The salt-alkali tolerance of 286 brassica rapeseed strains at the seedling stage was identified in this study. The indexes of leaves number， green leaves number， green leaves rate，shoot length， root length， and root weight under salt-alkali stress were determined through a hydroponics test. Various methods including comprehensive assessment value （D-value）， extreme material screening analysis， correlation analysis， principal component analysis， membership function analysis， frequency analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used. A comprehensive evaluation model for saline-alkali tolerance was established for different genotypes of rapeseed germplasm at the seedling stage and appropriate evaluation indexes were selected. Under saline-alkali stress conditions， leaves number showed a negative correlation with plant height but the correlation coefficient between them was not significant； however other traits showed positive correlations that reached a significant or extremely significant level. Principal component analysis was employed to synthesize 7 salt-alkali tolerance indexes into 4 principal components which could represent 88.349% of the original data information on rape′s salt-alkali tolerance. Based on the relative importance （weight） of these four principal components， a comprehensive evaluation value （D-value） for salt and alkali tolerance among different genotypes was obtained. Four alkali-salt-tolerant brassica napus germplasms and four saline-sensitive germplasms were screened using membership function analysis and extreme material screening analysis respectively. The results from stepwise regression analysis indicated that salinity tolerance in brassica napus germplasm resources could be determined by measuring the green leaves number， green leaves rate， shoot weight as well as root length and root weight at the seedling stage while estimating D-value using regression equations.

一年生簇毛麦（Dasypyrum villosum （L.） Candargy）是普通小麦野生近缘种之一，也是近年来应用较广泛的小麦遗传资源。簇毛麦在长期进化过程中，形成了许多可用于小麦遗传改良的重要农艺性状，包括对非生物和生物胁迫的抗性、优良品质等。本文简述了簇毛麦与普通小麦的同源关系、与小麦属杂交亲和性，以及将簇毛麦染色体、片段、基因导入普通小麦的有效方法，综述了簇毛麦对白粉病、纹枯病、条锈病、眼斑病、黄花叶病、全蚀病、胞囊线虫病等病害的抗性基因和对应的染色体，簇毛麦品质基因（如：高赖氨酸含量和多态性贮藏蛋白等）和簇毛麦耐旱、光周期等其他基因。介绍了簇毛麦抗白粉病基因Pm21和PmV在小麦改良和育种中的应用及其巨大价值，展望了簇毛麦后续研究前景和可能存在的问题。本综述对挖掘与利用簇毛麦有益基因、拓宽小麦遗传资源、加快小麦遗传改良进程以及重要基因功能研究均具有参考价值。

As the reproductive organ of angiosperms， the flowers are a vital part of plants and a prime basis for the study of plant evolution andclassification. The development of the floral organ is affected by a variety of factors， such as the external environment and internal physiology， leading to different traits in different species or among the same species， and genes， as the key factors therein， play a vital role in the whole process， and the role of their genes in the regulation of floral development has been a hot topic of research. The five whorls of structures of the calyx， corolla， stamen， pistil， and ovule of the floral organ are regulated by five categories of genes， A， B， C， D， and E， in the AE model of floral development， and these genes form a complex gene regulatory network in the process of floral organ development. The expression or silencing of each category of genes leads to structural changes in the floral organs， but there are differences among different species. In this paper， we reviewed the regulatory roles of MADS-box， AP2/ERF gene family members AP1， AP2， AP3， PI， AG， SEP， AGL6， SHP， STK， and other genes such as NAP， SPL， TGA， PAN， and WOX in the construction of floral organs， and the effects of genes in the development of floral organs at the molecular level were analyzed. The influence of genes on floral organ development at the molecular level was also analyzed. This study provides a reference for further understanding the role of genes in the regulation of floral organ development in various plants.

Agropyron cristatum L. （2n = 4x = 28， PPPP） with a large amount of alien elite genes are valuable genetic resources for the genetic improvement of wheat. According to previous studies， the genes on chromosome 1P of A.cristatum can improve plant leaf shape. However， it is unclear that the leaf shape changes and possible linkage drag exist in the translocation lines. The aim of this study is to detect the genetic effect of wheat-A.cristatum translocation lines T1PS·1AL and T1AS·1PL on major agronomic traits in different wheat backgrounds， in which wheat-A.cristatum translocation lines 1PS and 1PL were crossed with eight common wheat varieties， followed by investigation and analysis of agronomic traits in F₂ segregation population. The results showed that A.cristatum chromosome short arm 1PS reduced the length of top third leaves and its plant height reduction level was 3-8 cm while no significant difference on yield traits were discovered. Furthermore， the plant phenotype of the translocation line T1AS·1PL were shaped with a decrease in the grain yield than those of non-translocation plants. Offspring performance of translocation Chromosome in related to both wheat genetic backgrounds and A.cristatum alien chromosome. Finally， we screened 75 F₂ individual plants with favourable leaf shape and unchanged yield traits to be used for wheat breeding. In conclusion， this study reported two pre-breeding germplasms of wheat-A. cristatum 1P translocation lines had significant genetic effects on plant architecture improvement， which could guide the future utilization of A. cristatum 1P chromosome translocation fragments.

