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SDGs 目标1: 零贫困

SDGs GOAL 1: No poverty:End poverty in all its forms everywhere

联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs) 目标1零贫困:消除所有形式的贫困。包括以下具体目标:

目标 1.1 到2030年,消除世界各地所有人的极端贫困,目前以每天生活费低于1.25美元标准来衡量。

目标 1.2 到2030年,根据国别定义,将所有年龄段的男子、妇女和儿童在各个方面生活贫困的比例至少减少一半

目标 1.3 为所有人实施适合本国的社会保障制度和措施,包括最低标准,并在2030年前实现穷人和弱势群体的广泛复盖

目标 1.4 到2030年,确保所有男女,特别是穷人和弱势群体,享有平等的经济资源权利,以及获得基本服务、土地和其他形式财产的所有权和控制权、继承权、自然资源、适当的新技术和金融服务,包括小额信贷

目标 1.5 到2030年,建设穷人和弱势群体的复原力,减少他们对气候相关极端事件以及其他经济、社会和环境冲击和灾害的暴露和脆弱性

具体目标 1.a 确保从各种来源,包括通过加强发展合作,大量调动资源,以便为发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家提供充分和可预测的手段,以执行各种方案和政策,消除所有方面的贫穷

具体目标 1.b 根据扶贫和对性别问题敏感的发展战略,在国家、区域和国际各级建立健全的政策框架,支持加快对消除贫穷行动的投资

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  • 谢明义, 徐广才, 邵维明, 张艳芳
    农学学报. 2022, 12(10): 94-100. https://doi.org/10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2021-0046

    生态涵养区是首都生态安全的重要屏障,也是当地经济社会发展的重要基础,生态涵养区发展要处理好生态保护与经济发展的关系。以北京市生态涵养区之一的密云区为研究对象,分析2006—2018年农民收入的变化,并从农林水务支出、地区生产总值、耕地面积等角度选取指标,构建影响因素评价体系,运用因子分析和多元线性回归分析等方法,探讨各指标对农民收入的影响。结果显示,农民人均收入总体上呈上升趋势且与选取指标均存在相关关系,与农林水务支出、地区生产总值等5项呈正相关关系,与农业机械总动力等指标呈现负相关关系。研究提出强化基础设施建设、加大人力资本投资力度、大力助推产业转型升级和完善生态保护补偿机制等适应性增收策略,以促进生态涵养区生态经济协调发展。

  • 平雨禾, 周千卉, 赵月, 覃燕莉
    农业科研经济管理. 2022, 0(3): 17-19. https://doi.org/10.7621/cjarrp.1005-9121.20220305

    进一步巩固脱贫攻坚成果,确保不发生规模性返贫,是全面推进乡村振兴的重要内容。在党建引领的视域下,文章分析探讨了西南民族地区产业发展、党建引领、与农民群体存在的问题,从党建+思想、党建+制度、党建+人才、党建+产业4个角度,深入剖析实现乡村振兴的前提、保障、关键和动力因素,理清和构建党组织与农民群体的内在联系,不断提高基层的治理能力和治理水平,助力新时代乡村振兴。

  • 王枫, 石红青, 蒋秋敏
    中国农学通报. 2022, 38(8): 147-151. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0389

    研究旨在总结经济林产业扶贫的主要成效,发现问题,提出发挥经济林产业巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成效重要作用的政策建议。通过数据收集分析和对山西、四川和云南3省6县的实地调研发现,经济林产业扶贫成效显著,成为农民收入的主要来源,促进了农民就业和美丽乡村建设。然而,脱贫地区的经济林产业还存在规划落实不到位、栽培品种混杂、管理措施粗放、加工存储产业滞后和科技支撑力度不够等突出问题。针对以上问题,从加强对经济林产业的宏观指导、强化科技支撑和技术推广、积极拓展林业产业政策、提升产业发展的组织化品牌化水平和积极培育流通体系等方面提出建议,为更好发展林业特色产业、巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成效、全面推进乡村振兴提供政策参考。

  • 梁俊芬, 张磊, 张辉玲, 周灿芳, 万忠
    中国农学通报. 2022, 38(6): 149-157. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0455

    农业农村工作,说一千、道一万,增加农民收入是关键。本文通过系统回顾改革开放40多年来广东农民收入的变动历程及其来源构成,分析当前及今后一段时期广东农民增收面临的主要问题和挑战,判断未来广东农民收入的增长点及政策选择,具有重要现实意义。研究发现,改革开放以来广东农民收入增速经历了“快速增长—明显下滑—恢复—低迷—持续较快增长”5个阶段;农民收入来源发生了根本性变化,工资性收入贡献占主体地位、经营性收入贡献呈递减趋势、转移性收入成为新亮点、财产性收入贡献度较低;城乡居民收入绝对差距呈“剪刀差”持续扩大趋势。当前,广东农民收入增长中存在财产性收入偏少、分配公平性不足等问题和矛盾。新时期,需适应经济新常态的变化,着力构建农民持续稳定增收的长效机制,包括提升农民人力资本,促进农村一二三产业融合发展,完善农村各项产权制度,提高农村社会保障水平等。

  • 周文杰
    农业图书情报学报. 2022, 34(1): 6-15. https://doi.org/10.13998/j.cnki.issn1002-1248.21-0432
    [目的/意义]2020年后,巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,建立解决相对贫困问题的长效机制,是实施乡村振兴战略亟待解决的重要问题,而信息减贫将成为解决这一问题的关键突破口。[方法/过程]本文对近年来中国政府出台的促进信息富裕化相关政策文本进行了系统检索、梳理,并结合前期现场调研的有关发现,对信息减贫问题展开了理论分析。[结果/结论]研究发现,中国信息富裕化政策虽然已取得显著成效,但仍存在“重硬件,轻软件”“重投入,轻评估”“重项目,轻内容”“重社会层面的信息资源配置,轻个体层面的信息贫困干预”“重信息基础设施的覆盖率,轻信息贫困目标人群的精准识别”等“五重五轻”现象。据此,本文在分析了信息贫困与经济相对贫困之间逻辑关联的基础上,提出相应的政策建议和未来的研究方向。
  • 樊振佳, 刘兆毅, 杨谢怡
    农业图书情报学报. 2022, 34(1): 38-48. https://doi.org/10.13998/j.cnki.issn1002-1248.21-0984
    [目的/意义]随着5G、大数据、人工智能等新一代ICT在数字乡村建设中不断释放发展效应,原本位于信息弱势地位的农村居民很可能被新一轮的ICT革新浪潮裹挟而陷入新的信息贫困。因此,梳理数智化时代农村信息贫困的表征现实意义凸显。[方法/过程]通过田野调查以及深度访谈等方法,获取农村居民基本信息、ICT接入和使用情况、信息行为以及信息环境等数据,梳理数智化时代农村信息贫困表征。[结果/结论]研究描述了数智化带给农村居民信息实践的变化,发现了时空精力、智识水平、社会支持和个体心理等因素影响农村居民的数字资本积累,进而形成了ICT设备的无效使用、新一轮的数字排斥和无效数字反哺等农村信息贫困的新表征。
  • 廖冰
    农学学报. 2021, 11(12): 118-124. https://doi.org/10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0233

