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还田作物秸秆腐解研究进展
Advances in the Decomposition of Straw from Returned Crops
作物秸秆还田是增加土壤养分、改良土壤理化性质的重要技术措施之一。为了解作物秸秆还田后的腐解过程,本文介绍了还田秸秆腐解的规律和秸秆腐解的常见研究方法。接着分析了秸秆组分,碳氮比(C/N),腐熟剂和土壤环境对秸秆腐解的影响,及秸秆腐解对农田生态系统的效应。最后指出了腐解条件不佳,腐熟剂开发不足,操作技术不规范等问题。为进一步提高作物秸秆科学还田的腐解速率,推动绿色农业的可持续发展提供理论基础。
Returning crop straw to the field is one of the most important technical measures to increase soil nutrients and improve soil physical and chemical properties. In order to understand the decomposition process of crop straw after returning it to the field, this paper introduces the laws of straw decomposition and the common research methods for straw decomposition. The effects of straw fraction, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), decomposing agent and soil environment on straw decomposition, and the effects of straw decomposition on agro-ecosystems are analyzed. Finally, the problems of poor decomposition conditions, underdeveloped decomposing agents and non-standard operating techniques are pointed out. It provides a theoretical basis for further improving the decomposition rate of crop straw to the field scientifically and promoting the sustainable development of green agriculture.
还田秸秆 / 腐解 / 腐解规律 / 研究方法 / 影响因素 {{custom_keyword}} /
straw returning / decomposition / decomposition law / research technique / influencing factors {{custom_keyword}} /
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作物秸秆还田是培肥土壤的重要技术措施,可以有效解决秸秆浪费和田间焚烧所产生的环境问题。为了深入了解秸秆还田技术以及高效合理利用秸秆资源,本文介绍了作物秸秆资源利用现状、秸秆还田的方式以及常见的秸秆还田技术模式和应用,阐述了作物秸秆还田对农田生态环境和作物产量的效应。本文分析了秸秆还田的利与弊,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,提出未来发展作物秸秆还田的关键是走农艺与农机相结合的道路。
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秸秆还田作为作物秸秆最有效的利用方式之一,可显著提高作物产量,促进资源循环利用和农业可持续发展。还田秸秆的快速腐解对改善土壤耕层质量,促进物质循环和培肥地力都有重要意义。本文概述了还田作物秸秆腐解及其养分释放特征;同时探讨了秸秆初始碳氮比、秸秆还田方式、土壤氮素供给、外施腐熟剂以及秸秆还田后的土壤环境等因素对秸秆腐解过程和秸秆养分释放特征的影响;最后对新的生产条件下如何更好地实现还田秸秆资源的高效利用提出展望,旨在为作物生产制定科学系统的秸秆还田方案、加速秸秆腐解及养分释放再利用提供理论依据。
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森林凋落物是森林土壤的重要组成部分,凋落物分解在调控森林生态系统养分循环中发挥了关键作用。采用凋落物分解袋法,研究河北塞罕坝地区华北落叶松与白桦,华北落叶松与蒙古栎,华北落叶松、白桦和蒙古栎混合凋落叶及纯华北落叶松凋落叶分解过程中分解速率、养分释放和酶活性的变化。结果表明: 经过近2年的分解,混合凋落叶分解速率均显著高于纯华北落叶松凋落物叶;在所有处理中,华北落叶松与白桦混合凋落叶分解速率最高。在凋落叶分解过程中,不同处理养分含量变化一致,凋落叶N、P含量呈上升趋势,C、K含量和C/N呈下降趋势;相对纯华北落叶松凋落叶,各混合凋落叶分解可以促进凋落叶C、K的释放,但对N、P的释放有一定的抑制作用。在凋落叶分解过程中,不同处理凋落叶过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈上升趋势,蔗糖酶活性呈下降趋势;凋落叶分解速率与凋落叶过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈正相关,与蔗糖酶活性呈负相关。总体来看,华北落叶松和白桦、蒙古栎凋落叶混合可以促进华北落叶松凋落叶的分解,且凋落叶中酶活性动态变化与凋落叶的分解密切相关。
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In the conventional straw returning operation, the maize straw is broken into pieces of about 10 cm and degraded naturally in the farmland. Under the conventional straw returning mode, maize straw does not easily decompose quickly in cold climate conditions, which can cause a significant decrease in the dry matter accumulation rate of next maize seedlings. Therefore, it is difficult to popularize conventional straw returning in the maize-growing regions of Northeast China. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a new agronomic technology of straw returning is proposed in this study, and a corresponding Bionic Straw Fine Crusher is developed to match the agronomic requirements. The key function of fine-crush straw returning is to significantly increase the contact area between the straw pith and the external environment by significantly shortening the crushing length, thus accelerating the rate of straw decomposition. In this study, the differences in operational effects between fine-crush straw returning, conventional straw returning, and no returning are clarified through 6 consecutive years of field experiments. At the same time, statistical analysis of the experimental data reveals the influence of fine-crush straw returning on the dry matter accumulation of maize at the