Using Illumina sequencing and MNP marker screening, 31 strains of Pleurotus eryngii and the main cultivated variety ‘Ple 0100’ in Fujian Province were used to construct a database containing 503 MNP markers for genetic similarity （GS） analysis and variety identification. The results showed that the GS of the 32 strains ranged between 1.79% and 99.60%, among which the GS of DUS16 and DUS17 was 99.60%, that between DUS02 and DUS23 or DUS30 was 99.01%, and that between DUS23 and DUS30 was 99.20%. There was no antagonistic reaction between strains with a high GS, and they may be very similar or the same. MNP markers were used to analyze fruiting bodies, fruiting body tissue isolates, cultivation residue, fruiting body base samples from three P.eryngii production factories, and the results showed that these samples were 100% similar to ‘Ple 0100’, suggesting that MNP markers can be used for variety identification of samples other than mycelium. Five inbred strains and their parents were detected by MNP markers. The results showed that the GS between the inbred strains ranged between 26.84% and 61.43%, and that between the inbred strains and their parents ranged between 28.43% and 78.33%, suggesting that there were extensive chromosome recombination and homologous chromosome exchange during the meiosis of P. eryngii. Tissue isolates of 56 commercial mushrooms from 52 P. eryngii factories in China were detected by MNP markers, and their similarity with ‘Ple 0100’ was 100.00%, indicating that the cultivated varieties of P. eryngii in China were highly consistent. The MNP molecular marker technique in combination with next-generation sequencing can be used to analyze the genetic similarity between P. eryngii strains and identify new strains.

The underlying mechanism of mycelium degeneration of Morchella esculenta in the process of subculture was studied through comparative transcriptome analysis. Mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 were successively subcultured for seven passages, and then mycelial growth rate was calculated for different passages. The mycelia of the first （M1） and the sixth （M6） passage were collected, sequenced and then compared for transcriptome data through GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Eventually, seven differentially expressed genes （DEGs） related to mycelium degeneration were selected, and they were cel1, lac2, cah, png1, zpr1, did2 and Hsp31. These genes were then verified by qRT-PCR. The results showed that mycelia of M. esculenta Liumei No.8 failed to proliferate at the seventh passage. There were 575 DEGs between M1 and M6, among which 198 DEGs were up-regulated and 377 DEGs were down-regulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in reactive nitrogen species metabolic process, nitrate metabolic process, nitrate assimilation, and ‘De novo’ IMP biosynthetic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in pentose phosphate pathway, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, selenocompound metabolism, biosynthesis of biotin cofactors, biotin metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The relative expression levels of the seven selected DEGs were consistent with the transcriptome analysis.

Artificially cultivated Ophiocordyceps sinensis showed darker sclerotia before stroma development than wild O.sinensis. To explore the underlying mechanism, Illumina Hiseq 2500 high-throughput sequencing was used to sequence the transcriptomes of artificially cultivated （CQ） and wild （WT） O.sinensis sclerotia before stroma development, and then key genes involved in color formation were investigated. The results showed that 890 differentially expressed genes （DEGs） between CQ and WT were obtained by DESeq screening, of which 479 were up-regulated and 411 were down-regulated. The GO enrichment analysis of these DEGs showed that in terms of biological process, the DEGs mainly enriched in cellular process, metabolism process, single-organism process, biological regulation, regulation of biological process, and response to stimulus; in terms of cellular component, the DEGs mainly enriched in cell, organelle, membrane, and macromolecular complex; in terms of cellular function, the DEGs mainly enriched in binding, catalytic activity and transport activity. The results of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in amino acid metabolism, folding-sorting-degradation, translation, carbohydrate metabolism,lipid metabolism,and transport & catabolism. After screening, 49 DEGs related to reactive oxygen metabolism, phenoloxidase, oxidoreductase, peroxidase,and melanization reaction were selected, among which tyr1 may be the key gene for the color formation of O. sinensis.

DASH-type cryptochromes are blue light receptors ubiquitous in animals, plants, and fungi. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, proteins interacting with the DASH-type cryptochrome of Flammulina filiformis （FfCRY-DASH） were screened. The total RNA of F. filiformis monokaryon strain Dan3 was extracted from its mycelia, and then the mRNA was purified to synthesize double-strand cDNA, from which the primary and secondary yeast two-hybrid cDNA libraries were constructed. The recombinant bait vector pGBKT7-CRY was constructed by restriction endonuclease ligation, and then confirmed that it had no toxicity or autonomous activation activity in yeast Y2HGold cells. Then competent Y2HGold cells were co-transformed with pGBKT7-CRY and the secondary cDNA library to screen prey proteins that interact with FfCRY-DASH. Six candidate interacting proteins were detected and one of them was confirmed by rotary verification. The results provided a reference for the role of FfCRY-DASH in light signal transduction.

A wild wood-rotting fungus collected in the coastal Tamarix shelterbelt in Binhai New Urban District, Weifang City, Shandong Province was isolated, identified and then domesticated. Using orthogonal experiments, the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, pH, and temperature for mycelium growth were determined. Fruiting bodies of artificial cultivation were extracted by water and the resultant water extract was measured for polysaccharide content and antioxidant properties. The results showed that the isolated fungus was Inocutis tamaricis and its optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, pH and temperature for mycelium growth were glucose, yeast extract, pH 5.5 and 35 ℃, respectively. There was an obvious post-ripening stage （15-20 d）,and mature fruiting bodies were formed 85 d after inoculation.The polysaccharide yield of the I. tamaricis water extract was 2.46%. The DPPH scavenging rate of the I. tamaricis water extract was relatively high at 0.2 mg·mL^-1 and 0.3 mg·mL^-1, and the ABTS scavenging rate of the I. tamaricis water extract was the highest at 0.3 mg·mL^-1. These findings provided a reference for exploring the application of I. tamaricis.

Using water extraction and alcohol precipitation, polysaccharide of Pholiota adiposa （PAP） was obtained and then studied for its antitumor effect on H22 tumor-bearing mice. ICR mice were randomly divided into five groups as follows： model group, positive group （cyclophosphamide, 25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）, low-dose PAP group （LD, 100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）, medium-dose PAP group （MD, 200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1） and high-dose PAP group （HD, 300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）. Using gavage with saline as the blank control, mice in different groups were measured for tumor suppression rate and organ indices after 15 consecutive days of treatment. For each group, the contents of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and VEGF in mouse serum were determined by ELISA; tumor cell arrangement, cell integrity, number of nuclei were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining; the degree of apoptosis in tumor tissues was determined by TUNEL assay; and the expression of VEGF, Bcl-2 and BAX was determined by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that PAP inhibited tumor growth, and the tumor inhibition rate of HD group reached 78.05%, with organ indices such as thymus index and spleen index significantly improved. In the model group, the tumor cells were arranged neatly and tightly, grew well, and the apoptosis rate was low. In contrast, the tumor cells of the PAP treatment groups were deformed, broken and blurred at different degrees, with large areas of apoptosis. PAP increased the contents of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6 in mouse serum, decreased VEGF level, and showed anti-tumor activity through regulating the expression of VEGF, Bcl-2 and BAX.