    为系统构建返贫风险研究脉络,通过文献研究方法与比较分析方法对国内外主流期刊已有研究文献进行梳理,发现已有返贫风险研究存在以下不足:研究对象多集中于贫困户,难以跟踪农户脱贫后生产生活变化趋势;研究视角多从“事后治理贫困”入手,难以对贫困先期防范预警;研究方法多为单一的指标体系法或者特征指数法,难以实现优势互补。据此构建了返贫风险未来研究脉络并归纳了未来研究趋势(3个转向):亟需从“贫困人口”转向“脱贫人口”,并厘清脱贫人口返贫机理;亟需从“事后治理贫困”转向事前、事中、事后全过程防控返贫,建立全过程联防机制,增加多重保障;亟需从“单一的指标体系法或特征指数法”转向“指标体系与特征指数相结合的综合方法”。

  • 崔志伟
    中国农学通报. 2021, 37(35): 160-164. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-1036

    截至2020年底,全国消除了绝对贫困。但是,当前乡村经济,尤其是山区乡村经济的发展,还存在农民发展观念落后、生产方式单一、缺乏发展思路等问题。这些问题严重制约了山区乡村经济的振兴。实施乡村振兴战略,需要政府和社会聚焦现状,找出问题,分析原因,提出对策,共同携手建设和发展好乡村经济。本研究以河北省F县为例,结合河北其他脱贫山区的农村情况,分析现阶段乡村经济,尤其是山区的乡村经济存在的问题并提出相应对策,以期为乡村振兴发展建言献策。

  • 许叶颖, 杨娟, 汪妍, 钱婷婷, 郑秀国
    中国农学通报. 2021, 37(34): 153-158. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0793

    笔者通过深入分析美国农业保险的发展历程以及农业收入保险的运行经验,总结出美国农业保险发展对于上海农业保险乃至中国农业保险发展的借鉴作用,并提出了促进中国农业保险发展的建议,主要包括加大农业保险法治法规的建设;重视农业保险需求的区域差异,满足不同农业经营主体的需求;加大宣传力度,增强农民的参保意识,提高其投保的积极性;加强信息化平台的建设等。

  • 林慧, 王玉斌
    农学学报. 2021, 11(9): 111-117. https://doi.org/10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2021-0107

    为了提高农民的非农收入,解决“三农”的核心问题,运用VAR(向量自回归)模型,实证探究了黑龙江省农业机械化与农民非农收入之间的互动关系。研究结果表明:黑龙江省农业机械化与农民非农收入互为格兰杰因果,黑龙江省农业机械化的发展对非农收入的增加有着较为稳定的促进作用,但短期来看存在一定的滞后性;而非农收入的增加会较为强烈地抑制农业机械化的发展,两者尚未形成良性的相互促进的互动关系。鉴于此,研究提出依靠科技进步带动黑龙江省农业机械化发展,通过完善农业合作组织提升农业机械服务保障水平,加强农机技能培训发挥农业机械利用效率,拓宽农民的非农就业渠道增加农民的非农收入等方面的建议,以期促进黑龙江省农业机械化和非农收入之间形成互相促进的良性互动关系。

  • 李斌, 杨豪中
    农学学报. 2021, 11(9): 118-124. https://doi.org/10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0199

    为了解决好区域性地方精准扶贫,结合商洛市商州区的精准扶贫现状,运用了图表数据统计的方法,对贫困地区土地利用、精准扶贫完成情况、人口素质等方面进行分析,结果表明精准扶贫还存在扶贫基础薄弱,脱贫攻坚难度大,人口素质低,观念落后等问题,由此提出应加大政府政策引导,积极推进产业规模化发展,促进扶贫产业多样化与融合发展,强化贫困户技能培训与教育工作,做好贫困动态管理,从源头杜绝返贫多方位融资,加强项目管理等做法,继续促进贫困户脱贫致富,推动深度贫困山区的全面发展,真正使其迈向小康社会。

  • 杨晓辉, 杜荣, 秦瑞敏, 徐满厚
    农学学报. 2021, 11(8): 116-124. https://doi.org/10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas2020-0226

    山西省境内的吕梁、太行两大集中连片特困区是国家扶贫攻坚的主战场。本研究以该片区所辖4市21个国家级贫困县作为研究对象,从山西省统计局统计年鉴及国务院扶贫办获取研究区内2008—2018年共11年农业经济数据,采用主成分分析法对区域内的农业经济发展状况进行评价,旨在探讨山西集中连片特困区农业经济发展状况的时空分布特征及其与贫困之间的关系。结果表明:两大片区的农业经济发展水平具有地域差异性,随着时间推移,农业经济发展有所好转,但农民在农业生产过程中大量使用落后的农业机械削减了农民的生产积极性,从而导致农业总产值降低,在农业种植中施用过多化肥造成土壤贫瘠、土壤质量下降,引起农作物产量减少,进一步导致贫困加重。因此,在集中连片特困区进行精准脱贫时,要“依地施策、依时施策”,改变该区传统落后的农业生产方式,走绿色、包容、可持续的农业经济发展道路。

  • 徐晓
    中国农学通报. 2021, 37(21): 160-164. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0665

    电商扶贫是促进贫困地区发展并最终摆脱贫困的一种创新型扶贫手段。黑龙江省作为中国最北的农业大省,一方面存在一定程度的农村贫困问题,另一方面又具有生态环境良好、绿色农产品资源丰富的优势,因此十分适合运用电商手段助力精准扶贫和精准脱贫。以黑龙江省为研究对象,通过全面梳理和系统性分析黑龙江省农村电商扶贫现状,发现电商扶贫中存在农民从业人员“等靠要”思想严重、电商产业缺乏领军人物、农产品标准化程度低和基础设施相对不足等问题,并有针对性的提出提高贫困户电商脱贫意识、培养农村电商领军人才、建立本土农产品电商知名品牌和完善基础设施等对策建议,为黑龙江省进一步发展农村电商扶贫提供新的思路与方向。

  • 吴文婕, 王梦珂, 赵艳梅, 凯迪日耶·艾力
    中国农学通报. 2021, 37(15): 137-142. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0062

    推进贫困地区女性就业脱贫对增强女性自我发展能力,促进家庭可持续发展具有重要意义。本文借鉴参与式农村评价法、可持续生计框架理论,对新疆喀什地区2020年脱贫县典型乡镇进行实地抽样调查,从个人禀赋、家庭特征与社会保障层面对少数民族女性脆弱性贫困进行分类识别,建立少数民族女性弹性就业可持续生计资产评价体系,测算其家庭生计资产,对比分析女性弹性就业生计资产稳定性差异,探讨贫困地区少数民族女性弹性就业脱贫效益与生计可持续诉求。研究表明:(1)研究区农村女性弹性就业意愿较为强烈,个人资源禀赋、家庭环境以及社会保障因素均可产生脆弱性贫困风险。(2)研究区4县农村女性弹性就业生计资产指数水平总体偏低且差异较大。(3)依据资产指数与脆弱性特征,将莎车县、叶城县界定为个人禀赋、家庭环境脆弱型区域,英吉沙县、伽师县界定为家庭环境、社会保障脆弱型区域,据此提出相应对策建议,实现优化女性生计资产配置,维护就业脱贫可持续发展。