seedling stage under the conditions of different returning modes, and determines the optimal agronomic parameter combination. The results of this study show that fine-crush straw returning significantly increased the decomposition rate, soil organic matter content, and soil accumulated temperature, thus creating a seedbed more favorable for maize seedling development. The experimental results showed that the optimal crushing length values of fine-crush straw returning were 1.5 cm, 3 cm, and 1.5 cm under mulching returning, shallow burial returning, and deep tillage returning conditions, respectively. Compared with conventional straw returning and no returning operations, the fine-crush straw returning operation can increase the maximum seedling dry matter accumulation of the maize crop by 5.1 g/plant and 2.8 g/plant (shallow burial), 4.2 g/plant and 1.8 g/plant (deep tillage), and 4.3 g/plant and 1.9 g/plant (mulching returning). The findings of this study may provide a viable new agronomic technology to accelerate the spread of straw returning in maize-growing areas of Northeast China.
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好氧堆肥是目前有效的羊粪资源化利用方式,本研究旨在探究辅料及微生物菌剂对羊粪好氧堆肥腐熟度的影响。以羊粪、水稻秸秆、菌糠为堆肥原料,加入外源菌剂,检测各个处理的理化指标,生物学指标和重金属指标。平均温度Z4>Z3>Z2>Z1,最高温度68.1℃,69.1℃,69.3℃,71.1℃。pH先升高再降低,堆肥结束为8.53、8.25、8.43、8.35。C/N逐渐降低,堆肥结束为15、16、15和14。含水率逐渐下降,堆肥结束Z2含水率最低并且下降最多,为66.82%。全钾含量逐渐升高,Z4增加最大为196.58%。GI逐渐升高,50天均达到110%,Z4最先达到。NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N含量波动下降。重金属含量均未超过国家标准NY 525—2012。以水稻为辅料与羊粪的堆肥效果优于菌糠,混合菌与菌糠处理提前进入高温期,更有利于羊粪堆体的快速腐熟。
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In view of the problems of low straw decomposition rates and reduced soil fertility in southern Liaoning, China, we investigated the effects of no-tillage mode (NT), deep loosening + deep rotary tillage mode (PT), rotary tillage mode (RT) and the addition of decomposing agent (the next is called a decomposer) (NT + S, PT + S, RT + S) on the decomposition proportion of straw, respectively, by using the nylon net bag method in combination with 365-day field plot experiments. The decomposition rules of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as well as the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in straw returned to the field for 15, 35, 55, 75, 95, 145 and 365 days were analyzed. The results showed that in the short term, the decomposition of straw was better in both the rotray tillage and deep loosening + deep rotary modes than in the no-tillage mode, and the addition of decomposer significantly promoted the decomposition of straw and the release of carbon from straw, among them, the RT + S treatment had the highest straw decomposition proportion and carbon release proportion in all sampling periods. After a one year experimental cycle, the RT + S treatment showed the highest proportion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin decomposition with 35.49%, 84.23% and 85.50%, respectively, and soil SOC, MBC and DOC contents were also higher than the other treatments with an increase of 2.30 g kg, 14.22 mg kg and 25.10 mg kg, respectively, compared to the pre-experimental soil. Our results show that in the short term, to accelerate the decomposition rate of returned straw and increase the content of various forms of carbon in soil, rotary tillage can be used to return the straw to the field, while also spraying straw decomposer on its surface. This experiment used a new straw decomposer rich in a variety of microorganisms, combined with the comparison of a variety of straw return modes, and in-depth study of straw decomposition effects of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Thus, a scheme that can effectively improve the decomposition rate of straw and the content of various forms of organic carbon in soil within a short period of time was explored to provide theoretical support for the southern Liaoning.© 2021. The Author(s).
