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纳米材料对作物种子萌发及生长发育的影响
Nanomaterials: Effects on Seed Germination and Growth and Development of Crop
随着纳米材料在农业领域广泛应用,为研究纳米材料对作物种子萌发及生长发育的影响,通过分析纳米材料对作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的促进作用和抑制作用,归纳了纳米对作物生长力的影响,总结纳米影响作物生长发育的机制有打破种子的休眠、促进种子代谢、影响营养元素吸收、影响植物净光合速率和水分利用率、影响植物的抗逆性及诱导植物毒性等。指出纳米材料与植物的相互作用是个复杂的过程;纳米材料与植物间相互作用的机制取决于纳米材料的理、化性质、处理浓度、植物的类型、生长阶段,还与介质、光照强度等环境因素相关。建议今后要进一步研究纳米材料与植物间相互作用的机制;建立科学的评价体系,全面反映纳米材料的植物效应;加强纳米材料在农业资源与环境中的研究,使纳米材料在可持续农业中发挥良好作用。
At present, nanomaterials are widely used in agriculture and other fields. This paper aims to study the effects of nanomaterials on seed germination and growth and development of crop, and analyze the promoting and inhibiting effects of nanomaterials on seed germination and seedling growth and other growth. The effects of nanomaterials on crop growth and development were summarized, including breaking seed dormancy, promoting seed metabolism, affecting nutrient absorption, affecting net photosynthetic rate and water utilization rate, affecting plant stress resistance and inducing plant toxicity. It is pointed out that the interaction between nanomaterials and plants is a complex process. Moreover, the mechanism of interaction between nanomaterials and plants depends on the physicochemical properties and treatment concentration of nanomaterials, type and growth stage of plant, and environmental factors such as medium and light intensity. It is suggested that further study should be focus on the mechanism of interaction between nanomaterials and plants, establishing a scientific evaluation system fully reflecting the effect of nanomaterials on plant, and strengthening the application research of nanomaterials in agricultural resources and environment, in order to make nanomaterials play a good role in sustainable agriculture.
纳米材料 / 作物 / 种子萌发 / 生长发育 {{custom_keyword}} /
nanomaterials / crops / seed germination / growth and development {{custom_keyword}} /
[1] |
孙长娇, 崔海信, 王琰, 等. 纳米材料与技术在农业上的应用研究进展[J]. 中国农业科技导报, 2016,18(01):18-25.
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Nanotechnology application to concrete presents an innovative approach to improve concrete properties based on the ability to manipulate the cementitious material at an atomic scale. This paper presents a review of the nano-materials that have been used in concrete. The literature survey revealed that four nano-materials are most often used to modify concrete properties; these include nano-silica (nano-SiO2), nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) and carbon nano-fibres (CNFs). All of these four nano-materials have shown improvement in many concrete properties. Both nano-TiO2 and nano-SiO2 reduce bleeding and segregation, and improve mechanical and transport properties. CNFs and CNTs tend to adversely affect the fresh properties due to agglomerations, which are overcome when a surfactant or ultrasonic mixer is used. However, both CNFs and CNTs significantly improve the mechanical properties of concrete. This paper also discusses how concrete durability is improved when nano-materials are added to concrete. In addition, this paper identifies several research needs based on the gaps in the current state of knowledge on using nano-materials in concrete.
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刘家丰, 倪洪涛. 纳米技术在种子生产、加工与处理中的应用[J]. 中国农学通报, 2018,34(17):19-23.
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汪玉洁, 陈日远, 刘厚诚, 等. 纳米材料在农业上的应用及其对植物生长和发育的影响[J]. 植物生理学报, 2017,53(06):933-942.
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杜俊杰, 李娜, 吴建虎. 不同纳米材料对小麦种子萌发的影响[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2018,46(13):38-40.
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It is well known that graphene (G) induces nanotoxicity towards living organisms. Here, a novel and biocompatible hydrated graphene ribbon (HGR) unexpectedly promoted aged (two years) seed germination. HGR formed at the normal temperature and pressure (120 days hydration), presented 17.1% oxygen, 0.9% nitrogen groups, disorder-layer structure, with 0.38 nm thickness ribbon morphology. Interestingly, there were bulges around the edges of HGR. Compared to G and graphene oxide (GO), HGR increased seed germination by 15% root differentiation between 52 and 59% and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. The metabonomics analysis discovered that HGR upregulated carbohydrate, amino acid, and fatty acids metabolism that determined secondary metabolism, nitrogen sequestration, cell membrane integrity, permeability, and oxidation resistance. Hexadecanoic acid as a biomarker promoted root differentiation and increased the germination rate. Our discovery is a novel HGR that promotes aged seed germination, illustrates metabolic specificity among graphene-based materials, and inspires innovative concepts in the regulation of seed development.