  • 吴静, 曾桢
    农业图书情报学报. 2021, 33(4): 14-21. https://doi.org/10.13998/j.cnki.issn1002-1248.20-0436
    [目的/意义]新时代脱贫攻坚目标任务如期完成,现行标准下农村贫困人口全部脱贫,但在信息传播发展方面仍是短板弱项。因此探究贵州省农村地区信息贫困影响因素,为推动城乡信息传播协调发展提供依据。[方法/过程]文章基于5年深度访谈87位农村贫困地区农民,根据质性研究中的扎根理论原则,基于Nvivo11软件对访谈资料进行整理。从农民自体因素、信息基础设施建设因素、信息获取内容因素3个方面对农村信息贫困的影响因素进行质性分析。[结果/结论]影响因素导致农民信息意识淡薄、信息传播不通畅以及传播内容不完整准确,信息效用难以发挥。
  • 李逸晨, 吴明霞, 普垠森, 樊振佳
    农业图书情报学报. 2021, 33(4): 22-34. https://doi.org/10.13998/j.cnki.issn1002-1248.20-0855
    [目的/意义]随着现代工业化进程和“互联网+”的有效推进,利用ICT满足国民对田园农耕生活的向往已经成为现代农业发展的一个重要方向。农业游戏化作为一种新兴农业扶贫模式,将ICT拓展到农产品的销售过程,通过游戏化的方式使用户得以参与到农耕的过程当中,体验农耕的乐趣。[方法/过程]通过田野调查,结合二手案例分析等研究方法,基于对云南S、L、H三县的实地考察,了解当地的扶贫攻坚情况,发现其现存的发展问题及在发展过程当中已构建完成的设施和政策基础,并基于其优势环境,针对其发展问题提出通过农业产业扶贫模式的创新来助力地区发展。[结果/结论]本文探索当地进行数字化农业游戏营销模式的优势条件,发现潜在问题,并建立数字化农业游戏营销的扶贫路径。
  • 毛昭庆, 王雪娇, 陈良正, 鄢文光, 李隆伟
    中国农学通报. 2021, 37(10): 150-157. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0292

    明确粮食单产变化的贡献因素,为保障贫困山区粮食安全提供应对策略。以云南为例,根据1989—2018年的粮食生产数据,利用RLI模型,构建粮食单产变化的因素分解模型,从作物和区域2个角度对云南粮食单产变化的贡献因素进行分解测算。结果显示,云南粮食单产呈明显上升趋势,且单产变化的稳定性有所增强。云南粮食增产的首要贡献因素是粮食作物单产水平的提升,平均贡献率达82.21%,但结构效应的作用也不容小觑。从作物角度看,玉米和薯类的综合效应最大,贡献率达134.89%。从区域角度看,保山市、昭通市、西双版纳州、文山州、临沧市和德宏州发挥主导作用。贫困山区省份的各级政府在巩固脱贫攻坚成果时,要妥善处理产业扶贫经济作物与粮食作物的关系,优化贫困山区粮食生产优势区域的产业结构,加大贫困山区粮食新品种和新技术的研发投入,加快完善贫困山区粮食技术推广体系,增强贫困山区粮食储备与应急机制。