Using mulberry leaves （Mori folium） as the culture substrate, Inonotus hispidus was fermented to yield Cusang tea, which was then studied for its antitumor activity. Low （195 mg·kg^-1）, medium（390 mg·kg^-1） and high （780 mg·kg^-1） doses of Cusang tea were administered to H22 tumor-bearing mice by gavage for 15 d, and then mouse body mass, tumor volume, tumor inhibition rate, thymus index, spleen index, kidney index, serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were tissues measured; liver, kidney, and spleen tissues were observed by HE staining; pathological sections of tumor tissues were observed by both HE staining and immunohistochemistry; and the expression of tumor related proteins was detected by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the model group, mice administered Cusang tea at all doses had extremely significantly reduced tumor size, and mice administered high dose Cusang tea showed an extremely significant decrease in tumor mass. The thymus index of mice administered high dose Cusang tea increased significantly （P<0.01） when compared with that of the model group. There was a significant decrease of serum IL-2 and IL-6, as well as a significant increase of TNF-α and IFN-γ in mice administered low dose Cusang tea. For mice administered medium dose Cusang tea, there was a significant decrease of TNF-α and a significant increase of IL-2 and IFN-γ when compared with the model group. Mice administered high dose Cusang tea showed significantly higher IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and significantly lower IL-2. The expression levels of Bax, Cytc, Parp, TNF-α, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-9 proteins were significantly increased in mice administered Cusang tea, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased in mice administered Cusang tea. These findings suggested that fermentation of I. hispidus with mulberry leaves has the potential to develop antitumor products.

Seven cultivars of Ganoderma lucidum ‘Hunong’ series were cultivated under the same conditions and the resultant fruiting bodies were determined and compared for total polysaccharide content, nucleoside content, triterpenoid content, sugar alcohol content, molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides, and stimulation activity on RAW264.7 macrophages to release NO. The results showed that the total polysaccharide content of different ‘Hunong’ cultivars ranged from 1.15% to 5.11%, and the top three high polysaccharide content cultivars were G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ （5.11%）, G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.8’ （2.36%） and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ （2.07%）. There were differences in the molecular weight distribution of crude polysaccharides from different G. lucidum cultivars. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ mainly contained three polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 3.38 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1, 4.24 × 10⁶ g·mol^-1 and 4.38 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 1.01 × 10⁷ g·mol^-1 and 8.03 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.7’ mainly contained two polysaccharide components with weight-average molecular weights of 4.50 × 10⁵ g·mol^-1 and 6.20 × 10³ g·mol^-1, respectively. The remaining four cultivars contained a polysaccharide component of 4.56 × 10³ g·mol^-1- 5.47 × 10³ g·mol^-1. Fruiting bodies of all seven new cultivars were found to contain cytidine, uridine, and guanosine. G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.4’ showed the highest nucleoside content （1 456.5 μg·g^-1）. The triterpenoid content of the seven cultivars ranged from 2 241.93 μg·g^-1 to 5 123.54 μg·g^-1, and G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’ showed the highest content. For sugar alcohols, the seven cultivars mainly contained arabitol and mannitol. Erythritol was detected at a low level （<0.9 mg·g^-1）. The water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the seven new cultivars enhanced NO release from RAW264.7 macrophages at 50-500 μg·mL^-1, and that of G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.5’ showed the highest activity. The results provided a scientific basis for the development and utilization of the new G. lucidum cultivars of ‘Hunong’ series.

Alcohol precipitation and membrane separation were used to prepare polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spores, respectively. The polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were determined for yield, polysaccharide content, monosaccharide composition, and studied for immunomodulatory activity through investigation of delayed-type hypersensitivity response, antibody production in spleen cells, carbon clearance and NK cell activity. The results showed that the polysaccharide yield of membrane separation was （4.61±0.28）% higher than that of alcohol precipitation. There was no significant difference in polysaccharide content between the two methods. The polysaccharides prepared by alcohol precipitation and membrane separation were found to be composed of rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose and sorbose, and the molar ratios of these monosaccharides in the two polysaccharides were 0.34∶0.31∶1.44∶4.48∶3.35∶0.31 and 0.27∶0.10∶1.70∶6.08∶1.84∶0.31, respectively. Glucose was the main monosaccharide in both polysaccharides. Both of them enhanced the immune activity of mice. The results provided a reference for the industrial production of G. lucidum spore polysaccharide.

Using the self-assembly method, nanoparticles of sulfated Hericium erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan （DS-CS NPs） were prepared through electrostatic interaction. The preparation process of DS-CS NPs was optimized by single factor experiments and response surface design with particle size as the evaluation index. The nanoparticles prepared under the optimal process were determined for particle size, morphology and in vitro bioactivity. The results showed that the optimal nanoparticle preparation parameters were as follows： 1 mg·mL^-1 sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan （DS）, 800 r·min^-1 stirring rate, initial pH of chitosan （CS） solution set at pH 4. The resultant DS-CS NPs were 128.41 nm in average with a narrow particle distribution. Compared with DS, DS-CS NPs showed higher antioxidant activity in vitro. DS-CS NPs significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production and TNF-α secretion in macrophage RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Sulfated H. erinaceus β-glucan-chitosan nanoparticles showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro.

Fruiting bodies of Auricularia heimuer were pulverized, screened,mixed with distilled water at 1 g per 100 mL,digested by 0.2% （g∶mL） cellulase at 45 ℃ for 2 h, and then placed in a 90 ℃ water bath for 10 min to inactive cellulase activity. The supernate of the resultant digestion mixture, A. heimuer juice, was used to produce γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA） by stepwise fermentation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation process was first optimized by single factor experiments and then further optimized by response surface design. For the fermentation of L. rhamnosus, the effects of liquid-solid ratio, loading volume, fermentation time and inoculum size on the yield of γ-aminobutyric acid were investigated. For the subsequent fermentation of S. cerevisiae with the sterilized fermentation product from the first fermentation stage, the effects of fermentation time, inoculum size, fermentation temperature and shaker rotation speed on the yield of γ-aminobutyric acid were investigated. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: liquid-solid ratio 100∶1 （mL∶g）, loading volume 60%, L. rhamnosus inoculum size 2% （V∶V）, the fermentation time of L. rhamnosus 18 h, S. cerevisiae inoculum size 1.5% （V∶V）, the fermentation time of S. cerevisiae 49 h, the fermentation temperature of S. cerevisiae 30 ℃, and the shaker rotation speed for S. cerevisiae fermentation 160 r·min^-1. Under the optimized conditions, the overall yield of γ-aminobutyric acid reached 1.117 g·L^-1.

