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The Responses of Nitrogen Loss from Paddy Field to Simulated Rainfall and Restored Materials
MIAO Huan, QIAO Yunfa, LI Qing, MIAO Shujie
PDF(1144 KB)
PDF(1144 KB)
The Responses of Nitrogen Loss from Paddy Field to Simulated Rainfall and Restored Materials
To explore effective measures to reduce the nitrogen loss from paddy field, the study was carried out to reveal the response of nitrogen loss from paddy field with different restored materials under heavy rain condition. Based on pot experiment and artificial rainfall simulation, the experiment set up two rainfall intensities (4 and 80 mm/h) and three surface water depths (2, 5 and 8 cm). Straw and biochar were used as restored materials to study the effects of rainfall intensity and restoration measures on nitrogen loss in paddy field with time and at different rice growth stages. The results showed that under the same amount of rainfall condition, after the simulated 4 mm/h rainfall, the concentration of NH4+-N in the surface water with straw and biochar addition was 15.1% and 59.4% lower than that of control treatment (NPK), respectively. However, the concentration of NO3--N in the straw and biochar added surface water was slightly higher than that of the control treatment. After a short-time heavy rainfall (80 mm/h), the concentration of NH4+-N in surface water was decreased by 55.4% and 63.9% by straw and biochar addition, respectively, and the concentration of NO3--N was decreased by 38.7% and 48.1%, respectively. Under the two rainfall intensities, the concentrations of NO3--N and NH4+-N in the surface water were the highest on the first day after rainfall, then began to decrease, and the lowest level was observed on the fifth day. In general, the concentration of NO3--N in the surface water of paddy field was lower than that of NH4+-N, but both of them showed gradual decrease trends with time. The concentrations of NO3--N and NH4+-N in the surface water were decreased with water layer increase after rainstorm. These results indicate that the addition of straw and biochar could effectively retain nitrogen nutrient in paddy soil and reduce the risk of nutrient loss. In comparison, biochar addition is better than straw addition. If the drainage time is delayed after rainfall, the nitrogen loss in the paddy field could be effectively reduced, and one week after fertilization is a critical period to control the nitrogen loss from paddy soil.
rainstorm / paddy field / nitrogen loss / straw returning / biochar {{custom_keyword}} /
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【目的】中国苹果园土壤有机碳含量较低，氮肥施用量偏高。本研究为苹果生产上合理应用秸秆和生物质炭来提高土壤缓冲性能和氮肥利用效率提供依据。【方法】以两年生富士/平邑甜茶为试材，采用15N标记示踪技术，研究添加秸秆和生物质炭对土壤容重、阳离子交换量、植株生长及氮素转化（树体吸收、氨挥发、N2O排放和土壤残留）的影响。试验共设4个处理：对照（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、施用氮肥并添加生物质炭（N+B）和施用氮肥并添加秸秆(N+S)。【结果】不同处理的土壤容重在0—5 cm和5—10 cm两个土层中的变化趋势一致。CK与N处理间差异不显著，但均显著高于N+B和N+S处理；两个添加外源碳的处理间，N+B处理的土壤容重显著低于N+S处理。与N处理相比，N+S和N+B处理的0—5 cm和5—10 cm两个土层的容重分别降低了0.06、0.09 g•cm-3和0.07、0.11 g•cm-3。与CK（18.32 cmol•kg-1）和N（19.61 cmol•kg-1）处理相比，N+S（22.27 cmol•kg-1）和N+B处理（25.35 cmol•kg-1）显著提高了0—10 cm土层土壤阳离子交换量，并且以N+B处理效果较好。3个施氮处理间植株总干重、15N积累量和15N利用率均以N+B处理最高，N+S处理次之，N处理最低。与CK相比，3个施氮处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的氨挥发量均显著增加。与N处理相比，添加外源碳的两个处理（N+S和N+B处理）显著减少了氨挥发损失量，以N+B处理减少幅度最大。与CK相比，3个施N处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的N2O排放量均显著增加，以N+B处理最高，其次为N+S处理，N处理最低，可见添加外源碳的两个处理的N2O排放量均有所增加，但3个施氮处理间差异不显著。去掉CK本底值后，N、N+S和N+B处理的氮素总气态损失量（氨挥发+N2O排放）占施氮量的比例分别为6.54%、4.33%和3.04%。可见，添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了氮素气态损失，以N+B处理效果较好。耕层土壤（0—50 cm）的15N残留量以N+B处理最高，N+S处理次之，N处理最低；而深层土壤（50—100 cm）则以N处理最高，N+S处理次之，N+B处理最低。3个施氮处理间，N回收率（树体吸收+土壤残留）以N+B处理最高，为42.26%，其次为N+S处理（37.22%），N处理最低（31.54%）；N损失率以N处理最高，为68.46%。其次为N+S处理（62.78%），N+B处理最低（57.74%）。【结论】添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了土壤容重，提高了土壤阳离子交换量，促进了苹果植株生长和对肥料氮的吸收，增加了土壤对氮的固定，减少了氮肥的气态损失，提高了氮肥利用率，其中以添加生物质炭的效果较好。
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