  • NIE Feng-ying, BI Jie-ying, Apurv MARU
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 851-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63647-X
    Introduction
    Ending poverty in all its forms everywhere is the first Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations (2021a).  Progress towards this goal has varied but also been fruitful.  Between 1990 and 2015, over a billion people were lifted out of extreme poverty (World Bank 2018).  From 36% of the population under extreme poverty in 1990 to 10% in 2015 (United Nations 2021b).  The world achieved the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of reducing the poverty rate from 1990 by half in 2010, five years ahead of the year 2015 (United Nations 2020).  The poverty rate fell to approximately 9% in 2018 (World Bank 2020b).  These efforts reaffirm the commitment of the vital international body and the nations within it to prioritize resources for poverty alleviation.  . 
    However, with the emergence of COVID-19 and other challenges, the world is experiencing some of the worst setbacks in decades.  According to the Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune report, COVID-19 will substantially impact poverty alleviation efforts, with up to 150 million added into extreme poverty by 2021 (World Bank 2020a).  However, United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) estimates the figure to be up to half a billion people. This has resulted in poverty rising globally for the first time since 1990 (United Nations 2021b).
    Eight of the ten new poor are expected to be from middle-income countries, estimated to be between 119 and 124 million (Lakner et al. 2021).  The United Nations (2021a) had projected prior to COVID-19 that the total population under extreme poverty by 2030 would be 6%, thereby missing the target of having no more than 3% living on less than 1.9 USD
    a day (World Bank 2020b).
    Efforts with direct and indirect effects on poverty have been underway for decades.  Most of them were in the developing world.  Large countries, including China, Brazil, India, and Russia, are among the high-middle-income and low-middle-income countries, representing the highest numbers in poverty globally, whilst also being the most vulnerable to poverty, considerably so under COVID-19.  In 2020, China declared success in eliminating extreme poverty within rural regions.  These efforts reflect a strong commitment of leadership, institutions, and society to overcome poverty.  Medium and small countries such as Tanzania, Ethiopia, Vietnam, and Mongolia have also made strides.  There are leading examples of moderate to highly successful poverty alleviation programs among all these and other countries. 
    In spite of these efforts, the goal of eliminating poverty remains ambitious for several reasons.  The concept of poverty itself has evolved with time from an economic-only to a multidimensional form, influenced by the dynamics of poverty and society.
    The developing world is seeking greater insight, pioneering solutions, and collaboration in addressing extreme poverty.  In reaching this goal, the Journal of Integrative Agriculture (JIA) has organized a special issue of “Paths out of Poverty” with a comprehensive review of the developing world in its fight against extreme poverty.  Enabling the developing world to share knowledge, learn from experience, and identify opportunities to collaborate with each other as part of the global initiative to achieve the first Sustainable Development Goal of the United Nations.
    Paths out of poverty is an inclusive platform with an extensive review of wide-ranging poverty alleviation efforts across the world comprising of China, Mongolia, Brazil, Russia, India, Vietnam, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and others.  This special issue consists of twenty papers across four sections, encompassing poverty governance and international experience, poverty alleviation through industrial development, innovation and inclusive development for poverty alleviation, and poverty alleviation through social safety net programs. 
    Section 1: Poverty governance and international experience
    Governance is a key determinant of success in poverty alleviation.  Research from developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America validates this view as we examine their experience.
    Fan and Cho (2021) reviewed international efforts to achieve the first SDG.  With agricultural development as the paper’s focal point, they emphasize its critical role in paths out of poverty.  In Africa, agricultural growth is led by land expansion, and poverty alleviation has been the slowest.  In South Asia, agricultural growth is driven by the diversification of smallholder agriculture, and this has had a significant impact on poverty alleviation, though limited by rural–urban migration and job creation.  Latin America is increasingly focused on social protection programs.  In East Asia, China’s success was founded on agricultural reforms and rural development, which raised incomes and food availability at affordable prices.  Further, there was increased investment in nutrition, health, education, water, and sanitation.  
    The key lesson is that in land-scarce countries, smallholder-led agriculture growth can have the largest positive impact on poverty alleviation.  Non-farm employment and rural–urban migration must follow once agricultural productivity has reached a certain level, though a pre-mature exit may cause greater harm.  Prior to the exhaustion of large-scale sectoral and regional development for poverty alleviation, social safety net must be established to support those not benefitting from this transformation.  Productive social safety nets have proven to be cost-effective in many countries and should be inclusive of urban poverty as rural residents migrate to urban areas.
    Díaz-Bonilla and Constenla-Villoslada (2021) broadly illustrated the complexity in the differing debates of approaches adopted for paths out of poverty, from a microeconomic perspective on policies aimed at poverty alleviation such as the Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) to more systemic perspectives of growth and development strategies, and macroeconomic policies as associated with poverty alleviation.  This paper provides readers a very informative and comprehensive overview of poverty approaches, institutions, and their policy decisions as well as enforcement.
    Implementing decentralized targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) program in developing countries successfully can often face the challenge of elite capture.  One such was China’s TPA policy, which was later enhanced with a targeting correction mechanism called “follow-up checks” policy to exclude elite capture influences and other ineligible households (Cheng et al. 2021).  Two years after introducing this mechanism, no evidence of elite capture in TPA program was discovered, in sharp contrast to findings from TPA prior to the mechanism having been introduced.
    Leng et al. (2021) analyzed the impact of the PAR program on rural household income and the income effects on varied modes of relocation.  The results show PAR increases the income of both rural and urban resettlers and, in particular, has a significantly positive effect on agricultural and wage income.  This was attributed to agricultural technology training for rural resettlers and medical security for urban resettlers.  The author concludes that policies should focus on strengthening local industries’ development and training of agricultural technologies for rural resettlers, non-agricultural employment and public services in resettlement areas for urban resettlers.  
    Infrastructure for transport such as highways improves living conditions and contributes to poverty alleviation.  While most studies have focused on income distribution effects, few have assessed farmers’ resulting income gap.  Weng et al. (2021) used a fixed-effect model to test this impact and discovered a U-shaped effect among provinces.  National and provincial trunk highways helped to narrow the income gap of farmers.  The level of education, productive fixed assets investment, urbanization, and regional economic development also had varied effects on the income gap.  Finally, a U-shaped relationship between highways and the income gap of farmers was identified.
    Section 2: Poverty alleviation through industrial development
    Industrial development, a large-scale and organized effort combining government, business, technology, and labor has effectively delivered economic growth and poverty alleviation in major developing economies such as China. 
    Liu M Y et al. (2021) emphasized industrial development as integral to the “Five-pronged Poverty Alleviation Measures” policy of targeted alleviation adopted by China to achieve the Chinese dream.  The author evaluates the effects and measures farmers’ livelihood based on the framework of sustainable livelihood by employing propensity score matching combined with difference-in-differences (PSM-DID) approach.  Industrial development had a positive effect of the farmers’ livelihood capital, including human, social and financial capital, whilst not having a significant effect on natural and physical capital.  However, the effects indicated a greater impact on the non-poor than the poor, and the effects varied based on the region.
    Chen et al. (2021) focused on financial support through formal credit and its effects on rural household income.  The results show a significant increase in rural household income in deprived areas of western China.  Formal credit can promote reallocation of labor from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sector in a household and influence investment-consumption behavior.  However, formal credit may have widened inequality in rural households of western China.  Variation in characteristics and capital (material, human and social) can fluctuate the effect of formal credit on income growth. 
    Li et al. (2021) highlighted two phenomena of off-farm employment and poverty alleviation in rural China, with the impact on the latter by the former by linking them together to find correlation.  Assessment indicates when household participation in off-farm employment increased by 10 percentage points, the likelihood for a non-poor household to fall into poverty decreased by 0.88 percentage point, whereas the likelihood for poor household to climb out of poverty increased by 3.5 percentage points.  Therefore, off-farm employment not only prevents fall into poverty but assists in climbing out of it. 
    Many regions in Africa are drought-stricken, and irrigation systems are scarce.  Existing facilities run by farmer cooperatives are considered unsuccessful and dysfunctional in Tanzania by many researchers.  The fourth paper by Zhang et al. (2021) looked at a cooperative irrigation scheme that has some government intervention and external support.  Upon investigating the management and services of this scheme and analyzing its contribution to poverty alleviation, the following was observed.  The scheme faced several challenges due to constraints in resources, institutions, and low-level of human capacity in both management and members.  However, the results indicated the scheme enhanced smallholder farmers’ rice production, market opportunities, and net income.  The profit improved the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and led to greater employment opportunities in rural communities. 
    Section 3: Innovation and inclusive development for poverty alleviation
    Global value chains, accounting for 50% of the trade worldwide, give rise to close coordination between buyers and suppliers, and their higher value-added activities.  They are contributing to poverty alleviation.  Under these incentives and the new norms of economic development, innovations in digital opportunities, including e-commerce value chain, agricultural technology innovation, and ecological value chain for sustainable development in vulnerable regions are analyzed.
    Vos and Cattaneo (2021) observed urbanization, rising incomes, and changing diets have contributed to the expansion of food markets in Africa and South Asia.  This has offered vast opportunities for raising income and job security along food supply chains, and as a consequence, poverty alleviation.  The spread of COVID-19 necessitates interventions that enhance the resilience and inclusiveness of food systems.  The authors assess how this may be achieved with better functioning and interconnectedness of small and medium-sized enterprises and how policies can help smallholder farmers connect in more rewarding ways and pull them out of poverty.
    Digital technologies, including e-commerce, have presented opportunities and become a key driver in addressing developmental challenges such as poverty in rural and remote areas.  Haji (2021) reviewed the role of e-commerce across the BRICS countries and their growing prominence to facilitate rapid, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, which improves living standards and alleviates poverty.  The author explored areas for cooperation in e-commerce within the BRICS countries, e-commerce development across rural and remote areas, public and private initiatives supporting this, and evaluating existing challenges and risks.  The analysis indicates disproportionate e-commerce use across regions and limited cooperation within BRICS.   Further, recommendations are made to overcome the observed challenges and risks.
    Peng et al. (2021) investigated the effect of rural e-commerce on rural income based on village-level survey data from rural regions.  An inverted U-shaped relationship was identified on the impact of rural e-commerce with the robustness test of the propensity scores matching.  This indicates the importance of policy support in rural e-commerce in poor villages.  Meanwhile, investment in Internet infrastructure and enabling human resources of potential e-commerce players in rural areas will have spillover effects.  Finally, the authors conclude that if the digital divide were bridged, rural incomes could see an increase through the digital dividend.
    Wang et al. (2021) examined the consumption side of e-commerce and focused on Chinese consumers’ online ethical consumption.  The authors designed a within-subject survey and a between-subject survey to investigate Chinese consumers’ quality perception and preference for apples from poverty-stricken areas using the payment card elicitation method.  The “information shock” analysis reveals that the ethical attribute is the primary motivation for buying apples from poverty-stricken areas.  The quality perception of private attributes has a significant effect on consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for apples from poverty-stricken areas, and trust in government supervision of e-commerce plays an essential role in motivating online ethical consumption. 