Using the Osborne classification method, proteins were extracted from fruiting bodies of Pleurotus eryngii,and then treated with high voltage pulsed electric field （PEF）, transglutaminase （TG） and the combination of both （PEF+TG）, respectively. The derived proteins of different treatments were digested by simulated gastrointestinal fluid in vitro, and then measured for protein digestibility, hydrolysis degree, polypeptide content, free amino acid content and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the combination of PEF and TG resulted in the highest protein digestion rate at both 120 min and 300 min of the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. In terms of hydrolysis degree, TG treatment resulted in the highest hydrolysis degree at 30 min, whereas PEF+TG treatment resulted in the highest hydrolysis degree at 0, 120, 130, 150, 240, and 300 min of the simulated digestion. At 60, 120, and 300 min of the simulated digestion, PEF+TG treatment resulted in the lowest polypeptide content. At 60, 90, and 120 min of the simulated digestion, TG treatment resulted in the highest free amino acid content. On the other hand, PEF+TG treatment resulted in the highest free amino acid content at 130, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 min. After 300 min simulated digestion, PEF+TG treatment resulted in the highest protein digestibility, hydrolysis degree, and free amino acid content, and the lowest polypeptide content. The digested protein product derived from PEF treatment showed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging rate, ABTS free radical scavenging rate, and reducing power, suggesting that PEF treatment significantly improved the antioxidant activity of digested proteins. The results provided a reference for the processing and utilization of P. eryngii proteins.

In order to find the optimal harvest time for Ganoderma lucidum cultivar ‘Hunong No.1’, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS/MS） and high performance exclusion chromatography-multi angle laser scattering （HPSEC-MALLS） were used to determine contents of triterpenoids and water soluble polysaccharides in fruiting bodies and bases at different growth stages. From the second to the seventh month after inoculation, every month was defined as a growth stage, and the different growth stages were designated as P1 to P6, respectively. Based on the yields of fruiting bodies and bases, the yields of triterpenoids and water soluble polysaccharides at different growth stages were also calculated. The results showed that the contents of ganoderic acid C2 and ganoderic acid G in fruiting bodies were high at P1and P2; the contents of ganoderenic acid B, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid F, and ganoderic acid DM in fruiting bodies were the highest at P2; the contents of ganoderic acid B, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid S, ganoderic acid T and total triterpenoids in fruiting bodies were the highest at P1; the contents of ganoderic acid C2, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid DM and ganoderenic acid B in bases were the highest at P1; the content of ganoderic acid G in bases was the highest at P5; the contents of ganoderic acid B and ganoderic acid S in bases were the highest at P6; the content of ganoderic acid F in bases was high at P1 and P6; the contents of ganoderic acid T and total triterpenoids were high at P5 and P6. For triterpenoid yield in fruiting bodies, ganoderic acid C2, ganoderic acid G, ganoderic acid B, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid F, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderenic acid B and total triterpenoids were the highest at P2; ganoderic acid A was the highest at P3; both ganoderic acid S and ganoderic acid T were the highest at P1. For triterpenoid yield in bases, ganoderic acid C2, ganoderic acid G, ganoderic acid B, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid F, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderenic acid B were the highest at P1; both ganoderic acid S and ganoderic acid T were the highest at P2; total triterpenoid yield was high at P1 and P2. For both fruiting body and base, the content and yield of water soluble polysaacharides were the highest at P1. These results provided a scientific basis for timely harvest of G. lucidum ‘Hunong No.1’.

The purpose of this study is to make better use of the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) to prepare stable and high-quality biochar. 12 kinds of SMS of industrial Pleurotus eryngii with different raw material formulae were used as materials to establish the biochar preparation process of pyrolysis method, and the adsorption capacity of malachite green was used for rapid quality evaluation of biochar. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of the 12 kinds of SMS showed some differences. The carbon yield of the 12 treatments using the X₀ group of SMS as the material ranged from 26.00% to 47.17%, and decreased with temperature increase. The optimal preparation condition for SMS biochar was determined to be 400℃ and 2.5 h based on the carbon yield, malachite green adsorption rate and energy consumption. The carbon yields of the other 11 kinds of SMS under the optimal condition showed no significant difference, and the adsorption rates to malachite green at 400 mg/L reached more than 95% for 2 h. It indicated that the produced biochar had good porosity and adsorption effect. In this study, the preparation process and evaluation method of SMS biochar were established, which could provide theoretical and practical basis for utilizing biochar prepared from SMS of industrial Pleurotus eryngii.

Taking fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes in the same cultivation shed as the materials, the effects of environmental factors in different seasons on amino acid biosynthesis of Lentinus edodes were studied. We analyzed the amino acid content of Lentinus edodes fruiting bodies in different seasons and the monitoring data of environmental factors, and explored the correlation between them. The results showed that the content of total amino acids from fresh Lentinus edodes of the first crop could reach 2.81%, and there was no significant difference in the content of total amino acids between the second crop and the third crop, which was 1.56% and 1.51%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that temperature, humidity and CO₂ concentration had significantly positive correlation with amino acid content in fruiting bodies, indicating that these factors had significant effect on the biosynthesis of amino acid in a certain range. From the perspective of the comprehensive meteorological conditions, the environmental temperature is the main factor affecting the biosynthesis of amino acid in Lentinula edodes, and during the Lentinula edodes growth, environmental temperature, humidity and CO₂ concentration have effects on the nutritional quality of its fruiting bodies.

Jizhou District of Tianjin is the main local production area of Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus nebrodensis. The income of mushroom growers’ planting greenhouses depends on meteorological conditions to some extent, and using the meteorological indexes reasonably could guide the production of edible fungi. We analyzed the corresponding time for each stage of edible fungi production according to the meteorological conditions, and summarized the impact of harsh weather on mushroom growers in 2017 and 2018. Then, we put forward countermeasures for the cultivation of edible fungi under possible local meteorological disasters. The early warning and prevention of long-term meteorological disasters carried out by coordinated operation of scientific research institutes, meteorological department and early warning information release center might provide production tips for mushroom growers in the main mushroom producing areas in Jizhou District of Tianjin.

Taking Pleurotus eryngii cultivated on wood as the control, the mushroom cultivated on Phragmites australis substrate was analyzed for morphology, organic nutrients, and the contents of mineral elements and heavy metals. The feasibility of using Phragmites australis to cultivate mushroom instead of wood was proposed from morphology and nutrition perspectives. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the morphology, fresh weight and water content of Pleurotus eryngii between the two kinds of cultivation, as well as in the contents of crude protein, crude fat and amino acid. The contents of crude polysaccharide and zinc were significantly lower in mushroom cultivated on Phragmites australis than those on wood, but the calcium and iron contents were significantly higher in the former than in the latter. Although there were some differences of arsenic and cadmium contents of mushroom between Phragmites australis and wood cultivation, the mushroom cultivated on both substrates could meet the food safety standards. In general, Phragmites australis cultivating mushroom instead of wood has a huge potential for promotion.