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Ten agronomic plant species were exposed to different concentrations of nano-titanium dioxide (nTiO2 ) or nano-cerium oxide (nCeO2 ) (0 mug/mL, 250 mug/mL, 500 mug/mL, and 1000 mug/mL) to examine potential effects on germination and early seedling development. The authors modified a standard test protocol developed for soluble chemicals (OPPTS 850.4200) to determine if such an approach might be useful for screening engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and whether there were differences in response across a range of commercially important plant species to 2 common metal oxide ENMs. Eight of 10 species responded to nTiO2 , and 5 species responded to nCeO2 . Overall, it appeared that early root growth may be a more sensitive indicator of potential effects from ENM exposure than germination. The observed effects did not always relate to the exposure concentration, indicating that mass-based concentration may not fully explain the developmental effects of these 2 ENMs. The results suggest that nTiO2 and nCeO2 have different effects on early plant growth of agronomic species, with unknown effects at later stages of the life cycle. In addition, standard germination tests, which are commonly used for toxicity screening of new materials, may not detect the subtle but potentially more important changes associated with early growth and development in terrestrial plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2223-2229. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Research into nanotechnology, an emerging science, has advanced in almost all fields of technology. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of nano-silicon dioxide (nano-SiO2) in plant resistance to salt stress through improvement of the antioxidant system of squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. white bush marrow). Seeds treated with NaCl showed reduced germination percentage, vigor, length, and fresh and dry weights of the roots and shoots. However, nano-SiO2 improved seed germination and growth characteristics by reducing malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels as well as electrolyte leakage. In addition, application of nano-SiO2 reduced chlorophyll degradation and enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (P-n), stomatal conductance (g(s)), transpiration rate, and water use efficiency. The increase in plant germination and growth characteristics through application of nano-SiO2 might reflect a reduction in oxidative damage as a result of the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase. These results indicate that nano-SiO2 may improve defense mechanisms of plants against salt stress toxicity by augmenting the P-n, g(s), transpiration rate, water use efficiency, total chlorophyll, proline, and carbonic anhydrase activity in the leaves of plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2429-2437. (c) 2014 SETAC
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During the past 10 years, exploiting engineered nanoparticles in agricultural sector has been rapidly increased. Nanoparticles are used to increase the productivity of different crops particularly under biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aims to test the ability of nanosilica (NS) to ameliorate the detrimental impact of Na(+) with different concentrations on the seed germination and the growth of common bean seedlings. Five doses of Na(+) have been prepared from NaCl, i.e., 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 mg L(-1), and distilled water was applied as a control. Seeds and seedlings were treated with three different NS concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg L(-1)). The results proved that Na(+) concentrations had detrimental effects on all measured parameters. However, treating seeds and seedlings with NS improved their growth and resulted in higher values for all measurements. For instance, the addition of 300 mg L(-1) NS leads to an increase of the final germination percentage, vigor index, and germination speed for seeds irrigated with 5000 mg Na(+) L(-1) by 19.7, 80.7, and 22.6%, respectively. Although common bean seedlings could not grow at the highest level of Na(+), fortification seedlings with NS helped them to grow well under 5000 mg L(-1) of Na(+). An increase of 11.1 and 23.1% has been measured for shoot and root lengths after treating seedlings with 300 mg L(-1) NS under irrigation with 5000 mg Na(+) L(-1) solutions, and also at the same treatment, shoot and root dry masses are enhanced by 110.9 and 328.0%, respectively. These results proved the importance of using NS to relieve the detrimental effects of Na(+)-derived salinity. This finding could be reinforced by low Na content which was measured in plant tissues after treating seedlings with 300 mg L(-1) of NS.
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Agricultural biotechnology is very familiar with the properties of nanomaterial and their potential uses. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to test the beneficial effects of nanosilicon dioxide (nSiO2: size- 12 nm) on the seed germination of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv Super Strain B). Application of nSiO2 significantly enhanced the characteristics of seed germination. Among the treatments, 8 g L(-1) of nSiO2 improved percent seed germination, mean germination time, seed germination index, seed vigour index, seedling fresh weight and dry weight. Therefore, it is very clear that nSiO2 has a significant impact on the seed germination potential. These findings could provide that alternative source for fertilizer that may improve sustainable agriculture.
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Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) enable the control and exploration of intermolecular interactions inside microscopic systems, but the potential environmental impacts of their inevitable release remain largely unknown. Plants exposed to ENMs display effects, such as increase in biomass and chlorophyll, distinct from those induced by exposure to their bulk counterparts, but few studies have addressed the mechanisms underlying such physiological results. The current investigation found that exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) triggered high plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activity. The increase in activity caused a decrease in apoplastic pH, an increase in leaf area, and also wider stomatal aperture. Analysis of gene expression indicated that the levels of the H(+)-ATPase isoform responsible for stomatal opening, AHA2, were 5-fold higher in plants exposed to nZVI than in unexposed control plants. This is the first study to show that nZVI enhances stomatal opening by inducing the activation of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, leading to the possibility of increased CO2 uptake.
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[26] |
Nano priming is a new method for the increase of seedling vigor and improvement of germination percentage and seedling growth. The experiments to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nano-anatase on germination parameters of parsley as a completely randomized design with five replications were performed in a tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. In addition, nano-anatase at four concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/ml) was added to the Murashige and Skoog medium. At the end of the experiment, the percentage of germination, germination rate index, root and shoot length, fresh weight of seedlings, vigor index, and chlorophyll content were evaluated. The results showed that an increase in the concentration of nano-anatase caused a significant increase in the percentage of germination, germination rate index, root and shoot length, fresh weight, vigor index, and chlorophyll content of seedlings. The best concentration of nano-anatase was 30 mg/ml.
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[27] |
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) are manufactured and used worldwide in large quantities. However, phytotoxicity research on nano-TiO2 has yielded confusing results, ranging from strong toxicity to positive effects. Therefore, in this research, the effects of nano-TiO2 on the germination and root elongation of seed and seedlings were studied. Additionally, the uptake and physiological responses of mature plants were investigated. Physical chemistry data were analyzed to assess the availability of nano-TiO2. Finally, a hydroponic system designed to overcome nano-TiO2 precipitation was used to reproduce the environmental conditions of actual fields. Nano-TiO2 did not have any effect on seed germination or on most of the plant species tested. Nano-TiO2 had positive effects on root elongation in some species. No physiological differences in enzyme activities or chlorophyll content were detected, even though the plants absorbed nano-TiO2. Physical chemistry data showed that nano-TiO2 agglomerated rapidly and formed particles with much bigger hydrodynamic diameters, even in distilled water and especially in a hydroponic system. Furthermore, agglomerated nano-TiO2 formed precipitates; this would be more severe in an actual field. Consequently, nano-TiO2 would not be also readily available to plants and would not cause any significant effects on plants. Our results and other reports suggest that titanium itself is not phytotoxic, even though plants absorb titanium. In conclusion, nano-TiO2 is not toxic to the three plant species, in vitro or in situ.