    Agricultural technologies can dramatically improve agricultural productivity, confront climate change challenges, and ultimately raise incomes as well as uplift rural households from poverty.  Africa has been experiencing a surge in smart agriculture technologies adoption, which contributes to a reduction in poverty, covering row planting methods and the use of chemical fertilizers on multidimensional poverty in rural households of Ethiopia.  The results in Habtewold (2021) showed a reduction in overall and living standard deprivations.   There were regional variations in the extent of reduction in deprivation, such as in the Amhara and Oromiya regions of Ethiopia, with greater impact in severely deprived households.  Effect on multi-dimensional poverty was channeled more through non-food expenditure.
    Ecological degradation and poverty are in a vicious cycle that needs to be broken.  Ecological poverty alleviation (EPA) can overcome these dual goals.  EPA is a complex system of multiple policy instruments, government agencies, social forces, and agents.  Lei et al. (2021) illustrated key elements of the system and their relationships to fulfil this vital role, particularly establishing the routine for communication among agents, internal elements of the subsystem, and the relationship between them to give a picture of the system’s operating mechanisms.
    Section 4: Poverty alleviation through social safety net programs
    Poverty is associated with lower health, education, and other human capital empowerment aspects.  Policies and practices can influence this relationship significantly.  Innovation in social safety nets can target poor and vulnerable households more effectively to lower inequality and reduce poverty.  It is also an effective mechanism to build resilience in volatile times and support countries’ rapid development.
    Yu and Li (2021) evaluated the effect of expenditure on the social safety net in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with China’s national statistical data on social insurance, social assistance, and social welfare in the period 1978–2018.  A positive but limited correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents was found.  Social security expenditure is helpful in reducing rural absolute poverty with an elasticity of –0.2255 on rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure.  This paper also recommends that social safety net should become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China in the relative poverty era. 
    Qin et al. (2021) assessed the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme’s (NRCMS) impact on rural households’ health-focused poverty alleviation in China.  The data indicated that the hospitalization of family members is a key factor for falling into poverty, and the NRCMS has reduced this risk.  The impact of NRCMS varied among groups with differing levels of income, with the least affected being the middle-high and high-income groups.  Regional differences were also evident in the impact of NRCMS, with greater impact on western regions and non-significant on central and eastern regions.  The author proposed raising the compensation ratio of the NRCMS, reform payment methods, developing a comprehensive healthcare system, strengthening medical security for the poor in remote areas, and enhancing the living environment for rural residents.
    Bai et al. (2021) studied the intergenerational transmission of poverty in rural China by estimating transmission of earnings with a perspective of human capital investment before the children enter the labor market.  The study discovered substantial transmission of earnings in rural China, especially between the pairs of father–children and parents–children.  The intergenerational earning elasticity, which was lower than urban areas, indicated better social mobility in rural areas.  Children with higher-income parents achieved high levels of education and skills.  Further, human capital investment in children prevented the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promoting social mobility.
    Gu and Nie (2021) analyzed the effect of a multi-component program on women’s empowerment, and consequentially, household poverty in Inner Mongolia of China.  The paper employed a number of methods to ensure the robustness of the results, which indicated positive effects on both women’s empowerment and poverty alleviation, raising incomes and living standards of households.  Gender-focused programs, which included training, micro-finance, and associations, aided the outcome.  The author further concluded that researchers and policymakers needed to pay greater attention to poverty alleviation from the perspective of gender.
     Liu X H et al. (2021) assessed the impact of clan culture, an informal institution, on the rural elderly’s mental health, an important group that relies on welfare programs.  The study found that clan culture can significantly decrease depression in rural elderly, though these positive effects were gradually weakened with economic development.  Mechanisms assessed against these effects in clan culture indicated stronger social support.
    Conclusion and perspective
    There are many facets of poverty.  These are dynamic and systemic in nature.  They may be a consequence of natural disasters and various crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and trade frictions.
    The most urgent priority for governments and international organizations at present is defeating COVID-19 and reviving economies.  However, this experience demonstrates the broad spectrum of threats posed to sustaining livelihoods, including preventing and managing those related to health.  Events such as these will undoubtedly influence the models that target poverty.
    In this environment, social protection systems and digitization of services accessible to all that can sustain livelihoods have become key.  These systems are in place across most developed countries, whereas developing countries are building or expanding them.  Brazil and Indonesia, in particular, are looking to expand cash transfer programs further. 
    Current trends indicate efforts need to be elevated and accelerated with greater cooperation and collaboration among countries and institutions of both developed and developing countries.  First, to invest, prepare, prevent, and manage threats to poverty alleviation.  Second, and more importantly, to enhance poverty alleviation programs.  Pre-pandemic data indicated that the 2030 SDG of poverty would not have been achieved (World Bank 2020b). 
    While there are concerns in reaching the 2030 target for extreme poverty alleviation, which is estimated to have been pushed back further, the prospects for poverty alleviation remain positive in the long-term. 
    The world has no meaningful alternative to tackling poverty which is detrimental to the development of humanity.  It is humanity that must collectively rise to this challenge with innovation in technologies, policies, systems, and programs.  Cooperation and coordination will be essential for innovating, building as well as implementing capacity and resilience to effectively eliminate extreme poverty and sustain livelihoods. 
    This is the aim of this special issue, which highlights key experience and effective approaches to poverty alleviation to be shared among countries.  The case of China, which has experienced success at a number of approaches, including industrial development, health, education, governance, overcoming intergenerational transmission of poverty, and building digital systems and e-commerce value chains, presents unique insight.  Studies in this special issue confirm the achievements of these approaches.
    Further, Africa has witnessed growth through effective adoption of agricultural technologies; Brazil has made advancements in social protection; BRICS countries are increasingly focused on digitizing services and building e-commerce value chains.  With its rising urbanization, South Asia has created opportunities and job security in food supply chains and positively contributed to poverty alleviation.  Finally, ecological value chains hold irreplaceable value, provide underlying support, and improve poverty alleviation programs with institutional support. 
    Therefore, the developing world has much to offer, learn and implement in poverty alleviation.  We must cultivate mechanisms that contribute to the goal of poverty alleviation as this special issue on Paths out of Poverty seeks to achieve.
    We acknowledge the considerable support extended to this special issue by Prof. Fan Shenggen from China Agricultural University, Prof. Wu Bin from University of Nottingham, UK, and former Advisory Committee of State Council Leading Group Office of Poverty Alleviation and Development.  We also thank all the authors for their contribution, Ms. Weng Lingyun, the editor of this special issue, for her guidance and management, and credit the National Natural Science Foundation of China for its financial support (71661147001).
  • Eugenio DíAZ-BONILLA, Susana CONSTENLA-VILLOSLADA
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 868-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63397-4
    This paper briefly reviews different debates about approaches for paths out of poverty, considering several views, from the analysis of specific policies to more general or systemic considerations.  The contribution of this paper is to present a broad outline of those debates and to serve as an illustration of the complexity of analyzing paths out of poverty.  It discusses in sequence, the more microeconomic approach of evaluation of individual policies for poverty alleviation; then it moves to broader issues of growth and development strategies, and macroeconomic policies, and their links to the persistence or reduction of poverty; and finally discusses the topic of institutions, related to how policy decisions are made and enforced in societies at the previous three levels.  Finally, the concluding section argues that a successful program to eliminate poverty must integrate all levels of individual policies, macroeconomic programs, development strategies and good institutions.  This paper hopes to contribute to that crucial work.
  • CHENG Xiao-yu, WANG Jian-ying, Kevin Z. CHEN
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 880-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63444-X
    Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs.  A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture.  China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program, the targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) policy, to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020.  As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world, TPA’s successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports.  Since 2015, a targeting correction mechanism, called “follow-up checks” policy, has been introduced.  With the “follow-up checks” policy, the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program.  This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017 - two years after implementing the “follow-up checks” policy.  We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA.  The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites.  Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA.  We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the “follow-up checks” policy.  Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.
  • Rob VOS, Andrea CATTANEO
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 964-978. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63398-6
    Propelled by urbanization, rising incomes, and changing diets, food markets have been expanding in Africa and South Asia, creating the vast potential for job and income opportunities along food supply chains and, hence, for poverty reduction.  The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that spread to a pandemic in early 2020 provokes enormous setbacks to this expansion.  This, however, should provide lessons regarding the importance of resilient and inclusive food systems.  Emergency responses to COVID-19 should consider interventions towards that end and leverage the opportunities provided by food markets growth as economies recover from the present economic recession.  This paper assesses options of how this could be done by facilitating the better functioning and interconnectedness of the many small and medium-sized enterprises that are proliferating along the “hidden middle” of food value chains in storage, logistics, transportation, and wholesale and retail distribution.  It also explores how policies can help smallholder farmers connect to this “hidden middle” in more gainful ways and help them climb out of poverty as well. 
  • Tsegaye Mulugeta HABTEWOLD
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 1021-1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63637-7
    A large body of empirical literature showed that the adoption of agricultural technologies reduces poverty.  However, dominants of those studies so far used one-dimensional income or expenditure-based measures of poverty which may not reflect other types of deprivations.  Therefore, the major objective of this study is to examine the impact of adopting climate-smart agricultural technology, which refers to a joint application of row planting methods and the use of chemical fertilizers, on the multidimensional poverty status of rural households in Ethiopia.  To estimate the impact of the stated technologies, this study employs propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression methods.  To measure the multidimensional poverty index, the study also uses the Alkire and Foster counting approach.  Using the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS), collected in 2015-Wave 3, the results of the study show that the adoption of these technologies reduces deprivation score and one of its component, the standard of living part.  Regionally, a high reduction in deprivation is observed in Amhara and Oromiya regions.  The results also show that the impact is significantly higher in severely deprived households.  It is also observed that the reduction in multidimensional poverty due to the technology is through an increase in income/consumption via improvement in production gain.  The impact channels more through the non-food expenditure pathway.  Finally, this study also sheds light on the effects that technology adoption has on multidimensional poverty reduction.
  • LENG Gan-xiao, FENG Xiao-long, QIU Huan-guang
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 891-904. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63583-3

