series of disulfiram-like reactions. Yet its organ toxicity is not clear. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 52-degree liquor and then administered different doses (25 and 80 mg·kg^-1) of C. comatus water extract by gavage at 0.5, 1 and 2 h, respectively. The experimental groups were desinged as follows: gavage of 25 mg·kg^-1 water extract 0.5 h after intraperitoneal injection of alcohol as G1; gavage of 80 mg·kg^-1 water extract 0.5 h after intraperitoneal injection of alcohol as G2; gavage of 25 mg·kg^-1 water extract 1 h after intraperitoneal injection of alcohol as G3; gavage of 80 mg·kg^-1 water extract 1 h after intraperitoneal injection of alcohol as G4; gavage of 25 mg·kg^-1 water extract 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of alcohol as G5; gavage of 80 mg·kg^-1 water extract 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of alcohol as G6. For each treatment group, organ indices, CK-MB contents in serum and heart, AST contents in serum and liver, contents of SOD and MDA in serum and kidney, and contents of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in serum, kidney and spleen were measured. The phthological changes of organs in each group were observed, and protein expression pertaining to renal cell apoptosis and oxidative stress, i.e. Nrf2, HO-1 and TGF-β1 were also measured. The results showed that the heart index values of G1-G4, and the spleen index values of G2, G3, G4 and G6 were significantly decreased compared with the blank control group. The CK-MB levels in both serum and heart tissue homogenate of G1-G6 and the AST levels in both serum and liver tisue homogenate of G1-G6 were significantly increased compared with the blank control group. The SOD levels in both serum and liver of G1-G6 were significantly decreased. The MDA levels in serum of G1-G4 and G6, and in kidney tissue homogenate of G1-G6 were significantly increased. The contents of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in G1-G6 were significantly increased. There were damages in heart, liver, spleen and kidney tissues of G1-G6. The immunohistochemical scores for G1-G6 were significantly elevated with obvious cell apoptosis. The expression of TGF-β1 in G1-G6 were significantly increased, wherease the expression of both HO-1 and Nrf2 were significantly decreased. This study provided a reference for revealing the toxicity and renal damage mechanism of C. comatus water extract.

Using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) in combination with multi-angle laser light scattering detector and refraction index detector, polysaccharides from 110 fruiting body samples of different Ganoderma lucidum strains were analyzed for molecular weight distribution. Based on time and number of elution peaks, the 110 samples were categorized into the following four groups. Group A contained seven samples comprising three polysaccharide fractions GLP1, GLP2 and GLP3. Group B had 77 samples and their fruiting body polysaccharides only contained GLP3. Group C had 24 samples and their fruiting body polysaccharides comprised GLP1 and GLP3. Group D had two samples and their fruiting body polysaccharides comprised GLP2 and GLP3. The M_w of GLP1, GLP2 and GLP3 were 1.85×10⁶-5.47×10⁶ g·mol^-1, 2.16×10⁶-5.73×10⁶ g·mol^-1, and 10⁴ g·mol^-1, respectively. Then high purity GLP1 (80.47%-92.52% polysaccharide content) and GLP2 (69.75%-91.71% polysaccharide content) were obtained from eight representative G. lucidum fruiting body samples by gradient ethanol precipitation. The obtained GLP1 and GLP2 were compared in terms of M_w, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage mode and immunological activity. The results showed that GLP1 and GLP2 were glucans comprising different structures. GLP1 was a glucan comprising a β-(1→3)-linked backbone and β-(1→6)-linked side chains, whereas GLP2 was a glucan comprising an α-(1→4)-linked backbone and α-(1→6)-linked side chains. GLP1 showed stronger Dectin-1 binding activity to stimulate immunity than GLP2. The results suggested that the distribution and content of GLP1 from G. lucidum should receive more attention when developing immune products.

The genetic diversity of Pleurotus citrinopilestus resources in National Edible Fungi Germplasm Resource Bank （Shanghai） was investigated by analyzing the genomic sequences of 24 strains with 15 inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） makers. Agronomic traits were also measured for the 24 strains, and the correlation between ISSR makers and agronomic traits was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results showed that there were abundant genetic variations in the 24 P. citrinopilestus strains. A total of 72 polymorphic fragments were detected by the ISSR markers, the polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.08-0.72, the Nei’s diversity index gene was 0.22-0.46, and the Shannon’s diversity index was 0.33-0.65. Using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） algorithm, the 24 strains were clustered into seven groups as follows： wild strain P1 was clustered independently in group Ⅰ; wild strains P4, P9, P10 and P11were clustered in group Ⅱ; wild strains P5 and P7 were clustered in group Ⅲ; wild strains P2, P8, and cultivated strains P12, P13 and P14 were clustered in group Ⅳ; cultivated strains P21 and P22 were clustered in group Ⅴ; cultivated strains P15, P17, P19 and P20 were clustered in group Ⅵ; wild strains P3, P6, and cultivated strains P16, P18, P23 and P24 were clustered in group Ⅶ. Wild stains and cultivated strains were generally clustered separately, and the genetic distance between P23 and P24 was very close. The variation coefficients of seven agronomic traits, including the first flush yield, number of fruiting body, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, depth of pileus depression, stipe diameter and stipe length, ranged from 5.03% to 32.20%, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 4.50-4.57. There were seven ISSR markers correlated with the first flush yield, pileus diameter and stipe diameter, among which ISSR 6 and ISSR17 were positively correlated （P<0.05） with first flush yield and stipe diameter.