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UVR8 (UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8) is a UV-B photoreceptor responsible for initiating UV-B signalling in plants. UVR8 is a homodimer in its signalling inactive form. Upon absorption of UV radiation, the protein monomerizes into its photoactivated state. In the monomeric form, UVR8 binds the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 (CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1), triggering subsequent UV-B-dependent photomorphogenic development in plants. Recent in vivo experiments have shown that the UVR8 C-terminal region (aa 397–423; UVR8C27) alone is sufficient to regulate the activity of COP1. In this work, CD spectroscopy and NMR experiments showed that the UVR8C27 domain was non-structured but gained secondary structure at higher temperatures leading to increased order. Bias-exchange metadynamics simulations were also performed to evaluate the free energy landscape of UVR8C27. An inverted free energy landscape was revealed, with a disordered structure in the global energy minimum. Flanking the global energy minimum, more structured states were found at higher energies. Furthermore, stabilization of the low energy disordered state was attributed to a proline residue, P411, as evident from P411A mutant data. P411 is also a key residue in UVR8 binding to COP1. UVR8C27 is therefore structurally competent to function as a molecular switch for interaction of UVR8 with different binding partners since at higher free energies different structural conformations are being induced in this peptide. P411 has a key role for this function.
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The rice-wheat system (RWS), managed over 10.5 Mha in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India suffers from production fatigue caused by declining soil organic matter, multi-nutrient deficiencies and diminishing factor productivity. We, therefore, conducted a long-term field experiment (1998–1999 to 2017–2018) in Modipuram, India to study the effect of continuous use of farmyard manure (FYM) as an organic fertilizer (OF), mineral fertilizers applied alone (RDF) and their combination (IPNS), as well as the inclusion of forage berseem (IPNS+B) or forage cowpea (IPNS+C) on crop yield, soil health and profits. The long-term yield trends were positive (p < 0.05) in all treatments except the control (unfertilized) in rice, and the control and RDF in wheat. Although the yields of rice, wheat and RWS were highest under IPNS treatments (IPNS, IPNS+B, IPNS+C), the maximum annual yield increase in rice (9.2%) and wheat (13.7%) was obtained under OF. A linear regression fitted to the yield data under different IPNS options revealed a highly significant (p < 0.001) annual yield increase in rice (5.1 to 6.6%) and wheat (6.8 to 7.7%) crops. Continuous rice-wheat cropping with RDF brought an increase in soil bulk density (Db) over the initial Db at different soil profile depths, more so at depths of 30–45 cm, but inclusion of forage cowpea or berseem in every third year (IPNS+B or C) helped to decrease Db, not only in surface (0–15 cm) but also in sub-surface (15–30 and 30–45 cm depth) soil. Whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) increased under OF, IPNS and IPNS + legume (B or C) treatments, it remained unaffected under RDF after 20 RW cycles. The inclusion of legumes along with IPNS not only helped to trap the NO3–N from soil layers below 45 cm but also increased its retention in the upper soil (0–15 cm depth). On the other hand, RDF had a higher NO3–N content in the lower layers (beyond 45 cm depth), indicating downward NO3–N leaching beyond the root zone. A build-up of Olsen-P was noticed under RDF at different time intervals. The soil exchangeable K and available S contents were maximal under OF and IPNS options, whereas a decline in DTPA extractable-Zn was recorded under OF. Overall, RWS economics revealed that OF treatment involved the maximum cost of cultivation (US
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李新举, 张志国, 李贻学. 土壤深度对还田秸秆腐解速度的影响[J]. 土壤学报, 2001(1):135-138.
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张银平, 迟岩杰, 王振伟, 等. 秸秆混土还田对两熟区玉米秸秆腐解速度的影响[J]. 江苏农业科学, 2020, 48(19):245-249.