【Background】Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) is prone to quality deterioration, such as umbrella opening, water loss, and browning after harvest, which seriously affects the storage quality and commercial value. Our previous research has confirmed that the nanocomposite packaging material (Nano-PM) could effectively delay the postharvest quality deterioration of A. bisporus, but the preservation mechanism is still unclear. 【Objective】 In this study, the differentially expressed proteins of A. bisporus in Nano-PM and polyethylene packaging material (Normal-PM) during storage were analyzed by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics technology. The preservation mechanism of Nano-PM on A. bisporus was further explored. 【Method】A. bisporus was taken as the research object. The Nano-PM was used for the preservation of A. bisporus, and the Normal-PM was used as the control. The protein extraction and trypsin hydrolysis were performed on A. bisporus during storage. The differentially expressed proteins were screened by TMT labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, the main metabolic pathways involved in differential proteins were studied. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology was used to determine the gene expression levels of differential proteins..【Result】 The Nano-PM effectively maintained the appearance quality of A. bisporus and delayed the increase of cell membrane permeability. The number of differential proteins in two groups increased during storage. In the middle (6 d) and late (10 d) stages of storage, the numbers of differential proteins were 62 and 148, respectively. Among them, 22 differential proteins were common. Combined with bioinformatics analysis, these differential proteins were mainly related to pathways, such as energy metabolism and lipid metabolism. The lipid metabolism pathway was mainly analyzed, and the results showed that the Nano-PM had a regulatory effect on the membrane lipid metabolism of A. bisporus. Compared with the Normal-PM, the protein expression of fatty acid synthase, phosphorylcholine cytidylyltransferase, and phosphatidic acid phosphatase under Nano-PM were up-regulated, while the protein expression of key enzymes in membrane lipid degradation, such as phospholipase D and lipase, were down-regulated. At the gene level, the expression of genes encoding these proteins were consistent with the proteomics results..【Conclusion】 The differential proteins of different packaged A. bisporus during storage could be screened and analyzed by TMT-based quantitative proteomics technology. Nano-PM regulated the membrane lipid metabolism of A. bisporus, and inhibited the expression of membrane lipid degradation-related enzymes, which effectively delayed the increase in cell membrane permeability of A. bisporus, maintained the structure and function of the cell membrane, and delayed the quality deterioration of A. bisporus during storage.

A Termitomyces albuminosus sample collected from a shrubbery in Gaoqiao village, Dongxing District, Neijiang City, Sichuan Province was sequenced for whole genome and the assembled genome was subjected to gene function annotation, carbohydrate-active enzyme （CAZy） prediction, phylogenetic analysis, homologous sequence alignment, simple sequence repeat （SSR） molecular marker development and PCR amplification verification. The results showed that a total of 1.71×10³ protein-coding genes were identified in the whole genome with an average length of 1.65×10³ bp. The cluster analysis of CAZy functional annotation showed that Drosophila melanogaster, Zootermopsis nevadensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schistosoma mansoni were clustered in the same big group, whereas T. albuminosus was clustered with Pleurotus eryngii and P. ostreatus in an individual branch of another big group. The phylogenetic analysis based on full-length 18S rRNA gene sequences showed that there was a certain distance between the genus Termitomyces and common cultivated edible mushroom species, and among them Flammulina velutipes, Hericium erinaceus and Lentinula edodes were relatively closer to Termitomyces spp. compared with other species. Amplification of SSR markers indicated that Termitomyces spp. distributed in a region were highly similar in heredity.

The genetic diversity of Pleurotus citrinopilestus resources in National Edible Fungi Germplasm Resource Bank （Shanghai） was investigated by analyzing the genomic sequences of 24 strains with 15 inter-simple sequence repeats （ISSR） makers. Agronomic traits were also measured for the 24 strains, and the correlation between ISSR makers and agronomic traits was analyzed by Pearson’s correlation analysis. The results showed that there were abundant genetic variations in the 24 P. citrinopilestus strains. A total of 72 polymorphic fragments were detected by the ISSR markers, the polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0.08-0.72, the Nei’s diversity index gene was 0.22-0.46, and the Shannon’s diversity index was 0.33-0.65. Using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） algorithm, the 24 strains were clustered into seven groups as follows： wild strain P1 was clustered independently in group Ⅰ; wild strains P4, P9, P10 and P11were clustered in group Ⅱ; wild strains P5 and P7 were clustered in group Ⅲ; wild strains P2, P8, and cultivated strains P12, P13 and P14 were clustered in group Ⅳ; cultivated strains P21 and P22 were clustered in group Ⅴ; cultivated strains P15, P17, P19 and P20 were clustered in group Ⅵ; wild strains P3, P6, and cultivated strains P16, P18, P23 and P24 were clustered in group Ⅶ. Wild stains and cultivated strains were generally clustered separately, and the genetic distance between P23 and P24 was very close. The variation coefficients of seven agronomic traits, including the first flush yield, number of fruiting body, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, depth of pileus depression, stipe diameter and stipe length, ranged from 5.03% to 32.20%, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 4.50-4.57. There were seven ISSR markers correlated with the first flush yield, pileus diameter and stipe diameter, among which ISSR 6 and ISSR17 were positively correlated （P<0.05） with first flush yield and stipe diameter.

To investigate whether Lentinula edodes secretes lignin peroxidase （LiP）, different L. edodes strains were cultured by four kinds of media （yeast malt extract, complete, basic and PDA）, and then observed for decolorization activity to chromogenic substrates （R Brilliant Blue R and azure B） on solid agar plates using Ganoderma lucidum as the positive control. Using Pleurotus eryngii and G. lucidum as controls, crude enzyme solutions of liquid cultures of different L. edodes strains were measured for lignocellulose activity. Using P. eryngii as the positive control, different L. edodes strains were cultured by a nitrogen limited medium （0.05% tryptone）, and then observed for decolorization activity to chromogenic substrates （R Brilliant Blue R, azure B, and reactive black 5） on agar plates, and also measured for LiP activity in crude enzyme solution by a decolorization reaction system comprising tartaric acid buffer （pH 3.5）, azure B （as the substrate）, veratrol alcohol （as the electron donor） and H₂O₂ （as the activator）. The results showed that in four kinds of culture media with unlimited nitrogen sources, the L. edodes strains failed to decolorize R Bright Blue R and azure B, whereas G. lucidum decolorized both. No LiP activity was detected in the crude enzyme solutions of L. edodes cultured with nitrogen-unlimited media. When cultured under limited nitrogen, L. edodes decolorized R Brilliant Blue R and azure B, but failed to decolorize reactive black 5, which was decolorized by the positive control. After 12 d under limited nitrogen, the LiP activity of all L. edodes strains increased with the increase of culture time. There was no difference in LiP activity between different L. edodes strains at 12 d. Upon cultivation under limited nitrogen for 22 d, strain 1504 showed strong LiP activity （39.74 U·L^-1）, and the decolorization rate of azure B reached 66.21% at 12 h. The LiP activities of strains 215, a2sm99 and gsm207 were 29.86, 29.24 and 27.34 U·L^-1, respectively. The LiP activity of strain bsm83 was relatively weak （13.28 U·L^-1）. These findings indicated that the secretion of LiP from L. edodes was promoted by limited nitrogen in culture media.

