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CBD and CBDA Contents in Fermented Cannabis sativa L.: Study of Dynamic Changes
GUAN Xin, QI Kexiang, LI Wanru, ZHANG He, JIANG Shuo, WU Tong, ZHENG Chunying
CBD and CBDA Contents in Fermented Cannabis sativa L.: Study of Dynamic Changes
The aim is to study the dynamic changes of CBD and CBDA contents of Cannabis sativa L. after fermentation, clarify the correlation between CBD and CBDA, and provide reference for efficient production of CBD raw materials. With CBD and CBDA as indexes, Cannabis sativa L. were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Escherichia coli and endophytic bacterium WF17, respectively. The dynamic changes of CBD and CBDA contents of Cannabis sativa L. before and after fermentation were analyzed by HPLC method. The CBD content reached the maximum value (3.1161 mg/g) on the first day after the fermentation of Cannabis sativa L. by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The CBD content reached the maximum value (3.7786 mg/g) on the 9th day after Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation of Cannabis sativa L.. The content of CBD reached the maximum value (3.5502 mg/g) at 3 d after fermentation of Cannabis sativa L. by Escherichia coli. After the fermentation of Cannabis sativa L. by endophytic bacteria WF17, the CBD content reached the maximum value (3.9182 mg/g) at the fermentation time of 7 days. The content of CBDA decreased the most in the first day of fermentation. All the four fermentation strains could significantly increase the CBD content and decrease the CBDA content in the fermented Cannabis sativa L. to a certain extent, and there might be a process of CBDA to CBD in the fermentation process of Cannabis sativa L.. Therefore, fermentation technology can be used for efficient production of CBD in Cannabis sativa L..
Cannabis sativa L. / cannabidiol / cannabidiolic / fermentation / HPLC {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 实验主要仪器 |
仪器 | 型号规格 | 生产厂家 |
---|---|---|
电子精密天平 | PL303 | 梅特勒-托利多仪器有限公司 |
超净工作台 | SZX | 南通科学仪器有限公司 |
空气浴振荡器 | HZQ-C | 哈尔滨市东联电子技术开发有限公司 |
旋转蒸发仪 | R-201 | 上海申胜生物技术有限公司 |
超声波清洗器 | KQ-100DE | 昆山市超声仪器有限公司 |
紫外可见波长检测器 | FL2000 | 浙江温岭福立分析仪器有限公司 |
高效液相色谱仪 | FL2000 | 浙江温岭福立分析仪器有限公司 |
400MH固体超导核磁共振波谱仪 | AVANCE Ⅲ | 美国Thermo Fisher公司 |
表2 色谱条件 |
参数 | 设置条件 |
---|---|
色谱柱 | Venusil XBP-C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm,USA) |
流动相及波长 | ①号流动相:乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液(75:25),220 nm; ②号流动相:甲醇-乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(40:30:30),254 nm |
流速 | 1 mL/min |
柱温 | 25℃ |
进样量 | 10 μL |
表3 线性关系考察结果 |
组分 | 回归方程 | 相关系数r | 线性范围/(mg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
CBD | Y=6×106X+264479 | 0.9998 | 0.0625~1.00 |
CBDA | Y=8.5198×105X+47651 | 0.9998 | 0.0625~1.00 |
表4 方法学考察结果 |
日内稳定性 | 日间稳定性 | 精密度 | 重现性 | 平均加样回收率(101.28%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBD | 1.47% | 1.40% | 1.25% | 2.08% | 1.79%(n=6) |
CBDA | 1.45% | 1.41% | 1.24% | 2.09% | 1.77%(n=6) |
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Currently, there is a great interest in the potential medical use of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating cannabinoid. Productive pharmacological research on CBD occurred in the 1970s and intensified recently with many discoveries about the endocannabinoid system. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies led to FDA-approval of Epidiolex®, a purified CBD medicine formulated for oral administration for the treatment of infantile refractory epileptic syndromes, by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2018. The World Health Organization considers rescheduling cannabis and cannabinoids. CBD use around the world is expanding for diseases that lack scientific evidence of the drug's efficacy. Preclinical and clinical studies also report adverse effects (AEs) and toxicity following CBD intake.Relevant studies reporting CBD's AEs or toxicity were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Central, and EMBASE through January 2019. Studies defining CBD's beneficial effects were included to provide balance in estimating risk/benefit.CBD is not risk-free. In animals, CBD AEs included developmental toxicity, embryo-fetal mortality, central nervous system inhibition and neurotoxicity, hepatocellular injuries, spermatogenesis reduction, organ weight alterations, male reproductive system alterations, and hypotension, although at doses higher than recommended for human pharmacotherapies. Human CBD studies for epilepsy and psychiatric disorders reported CBD-induced drug-drug interactions, hepatic abnormalities, diarrhea, fatigue, vomiting, and somnolence.CBD has proven therapeutic efficacy for serious conditions such as Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes and is likely to be recommended off label by physicians for other conditions. However, AEs and potential drug-drug interactions must be taken into consideration by clinicians prior to recommending off-label CBD.Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.