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The impacts of different concentrations of bulk and nanosized TiO2 on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat were studied in a randomized completely design with four replications in the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2011. The experimental treatments included five concentrations of bulk (1, 2, 10, 100, and 500 ppm), five concentrations of nanosized TiO2 (1, 2, 10, 100, and 500 ppm), and control (without any TiO2). Results indicated that among the wheat germination indices, only mean germination time was affected by treatments. The lowest and the highest mean germination time (0.89 vs. 1.35 days) were obtained in 10 ppm concentration of nanosized TiO2 and control treatments, respectively. In addition, shoot length, seedling length, and root dry matters were affected by bulk and nanosized TiO2 concentrations, significantly. Shoot and seedling lengths at 2 and 10 ppm concentrations of nanosized TiO2 were higher than those of the untreated control and bulk TiO2 at 2 and 10 ppm concentrations. Employing nanosized TiO2 in suitable concentration could promote the seed germination of wheat in comparison to bulk TiO2 but in high concentrations had inhibitory or any effect on wheat.
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[30] |
The influence of exposure to engineered nanoparticles (NPs) was studied in tomato plants, grown in a soil and peat mixture and irrigated with metal oxides (CeO2, Fe3O4, SnO2, TiO2) and metallic (Ag, Co, Ni) NPs. The morphological parameters of the tomato organs, the amount of component metals taken up by the tomato plants from NPs added to the soil and the nutrient content in different tomato organs were also investigated. The fate, transport and possible toxicity of different NPs and nutrients in tomato tissues from soils were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The tomato yield depended on the NPs: Fe3O4-NPs promoted the root growth, while SnO2-NP exposure reduced it (i.e. +152.6 and -63.1 % of dry matter, respectively). The NP component metal mainly accumulated in the tomato roots; however, plants treated with Ag-, Co- and Ni-NPs showed higher concentration of these elements in both above-ground and below-ground organs with respect to the untreated plants, in addition Ag-NPs also contaminated the fruits. Moreover, an imbalance of K translocation was detected in some plants exposed to Ag-, Co- and Fe3O4-NPs. The component metal concentration of soil rhizosphere polluted with NPs significantly increased compared to controls, and NPs were detected in the tissues of the tomato roots using electron microscopy (ESEM-EDS).
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[31] |
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were found to penetrate tomato seeds and affect their germination and growth rates. The germination was found to be dramatically higher for seeds that germinated on medium containing CNTs (10-40 mug/mL) compared to control. Analytical methods indicated that the CNTs are able to penetrate the thick seed coat and support water uptake inside seeds, a process which can affect seed germination and growth of tomato seedlings.
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[32] |
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) affected seed germination, growth, and the development of three important crops (barley, soybean, corn). Early seed germination and activation of growth in exposed seedlings was observed when MWCNTs were added to sterile agar medium. Similarly, seed germination was activated for all tested crop species when MWCNTs were deposited on seed surfaces. The ability of MWCNTs to penetrate the seed coats of corn, barley, and soybean was proven by detection of nanotube agglomerates inside MWCNT-exposed seeds using Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of genes encoding several types of water channel proteins was increased in soybean, corn, and barley seeds coated with MWCNTs compared with uncoated control seeds. Our results indicate that the positive effect of MWCNTs on the germination and growth of seedlings is reproducible between crop species and can be observed for different methods of delivering carbon nanotubes. Such studies could prove the significant potential of carbon nanotubes as regulators of germination and plant growth.
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[33] |
赖钰. 不同用量纳米材料对生菜种子发芽的影响[J]. 蔬菜, 2019(4):10-14.
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[34] |
Nowadays an increasing application of nanotechnology in different fields has arisen an extensive debate about the effect of the engineered nanoparticles on environment. Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles has come into limelight in the last few years. However, very few studies have been done so far on the beneficial aspects of nanoparticles on plants. In this article, we report the beneficial effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) having diameter of similar to 30 nm on Brassica juncea (mustard) seeds. Measurements of germination rate, T (50) (time taken for 50% germination), shoot and root growth have shown encouraging results using low concentration of oxidized MWCNT (OMWCNT) treated seeds as compared to non-oxidized as well as high concentration OMWCNT treated seeds. For toxicity study we measured the germination index and relative root elongation, while conductivity test and infra-red spectra were also performed to study the overall effect of oxidized and non-oxidized nanotubes on mustard seeds and seedlings.
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[35] |
The aim of this study was to investigate the phytotoxicity of thin-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Three different CNTs, including hollow multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), Fe-filled carbon nanotubes (Fe-CNTs), and Fe-Co-filled carbon nanotubes (FeCo-CNTs), were evaluated. The CNTs significantly inhibited rice growth by decreasing the concentrations of endogenous plant hormones. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) significantly increased in rice roots after treatments with CNTs, and all three types of CNTs had the same effects on the C:N ratio. Interestingly, the increase in the C:N ratio in roots was largely because of decreased N content, indicating that the CNTs significantly decreased N assimilation. Analyses of the Fe and Co contents in plant tissues, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis proved that the CNTs could penetrate the cell wall and the cell membrane, and then enter the root cells. According to the author's knowledge, this is the first time to study the relationship between carbon nanotubes and carbon nitrogen ratio and plant hormones.
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[36] |
乔俊, 赵建国, 解谦, 等. 纳米炭材料对作物生长影响的研究进展[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017,33(2):170-178.
