Allelopathy is the biological phenomenon of chemical interactions between living organisms in the ecosystem, and must be taken into account in addressing pest and weed problems in future sustainable agriculture. Allelopathy is a multidisciplinary science, but in some cases, aspects of its chemistry are overlooked, despite the need for a deep knowledge of the chemical structural characteristics of allelochemicals to facilitate the design of new herbicides. This review is focused on the most important advances in allelopathy, paying particular attention to the design and development of phenolic compounds, terpenoids and alkaloids as herbicides. The isolation of allelochemicals is mainly addressed, but other aspects such as the analysis and activities of derivatives or analogs are also covered. Furthermore, the use of allelopathy in the fight against parasitic plants is included. The past 12 years have been a prolific period for publications on allelopathy. This critical review discusses future research areas in this field and the state of the art is analyzed from the chemist's perspective. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.© 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

植物化感作用是植物之间相互影响的现象,广泛存在于自然界中。化感作用对自然植被演替和人类生产活动等具有重要的意义,因而是研究农田、草地、森林和荒漠等生态系统的热点问题。总结了近些年来国内外学者对化感作用的研究成果,从化感作用的发展历史、化感物质的分类与释放途径进行了介绍,详细总结了化感物质的作用机理,并分别从农业活动、植被演替以及草地生产3面阐明了化感作用的研究意义及其实践应用。在此基础上对该领域存在的问题进行了讨论,并对未来的研究方向做了展望。

Environmental stresses not only influence production of plant metabolites but could also modify their resorption during leaf senescence. The production-resorption dynamics of polyphenolic tannins, a class of defense compound whose ecological role extends beyond tissue senescence, could amplify the influence of climate on ecosystem processes. We studied the quantity, chemical composition, and tissue-association of tannins in green and freshly-senesced leaves of exposed to different temperature ( and ) and precipitation treatments () at the Boston-Area Climate Experiment (BACE) in Massachusetts, USA. Climate influenced not only the quantity of tannins, but also their molecular composition and cell-wall associations. Irrespective of climatic treatments, tannin composition in was dominated by condensed tannins (CTs, proanthocyanidins). When exposed to and conditions, produced higher quantities of tannins that were less polymerized. In contrast, under favorable conditions (), tannins were produced in lower quantities, but the CTs were more polymerized. Further, even as the overall tissue tannin content declined, the content of hydrolysable tannins (HTs) increased under treatments. The molecular composition of tannins influenced their content in senesced litter. Compared to the green leaves, the content of HTs decreased in senesced leaves across treatments, whereas the CT content was similar between green and senesced leaves in treatments that produced more polymerized tannins. The content of total tannins in senesced leaves was higher in treatments under both and precipitation treatments. Our results suggest that, though climate directly influenced the production of tannins in green tissues (and similar patterns were observed in the senesced tissue), the influence of climate on tannin content of senesced tissue was partly mediated by the effect on the chemical composition of tannins. These different climatic impacts on leaves over the course of a growing season may alter forest dynamics, not only in decomposition and nutrient cycling dynamics, but also in herbivory dynamics.

Spice and medicinal plants grown under water deficiency conditions reveal much higher concentrations of relevant natural products compared with identical plants of the same species cultivated with an ample water supply. For the first time, experimental data related to this well-known phenomenon have been collected and a putative mechanistic concept considering general plant physiological and biochemical aspects is presented. Water shortage induces drought stress-related metabolic responses and, due to stomatal closure, the uptake of CO2 decreases significantly. As a result, the consumption of reduction equivalents (NADPH + H(+)) for CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle declines considerably, generating a large oxidative stress and an oversupply of reduction equivalents. As a consequence, metabolic processes are shifted towards biosynthetic activities that consume reduction equivalents. Accordingly, the synthesis of reduced compounds, such as isoprenoids, phenols or alkaloids, is enhanced.

为探究外来植物假苍耳对土著植物种子萌发和幼苗生长是否存在化感作用,分别利用其水浸提液处理5种土著植物种子。结果显示,假苍耳不同部位浸提液存在不同程度化感作用,且其不同部位化感作用强度不同,叶浸提液抑制作用最强。从叶中分离出的3种组分中中性组分化感效应强于酸性和碱性组分。不同的土著植物对假苍耳同一部位浸提液敏感程度也不同,狗尾草和苋种子萌发对假苍耳不同部位浸提液均表现敏感,大籽蒿、藜、稗对假苍耳不同部位浸提液则表现出低促高抑的趋势。

为探讨花叶滇苦菜与常见草本花卉协同生长过程中的化感作用机制，采用培养皿生物测定法，研究了花叶滇苦菜地上部（DS）和地下部（DX）不同浓度浸提液对二月兰、石竹、观赏油菜3种花卉种子萌发、幼苗生长的生理指标及相关酶活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响，以期为花卉植物大规模应用及杂草生物防治提供理论依据。结果表明：花叶滇苦菜浸提液对3种花卉种子萌发、幼苗生长均呈低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的趋势，在5 g·L^-1时2种浸提液中促进效应最大的是二月兰，其次是石竹，均在100 g·L^-1浓度下抑制效应达最大。2种浸提液提高了3种花卉幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性，二月兰、观赏油菜在50 g·L^-1时达到峰值，石竹在25 g·L^-1时达到峰值，100 g·L^-1时均高于对照组，过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势，丙二醛含量随浸提液浓度的升高而增加。石竹种子POD活性与种子发芽率呈极显著正相关；观赏油菜POD活性与茎长和根长呈显著正相关；二月兰根长与POD、CAT活性呈极显著正相关，CAT活性与茎长和发芽率呈极显著正相关。浸提液对种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用综合效应强弱依次为观赏油菜>石竹>二月兰。综上所述，浸提液对3种花卉幼苗细胞膜均具有一定的损伤作用，应尽量避免在花叶滇苦菜危害严重的地块大规模种植3种花卉或者种植前彻底清除杂草。