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The utilization of crop straw resources has been highly emphasized by governments and academia in recent decades. The growing importance of straw decomposition in the wheat-maize rotation system and the remarkable diversity of accumulated information on this topic inspired us to quantitatively explore variations in the outcomes of individual studies. We conducted a data analysis of 46 experimental studies reporting the effects of agronomic measures on the straw decomposition rates of wheat (14 studies) and maize (38 studies). Statistical results showed that maize straw crushed and buried in soil with turn-over or rotary tillage can significantly increase straw decomposition rates. Further, with the increase in nitrogen input and straw burial depth in the soil, the maize straw decomposition rate increased significantly, while the amount of straw return showed the opposite trend. Among all agronomic measures in this research, burial depth has demonstrated a significant positive effect on the wheat straw decomposition rate. The random forest analysis identified decomposition time as the most important predictor of straw decomposition rates for wheat and maize. In addition, some agronomic measures and straw decomposition time jointly affect the decomposition rate of straw. In general, agronomic measures are effective factors in controlling straw decomposition in a wheat-maize rotation system.
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郑德明, 姜益娟, 吕双庆, 等. 干旱地区有机肥料腐解及腐殖化系数的研究[J]. 土壤肥料, 2004(2):15-19.
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张丽娟, 刘树庆, 张金柱, 等. 冀西北栗钙土有机物料的腐解特征[J]. 华北农学报, 2000(S1):69-75.
采用砂滤管田间模拟方法,对不同有机物料在冀西北高寒半干旱区栗钙土中的转化特点,进行了研究。结果表明:(1)有机物(肥)料在栗钙土中初期前3个月分解较大,矿化碳累积量快,此后逐渐变慢,至腐解2年时所有有机物(肥)料渐趋稳定状态。不同有机物(肥)料的分解速率表现为:猪粪>羊粪>牛粪>马粪>农家肥。秸秆类有机物料中小麦秸分解最慢,其他则无明显差异。至腐解2年时所有物(肥)料渐趋稳定状态;(2)栗钙土中有机物(肥)料的腐殖化系数变动在0.25~0.72之间,并表现为农家肥>马粪>牛粪>羊粪>猪粪;小麦秸>莜麦秸>披碱草;豆科秸秆十分相近;(3)有机物(肥)料碳素矿化动力学过程可以用1/C<sub>t</sub>=1/C<sub>0</sub>+b/t,C<sub>t</sub>=C<sub>0</sub>e<sup>-kt</sup>,C<sub>t</sub>=A+Bt<sup>1/2</sup>和C<sub>t</sub>=At<sup>B</sup>定量描述,动力学参数C<sub>0</sub>,k,A值等可表征碳素矿化特征。
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许玉芝. 秸秆还田条件下黑土粘粒矿物类型和质地变化对有机质转化影响机制研究[D]. 中国科学院大学(中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所), 2019.
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The dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]‐fallow rotation is suitable for large areas of the U.S. Great Plains. High temperatures and potential evapotranspiration limit the number of other crops that can be grown. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is drought tolerant, but crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are perceived to lack sufficient heat and drought tolerance for semiarid areas. A study was conducted near Garden City, KS, from 1991 through 1995 to compare yield and water uses of conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) corn, grain sorghum, sunflower, and soybean to determine if crops other than grain sorghum are suitable for dryland production. Conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) were included in a wheat‐row crop‐fallow rotation. Corn and soybean were similar in their depletion of soil water, as were sorghum and sunflower. Below a depth of 1.2 m, sorghum and sunflower removed the most water. Sunflower removed the most water from the last 0.3 m of the profile and probably removed deeper water. Sorghum and sunflower removed an average of 19 mm more water from the 1.8‐m soil profile than did corn and soybean. No‐till increased yields of corn in 3 yr, of sorghum and sunflower in 2 yr, and of soybean in 1 yr. Corn had the greatest yield response to NT, averaging 31%. Average yields of corn were 25% higher than sorghum yields, whereas average yields of sunflower were 83% higher than soybean yields. Other crops can be successfully grown in the wheat‐row crop‐fallow rotation, but sorghum should occupy the most acres until the other crops have been tested under different climatic conditions.