The effects of light quality and light intensity on agronomic traits and contents of cordycepin and adenosine of Cordyceps militaris were studied. Different light quality included white light, violet light （443 nm）, blue light （465 nm）, green light （527 nm）, orange light （595 nm） and red light （660 nm）, and each light quality was set with four light intensities, 250 lx, 500 lx, 750 lx and 1000 lx, respectively. The results showed that green light resulted in greater fruiting body dry weight compared with other light wavelengths with the maximum value of （5.21±0.23） g per bottle at 750 lx. There was no significant difference in fruiting body dry weight between different light intensities. The greatest cordycepin content was achieved under 1000 lx blue light, reaching （2.03±0.07） mg·g^-1. Under low light intensities （250 and 500 lx）, purple light, green light, orange light and red light had a greater effect on cordycepin content than blue light. Regardless of light intensity, orange light resulted in a relatively greater adenosine content, ranging from （2.52±0.03） mg·g^-1 to （2.72±0.15） mg·g^-1,and the adenosine content under 250 lx orange light was significantly greater than that of other lights at 250 lx. Except purple light, there was no significant difference in adenosine content between different light intensities of the same light quality. Compared with light intensity, light quality had a greater influence on the growth and development of C. militaris fruiting body and the biosynthesis of cordycepin and adenosine.

In order to screen superior varieties for factory production of Agaricus bisporus with phase 3 compost, 20 candidate A. bisporus strains were measured for mycelial growth rate and biomass, and then cultivated with phase 2 compost. In the cultivation with phase 2 compost, mycelial growth during budding was observed, and the following parameters were recorded or measured for each strain： time for primordium development, fruiting body color, time and duration for the first flush, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, stipe diameter and stipe length of 10 randomly sampled fruiting bodies of the first flush, and the first and second flush yield. The selected strain was then cultivated with phase 3 compost using the commercial strain 901 as the control. The results showed that the mycelial growth rate of U3 was significantly greater than that of other candidate strains, reaching 4.85 mm·d^-1. In terms of mycelial biomass, strain 8302 ranked first （2.48 g·100 mL^-1）, followed by K6 （2.33 g·100 mL^-1）, but there was no significant difference between the two strains. After the cultivation with phase 2 compost, MG, XXX, 901, FG, W192, 914, Fumo 38, 8305 and K6 comprehensively performed well. They showed excellent mycelial growth, early fruiting time （17-19 d after casing）, and tight harvest duration （8-10 d for the first flush）. Among them, K6 was finally selected because it resembled commercial strains XXX and A15 in fruiting body morphology with large and thick pilei. When cultivated with phase 3 compost, K6 showed a non-significant decrease in A grade mushrooms and a significant increase in B grade mushrooms compared with 901 during the first flush. The overall yield of A and B grade mushrooms of K6 was 26.36 kg·m^-2, which was 6.18% greater than that of 901 （25.78 kg·m^-2）. There was no significant difference in total yield between K6 （38.44 kg·m^-2） and 901 （41.32 kg·m^-2）, suggesting that K6 is suitable for domestic factory production with phase 3 compost.

Wild fruiting bodies of Cubamyces lactineus collected from Shiwandashan National Nature Reserve in Guangxi Province were isolated, studied for biological characteristics, and then domesticated. The results showed that the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature and pH for the mycelial growth of C. lactineus were sucrose, beef extract, 35-40 ℃ and pH 5.5-7.5, respectively. The optimal culture substrate for domestication was composed of 39% broadleaf sawdust, 39% cottonseed hull, 20% wheat bran, 1% lime, and 1% gypsum, and the resultant yield was 85.35 g per bag. The results of light condition study showed that C. lactineus was suitable to grow under natural light conditions, whereas no fruiting body was developed under dark or continuous illumination conditions.

Two protein extraction methods, high-pressure cooking method and flash extraction method, were compared for extraction rate of H. erinaceus proteins. The flash extraction method showed better results and was then optimized through single factor experiments and orthogonal design. The optimized process was as follows： extraction voltage 180 v, solid-liquid ratio 1∶27.5 （g∶mL）, extraction repeated four times. Using the optimized process, the protein extraction rate was 20.34%, and the resultant protein extract was further isolated and purified by membrane separation and gel filtration chromatography to yield three peptide components, LEP-1, LEP-2, and LEP-3. The three peptide components showed similar capacity in scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals, and their DPPH and ABTS scavenging rates were 76.5%-86.2% and 94.2%-96.8%, respectively. The ferric ion reducing power of LEP-1 was greater than that of the other two. The amino acid sequences of the three peptides were predicted to be Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly-Gly-Ser-Ala, Gly-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro and Leu-Ala-Gly-His, respectively.

Deep eutectic solvents were used in ultrasound assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Clitocybe squamulosa （D-CSFP）. Single factor experiments and response surface design were carried out to optimize the extraction process, and the derived D-CSFP was measured for extraction rate and polysaccharide content, analyzed for structure and studied for its rheological properties. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions for D-CSFP were follows： extraction time 40 min, extraction temperature 75 ℃, and solid-liquid ratio 1∶24 （g∶mL）. Under these conditions, the extraction rate, yield and polysaccharide content were （5.31±0.09）%,（6.52±0.29）%,and （81.42±0.59）%,respectively. The weight average molecular weight （M_w） and number average molecular weight （M_n） of D-CSFP were 35312 and 24494, respectively. D-CSFP was composed of glucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine hydrochloride and xylose in the molar ratio of 6.53∶2.04：1.23∶0.1∶0.09. D-CSFP showed good rheological properties, and thus can be used as a new hydrocolloid in the food, medicine and cosmetics industries. This study provided a reference for green extraction of edible fungi polysaccharides, and a basis for the development of D-CSFP products.