纳米炭材料由于其独特的结构和物理化学性质被广泛地应用到材料科学、能源、环境修复以及制药等领域。随着纳米炭材料生产和使用的不断增加,纳米炭材料将不可避免地被释放到环境中,并对环境中的各种植物以及作物造成未知的影响。近年来,将纳米炭材料应用到农业领域,考察纳米炭材料对作物的影响成为新的研究热点。该文综述了各类纳米炭材料(包括炭纳米管、富勒烯、炭纳米洋葱和石墨烯等)对作物的生长影响,现有研究表明,各类纳米炭材料对作物种子的萌发和幼苗根茎的生长、作物产量和品质以及作物的抗逆性方面造成影响;此外,施加含纳米炭材料的肥料对作物的产量品质,肥料的利用率也造成影响,但其中的影响机理还不完全清楚,仍有待于进一步研究。研究纳米炭材料与作物的相互作用关系,可为纳米炭材料应用于农业,促进增产提供新的思路和指导,因而具有重要的意义。
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[37] |
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) use has been increased in recent years, which has potentially antagonistic effects on living organisms, including microbes, human, and plants. The physiological and molecular responses of AgNPs have been reported for several plants; however, the detailed mechanism of action of AgNPs is not known in turnip. Accordingly, the aim of this study was determined to evaluate the impact of AgNPs exposure in turnip seedlings at concentrations up to 10.0 mg/l. The frequency of seed germination decreased with increasing AgNPs concentration. Moreover, while exposure to 1.0 mg/l AgNPs significantly increased plant fresh biomass. The plant growth, biomass, and chlorophyll content were decreased at 5.0 and 10.0 mg/l AgNPs. Anthocyanin, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide levels were significantly increased with higher concentrations of AgNPs. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage were significantly elevated in plants treated with higher concentrations of AgNPs. The DNA damage potential was confirmed in the experiment of DNA laddering, comet, and TUNEL assays. Consequently, the study confirms the phytotoxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic potentials induced by AgNPs. Moreover, higher concentrations (5.0 and 10.0 mg/l) of AgNPs significantly induced expression of genes related to glucosinolates and phenolics biosynthesis as well as abiotic and biotic stresses whereas down-regulated the carotenoid gene expressions. To our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional responses of turnip to biologically synthesized AgNPs.
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The potential environmental toxicity of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) and three types of nanosilver differing in average particle size from 1 to 20 nm was evaluated using seed germination tests with ryegrass, barley, and flax exposed to 05000 mg L-1 nZVI or 0100 mg L-1 Ag. For nZVI, germination tests were conducted both in water and in two contrasting soils to test the impact of assumed differences in bioavailability of nanoparticles. Inhibitory effects were observed in aqueous suspensions at 250 mg L-1 for nZVI and 10 mg L-1 for Ag. Reduction in shoot growth was a more sensitive endpoint than germination percentage. Complete inhibition of germination was observed at 10002000 mg L-1 for nZVI. For Ag, complete inhibition was not achieved. The presence of soil had a modest influence on toxicity, and inhibitory effects were observed at 300 mg nZVI L-1 water in soil (equivalent to 1000 mg nZVI kg-1 soil). Complete inhibition was observed at 750 and 1500 mg L-1 in sandy soil for flax and ryegrass, respectively, while for barley 13% germination still occurred at 1500 mg L-1. In clay soil, inhibition was less pronounced. Our results indicate that nZVI at low concentrations can be used without detrimental effects on plants and thus be suitable for combined remediation where plants are involved. Silver nanoparticles inhibited seed germination at lower concentrations, but showed no clear size-dependant effects, and never completely impeded germination. Thus, seed germination tests seem less suited for estimation of environmental impact of Ag. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2012.
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[40] |
Increasing use of nanoparticles in daily products is of great concern today, especially when their positive and negative impact on environment is not known. Hence, in current research, we have studied the impact of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) application on seed germination, root, and shoot length of castor bean, Ricinus communis L. plant. Silver nanoparticles had no significant effects on seedling growth even at higher concentration of 4,000 mg L-1, while the silver in bulk form as AgNO3 applied on the castor bean seeds inhibited the seed germination. Silver uptake in seedlings of the castor seeds on treatment with both the forms of silver was confirmed through atomic absorption spectroscopy studies. The silver nanoparticle and silver nitrate application to castor seeds also caused an enhanced enzymatic activity of ROS enzymes and phenolic content in castor seedlings. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of individual phenols indicated enhanced content of parahydroxy benzoic acid. These kinds of studies are of great interest in order to unveil the movement and accumulation of nanoparticles in plant tissues for assessing future applications in the field or laboratory.
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The focus of this investigation is to evaluate the phytotoxicity of selected metal oxide nanoparticles and microparticles as a function of maize seed germination and root elongation under different growth conditions (Petri plate, cotton and soil). The results of seed germination and root elongation experiments reveal that all the growth conditions show almost similar results. Alumina (Al2O3) and titania (TiO2) nanoparticles significantly reduce the germination percentage, whereas silica (SiO2) nanoparticles and microparticles enhance the same. The results of nanoparticles and microparticles of zirconia (ZrO2) are found to be same as those of controls. Root elongation is enhanced by SiO2 nanoparticles and microparticles treatment, whereas inhibition is observed with Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles and microparticles. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry data of the treated and control seed samples show that seeds uptake SiO2 particles to a greater extent followed by TiO2, Al2O3 and ZrO2. In addition, the uptake of nanoparticles is found to be greater than that of microparticles. Thus, the tested metal oxides penetrated seeds at the nanoscale as compared with the microscale. This study clarifies phytotoxicity of nanoparticles treated in different growth substrates and highlights the impact of nanoparticles on environment and agricultural systems.