Allelopathy means that one plant produces chemical substances to affect the growth and development of other plants. Usually, allelochemicals can stimulate or inhibit the germination and growth of plants, which have been considered as potential strategy for drug development of environmentally friendly biological herbicides. Obviously, the discovery of plant materials with extensive sources, low cost and markedly allelopathic effect will have far-reaching ecological impacts as the biological herbicide. At present, a large number of researches have already reported that certain plant-derived allelochemicals can inhibit weed growth. In this study, the allelopathic effect of Artemisia argyi was investigated via a series of laboratory experiments and field trial. Firstly, water-soluble extracts exhibited the strongest allelopathic inhibitory effects on various plants under incubator conditions, after the different extracts authenticated by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Then, the allelopathic effect of the A. argyi was systematacially evaluated on the seed germination and growth of Brassica pekinensis, Lactuca sativa, Oryza sativa, Portulaca oleracea, Oxalis corniculata and Setaria viridis in pot experiments, it suggested that the A. argyi could inhibit both dicotyledons and monocotyledons not only by seed germination but also by seedling growth. Furthermore, field trial showed that the A. argyi significantly inhibited the growth of weeds in Chrysanthemum morifolium field with no adverse effect on the growth of C. morifolium. At last, RNA-Seq analysis and key gene detection analysis indicated that A.argyi inhibited the germination and growth of weed via multi-targets and multi-paths while the inhibiting of chlorophyll synthesis of target plants was one of the key mechanisms. In summary, the A. argyi was confirmed as a potential raw material for the development of preventive herbicides against various weeds in this research. Importantly, this discovery maybe provide scientific evidence for the research and development of environmentally friendly herbicides in the future.

【目的】连作障碍是设施草莓（Fragaria×ananassa Duch.）生产中遇到的严重问题,根系分泌的酚酸类物质是引起连作障碍的因素之一。本研究旨在探讨连作草莓植株的根系线粒体功能对自毒酚酸物质胁迫的生理响应,为进一步研究草莓连作障碍的生理适应机制奠定基础。【方法】本研究以草莓为试材,分别外源施加27.0 μg·g^-1丁香酸、邻苯二甲酸及两者混合溶液,借助电子显微成像、组织化学染色、液相氧电极等技术,观察根系活性氧含量变化,测定线粒体氧化磷酸化水平、呼吸途径及呼吸关键酶活性等指标的变化,研究自毒酚酸物质诱导的活性氧对根系线粒体功能的影响,探究根系线粒体参与的呼吸复合体代谢和能量代谢等生理功能的影响。【结果】施加2种外源酚酸及混合溶液处理均能导致草莓根系活力明显下降,显著影响根系总根长、总表面积、根系总体积和平均直径,抑制根系的发生和生长,抑制作用表现为丁香酸处理（D）>两种溶液混合处理（D+L）>邻苯二甲酸处理（L）>CK。在草莓根系受到外界酚酸胁迫时,随着胁迫时间的延长,H⁺-ATPase活性前期呈现显著下降趋势,处理第3天时下降幅度最大,处理D、处理L、处理D+L分别比对照下降了38.8%、28.8%、33.7%,阻碍根细胞内外离子的运转能力,后期变化趋于平稳。根系K⁺Na⁺-ATPase及Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase活性也一定程度降低,变化规律相似。随着处理时间的延长,根系中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性均呈现显著下降趋势,H₂O₂和${\mathrm{O}}_2^{{}_{.}^{-}}$含量逐渐升高,根系线粒体MPT增大,降低Δψm及根系线粒体内膜上细胞色素Cyt c/a含量,破坏线粒体内膜细胞完整性和电子传递链,其中D处理效果最为显著。在草莓植株受到外源酚酸胁迫后,根系呼吸途径虽仍以EMP-TCA途径为主,但贡献率却显著降低,而PPP途径呈现出明显的增强趋势。外源酚酸处理后期,随着胁迫时间的延长,各呼吸关键酶活性均受到抑制作用,呼吸途径比例发生改变,进而导致各呼吸途径受阻,变化程度表现为D>D+L>L>CK。【结论】外源酚酸处理可导致植株根系活力降低,阻碍细胞内外各离子的运转能力,降低根系抗氧化酶活性及根系线粒体功能,各呼吸途径关键酶活性均降低,最终导致各呼吸途径受阻。

为探究玉米花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤的酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，利用CH2Cl2提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，通过室内模拟培养法，研究了玉米根系分泌物对含有不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸及对羟基苯甲酸3种酚酸类物质土壤的微生态环境的影响。结果表明，酚酸类物质均显著降低了土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量，抑制了土壤微生物活性，土壤酶（脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶）活性和养分含量（碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾）亦显著降低，且浓度越高化感抑制作用（RI＜0）越强（P＜0.05）。玉米根系分泌物可降低酚酸类物质对土壤微生物活性、微生物量、酶活性及养分含量的化感指数，以低浓度处理的降幅较大，且在处理第5 d和10 d显著增加了3种酚酸类物质处理的土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量（P＜0.05）；不同酚酸类物质中，以邻苯二甲酸所受影响最大。整个培养时期，玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5 d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。3次取样，土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低10.03%~64.13%、9.72%~57.51%、13.16%~78.85%和5.88%~59.71%。玉米根系分泌物可通过提高土壤微生物量、微生物活性及养分含量，来降低肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸对土壤微生态环境的化感作用。结果为玉米花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供一定的理论依据。