Using eight culture media,cultivable bacteria in 12 stroma,sclerotium and habitat soil samples of Ophiocordyceps bispora from Ailao Mountain of Yunnan province were isolated,classified by morphology and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Based on the origin and taxonomy of the obtained strains,they were randomly selected and tested for antibacterial activity against 25 pathogenic bacteria by the agar well diffusion method. The results showed that a total of 302 strains were isolated,of which 275 strains were sequenced and classified into 65 species,18 genera,18 families,14 orders,and 4 phyla. Among them,Streptomyces,Bacillus,Paenibacillus,Nocardia,and Rhizobium were the dominant endophytic bacterial genera of O. bispora,and B. subtilis,N. nova,S. natalensis,S. angustmyceticus,S. platensis,S. xanthocidicus,N. jiangxiensis,and B. altitudinis were the dominant endophytic bacterial species of O. bispora. The bacteria isolated from habitat soil （57 species,16 genera,and 16 families） were more abundant than that of stroma （17 species,9 genera,and 9 families） and sclerotium （7 species,3 genera,and 3 families）. Among 199 randomly selected strains,99 strains showed antibacterial activity against at least one of the 25 pathogenic bacteria,and the positive rate of primary screening was 49.75%. Among them,eight strains showed broad-spectrum and significant antimicrobial activity against at least four pathogenic bacteria.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae is a major pest of edible fungi, and it suppresses fruiting by feeding on mycelia. Traditionally, mite resistance experiments of edible fungi were carried out in the field, which had inoculation difficulty, long period and poor repeatability. To address these problems, a simple and efficient indoor method was established to study the mite resistance of Pleurotus ostreatus. First, activated mycelia of P. ostreatus were cultivated on 6-well cell culture plates at 25 ℃ in darkness until each well was fully filled with mycelia. Second, the culture plate lids were removed and then the plates were inoculated with 0.1 gT. putrescentiae （about 1500 mites） at the space between wells. Then each plate was placed in a sealed transparent plastic box filled with 3-6 mm deep water at the bottom, and incubated in a climate chamber at 25 ℃ and 80% relative humidity to allow the mites to move and feed freely. Damage of T. putrescentiae to P. ostreatus was evaluated through observation and measuring the diameter and number of the damaged holes made by T. putrescentiae. Resistance of P. ostreatus against T. putrescentiae was verified by cultivation in bottles. The results showed that using the 6-well culture plate method, the damage level of T. putrescentiae and resistance of P. ostreatus against T. putrescentiae were quickly detected and evaluated within 48 h, and the resistance detected by the 6-well culture plate method was verified in bottle cultivation. Using the 6-well culture plate method, 84 P. ostreatus strains from the Agricultural Culture Collection of China were assessed and 59 （70.2%） of them showed resistance to T. putrescentiae, suggesting abundant anti-mite germplasm resources in China. These resources provided a basis for breeding anti-mite P. ostreatus.

The effects of feeding by Bradysia difformis larvae on defensive enzymes of five Pleurotus spp. strains were studied. The five strains were P. ostreatus Xiaobaiping （white）, P. ostreatus 8801（gray）, P. ostreatus Heiping （black）, P. djamor （red）, and P. citrinopileatus （yellow）, respectively. For each strain, the activities of SOD, CAT, PAL and LOX were measured at six time points （1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 24 h）. The results showed that feeding by B. difformis larvae resulted in significant increases of SOD activity in P. ostreatus Xiaobaiping at all time points （P<0.01）, in P. ostreatus 8801 at 1 h （P<0.01）, 5 h （P<0.05） and 9 h （P<0.05）, in P. ostreatus Heiping at 3 h and 24 h （P<0.01）, and in P. djamor at 1 h （P<0.01）, 3 h （P<0.01）, 5 h （P<0.05）, 7 h （P<0.01） and 9 h （P<0.01）. There was no significant difference in the SOD activity of P. citrinopileatus between B. difformis feeding and the blank control at all time points. In terms of CAT activity, feeding by B. difformis resulted in extremely significant （P<0.01） increases in P. ostreatus 8801 at 9 h, in P. ostreatus Heiping at 9 h and 24 h, in P. djamor at 3 h, 7 h and 24 h, and in P. citrinopileatus at 1 h and 5 h （over two folds）. There was no significant difference in the CAT activity of P. ostreatus Xiaobaiping between B. difformis feeding and the blank control at all time points. For PAL activity, feeding by B. difformis larvae resulted in significant increases in P. ostreatus Heiping at 5 h （P<0.01）, 7 h （P<0.05）, 9 h （P<0.01） and 24 h （P<0.01）, in P. djamor at 5 h （P<0.01）, and in P. citrinopileatus at 5 h and 7 h （P<0.01）. There was no significant difference in the PAL activity of P. ostreatus Xiaobaiping and 8801 at all time points between B. difformis feeding and the blank control. For LOX activity, feeding by B. difformis larvae resulted in significant increases in P. ostreatus Xiaobaiping at 5 h （P<0.01）, 7 h （P<0.01）, and 9 h （P<0.01）, in P. ostreatus 8801 at 24 h （P<0.05）, in P. ostreatus Heiping at all time points （P<0.01）, and in P. djamor at 1 h （P<0.01）, 5 h （P<0.01）, 7 h （P<0.01）, 9 h （P<0.01）, and 24 h （P<0.01）. The LOX activity of P. ostreatus Heiping was increased by more than two folds at 3 h compared with the control. There was no significant difference in the LOX activity of P. citrinopileatus between B. difformis feeding and the blank control at all time points.

In China, the growing edible fungi industry has been the most innovative productivity of agricultural economy. It is undergoing a transition toward an eco-friendly production mode with high quality and efficiency. Upon reflections on strategies for modernization of both the traditional edible fungi production and factory production of edible fungi, major technical paths were described to facilitate finding measures for the high-quality and sustainable development of the edible fungi industry in China.

The calmodulin (CaM) gene of Pleurotus tuber-regium Pt-CaM was cloned through conservative sequence alignment, rapid amplification of 3′cDNA ends (3′RACE), and fusion primer and nested integrated PCR (FPNI-PCR). The full length of Pt-CaM was found to be 856 bp and its cDNA was 477 bp, encoding 158 amino acids. The overexpression and interference vectors of Pt-CaM were constructed and successfully transformed into P. tuber-regium mycelium by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, respectively. Compared with the wild-type strain, the Pt-CaM overexpression strain showed denser mycelia under 38 ℃, and its heat shock protein 70 gene HSP70 expression, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity increased by 2.89 times, 1.49 times and 83%, respectively. In contrast, the Pt-CaM interference strain exhibited a decrease in mycelial growth, aggravated heat stress damage, a decrease in HSP70 expression by 23%, and a decrease in peroxidase (POD) activity by 30% under 38 ℃. The activities of SOD and CAT remained the same in the interference strain as in the wild-type strain. The results suggested that Pt-CaM may participate in heat tolerance of P. tuber-regium mycelium via regulating HSP70 expression and activities of SOD, CAT and POD.

The catalase (CAT) genes of Lepista sordida were cloned and analyzed for bioinformatics characteristics. Then L. sordida strains LS01 and LS02 were measured for mycelial CAT activity, H₂O₂ content, expression of identified catalase genes at different cultivation time (5, 10, 15, and 20 d) and under heat stress of 35 ℃ for 3 h and 48 h, respectively. The results showed that four CAT genes （Lscat1-Lscat4） were cloned, and they encoded 527-729 amino acids. The identified CAT genes of LS01 and LS02 encoded the same number of amino acids with some genetic differences and similar gene structures. With the increase of cultivation time, the intracellular H₂O₂ content in mycelia of both strains increased gradually, whereas the CAT activity in both strains remained stable. The expression levels of Lscat1-Lscat4 at different cultivation time were different in the two strains. For both strains, there was no significant difference in intracellular H₂O₂ content between the control and heat stress at 35 ℃ for 3 h. When stressed at 35 ℃ for 48 h, intracellular H₂O₂ content was significantly increased in LS01 but significantly decreased in LS02. Heat stress at 35 ℃ for 3 h resulted in increased CAT activity in both strains. However, the CAT activity of both strains decreased after 48 h under heat stress. Compared with the control, Lscat1, Lscat2 and Lscat3 were down-regulated in both strains stressed at 35 ℃ for 3 h. As the heat stress time increased to 48 h, Lscat2 and Lscat3 were down-regulated in LS01, but Lscat1, Lscat2 and Lscat3 were up-regulated in LS02. After being stressed at 35 ℃ for 3 h, the expression of Lscat4 remained the same as the control in LS01, but was down-regulated in LS02. On the other hand, Lscat4 was significantly up-regulated in both strains after heat stress at 35 ℃ for 48 h. This study provided a reference for further functional studies of L. sordida catalase genes.