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[44] |
Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) can inhibit plant seed germination and root elongation via the release of metal ions. In the present study, two acute phytotoxicity tests, seed germination and root elongation tests, were conducted on cucumber seeds (Cucumis sativus) treated with bulk copper oxide (CuO) and CuO NPs. Two concentrations of bulk CuO and CuO NPs, 200 and 600 ppm, were used to test the inhibition rate of root germination; both concentrations of bulk CuO weakly inhibited seed germination, whereas CuO NPs significantly inhibited germination, showing a low germination rate of 23.3% at 600 ppm. Root elongation tests demonstrated that CuO NPs were much stronger inhibitors than bulk CuO. SELDI-TOF MS analysis showed that 34 proteins were differentially expressed in cucumber seeds after exposure to CuO NPs, with the expression patterns of at least 9 proteins highly differing from those in seeds treated with bulk CuO and in control plants. Therefore, these 9 proteins were used to identify CuO NP-specific biomarkers in cucumber plants exposed to CuO NPs. A 5977-m/z protein was the most distinguishable biomarker for determining phytotoxicity by CuO NPs. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the SELDI-TOF MS results showed variability in the modes of inhibitory action on cucumber seeds and roots. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that the phytotoxic effect of metal oxide NPs on plants is not caused by the same mode of action as other toxins. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V.
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[45] |
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Plants need to be included to develop a comprehensive toxicity profile for nanoparticles. Effects of five types of nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon nanotube, aluminum, alumina, zinc, and zinc oxide) on seed germination and root growth of six higher plant species (radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, and cucumber) were investigated. Seed germination was not affected except for the inhibition of nanoscale zinc (nano-Zn) on ryegrass and zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) on corn at 2000 mg/L. Inhibition on root growth varied greatly among nanoparticles and plants. Suspensions of 2000 mg/L nano-Zn or nano-ZnO practically terminated root elongation of the tested plant species. Fifty percent inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of nano-Zn and nano-ZnO were estimated to be near 50mg/L for radish, and about 20mg/L for rape and ryegrass. The inhibition occurred during the seed incubation process rather than seed soaking stage. These results are significant in terms of use and disposal of engineered nanoparticles.
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[49] |
Intensive development of nanotechnology will result in releasing nanoparticles (NPs) to the environment including soil. The objective of the study was the evaluation of phytotoxicity of inorganic nanoparticles and their bulk counterparts (ZnO, TiO2 and Ni) in various soils using Phytotoxkit F (TM) method. The estimation of toxicity was conducted with relation to Lepidium sativum. The toxicity of NPs was also estimated in relation to contact time between NPs and soil, effect of light and temperature and NPs-NPs interactions. In all tested variants no effect of NPs on seed germination was observed. NPs displayed varied effect on inhibition of plant root growth in relation to soil type. Only in the case of ZnO nanoparticles and their bulk counterparts a dose-effect relationship was observed. That relationship, however, was observed only in OECD soil. In a majority of cases, aging and increase of temperature caused a reduction of toxicity of NPs, while light conditions increased the toxic effect of NPs. The effect of the NPs interaction: ZnO with TiO2 or Ni had an antagonistic character, that was manifested in a reduction of the toxicity of ZnO. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
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Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) are increasingly used in polishing, engine enhancement agents and many other products. Even though the acute toxicity of CeO2-NPs to plants has been investigated, the long-term effects of CeO2-NPs in the environment are still unknown. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the treatment of tomato plants with relatively low concentrations of CeO2-NPs (10 mg L-1) through their lifecycle would affect the seed quality and the development of second generation seedlings. The results indicated that second generation seedlings grown from seeds collected from treated parent plants with CeO2-NPs (treated second generation seedlings) were generally smaller and weaker, as indicated by their smaller biomass, lower water transpiration and slightly higher reactive oxygen species content. An interesting phenomenon noticed in the study was that the second generation seedlings grown from treated seeds developed extensive root hairs compared with the control second generation seedlings (seedlings grown from seeds collected from untreated parent plants) regardless of the treatment. Treated second generation seedlings also accumulate a higher amount of ceria than control second generation seedlings under the same treatment conditions even though such differences are not statistically significant.
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Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are widely used in several products and their release into the environment can cause toxicity to major food crops. In this study, toxic responses as a result of CuONPs exposure were studied in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings. The plants were grown in 1/2 strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 mg/L of CuONPs in a growth chamber at 26 +/- 2 A degrees C with 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod for 14 days. The toxic effects of CuONPs were tested on the shoot and root development, total chlorophyll content, hydrogen peroxide generation, peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, and lignification of root cells. The mRNA expression of different genes involved in lignin biosynthesis viz. phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase 2 (POD2), peroxidase 4 (POD4), and peroxidase 7 (POD7) was studied using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Exposure to 500 mg/L of CuONPs significantly reduced the shoot growth, weight, and total chlorophyll content. However, the root length and fresh weights were significantly reduced at all concentrations of CuONPs exposure. Exposure to 100, 200, 400, and 500 mg/L of CuONPs significantly increased the hydrogen peroxide level, POD activity, and lignin contents of roots. Treatment with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate indicated a concentration-dependent increase in reactive oxygen species generation in roots. Staining with phloroglucinol-HCl revealed a concentration dependant increase in lignification of root cells. The expression levels of PAL, C4H, and CAD genes were significantly up-regulated upon exposure to 100, 200, and 400 mg/L of CuONPs. Significant up-regulation in the expression levels of POD2 and POD4 genes was observed upon exposure to 100, 200, 400, and 500 mg/L of CuONPs. Exposure to 200, 400, and 500 mg/L of CuONPs resulted in significant up-regulation of POD7 gene. These results for the first time show that exposure to CuONPs causes enhanced lignification of root cells and thereby affect root development in soybean seedlings.