    文基于8省16县中国易地扶贫搬迁户面板数据,分析了易地扶贫搬迁对农村家庭人均收入的影响,并评估各种搬迁方式的异质性增收效应。结果表明,易地扶贫搬迁可以增加搬迁人口的总收入。城镇安置的搬迁户工资性收入有显著增加,村内安置的搬迁户的农业收入有显著增加。进一步的分析表明,村内安置的搬迁户的收入增加主要得益于农业技术培训的发展,而城镇安置的搬迁户的收入增加主要是由于医疗等公共服务保障的改善。因此,对于村内安置的搬迁户,应加强当地的产业发展和农业技术培训。对于城镇安置的搬迁户,应通过提高安置区的非农就业服务和公共保障服务使其长期稳定发展。


  • LIU Ming-yue, FENG Xiao-long, WANG San-gui, ZHONG Yu
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 915-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63449-9

    精准扶贫是中国全面建设小康社会、实现中华民族伟大“中国梦”的重要保障。产业扶贫是精准扶贫“五个一批”工程的重头戏,也是其他扶贫措施取得实效的重要基础。本文基于可持续生计框架,采用综合评价方法测度农户的生计资本,进而利用PSM-DID方法估计产业扶贫对农户生计资本的影响效应。结果显示,产业扶贫对农户生计资本有显著的正向影响,能显著提升农户的人力资本、社会资本和金融资本,但对自然资本和物质资本的影响不显著。产业扶贫对农户生计资本的影响具有异质性,对非贫困户的影响显著于贫困户。另外,产业扶贫对农户生计资本的影响也存在地区差异,对贵州农户的影响大于四川,但对甘肃农户的影响不显著。针对以上结论,未来需要通过加大人力资本培育力度、增强金融资本创新手段、发挥社会资本引导作用等提高农户的可持续生计,同时更要加大对贫困户的产业扶持力度。


  • LI Shao-ping, DONG Yong-qing, ZHANG Lin-xiu, LIU Cheng-fang
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 943-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63616-X

    非农就业参与率的不断提高和贫困人口的大幅下降构成了过去四十年中国经济增长历程的两个重要现象。虽然已经有很多文献研究这两个现象,但考察二者之间关联的研究还不多见。更好地理解非农就业在中国农村减贫中的作用不但对中国也对那些致力于消除贫困的国家至关重要。在这里,我们考察了非农就业对于中国农村减贫的影响。利用两套具有全国代表性的面板数据(中国全国农村调查和中国农村发展调查),本文发现了非农就业有助于中国农村减贫的证据。具体而言,如果某个农户的非农就业参与率提高10个百分点,那么其成为贫困户的可能性将降低0.88个百分点,而如果某个贫困户的非农就业参与率提高10个百分点,那么其脱贫的可能性将提高3.5个百分点。因此,非农就业不但可以阻止农户成为贫困户也可以帮助那些已经是贫困的农户摆脱贫困。


  • ZHANG Chuan-hong, Wandella Amos BENJAMIN, WANG Miao
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 953-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63634-1

    在经常遭受干旱困扰的很多非洲地区,灌溉系统是稀缺资源。然而,对于如何有效管理和维护非洲的农业灌溉设施一直困扰着非洲的相关政策制定者和受益群体。很多研究发现农民合作社经营的灌溉设施大多不能很好的发挥功能。合作社灌溉计划作为接受政府和外部支持的是一种新型基于灌溉设施的合作社模式,近年来越来越受到坦桑尼亚政府的重视。本文在对该合作社的运行管理模式和提供的服务进行全面描述的基础上,运用问卷调查和访谈的方法对该合作模式对坦桑尼亚小农户减贫和社区发展的贡献进行了研究。结果发现,灌溉合作计划通过传递农业技术和提供各种服务,在帮助坦桑尼亚的小农户实现农民粮食安全、增加小农收入、创造更多就业机会以及促进农村社区发展方面发挥了重要作用。但由于资源、制度等限制以及管理层和合作社成员的人员能力建设不足等原因,这一合作模式也面临着很多多挑战。该研究为有效管理小型农业基础设施实现非洲减贫提供了一种可行方法。


  • PENG Chao, MA Biao, ZHANG Chen
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 998-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63422-0