During the late maturation period of Auricularia heimuer, cultivation bags at mycelium stage, ear bud stage, and ear piece stage were placed under different heat stress temperatures (30 ℃, 35 ℃ and 40 ℃) for different time (24 h, 48 h and 72 h), respectively. The resultant mycelia, ear buds and ear pieces of A. heimuer were measured for malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activity of antioxidant enzymes, activity of extracellular enzymes and agronomic traits. The results showed that mycelial MDA content significantly increased under the following conditions： 30 ℃ for 48 h, 35 ℃ for 24 h and 48 h, 40 ℃ for 48 h. There was no significant difference in myceial MDA content between heat stress treatments and the control at 72 h. There was also no significant difference in MDA content of ear bud and ear piece between heat stress treatments and the control. The activity of SOD in mycelium was significantly increased at 30 ℃ for 72 h, but significantly decreased at 35 ℃ for 48-72 h and at 40 ℃ for 24 h and 72 h. The activity of SOD in ear bud was significantly increased at 30 ℃ regardless of stress time, 35 ℃ for 24 h and 40 ℃ for 24 h, but significantly decreased at 35 ℃ for 48 h and 72 h. The activity of SOD in ear piece was significantly increased at 35 ℃ for 48 h and 30 ℃ for 72 h, but significantly decreased at 30 ℃ for 48 h, 35 ℃ for 24 h, 35 ℃ for 72 h, and 40 ℃ for 48 h. There was no significant difference in mycelial catalase activity between different treatments. On the other hand, the activity of catalase in ear bud was significantly increased when stressed at 30 ℃ and 40 ℃ for 24-72 h, and at 35 ℃ for 24 h. The catalase activity of ear buds stressed at 35 ℃ for 24 h was the highest among different treatments, reaching 2.63 times that of the control. However, the catalase activity of ear buds stressed at 35 ℃ decreased sharply after 24 h and retained 54.34% of that of the control at 72 h. The activity of catalase in ear piece tended to decrease with the increase of stress temperature and the extension of stress time. There was no significant difference in laccase activity between heat stress treatments and the control. At the mycelium stage, the activity of glucoamylase initially increased by 1.21-1.64 times at 24 h and then decreased under heat stress. In contrast, the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase in mycelium decreased by 26.21%-37.75% under heat stress for 24 h. The promordium formation time under heat stress was delayed by 1-3 d compared with the control. As the temperature and time of heat stress increased, germination uniformity gradually decreased, ear piece thickness was reduced by 10.81%~54.95%, ear piece width was decreased by 2.26%~34.15%, and yield per bag was decreased by 7.20%~ 39.88%.

Liposomes of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide were prepared by thin film dispersion, ultrasonic hydration and microporous membrane filtration. The effects of film to material ratio, drug to lipid ratio, ultrasonic time and hydration time on the encapsulation efficiency of G. lucidum polysaccharide liposomes were investigated by single factor experiments. Then the liposome preparation process was optimized by response surface methodology, and the optimal conditions for liposome preparation were as follows： film to material ratio of 1:15, drug to lipid ratio of 1:20, ultrasonic time of 30 min and hydration time of 20 min. The resultant liposomes were light yellow transparent liquid with an average encapsulation efficiency of 75.73% and an average polysaccharide content of 4.14%.

Deep eutectic solvents were used in ultrasound assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Clitocybe squamulosa （D-CSFP）. Single factor experiments and response surface design were carried out to optimize the extraction process, and the derived D-CSFP was measured for extraction rate and polysaccharide content, analyzed for structure and studied for its rheological properties. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for D-CSFP were follows： extraction time 40 min, extraction temperature 75 ℃, and solid-liquid ratio 1∶24 （g∶mL）. Under these conditions, the extraction rate, yield and polysaccharide content were （5.31±0.09）%,（6.52±0.29）%,and （81.42±0.59）%,respectively. The weight average molecular weight （M_w） and number average molecular weight （M_n） of D-CSFP were 35312 and 24494, respectively. D-CSFP was composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine hydrochloride and xylose in the molar ratio of 6.53∶2.04：1.23∶0.1∶0.09. D-CSFP showed good rheological properties, and thus can be used as a new hydrocolloid in the food, medicine and cosmetics industries. This study provided a reference for green extraction of edible fungi polysaccharides, and a basis for the development of D-CSFP products.