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The concentrations of engineered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have increased in the environment due to increasing demand of NPs based products. This is causing a major concern for sustainable agriculture. This review presents the effects of NPs on agricultural crops at biochemical, physiological and molecular levels. Numerous studies showed that metal and metal oxide NPs affected the growth, yield and quality of important agricultural crops. The NPs altered mineral nutrition, photosynthesis and caused oxidative stress and induced genotoxicity in crops. The activities of antioxidant enzymes increased at low NPs toxicity while decreased at higher NPs toxicity in crops. Due to exposure of crop plants to NPs, the concentration of NPs increased in different plant parts including fruits and grains which could transfer to the food chain and pose a threat to human health. In conclusion, most of the NPs have both positive and negative effects on crops at physiological, morphological, biochemical and molecular levels. The effects of NPs on crop plants vary greatly with plant species, growth stages, growth conditions, method, dose, and duration of NPs exposure along with other factors. Further research orientation is also discussed in this review article.
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吴文林, 毛艳辉, 梁玉霞, 等. 纳米材料对辣椒种子萌发的作用参数[J]. 黑龙江农业科学, 2012(2):54-56.
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Carbon nanotubes have shown promise as regulators of seed germination and plant growth. Here, we demonstrate that multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have the ability to enhance the growth of tobacco cell culture (55-64% increase over control) in a wide range of concentrations (5-500 mug/mL). Activated carbon (AC) stimulated cell growth (16% increase) only at low concentrations (5 mug/mL) while dramatically inhibited the cellular growth at higher concentrations (100-500 mug/mL). We found a correlation between the activation of cells growth exposed to MWCNTs and the upregulation of genes involved in cell division/cell wall formation and water transport. The expression of the tobacco aquaporin (NtPIP1) gene, as well as production of the NtPIP1 protein, significantly increased in cells exposed to MWCNTs compared to control cells or those exposed to AC. The expression of marker genes for cell division (CycB) and cell wall extension (NtLRX1) was also up-regulated in cells exposed to MWCNTs compared to control cells or those exposed to activated carbon only.
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Nano-silicon (Si) may be more effective than regular fertilizers in protecting plants from cadmium (Cd) stress. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nano-Si on Cd accumulation in grains and other organs of rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiangzaoxian 45) grown in Cd-contaminated farmland. Foliar application with 5~25 mM nano-Si at anthesis stage reduced Cd concentrations in grains and rachises at maturity stage by 31.6~64.9 and 36.1~60.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, nano-Si application significantly increased concentrations of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in grains and rachises, but imposed little effect on concentrations of calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in them. Uppermost nodes under panicles displayed much higher Cd concentration (4.50~5.53 mg kg(-1)) than other aerial organs. After foliar application with nano-Si, translocation factors (TFs) of Cd ions from the uppermost nodes to rachises significantly declined, but TFs of K, Mg, and Fe from the uppermost nodes to rachises increased significantly. High dose of nano-Si (25 mM) was more effective than low dose of nano-Si in reducing TFs of Cd from roots to the uppermost nodes and from the uppermost nodes to rachises. These findings indicate that nano-Si supply reduces Cd accumulation in grains by inhibiting translocation of Cd and, meanwhile, promoting translocation of K, Mg, and Fe from the uppermost nodes to rachises in rice plants.
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苏蔚, 李贵莲, 陈日远, 等. 纳米胶片对水培菜不同生长期NPK吸收转运的影响[J]. 贵州农业科学, 2015,43(8):138-140.
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王佳奇. 纳米碳对玉米生长及养分吸收的影响[D]. 哈尔滨:东北农业大学, 2013.
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王丽华, 王发园, 景新新, 等. 纳米氧化锌和接种丛枝菌根真菌对大豆生长及营养吸收的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2015,35(15):5254-5261.
纳米氧化锌是应用最广的人工纳米颗粒(nanoparticles, NPs)之一,具有一定生物毒性。丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌能与陆地上80%以上的高等植物形成丛枝菌根共生体,并能改善宿主植物矿质营养,提高其抗逆性。然而纳米ZnO与丛枝菌根的关系尚不清楚。通过温室沙培盆栽试验,研究了施加不同水平纳米ZnO(0、500、1000、2000、3000 mg/kg)和接种AM真菌Acaulospora mellea对大豆生长及营养状况的影响。结果表明,3000 mg/kg的纳米ZnO显著抑制大豆植株生长,表现出植物毒性,在其他水平时没有显著影响。纳米ZnO在施加水平500、1000 mg/kg时没有抑制AM真菌对大豆根系的侵染,但是高施加水平(>2000 mg/kg)时对AM真菌产生毒害,几乎完全抑制大豆根系菌根侵染。接种AM真菌仅在500 mg/kg纳米ZnO时显著促进大豆生长,增加大豆植株对P、K、N的吸收,降低根系Zn含量。纳米ZnO可能会持续释放锌离子,并抑制大豆根系对矿质营养元素的吸收,从而产生生物毒性,而AM真菌与大豆根系的共生可起到有益作用。
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王世华. 叶面喷施纳米硅增强水稻抗重金属毒害机理研究[D]. 南京:南京农业大学, 2017.
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施夏明, 高超, 乔宁宁, 等. 纳米金对绿豆(Phaseolus radiates)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响及其生理机制[J]. 生态学杂志, 2019,38(4):945-952.
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李威, 黄进, 李其昌, 等. 纳米颗粒对植物光合作用影响机制的研究[J]. 生物学杂志, 2015,32(5):63-69.
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徐立娜, 王震宇, 赵建. CuO纳米颗粒对拟南芥叶片生长及生理特性的影响[J]. 植物生理学报, 2015,51(6):955-961.
