Plants exposed to salt stress undergo changes in their environment. The ability of plants to tolerate salt is determined by multiple biochemical pathways that facilitate retention and/or acquisition of water, protect chloroplast functions, and maintain ion homeostasis. Essential pathways include those that lead to synthesis of osmotically active metabolites, specific proteins, and certain free radical scavenging enzymes that control ion and water flux and support scavenging of oxygen radicals or chaperones. The ability of plants to detoxify radicals under conditions of salt stress is probably the most critical requirement. Many salt-tolerant species accumulate methylated metabolites, which play crucial dual roles as osmoprotectants and as radical scavengers. Their synthesis is correlated with stress-induced enhancement of photorespiration. In this paper, plant responses to salinity stress are reviewed with emphasis on physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance. This review may help in interdisciplinary studies to assess the ecological significance of salt stress.

为揭示微生物菌肥施用对盐碱地的改良效果，将有机废弃物资源有效再利用，研究微生物菌剂对高粱不同生育期土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性的变化及对高粱生长的影响。结果表明:施用微生物菌肥的各处理均能提高土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶的活性，以T5、T6对脲酶的影响最大。在高粱生长苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期土壤中的脲酶活性较高，分别为1.441、1.495、1.407和1.379 mg·g^-1·d^-1，明显高于其他各处理。各处理对高粱拔节期土壤脲酶的影响效果为T5＞T6＞T1＞T4＞T2＞T3＞CK，各处理对高粱不同生长发育期脲酶活性影响大小为拔节期＞抽穗期＞苗期＞成熟期，这说明适宜微生物菌剂可以显著提高土壤蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性，有效改善土壤的肥力状况，从而提高作物对土壤中氮素的利用。随着生育期的推进，土壤磷酸酶活性呈现先降后升趋势。T5各生育时期土壤磷酸酶活性均显著高于其他各处理，T6次之。表现突出的T5、T6所用两个菌株是前期筛选出的耐盐菌株，可以改善盐碱地理化性状，为盐碱地改良奠定理论基础。

Paddy rice fields occupy broad agricultural area in China and cover diverse soil types. Microbial community in paddy soils is of great interest since many microorganisms are involved in soil functional processes. In the present study, Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing and functional gene array (GeoChip 4.2) techniques were combined to investigate soil microbial communities and functional gene patterns across the three soil types including an Inceptisol (Binhai), an Oxisol (Leizhou), and an Ultisol (Taoyuan) along four profile depths (up to 70 cm in depth) in mesocosm incubation columns. Detrended correspondence analysis revealed that distinctly differentiation in microbial community existed among soil types and profile depths, while the manifest variance in functional structure was only observed among soil types and two rice growth stages, but not across profile depths. Along the profile depth within each soil type, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes increased whereas Cyanobacteria, beta-proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia declined, suggesting their specific ecophysiological properties. Compared to bacterial community, the archaeal community showed a more contrasting pattern with the predominant groups within phyla Euryarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, and Crenarchaeota largely varying among soil types and depths. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network (pMEN) analysis further indicated that the pattern of bacterial and archaeal communities interactions changed with soil depth and the highest modularity of microbial community occurred in top soils, implying a relatively higher system resistance to environmental change compared to communities in deeper soil layers. Meanwhile, microbial communities had higher connectivity in deeper soils in comparison with upper soils, suggesting less microbial interaction in surface soils. Structure equation models were developed and the models indicated that pH was the most representative characteristics of soil type and identified as the key driver in shaping both bacterial and archaeal community structure, but did not directly affect microbial functional structure. The distinctive pattern of microbial taxonomic and functional composition along soil profiles implied functional redundancy within these paddy soils.