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Effect of Plant Coverage on the Diversity and Community Structure of Soil Fungi in Banana Cropping System
ZHANGWenlong, WANGYongfen, XUShengtao, YANGLimei, ZHOUYunfan, LIXundong, ZHENGSijun
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Effect of Plant Coverage on the Diversity and Community Structure of Soil Fungi in Banana Cropping System
Due to unreasonable agricultural practices, soil degradation in banana cropping system is becoming more and more serious, which restricts the healthy and sustainable development of banana industry in China. Plant coverage could improve soil physical and chemical properties and optimize soil microbial community structure, which is an important farming practice to improve soil degradation in agricultural ecosystems. In this study, through the wide-narrow row planting method, the traditional planting method with bare soil was used as control, cultivated saritro [Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.] and natural weeds in wide rows were used as plant coverage treatments. With continuous positioning experiments, based on the high-throughput sequencing of the collected soil samples, the differences in soil fungal diversity and community structure were analyzed with plant coverage treatments under banana cropping system, which would explore the sustainable utilization of soil in banana production. The results showed that there were significant differences in the composition of fungal communities under different plant coverage treatments in banana cropping system, and showed an increasing trend with the continuous of plant coverage. According to the function prediction of FUNguild, compared with the bare soil control, the Saprotroph Symbiotroph guilds in 2019 and 2020 increased significantly (P≤0.05), and the fungal community of Pathogen Saprotroph guilds in 2020 decreased significantly (P≤0.05). The results of co-occurrence network analysis showed that compared with the bare soil control, the community complexity was no difference in the plant coverage treatments, but the community stability was higher. However, the differences in the core microorganisms reflected that saritro treatment reduced the dominance of Fusarium ASV, which would reduce the risk of occurrence of soil-borne disease Fusarium wilt in banana. Saritro treatment effectively increased the symbiotic beneficial fungal guilds, reduced the potential pathogenic fungal guilds, which was beneficial to maintain soil health in banana cropping system. The planting mode combining wide and narrow rows with inter-row cover plants could effectively improve soil microbial diversity, which is conducive to sustainable development of banana industry.
cover plant / banana / soil fungi / diversity / community structure {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 Hub ASV 的评分和分类 |
| 处理 | OTU | 模块 | 标准分数 | 参与系数 | 门 | 属 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CK | ASV_7829 | 1 | 0.80 | 0.65 | Basidiomycota | Micropsalliota |
| ASV_3106 | 1 | 0.80 | 0.64 | Ascomycota | Fusarium | |
| ASV_487 | 1 | -1.05 | 0.68 | Ascomycota | Plectosphaerella | |
| ASV_2255 | 1 | 0.39 | 0.62 | Ascomycota | Chrysosporium | |
| ASV_6057 | 1 | -0.44 | 0.68 | Ascomycota | Corynascella | |
| ASV_4873 | 1 | -0.64 | 0.69 | unidentified | unclassified | |
| ASV_2838 | 1 | -1.67 | 0.69 | Ascomycota | unclassified | |
| ASV_4966 | 4 | 2.55 | 0.17 | Ascomycota | Acremonium | |
| ASV_7237 | 4 | 2.55 | 0.12 | Ascomycota | Plectosphaerella | |
| ASV_4960 | 4 | -0.11 | 0.63 | Ascomycota | Fusarium | |
| ASV_4120 | 4 | 0.46 | 0.64 | Ascomycota | Fusarium | |
| ASV_6961 | 2 | 2.52 | 0.28 | Ascomycota | Aspergillus | |
| ASV_1178 | 2 | 1.22 | 0.64 | Ascomycota | unclassified | |
| ASV_2809 | 3 | 1.82 | 0.68 | Ascomycota | Talaromyces | |
| ASV_6553 | 3 | -1.19 | 0.63 | Ascomycota | Chaetomium | |
| ASV_2978 | 5 | -0.98 | 0.67 | Ascomycota | Chrysosporium | |
| CP | ASV_2523 | 7 | 0.68 | 0.67 | Ascomycota | Colletotrichum |
| ASV_5006 | 6 | 0.03 | 0.65 | Ascomycota | unclassified | |
| ASV_1841 | 6 | 0.81 | 0.68 | Ascomycota | Acremonium | |
| ASV_7219 | 1 | -0.50 | 0.64 | unidentified | unclassified_Fungi | |
| ASV_7350 | 1 | 0.29 | 0.69 | Ascomycota | Arachniotus | |
| ASV_2457 | 1 | -2.08 | 0.69 | Ascomycota | Penicillium | |
| ASV_487 | 2 | -0.37 | 0.68 | Ascomycota | Plectosphaerella | |
| ASV_2985 | 2 | 1.57 | 0.63 | Ascomycota | Penicillium | |