Based on diversity of Lentinula edodes germplasm resources using InDel markers, strains of different fruiting temperature and vegetative growth time were selected as follows： strains 0912, 238, Huxiang F2 and L05 with medium low fruiting temperature and medium vegetative growth time (MLM), strains L808 and Shenxiang 215 with medium high fruiting temperature and long vegetative growth time (MHL), strains L66 and L363 with high fruiting temperature and short vegetative growth time (HS) and wild strain YS01. Using monospore hybridization, crosses were carried out within MLM group, between MLM and MHL groups, between MLM and HS groups, and between MLM and YS01, respectively. The results showed that a total of 14797 hybrids were obtained from 16 hybrid populations. The F₁ hybrids showed trait decline, and about 30% of the total hybrids produced normal fruiting bodies. For the intragroup hybridization of MLM, 13.78%-32.22% of the hybrids fruited normally, among which 3.83%-4.49% showed yield mid-parent heterosis and 1.09%-3.79% showed yield heterobeltiosis. For the hybrids of MLM and MHL, 15.76%-38.39% fruited normally, among which 2.67%-6.66% showed yield mid-parent heterosis and 0.80%-3.19% showed yield heterobeltiosis. About 36.32%-80.68% of the intergroup hybrids of MLM and HS fruited normally, among which 8.98%-27.78% showed yield mid-parent heterosis and 3.75%-15.22% showed yield heterobeltiosis. For the hybrids of MLM and YS01,50.88% fruited normally, among which 3.07% showed yield mid-parent heterosis and 0.22% showed yield heterobeltiosis. The genetic similarity coefficient of parents based on InDel markers was negatively correlated with the proportion of normally fruiting F₁ hybrids and the proportion of hybrids showing yield heterosis over mid-parent, suggesting that InDel markers have great potential in the prediction of heterosis. The results provided scientific data for the prediction of heterosis in cross breeding of edible fungi.

During the late maturation period of Auricularia heimuer, cultivation bags at mycelium stage, ear bud stage, and ear piece stage were placed under different heat stress temperatures (30 ℃, 35 ℃ and 40 ℃) for different time (24 h, 48 h and 72 h), respectively. The resultant mycelia, ear buds and ear pieces of A. heimuer were measured for malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activity of antioxidant enzymes, activity of extracellular enzymes and agronomic traits. The results showed that mycelial MDA content significantly increased under the following conditions： 30 ℃ for 48 h, 35 ℃ for 24 h and 48 h, 40 ℃ for 48 h. There was no significant difference in myceial MDA content between heat stress treatments and the control at 72 h. There was also no significant difference in MDA content of ear bud and ear piece between heat stress treatments and the control. The activity of SOD in mycelium was significantly increased at 30 ℃ for 72 h, but significantly decreased at 35 ℃ for 48-72 h and at 40 ℃ for 24 h and 72 h. The activity of SOD in ear bud was significantly increased at 30 ℃ regardless of stress time, 35 ℃ for 24 h and 40 ℃ for 24 h, but significantly decreased at 35 ℃ for 48 h and 72 h. The activity of SOD in ear piece was significantly increased at 35 ℃ for 48 h and 30 ℃ for 72 h, but significantly decreased at 30 ℃ for 48 h, 35 ℃ for 24 h, 35 ℃ for 72 h, and 40 ℃ for 48 h. There was no significant difference in mycelial catalase activity between different treatments. On the other hand, the activity of catalase in ear bud was significantly increased when stressed at 30 ℃ and 40 ℃ for 24-72 h, and at 35 ℃ for 24 h. The catalase activity of ear buds stressed at 35 ℃ for 24 h was the highest among different treatments, reaching 2.63 times that of the control. However, the catalase activity of ear buds stressed at 35 ℃ decreased sharply after 24 h and retained 54.34% of that of the control at 72 h. The activity of catalase in ear piece tended to decrease with the increase of stress temperature and the extension of stress time. There was no significant difference in laccase activity between heat stress treatments and the control. At the mycelium stage, the activity of glucoamylase initially increased by 1.21-1.64 times at 24 h and then decreased under heat stress. In contrast, the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase in mycelium decreased by 26.21%-37.75% under heat stress for 24 h. The promordium formation time under heat stress was delayed by 1-3 d compared with the control. As the temperature and time of heat stress increased, germination uniformity gradually decreased, ear piece thickness was reduced by 10.81%~54.95%, ear piece width was decreased by 2.26%~34.15%, and yield per bag was decreased by 7.20%~ 39.88%.

Wild fruiting bodies with bright color and robust growth were collected in a soybean field of Liujiaba, Luojiang Town, Tongchuan District, Dazhou City, Sichuan Province, and then subjected to tissue isolation, purification, primary screening and secondary screening to yield an excellent strain HL-13. Using the local main strains JL-3 and FJ-1 as the control, HL-13 was compared with them in terms of antagonism, mycelium cultivation characteristics, agronomic traits and phylogeny. HL-13 was also compared with JL-3 for biological efficiency in regional experiment and field production experiment. The results showed that HL-13 was selected due to its luxuriant mycelial growth with a significantly increased growth rate of (5.93±0.02) mm·d^-1. Its mycelial growth pH, mycelial growth temperature, fruiting temperature and cultivation period were pH 4-10, 3 ℃-28 ℃, 5 ℃-26 ℃, and 85 d, respectively. Fruiting bodies of HL-13 were pink purple to deep purple. The biological efficiency of HL-13 was (45.32±0.29)%, which was superior to that of JL-3 and FJ-1. The genetic distance between HL-13 and the controls was 0.0005. In the regional experiment between 2017 and 2018,HL-13 showed a significantly higher biological efficiency than JL-3 at all three test sites. Compared with JL-3, the average yield of HL-13 increased by 14.94% and 15.90% in spring and autumn, respectively. In the field production experiment between 2018 and 2019, HL-13 showed a significantly higher biological efficiency than JL-3 at all three sites, and the average yield of HL-13 increased by 17.7%.