    电子商务作为数字经济直接催生的新业态,为农产品产销衔接提供了新渠道、为农民持续稳定增收提供了新途径。本文以农业农村部全国农村固定观察点村级数据为基础,基于“电子商务进农村综合示范项目”这一准自然实验,实证分析了电商对村庄人均收入的影响,以验证电商在扶贫中起到的作用。Heckman两阶段模型的实证研究结果表明,“电子商务进农村综合示范项目”显著促进了村庄人均收入的增长,对相对贫困村而言,电商对人均收入的影响还呈现出了较为明显的倒“U”型特征。未来,对农村电子商务的政策支持可优先考虑相对贫困村庄,通过投资互联网基础设施建设和电商人力资源培育的方式,进一步释放电商的“数字红利”,增加农户尤其是贫困群体的收入。


  • LEI Ming, YUAN Xuan-yu, YAO Xin-yan
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 1042-1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63635-3

    如何打破贫困与生态环境恶化的恶性循环一直受到广泛关注和讨论。在中国的扶贫实践中,生态扶贫 (EPA) 被认为是一项将扶贫与环保相结合以达成两者双赢的重要举措。一方面,尽管中国学者有关生态扶贫的大量研究取得了有益成果,但他们并未认识到生态扶贫不是各种政策的简单组合,而是一个涉及多种政策工具、政府机构、社会力量和代理关系的复杂系统。另一方面,国际上的相关研究更多关注于生态扶贫的某一项具体内容,如生态补偿等,而对生态扶贫的系统性概念缺乏详细的阐释,对中国生态扶贫的整体实践也缺乏关注。本文基于在中国贵州省进行的实地调研,提出了一个包含多主体的治理系统以阐释生态扶贫这一概念,并通过案例对这一系统内的关键要素及其相互关联进行分析,从而揭示这一系统的基本运行机制。生态扶贫系统的运作能力是实现扶贫开发与生态保护两者共赢目标的关键,首先,要加强系统内各主体之间的互动,建立稳定的沟通机制;其次,要强化各政策子系统中不同要素之间的联系,如不同生态产业的协同发展、生态移民搬迁前、中、后各环节的系统化等;最后,要促进子系统间的互动,使生态建设、生态产业、异地搬迁三者相互促进,最终达成贫困地区扶贫与生态保护的协调。


  • YU Le-rong, LI Xiao-yun
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 1060-1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63404-9

    社会保障的基本目标是给贫困人口或者面临贫困威胁的人口提供财政支持。基于1978-2018年全国财政社会保障支出 (SSE) 与城乡收入差距(URIG)和农村贫困 (RPHR) 相关数据,本文采用协整检验分析方法,对社会保障支出的缓贫效果进行实证分析。结果表明在研究时期内财政社会保障支出与城乡居民可支配收入差距呈正相关关系,但影响非常有限,99%的城乡居民收入差距变化均是变量自身引起的。财政社会保障支出对农村贫困减少发挥了积极的作用,农村贫困发生率对社会保障支出的弹性值为-0.2255。因此,需要更多的财政社会保障支出以及更公平的社会保障制度体系,充分发挥社会保障制度的功能,这将成为2020年打赢脱贫攻坚战后缓解相对贫困的政策工具。


  • QIN Li-jian, Chien-ping CHEN, LI Yu-heng, SUN Yan-ming, CHEN Hong
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 1068-1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63372-X

    基于全国性大规模的2016年度中国家庭追踪调查数据,使用工具变量法的IVProbit模型,本文实证研究了新型农村合作医疗保险对农村居民家庭健康脱贫的影响。研究发现,第一,新型农村合作医疗保险对农村居民家庭健康脱贫的效果显著。家庭成员患病进行住院治疗,增加了该家庭陷入贫困的风险,新型农村合作医疗保险显著降低了中国农村居民家庭陷入贫困的概率。第二,新农合对农村家庭健康脱贫的影响在不同收入人群之间存在显著的差别。新农合对中高收入组和高收入组农村家庭的健康脱贫没有影响,但是显著提高了低收入组、尤其中低收入组的农村家庭,其因病致贫和因病返贫的防范能力。第三,新农合对农村家庭健康脱贫的影响效果存在显著的地区差异。新农合显著降低了西部地区农村居民家庭陷入贫困的风险,对东部和中部地区的农村居民家庭没有影响。为了减少和消除贫困,增强农村居民的收入获取能力,本文建议采取以下措施:切实提高新型农村合作医疗保险的实际补偿比、积极推进新农合的支付方式改革以控制医疗费用增长、加强西部地区的医疗卫生服务综合体系建设、加强边缘贫困人口医疗保障的制度建设,以及加强农村地区的人居健康环境改造。


  • BAI Yun-li, ZHANG Lin-xiu, SUN Ming-xing, XU Xiang-bo
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 1080-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63373-1

    贫困代际传递是全球减贫的核心问题。本研究使用2008年、2012年、2016年和2019年中国5省25个县100个村2000户的追踪调研数据,采用定性和定量方法,通过估计农村非农工资代际传递,研究了中国农村的贫困代际传递问题,并从进入劳动力市场前儿童人力资本投资的角度阐述了贫困的代际传递机制。研究发现,在中国农村地区非农工资存在显著的代际传递,尤其是在父亲非农工资与子女非农工资、父母平均非农工资与子女非农工资之间。但农村非农工资代际传递的弹性远小于城市,表明农村的社会流动性优于城市。父母非农工资高的孩子在进入劳动力市场前,在有可能在接受高等教育、掌握更多技能方面获得更多投资。通过三个案例分析进一步表明,儿童人力资本投资打破了贫困的代际传递,促进了社会流动。


  • GU Rui, NIE Feng-ying
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 1092-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63436-0

    消除贫困是国际发展议程的核心内容,受到世界各国政府的重视。然而,传统的减贫政策主要针对男性,容易拉大男女之间的生产力和收入差距,加剧性别不平等。本文的目的是探讨一个多模块项目对妇女赋权和减贫的影响,并进一步探讨赋权妇女在减贫中的作用。本研究使用的数据来自于2014年底在中国内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市9个贫困县的农户调查,样本为900户。回顾性问题用于重建基线数据和构建面板数据。同时根据研究需要,样本容量也会进一步缩小,以便更好地识别妇女受益者。为了控制选择偏差,采用倾向得分匹配、逆概率加权和双重差分倾向得分匹配等方法对项目效果进行了分析和稳健性检验。结果表明,该项目同时对妇女赋权和减贫产生了积极的影响。被赋权的妇女也对减贫产生了积极影响,妇女受益者为提高家庭收入和改善生活水平做出了贡献。


  • FAN Sheng-gen, Emily EunYoung CHO
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2021, 20(4): 857-867. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63295-6

