根据黄淮海地区冬小麦多年不同产量需肥特征进行配方施肥,来模拟冬小麦不同产量水平,进而研究不同产量下冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用等特性,为田间水肥管理和高效用水及合理施肥提供理论依据。本试验于2018—2019年在中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地进行,试验设置4个产量水平,分别为7.50 t/hm²(C₀),8.25 t/hm²(C₅),9.00 t/hm²(C₁₀),9.75 t/hm²(C₁₅),以不施肥为对照处理(CK)。结果表明,随产量的增加,冬小麦株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量均呈上升趋势,无效小穗数呈下降趋势,较CK处理相比,C₁₅处理株高、SPAD、穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重和生物量分别提高17.8%、69.1%、68.6%、15.3%、16.5%、17.3%、34.9%,收获指数达到53.2%。随产量的增加,冬小麦耗水量显著增加,水分利用效率呈上升趋势,C₁₀耗水量增加22.8%,水分利用效率增加9.9%;收获后C₁₀土壤全氮全磷较播前显著增加,C₁₅显著减少,肥料贡献率随产量增加显著提高,偏生产力显著降低。冬小麦产量的提高主要依赖于较高的穗数和全生育期干物质的积累,结合冬小麦产量、耗水量,水分利用等认为C₁₀处理水肥利用最佳。

According to the requirement characteristics of different winter wheat yields on fertilizer in Huang-Huai-Hai area, formula fertilization was carried out to simulate different yield levels of winter wheat and study the characteristics of growth and development as well as water and fertilizer utilization under different yields, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient use of water and application of fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in Xinxiang Comprehensive Experimental Base of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2018 to 2019. We set four yield levels, including 7.50 t/hm² (C₀), 8.25 t/hm² (C₅), 9.00 t/hm² (C₁₀) and 9.75 t/hm² (C₁₅), with no fertilization as control (CK). The results showed that all the indicators of the plant height, SPAD, ear number per hectare, ear length, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight and biomass of winter wheat increased with the increase of yield, while the invalid spike number decreased. Compared with those of CK treatment, the plant height, SPAD, ear number per hectare, ear length, grains number per ear, 1000-grain weight and biomass of C₁₅ treatment increased by 17.8%, 69.1%, 68.6%, 15.3%, 16.5%, 17.3%, 34.9%, respectively, and the harvest index was 53.2%. With the increase of yield, the water consumption of winter wheat increased significantly, and water use efficiency (WUE) showed an upward trend. Water consumption and water use efficiency of C₁₀ increased by 22.8% and 9.9%, respectively. After harvest, the total nitrogen and total phosphorus in soil of C₁₀ treatment increased significantly compared with those before sowing, while those of C₁₅ treatment decreased significantly. Fertilizer contribution rate increased significantly with the increase of yield, but the partial productivity of fertilizer decreased significantly. The increase of winter wheat yield mainly depends on high ear number per hectare and dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period. Considering the yield, water consumption and water use efficiency of winter wheat, the C₁₀ treatment is considered to be the best one.