To study the genetic diversity of germplasm resources of Coprinus comatus, 17 agronomic traits of 39 C. comatus strains were determined or measured and then subjected to diversity analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis using Shannon-Wiener's genetic diversity index (H′) and coefficient of variation. The results showed that the H′ of the 17 agronomic traits for the 39 C.comatus strains ranged from 0.20 to 1.67. The H′ of pileus color and stipe shape were small, whereas the H′ of pileus width was relatively large. The variation coefficients of five quantitative traits with a large H′ ranged from 15.44% to 26.23%, and the coefficient of variation of all quantitative traits was greater than 10%, suggesting a high degree of variation. There were significant or extremely significant correlations between 14 traits, such as mycelial vigor, bulge at the top of pileus, number of scales on pileus, pileus color and color at the top of pileus. Cluster analysis in Q-mode showed that the tested strains were clustered into the following five groups at the euclidean distance of 1.55： group I was characterized by a small number of pileus scales; group II was characterized by swollen position of stipe near the base; group III was characterized by nearly rod-shaped stipe; group IV was characterized by long fruiting bodies and late harvest time; group V was characterized by pale yellow pileus color. Cluster analysis in R-mode showed that the tested strains were clustered into the following two groups at the euclidean distance of 1.81： group I had 12 traits, among which 10 traits were relatively independent, and the remaining two, stipe shape and relative position between pileus and stipe, were significantly correlated; group II contained five independent traits. After principal analysis, the first six principal components were selected out of the 17 traits, and their cumulative contribution rate was 70.64%. Based on absolute value of feature vector and contribution rate of principal component, four traits were selected as evaluation indices, including stipe shape, swollen position on stipe, harvest time and number of scales on pileus. The first six principle components were used to calculate comprehensive scores of the tested strains, and the scores ranged from -0.75 to 1.77. Five strains with a high comprehensive score were then selected to be used as high-quality germplasm resources.

Three culture substrates and five strains of Inonotus obliquus were screened for increased triterpenoid content in sclerotium by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation at 0.92 μmoL·L^-1. Then the effects of MeJA concentration on mycelial growth and sclerotium development of I. obliquus were studied. The results showed that strain No.1 showed a high sclerotium yield of 21.9 g per bag and a high triterpene content of 70.22 mg·g^-1 using substrate No. 3 (36% birch sawdust, 30% miscellaneous sawdust, 20% corncob, 10% wheat bran, 2% soybean powder, 1% sucrose, 1% gypsum) supplemented with 0.92 μmoL·L^-1 MeJA.

The three-phase partitioning (TPP) method was used to extract crude polysaccharides from Flammulina filiformis. Using the extract obtained by the traditional alcohol precipitation method (FVP70) as the control, the TPP derived crude polysaccharide extract (FVPTPP) was measured for extraction yield, protein content, polysaccharide content, monosaccharide composition, weight-average molecular weight distribution, and in vitro antioxidant and immunological activities. The results showed that the extraction yield of FVPTPP (2.30%) was lower than that of FVP70. However, FVPTPP had a significantly higher polysaccharide content of 40.53%. TTPFVP consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 2.6:10.8:13.3:1.0:4.7:0.1, and mainly contained two polysaccharide components with a weight average molecular weight of 2.36×10⁷ and 4.77×10⁵, respectively. On the other hand, FVP70 consisted of fucose, glucosamine, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid in the molar ratio of 6.2:1.0:23.3:25.7:4.2:11.3:0.3, and mainly contained one polysaccharide component with a weight average molecular weight of 3.31×10⁵. Compared with FVP70, TPPFVP showed stronger DPPH and ABTS scavenging ability, ferric reducing ability, and stimulation of NO release from RAW264.7 cells.

Crude polysaccharides of Sanghuangporus vaninii fruiting bodies cultivated on artificial substrate prepared from oak sawdust （DL）,artificial substrate prepared from mulberry sawdust （DS）,Quercus serrata log sections for two years （D2） and Quercus serrata log sections for three years （D3）,were stepwise precipitated with 20%,50% and 70% （V:V） ethanol. For each ethanol gradient,the precipitates of DL,DS,D2 and D3 were compared in terms of polysaccharide content,total phenol content,monosaccharide composition,weight average molecular distribution,immune activity in vitro,and antioxidant activity in vitro. The results showed that the 50% ethanol fractions showed the most significant difference in polysaccharide content among all three gradients,with D2 （54.56%） and D3 （58.55%） containing more polysaccharides than DL （32.42%） and DS （33.56%）. For the 20% ethanol fractions,total phenol content was high in DL （10.65%）,DS （15.47%） and D2 （15.70%）. For both 50% and 70% ethanol gradients,total phenol content was high in D3,with 9.98% in the 50% ethanol fraction and 8.43% in the 70% ethanol fraction. Compared with DL,D2 and D3,DS showed a smaller weight-average molecular weight under all three ethanol gradients. Fractions of DL,D2 and D3 were mainly distributed at 1.359×10⁵,7.439×10⁴ and 6.823×10⁴ at 50% ethanol,and 1.124×10⁵,2.417×10⁴ and 2.179×10⁴ at 70% ethanol,respectively. The 20% ethanol fraction of D3 was composed of glucose. The DL fractions at 50% and 70% ethanol were composed of galactose,glucose and mannose. D2 had the most complex monosaccharide composition. In terms of immune activity,the most significant difference was found in the 50% ethanol fractions,with D2 and D3 stimulating the release of NO from macrophages more than DL and DS. In terms of antioxidant activity,D2 had a higher scavenging rate of DPPH and ABTS radicals than DL,DS and D3 regardless of ethanol gradient. These results provided a reference for selection of a suitable cultivation material and mode in the cultivation of S. vaninii according to the desired active components and cultivation adaptability.

Using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) in combination with multi-angle laser light scattering detector and refraction index detector, polysaccharides from 110 fruiting body samples of different Ganoderma lucidum strains were analyzed for molecular weight distribution. Based on time and number of elution peaks, the 110 samples were categorized into the following four groups. Group A contained seven samples comprising three polysaccharide fractions GLP1, GLP2 and GLP3. Group B had 77 samples and their fruiting body polysaccharides only contained GLP3. Group C had 24 samples and their fruiting body polysaccharides comprised GLP1 and GLP3. Group D had two samples and their fruiting body polysaccharides comprised GLP2 and GLP3. The M_w of GLP1, GLP2 and GLP3 were 1.85×10⁶-5.47×10⁶ g·mol^-1, 2.16×10⁶-5.73×10⁶ g·mol^-1, and 10⁴ g·mol^-1, respectively. Then high purity GLP1 (80.47%-92.52% polysaccharide content) and GLP2 (69.75%-91.71% polysaccharide content) were obtained from eight representative G. lucidum fruiting body samples by gradient ethanol precipitation. The obtained GLP1 and GLP2 were compared in terms of M_w, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage mode and immunological activity. The results showed that GLP1 and GLP2 were glucans comprising different structures. GLP1 was a glucan comprising a β-(1→3)-linked backbone and β-(1→6)-linked side chains, whereas GLP2 was a glucan comprising an α-(1→4)-linked backbone and α-(1→6)-linked side chains. GLP1 showed stronger Dectin-1 binding activity to stimulate immunity than GLP2. The results suggested that the distribution and content of GLP1 from G. lucidum should receive more attention when developing immune products.