    全球可持续发展的第一目标 (SDGs) 是在2030年前终结一切形式的贫困。尽管全球贫困持续减少,但进展缓慢且地区间极不平衡 。为确保2030年在全球范围内根除贫困,研究脱贫路径至关重要,在此方面,总结国际经验、以农业发展为重点的减贫路径尤其受到广泛关注。本研究的发现在于,在土地稀缺国家,小农主导的农业增长往往对减贫影响最大。其次,一旦农业生产力达到一定水平,非农就业和城乡迁移必须随之而来。然而,过早退出农业可能造成更大的危害。第三,即使在通过部门和区域发展实现大规模减贫之前,也必须建立社会安全网,以覆盖那些没有从增长和发展中受益的人。在许多国家,生产性社会安全网已被证明具有极高的成本效益。当大量农村人口向城市转移时,城市贫困也应被社会保护计划所覆盖。研究指出,非洲农业增长在很大程度上受到土地扩张的推动,生产率低下,其减贫速度在所有地区中最为缓慢。南亚农业由小农农业的生产多样化所主导,对减贫影响很大,但其未来的减贫受到城乡移民且城市和非农产业缺乏正式就业机会的限制。许多拉丁美洲国家城市化程度高于其他发展中国家及地区,因而广泛采用社会保护计划。中国减贫的成功巨大,在很大程度上是由农业主导的改革及农村发展推动的。这些改革使农村居民的收入显著提高,贫困和饥饿人数大幅下降,且以可承受的价格进一步增加了粮食供应。同时, 对营养、保健、教育、清洁用水和良好卫生设施方面的投资也起了关键作用。


  • 王雅琴, 白才进
    农业图书情报学报. 2020, 32(12): 70-76. https://doi.org/10.13998/j.cnki.issn1002-1248.2020.12.20-0644
    [目的/意义]精准扶贫背景下,探讨“双一流”高校智库建设的策略,为其他高校智库的建设提供借鉴,使高校智库能更好地助力精准扶贫工作。[方法/过程]采用文献调研法和案例分析法,调研国内世界一流大学和一流学科下的111家重点智库的建设现状,通过典型案例分析“双一流”高校智库在精准扶贫过程中的作用,引领未来的发展。[结果/结论]精准扶贫背景下,“双一流”高校智库的建设要明确发展定位,加强人才队伍建设,要注重拓宽研究成果的传播渠道,提高高校智库的影响力,要优化高校智库服务模式,提高社会服务能力,要重视网站建设,促进高校智库协同发展。
  • HUANG Ji-kun
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2020, 19(12): 2849-2853. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63469-4
  • LUO Ren-fu, LIU Cheng-fang, GAO Jing-jing, WANG Tian-yi, ZHI Hua-yong, SHI Peng-fei, HUANG Ji-kun
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2020, 19(12): 2946-2964. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63426-8
    Given the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a timely study on the impacts of and policy response to the pandemic on rural poverty in China is critically important because China has aimed to completely eradicate extreme poverty by the end of 2020.  This paper uses data from the latest round of a nationally representative household panel survey to examine the impacts of the pandemic on rural poverty in China.  Our data show that 11.9% of sample households were ever officially registered as poor households between 2013 and 2019, and this poverty incidence fell to 2.7% by the end of 2019.  In the middle February of 2020, 23% of the households who have graduated from poverty since 2013 perceived that they would fall back into poverty due to the COVID-19.  Among those never poor households, 7.1% perceived that they would possibly fall into poverty due to the pandemic.  Results from both descriptive and multivariate analyses consistently show the interruptions that the pandemic caused in off-farm employment is an important channel that led households to perceive of falling back into or falling into poverty.  We also find households in the bottom four quintiles when ranked in terms of household income per capita are much more likely to perceive themselves of falling back into or falling into poverty during this pandemic than those in the richest quintile.  Meanwhile, our results show that the education and age of household heads, as well as being from Hubei Province matter in explaining household perception about falling back into or falling into poverty in some cases but not all.  The paper concludes with a set of policy responses that China has taken to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on poverty alleviation. 
  • 杨凡雨, 刘黎明, 袁承程
    中国农学通报. 2020, 36(29): 153-160. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20190900631

    旨在维护国家稳定,为预判粮食生产前景、提高粮食生产效率、保障粮食安全提供理论依据。利用湖南省统计数据,运用灰色关联分析法筛选关联性较强的影响因素,并建立GM(1,N)预测模型预测粮食产量。2008—2017年与湖南省粮食产量关联度最大的影响因素是粮食作物播种面积和农业机械总动力;科技因素是影响2008—2017年湖南省粮食产量的主要因素,其次是自然因素,社会因素;2018—2027年湖南省粮食产量有较小波动,且农业机械总动力和财政农业支出影响较大;农业机械总动力在前后十年对粮食产量都有较重要的影响,越来越占据主导地位。粮食产量受国家政策的影响,受农业机械总动力影响最大,维持产量水平需高度重视农业机械化水平,稳步提高粮食作物播种面积。

  • 宋喜芳, 姚海荣, 张小飞, 张建国, 陈妮, 常小箭, 张晨阳
    中国农学通报. 2020, 36(28): 158-164. https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb20191100858

    采用灰色关联分析法,将1999—2017年陕西省粮食产量划分为2个阶段,对2个时段的粮食产量10个影响因素进行动态分析,利用SAS统计软件实现灰色关联分析的数据处理,为提升陕西省粮食产能、增强粮食安全保障的主要途径提供数据支撑。结果表明,影响陕西省粮食产量的第一重要因素是粮食播种面积;有效灌溉面积、农村就业人数对粮食产量的影响逐渐增强;农药化肥减量增效势在必行,有较大提升空间。宏观层面上,自然因素仍是影响粮食产量的第一因素,科技因素对粮食产量的影响上升,最后是政策因素。加强耕地质量建设,稳定粮食作物播种面积,农药化肥精准施用减量增效,推广粮食绿色生产方式,是保障粮食安全的重要举措。

  • 谢春凤, 邓凌云, 卢明, 熊玉双, 罗庆华
    农学学报. 2020, 10(9): 103-108. https://doi.org/10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas20190900189

    稻田养鱼具有投资小、见效快、风险低、效益高等特征,是一种重要的绿色产业扶贫方式。分析了湖南省稻田养鱼的现状,以郴州市、益阳市南县和怀化市辰溪县稻渔综合种养为例,总结出适合湖南省不同地区发展的稻田养鱼产业扶贫模式,分别为“政府主导型”、“市场主导型”和“政府与市场并重型”。为进一步发挥湖南省稻田养鱼效益优势,更好地促进产业扶贫,从产业规划、绩效考核机制、产业化运作机制、基础设施建设、研究培训支撑体系、政策保障等方面提出稻田养鱼产业扶贫相关建议。

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    在脱贫攻坚的决胜阶段,扶贫工作中潜匿和顽固因素是当今亟需解决的关键问题,深度贫困问题的消除需要更为精准与创新型动力的推进,故在乡村振兴战略的部署下以体育学理论框架为基础,从体育扶贫的视域探究新时代贫困代际传递的阻断路径。运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等方法,剖析贫困代际传递产生的结构、文化和混合机制,进而发掘贫困代际传递在主体禀赋、意识形态、经济基础三维隐性困境。研究表明,应从贫困主体出发,“志、智、体”三扶并重;从意识形态角度,弘扬民族传统体育,坚守文化自信;从经济基础方面,振兴乡村体育产业,增收拓岗。通过体育本身具备的特殊性和不可代替性拓新扶贫路径,为阻断贫困代际传递提供一定理论支撑。

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