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In this study, maize treated with nanosilica (20-40 nm) is screened for resistance against phytopathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger and compared with that of bulk silica. The resistivity is measured for disease index and expression of plant responsive compounds such as total phenols, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The results indicate that nanosilica-treated plant shows a higher expression of phenolic compounds (2056 and 743 mg/ml) and a lower expression of stress-responsive enzymes against both the fungi. Maize expresses more resistance to Aspergillus spp., than Fusarium spp. These results show significantly higher resistance in maize treated with nanosilica than with bulk, especially at 10 and 15 kg/ha. In addition, hydrophobic potential and silica accumulation percentage of nanosilica treated maize (86.18 degrees and 19.14%) are higher than bulk silica treatment. Hence, silica nanoparticles can be used as an alternative potent antifungal agent against phytopathogens.
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孙德权, 陆新华, 胡玉林, 等. 纳米硅材料对植物生长发育影响的研究进展[J]. 热带作物学报, 2019,40(11):2300-2311.
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MAIN CONCLUSION: The interaction between enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, endogenous levels of ABA and ABA-GE, the rapid recuperation of photosynthetic proteins under re-watering as well the high level of antioxidant proteins in previously drought-stressed plants under re-watering conditions, will contribute to drought resistance in plants subjected to a long-term drought stress under Mediterranean field conditions. This work provides an overview of the mechanisms of Cistus albidus acclimation to long-term summer drought followed by re-watering in Mediterranean field conditions. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of drought resistance in these plants, a proteomic study using 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS was performed on leaves from these shrubs. The analysis identified 57 differentially expressed proteins in water-stressed plants when contrasted to well watered. Water-stressed plants showed an increase, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in HSPs, and downregulation of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism enzymes. Under drought conditions, there was considerable upregulation of enzymes related to redox homeostasis, DHA reductase, Glyoxalase, SOD and isoflavone reductase. However, upregulation of catalase was not observed until after re-watering was carried out. Drought treatment caused an enhancement in antioxidant defense responses that can be modulated by ABA, and its catabolites, ABA-GE, as well as JA. Furthermore, quantification of protein carbonylation was shown to be a useful marker of the relationship between water and oxidative stress, and showed that there was only moderate oxidative stress in C. albidus plants subjected to water stress. After re-watering plants recovered although the levels of ABA-GE and antioxidant enzymes still remain higher than in well-watered plants. We expect that our results will provide new data on summer acclimation to drought stress in Mediterranean shrubs.
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[83] |
Tantawy,
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[84] |
The current work was aimed to elucidate the role of engineered nanosilica (SiNPs) particles to mitigate the damaging impacts of Na(+)-derived salinity on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Beit Alpha variety by conducting in vitro experiments applying various Na(+) concentrations i.e. 0, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000mgL(-1). By treating seeds and seedlings, respectively, of cucumber with SiNPs (0, 100, 200 and 300ppm) and subsequent determination some germination and vegetative parameters as well as chemical analysis of seedlings, we verified that SiNPs succeeded to alleviate the detrimental effects of high Na(+) salinity by increasing germination parameters and vegetative growth of cucumber seedlings. Even as little as 100ppm of N-Si results in considerable improvement of seed germination and seedlings growth of cucumber compared to the control, while 200ppm was optimal among the doses tested. At 5000mg Na(+) L(-1), applying SiNPs with 200ppm increased final germination percentage by 101% over control, vigor index by 101%, germination rate index by 116%, germination index by 110%, fresh mass by 13%, K(+)/Na(+) ratio by 77%, shoot dry mass by 384%, root dry mass by 304% and plant height by 70%. The results mentioned in this paper obviously outline the large practical relevance of SiNPs and imply that applying of SiNPs for cucumber seeds and seedlings under high Na(+)-derived salinity enhances germination and growth as a result for decreasing Na(+) uptake and sequentially improves high K(+)/Na(+) ratio.
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[85] |
The role of amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) in enhancing growth and yield of cucumber under water deficit and salinity stresses was assessed. A field experiment under greenhouse conditions was established using 4 different levels of SiNPs (100, 200, 300 and 400mgkg(-1)) and 3 different watering regimes calculated based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (100, 85 and 70% of ETc). Electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio of irrigation water were 1.7dSm(-1) and 4.63 respectively. The results revealed that SiNPs improved growth and productivity of cucumber regardless of quantity of supplied water; however, the greatest increase corresponded to irrigating cucumber at the rate of 85% of ETc. Applying SiNPs at rate of 200mgkg(-1) showed the greatest increase specially when cucumber plants received 85% of their ETc causing an increase of 20, 51 and 156% in plant height, chlorophyll and fruit yield, respectively, compared to untreated plants. These increases could be due to alerting nutrient uptake as SiNPs clearly increased contents of nitrogen (by 30%), potassium (by 52, 75 and 41% in root, stem and leaf, respectively) and silicon (by 51, 57, 8 and 78% in root, stem, leaf and fruit, respectively). Otherwise, same treatment reduced sodium uptake by 38, 77 and 38% in root, stem and leaf, respectively; consequently, potassium-sodium ratio increased by 149, 735 and 127% in root, stem and leaf, respectively. The significant role of SiNPs in mitigating water deficit and salinity stresses could be referred to high silicon content found in leaf which regulates water losses via transpiration. Also, high K(+) content found in roots of cucumber helps plants to tolerate abiotic stresses as a result of maintaining ion homeostasis and regulating the osmotic balance as well as controlling stomatal opening which helps plants to adapt to salinity and water deficit stresses.
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张聪聪, 张静怡, 李杨, 等. 纳米硅喷施对玉米抗旱性和抗虫性的影响[J]. 河北师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2017(4):78-83.
