To construct a reasonable canopy structure of soybean and increase the soybean yield per unit area, and to solve problems of soybean cultivation technology as unclear group structure canopy performance indexes and unreasonable field management measures, main popularized variety‘Hefeng 50’in Heilongjiang Province was used as the material, the canopy structure, dynamic characteristics of canopy light radiation and yield indicators of soybean population under different cultivation patterns were analyzed, to determine reasonable canopy indexes of different cultivation techniques of soybean at different growth stages. The results showed that small and wide ridge close planting were the high yield patterns and the yield was 3840.15 and 3456.0kg/hm2, respectively. With the soybean growth, the population leaf area index gradually increased and the index was 6.69 and 6.67 at seed filling stage, respectively. The average leaf dip angle of small ridge showed a low – high - low tendency, and the wide ridge close planting showed a decreasing trend, which was 27.99° and 32.89° at seed filling stage, respectively. The penetration coefficient of scattering and direct radiation both showed a decreasing trend, which was 0.008 and 0.00, respectively, in small ridge close planting, and 0.01 and 0.003 in wide ridge planting at seed filling stage. The extinction coefficient of small and wide ridge close planting increased with the increase of vertex angle gradually in different stages, it was 1.07 and 1.12 at the angle of 67.5 in seed filling period. Therefore, wide and small ridge close planting can be the main planting patterns of soybean cultivation in the black soil area of northeast China.