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Background "Light cannabis" is a product legally sold in Europe with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration lower than 0.2% and variable cannabidiol (CBD) content. We studied THC and CBD excretion profiles in blood, oral fluid (OF) and urine after smoking one or four light cannabis cigarettes. Methods Blood, OF and urine samples were obtained from six healthy light cannabis consumers after smoking one 1 g cigarette containing 0.16% THC and 5.8% CBD and from six others after smoking four 1 g cigarettes within 4 h. Sample collection began 0.5 and 4.5 h after smoking one or four cigarettes, respectively. Cannabinoid concentrations were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results At the first collection, the highest THC and CBD concentrations occurred in blood (THC 7.0-10.8 ng/mL; CBD 30.2-56.1 ng/mL) and OF (THC 5.1-15.5 ng/mL; CBD 14.2-28.1 ng/mL); similar results occurred 0.5 h after the last of four cigarettes in blood (THC 14.1-18.2 ng/mL, and CBD 25.6-45.4 ng/mL) and OF (THC 11.2-24.3 ng/mL; CBD 14.4-37.0 ng/mL). The mean OF to blood ratio ranged from 0.6 to 1.2 after one and 0.6 to 1.9 after four light cannabis cigarettes. THC/CBD ratios in blood and OF were never greater than 2. Urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentrations peaked 8 h after one and four cigarettes. Conclusions OF was a valuable alternative to blood in monitoring consumption of light cannabis. Blood and OF THC/CBD concentration ratios, never exceeded 2, possibly providing a useful biomarker to identify light cannabis vs illegal higher THC cannabis use, where THC/CBD ratios are generally greater than 10.
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Recently, cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have been the subject of intensive research and heavy scrutiny. Cannabinoids encompass a wide array of organic molecules, including those that are physiologically produced in humans, synthesized in laboratories, and extracted primarily from the Cannabis sativa plant. These organic molecules share similarities in their chemical structures as well as in their protein binding profiles. However, pronounced differences do exist in their mechanisms of action and clinical applications, which will be briefly compared and contrasted in this review. The mechanism of action of CBD and its potential applications in cancer therapy will be the major focus of this review article.
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采用高效液相色谱法对刺五加发酵前后紫丁香苷及异嗪皮啶的含量进行检测,研究乳酸杆菌HD11发酵刺五加对紫丁香苷及异嗪皮啶含量的影响。结果表明:刺五加经乳酸杆菌HD11发酵后紫丁香苷含量显著降低,而在其附近位置出现了新物质;乳酸杆菌HD11发酵刺五加根、茎后异嗪皮啶含量分别由发酵前的0.08、0.05mg/g提高到0.14、0.15mg/g。刺五加发酵后紫丁香苷含量降低,是由于紫丁香苷在乳酸杆菌HD11的作用下降解转化为其他物质,而异嗪皮啶含量的提高有利于提高活性成分的利用度。
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Mycocins have demonstrated inhibition of fungi, bacteria, parasites and viruses, in addition to being studied as epidemiological markers and in the development of vaccines. They are defined as extracellular proteins or glycoproteins with different activities, the main mechanism of action being the inhibition of β-glucan synthesis in the cell wall of sensitive strains. Given the resistance problems created by several microorganisms to agents commonly used in clinical practice, the discovery of new substances with this purpose becomes essential. Mycocins have potential as anti-microbials because they show minimal toxicity and do not present resistance.
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Analysis of cannabis has gained new importance worldwide, mainly for quality control within the legalized recreational and medical cannabis industry, but also for forensic differentiation between drug-type cannabis and legal products such as fiber hemp and CBD-rich/THC-poor cannabis. We herein present an HPLC-DAD method for quantitative analysis of major neutral and acidic cannabinoids in herbal cannabis and hashish: Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Δ-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabinol (CBN). Plant material was dried, homogenized and extracted with a mixture of methanol/hexane. Chromatographic separation of the analytes was achieved on a core-shell C8 column using gradient elution with water/acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. The analytical run time was 13 min and analytes were detected at 210 nm. The method is selective, sensitive, accurate, and precise, as confirmed through validation according to ICH and AOAC guidelines. Linearity in herbal cannabis ranged from 0.04 to 4.00% for the neutral cannabinoids, and from 0.40 to 20% for the acids. Linear ranges in hashish samples were 0.13-13.33% and 1.33-66.66%, respectively. The presented method was successfully applied to characterize 110 cannabis samples seized by the Swiss police, demonstrating its applicability for routine cannabis potency testing in the forensic setting.Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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