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Cadmium (Cd) is among the non-essential elements for the growth of crops while silicon (Si) is a beneficial element for plant growth. There is little evidence regarding the use of silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) on the reduction of Cd accumulation in crops especially wheat. The present study determined the impact of seed priming with Si NPs on Cd-induced responses in wheat in terms of growth, yield, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, and Si and Cd accumulation in wheat. Seed priming was done by different levels of Si NPs (0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 mg/L) for 24 h by providing continuous aeration. Afterwards, seeds were sown in soil contaminated with Cd. The results depicted that Si NPs positively affected the wheat growth and chlorophyll contents over the control. The Si NPs diminished the oxidative stress and positively affected the antioxidant enzyme activity. The Si NPs decreased the Cd concentrations in wheat, especially in grains, and increased the Si concentrations in plants. The Si NPs reduced the Cd contents by 10-52% in shoot, by 11-60% in roots, and by 12-75% in grains as compared with respective controls. The study suggested that the use of Si NPs may be a tool for reducing the Cd toxicity in wheat and declining its concentration in grains. Thus, Si NPs application by seed priming method might be helpful in increasing plants biomass and yield while reducing the oxidative stress and Cd uptake in wheat grains.
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高梦迪, 盛茂银, 傅籍锋. 纳米材料对植物生长发育的影响[J]. 生物技术通报, 2019,35(7):172-180.
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Rapid development of nanotechnology in recent years has raised concerns about nanoparticle (NPs) release into the environment and its adverse effects on living organisms. The present study is the first comprehensive report on the anatomical and ultrastructural changes of a variety of cells after long-term exposure of plant to NPs or bulk material particles (BPs). Light and electron microscopy revealed some anatomical and ultrastructural modifications of the different types of cell in the root and leaf, induced by both types of treatment. Zinc oxide (ZnO) BPs-induced modifications were surprisingly more than those induced by ZnO NPs. The modifications induced by ZnO BPs or ZnO NPs were almost similar to those induced by excess Zn. Zn content of the root and leaf of both ZnO NPs- and ZnO BPs-treated plants was severely increased, where the increase was greater in the plants treated with ZnO BPs. Overall, these results indicate that the modifications induced by ZnO particles can be attributed, at least partly, to the Zn(2+) dissolution by ZnO particles rather than their absorption by root and their subsequent effects.
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[91] |
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in commercial products, and there are growing concerns about their impact on the environment. Information about the molecular interaction of AgNPs with plants is lacking. To increase our understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant responses to AgNPs and to differentiate between particle specific and ionic silver effects we determined the morphological and proteomic changes induced in Eruca sativa (commonly called rocket) in response to AgNPs or AgNO3. Seedlings were treated for 5 days with different concentrations of AgNPs or AgNO3. A similar increase in root elongation was observed when seedlings were exposed to 10 mg Ag L(1) of either PVP-AgNPs or AgNO3. At this concentration we performed electron microscopy investigations and 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) proteomic profiling. The low level of overlap of differentially expressed proteins indicates that AgNPs and AgNO3 cause different plant responses. Both Ag treatments cause changes in proteins involved in the redox regulation and in the sulfur metabolism. These responses could play an important role to maintain cellular homeostasis. Only the AgNP exposure cause the alteration of some proteins related to the endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole indicating these two organelles as targets of the AgNPs action. These data add further evidences that the effects of AgNPs are not simply due to the release of Ag ions.
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倪洪涛, 张文彬, 丁广洲. 纳米材料对植物基因表达的影响及遗传毒性[J]. 中国农学通报, 2019,35(12):137-143.
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With the increasing applications of metal-based nanoparticles in various commercial products, it is necessary to address their environmental fate and potential toxicity. In this work, we assessed the phytotoxicity of lanthanum oxide (La(2)O(3)) NPs to cucumber plants and determined its distribution and biotransformation in roots by TEM and EDS, as well as STXM and NEXAFS. LaCl(3) was also studied as a reference toxicant. La(2)O(3) NPs and LaCl(3) were both transformed to needle-like LaPO(4) nanoclusters in the intercellular regions of the cucumber roots. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the dissolution of La(2)O(3) NPs was significantly enhanced by acetic acid. Accordingly, we proposed that the dissolution of NPs at the root surface induced by the organic acids extruded from root cells played an important role in the phytotoxicity of La(2)O(3) NPs. The reactions of active NPs at the nano-bio interface should be taken into account when studying the toxicity of dissolvable metal-based nanoparticles.
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[95] |
The effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) on physiological and molecular level responses were studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. The seedlings were exposed to different concentrations of CuONPs (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L) for 21 days in half strength Murashige and Skoog medium. The plant biomass significantly reduced under different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L) of CuONPs stress. Exposure to 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L of CuONPs has resulted in significant reduction of total chlorophyll content. The anthocyanin content significantly increased upon exposure to 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L of CuONPs. Increased lipid peroxidation was observed upon exposure to 5, 10, and 20 mg/L of CuONPs and amino acid proline content was significantly high in plants exposed to 10 and 20 mg/L of CuONPs. Significant reduction in root elongation was observed upon exposure to 0.5-100 mg/L of CuONPs for 21 days. Exposure to CuONPs has resulted in retardation of primary root growth, enhanced lateral root formation, and also resulted in loss of root gravitropism. Staining with phloroglucionol detected the deposition of lignin in CuONPs-treated roots. Histochemical staining of leaves and roots of CuONPs-exposed plants with nitroblue tetrazolium and 3'3'-diaminobenzidine showed a concentration-dependant increase in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation in leaves and roots of CuONPs-exposed plants. Cytotoxicity was observed in root tips of CuONPs-exposed plants as evidenced by increased propidium iodide staining. Real-time PCR analysis showed significant induction of genes related to oxidative stress responses, sulfur assimilation, glutathione, and proline biosynthesis under CuONPs stress.
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王震宇, 赵建, 李娜, 等. 人工纳米颗粒对水生生物的毒性效应及其机制研究进展[J]. 环境科学, 2010,31(06):1409-1418.
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