| ASV_5433 | 2 | 1.38 | 0.67 | Basidiomycota | Symmetrospora | |
| ASV_7868 | 2 | -0.17 | 0.63 | Ascomycota | Dokmaia | |
| ASV_1178 | 3 | 0.00 | 0.63 | Ascomycota | unidentified |
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The soil-inhabiting insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii also colonizes plant roots endophytically, thus showing potential as a plant symbiont. Metarhizium robertsii is not randomly distributed in soils but preferentially associates with the plant rhizosphere when applied in agricultural settings. Root surface and endophytic colonization of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) by M. robertsii were examined after inoculation with fungal conidia.We used light and confocal microscopy to ascertain the plant endophytic association with GFP-expressing M. robertsii. Root lengths, root hair density, and lateral roots emerged were also observed.Initially, M. robertsii conidia adhered to, germinated on, and colonized roots. Furthermore, plant roots treated with Metarhizium grew faster and the density of plant root hairs increased when compared with control plants. The onset of plant root hair proliferation was initiated before germination of M. robertsii on the root (within 1-2 d). Plants inoculated with M. robertsii ΔMAD2 (plant adhesin gene) took significantly longer to show root hair proliferation than the wild type. Cell free extracts of M. robertsii did not stimulate root hair proliferation. Longer-term (60 d) associations showed that M. robertsii endophytically colonized cortical cells within bean roots. Metarhizium appeared as a mycelial aggregate within root cortical cells as well as between the intercellular spaces with no apparent damage to the plant.These results suggest that M. robertsii is not only rhizosphere competent but also displays a beneficial endophytic association with plant roots that results in the proliferation of root hairs.
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The continuous cropping of banana in the same field may result in a serious soil-borne Fusarium wilt disease and a severe yield decline, a phenomenon known as soil sickness. Although soil microorganisms play key roles in maintaining soil health, the alternations of soil microbial community and relationship between these changes and soil sickness under banana monoculture are still unclear. Bacterial and fungal communities in the soil samples collected from banana fields with different monoculture spans were profiled by sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacer using the MiSeq platform to explore the relationship between banana monoculture and Fusarium wilt disease in the present study. The results showed that successive cropping of banana was significantly correlated with the Fusarium wilt disease incidence. Fungal communities responded more obviously and quickly to banana consecutive monoculture than bacterial community. Moreover, a higher fungal richness significantly correlated to a higher banana Fusarium wilt disease incidence but a lower yield. Banana fungal pathogenic genus of Fusarium and Phyllosticta were closely associated with banana yield depletion and disease aggravation. Potential biocontrol agents, such as Funneliformis, Mortierella, Flavobacterium, and Acidobacteria subgroups, exhibited a significant correlation to lower disease occurrence. Further networks analysis revealed that the number of functionally interrelated modules decreased, the composition shifted from bacteria- to fungi-dominated among these modules, and more resources-competitive interactions within networks were observed after banana long-term monoculture. Our results also showed that bacterial and fungal communities were mainly driven by soil organic matter. Overall, the findings indicated that the bacterial and fungal community structures altered significantly after banana long-term monoculture, and the fungal richness, abundance of Fusarium, interactions between and within bacteria and fungi in ecological networks, and soil organic matter were associated with banana soil-borne Fusarium wilt disease.
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Collection(s)
图1 植物覆盖对蕉园土壤真菌多样性Chao1和Shannon 指数的影响图2 植物覆盖处理对蕉园土壤真菌群落组成的影响图3 植物覆盖处理下蕉园土壤真菌物种差异比较图4 植物覆盖处理下土壤真菌功能预测分析图5 共线性网络分析图图6 Zi-Pi散点图是各类ASVs根据CK和CP下的拓扑结构的分布图
表1 Hub ASV 的评分和分类/
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