Crop germplasm are basic resources for global food security and sustainable development and material base for original innovation of agricultural science and technology and development of modern seed industry. The science of crop germplasm resources is a scientific discipline devoting to the research on diversity and its use of crops and their wild relatives. The three basic theories of the science include the theory of centers of origin of cultivated plants， the law of homologous series in variation and the synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments and social development. The basic attributes of the science include genetic diversity， genetic specificity， genetic integrity and genetic accumulativeness. The science covers theories， technologies， management and systems involving in survey， conservation， evaluation， research， germplasm enhancement and sharing service of crop germplasm resources. This paper establishes the theoretical framework of the science of crop germplasm resources， defines basic concepts and attributes related， and proposes development strategies of the science， esp. in China.

In order to explore genetic loci that associated with grain number per spikelet in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a genome-wide association study was conducted using the wheat 55K genotyping assay in a diverse panel of 384 wheat genotypes. Field trials for grain number per spikelet were conducted in one location for three consecutive years. A total of 142 significant SNPs were detected for grain number per spikelet, each of which contributed the phenotypic variation from 3.27% to 6.09%. Of these, eight SNPs were detected in two or three environments. Three SNPs (AX-109986855, AX-109875224 and AX-109843323) were located on the 523.12～526.25 Mb on chromosome 2D, and the physical distance between two SNPs AX-111054388 and AX-110671159) was only 0.62 Mb on chromosome 2B. Significant differences for grain number per spikelet grouped by superior and inferior alleles in an SNP were detected (P < 0.01) across the three environments in each of these eight SNPs. For example, cultivars carrying the G/G allele at AX-109843323 on chromosome 2D resulted in an increase of 0.32, 0.37 and 0.39 grains per spikelet than that of cultivars with the C/C allele in three environments, respectively. The percentages of cultivars carrying each of the superior alleles at the eight SNPs were varied from 5.20% to 76.8%. Seven superior alleles were present with a percentage of less than 45.00% in the accessions. Furthermore, the grain number per spike in these cultivars with superior alleles (ranging from 48.45 to 53.61) among the eight SNPs were higher than that of cultivars without superior alleles (ranging from 45.04 to 47.37). Significant association in the number of favorable alleles to grain number per spikelet and grain number per spike were observed (r = 0.97 and 0.94, respectively; P < 2.0E-4). These loci associated with grain number per spikelet are useful for improving grain numbers per spike in wheat.

Synergistic evolution theory of crop germplasm resources and cultural environments is about the interference, interaction, and interpromotion between each other. On one hand, culturing different crops in a specific environment will lead to the formation of corresponding dietary traditions and cultural environments, on the other hand; dietary traditions and cultural environments will in turn have a profound influence on the formation of crop germplasm resources and might even lead their evolution. The genetic basis of this theory is that after the natural hybridization or mutations of the crops occurred during the processes of their dissemination and improvements, they are targeted and fixed under the artificial selection of the specific cultural environments, the frequency of the recombinant or mutant genes continues to accumulate and increase in the population, and finally form new crop and their germplasm resources adapted to the specific cultural environments. Modern crop breeding is also guided by this theory to a certain degree, which greatly promoted the evolution processes of crops and their germplasm resources. Taking the Customary System of Chinese traditional dietary culture as an example, this paper investigated the impact of dietary tradition on the evolution of crop germplasm resources from four aspects: waxy germplasm, steaming preference, rich varieties of vegetables and fruits, and use of whole-plant material. In view of the protection and utilization of crop germplasm resources in the future, suggestions were proposed, including paying attention to farmers’ rights and original habitats of crops, and following the basic law of “if there were character differences and genetic mutations, then select” to accelerating the landrace, crop wild relatives preservation and utilization, genomics research, and crop improvement as well as their positive evolution.