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This study aimed to evaluate changes in abundance, structure, and enzyme activity of the soil microbiome in response to 4 years of mulching using either black polyethylene plastic film (PM) or wheat straw (SM). Soil samples (depth 0–5 and 5–10 cm) were collected from conventional strawberry plots, in two samplings: 1 week prior (S1) and 7 weeks after straw application (S2). Selected soil properties were monitored in each system and the abundance and structure of microbial communities were characterized via phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. The investigation of soil microbial functions included activities of the enzymes chitinase, leucine aminopeptidase, and acid phosphatase, as well as function genes involved in nitrogen transformation. Each mulch system resulted in distinct physicochemical properties. In particular, a pH value higher by one-unit under PM (7.6 ± 0.3) compared to SM (6.5 ± 0.3) was observed. Values for SOC, DOC, and total-N were 15%, 22%, and 16% higher in PM than in SM. The microbial biomass (total PLFAs) was 1.5-fold higher in SM compared to PM. The abundance of soil fungi (F) and bacteria (B) increased by 37% and 44% after straw incorporation compared to PM (S2). In particular, Gram-negative bacteria (gr–) increased by twofold in SM. Consequently, wider F:B and gr+:gr– ratios were observed in PM. According to the shifts in microbial abundance, the activity of the enzyme chitinase was lower by 27% in PM, while the activity of the acid phosphatase increased by 32%. Denitrification genes were not affected by the mulching systems. In conclusion, the abundance and structure of the investigated microbial groups and the enzyme activities were strongly influenced by the mulching system. In detail, effects on microbiota were primarily attributed to the altered soil pH and probably the input of degradable organic matter with straw mulching in SM. This resulted in higher abundance of soil microorganisms in SM, although measures within this cultivation system such as fungicide application may have exerted adverse effects on the microbiota.
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The present study aimed to assess the influences of corn straw application on the soil microbial organisms, soil enzyme activities and the grain yield. Four treatments were evaluated: (i) The straw was ploughed into soil using a fence hydraulic turning plow with ploughing depth of 30-40 cm(PD). (ii) The self-developed straw deep returning machine was used to bury 30-40 cm in the sub-surface layer of soil (SD). (iii) The straw was mulched and no tillage sowing(M). (iv)Without straw application(CK). Soil samples of different deep(0-20 cm, 20-40 cm soil layer) were taken during the corn growth stage to determinesoil biological characteristics.Our results suggested that soil microorganisms were not increased by straw mulching. Straw deep ploughing and returning (PD treatment) could effectively improve the phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, the activities of urease,invertase,dehydrogenase and polyphenoloxidase, even the grain yield. In 20-40 cm subsoil layer, the effects were more obvious than those of topsoil. The mean yield of PD treatment was higher than SD,M and CK. The results showed that the PLFA signatures and soil enzyme were both sensitive to the changes of soil environment condition by the application of straw. In the actual field production, we should adopt the appropriate way of straw returning to the field to achieve not only the improvement of soil quality, but also the increase of grain yield.
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黄景, 顾明华, 徐世宏, 等. 稻草还田免耕抛秧对土壤剖面氮、磷、钾含量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(13):2648-2657.
【目的】探讨稻草还田免耕对稻田土壤剖面氮、磷和钾的影响。【方法】对连续2年和7年结合稻草还田常耕抛秧和免耕抛秧试验的水稻土剖面氮、磷、钾进行了研究。【结果】免耕表层0—4(5)cm土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量显著高于常耕土壤。稻草还田免耕0—4(5)cm土壤的全钾含量显著高于常耕土壤,速效钾含量与稻草还田常耕差异不明显,但显著高于普通常耕土壤。免耕5—20 cm层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷含量低于常耕土壤。普通免耕Aa层(耕作层)土壤速效钾含量显著低于常耕土壤。免耕的Ap层(犁底层)、W层(潴育层)和C层(母质层)碱解氮和速效钾含量高于常耕土壤。【结论】稻草还田免耕抛秧协调土壤氮、磷和钾的效果比普通免耕好,有利于土壤肥力的提高,稻草还田免耕抛秧是稻田免耕栽培的发展方向。
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