For studying the short-term changes of soil surface roughness under different tillage treatments, an experiment was conducted to obtain the soil surface roughness of three tillage treatments, which are ripped, harrowed and rolled surface, within 45 days after tilled. Each 5 days, the soil surface roughness was measured by a laser profile meter. The changes of soil surface in this short term were investigated with two roughness indices which are root mean square (RMS) and autocorrelation length (ACL). The results showed that, there was obvious correlation between roughness indices and day after tilled with exponential model. The R2 between RMS and day after tilled was 0.88-0.93 under three tillage treatments. The R2 between ACL and day after tilled was more than 0.94 under three tillage treatments. This study indicated that, the short-term changes of soil surface roughness after tilled, which would be valuable to improve the precession agriculture.