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盐渍土壤生境中大果沙枣成年树离子吸收、运输和分配特征研究
Research on the Ion Absorption, Transportation and Distribution of Mature E. angustifolia in Saline Soil Habitat
为揭示盐渍土壤中大果沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn.)树体矿质离子分布规律,保障大果沙枣高效种植和丰产栽培,以不同盐度土壤中生长的成年大果沙枣树为材料,测定并分析了其根、枝、叶中Na+、K+、Mg2+和Ca2+的吸收、运输和分配特征。结果表明:盐土土壤环境中,大果沙枣叶片对Ca2+和Mg2+具有较强的选择吸收能力,低盐(I~II级)土壤环境中,叶内Na+含量明显上升,而至高盐(III~IV级)中,根部对Na+的吸收量明显高于枝和叶。随着林地土壤盐度的升高,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+在枝部和叶部的积累量明显增大,矿质离子由根部向枝、叶部运输的能力在I~III级盐度土壤环境中逐渐增大,并在IV级盐度土壤环境中受抑。同时,根和枝中K+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+值均是先增大后减小,叶中K+/Na+、Mg2+/Na+变幅较小,根和叶中Ca2+/Na+变幅较大。大果沙枣成年树的盐适应机制主要是通过根对Na+的聚积作用,叶对K+、Mg2+和Ca2+的选择性吸收能力增强来实现的,同时也与枝中相对稳定的K+、Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+的选择性运输能力有关。
To reveal the rule of mineral ions distribution of the Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn. in saline soil habitat to ensure the efficient planting and high yield, mature E. angustifolia grown in different salinity soils were used as study materials, the characteristics of absorption, transport and distribution of Na+, K+, Mg2+and Ca2+ in roots, branches and leaves were analyzed. The results showed that in saline soil environment, leaves of E. angustifolia had strong selective absorbing capacity for Ca2+ and Mg2+. In lower salt (from Grade I to II) soil environment, the Na+ content in leaves increased significantly, while in higher salt (from Grade III to IV) situation, Na+ absorbed in roots was more than that in branches and leaves. With the increase of soil salinity, the accumulation of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in branches and leaves increased significantly. The capacity of mineral ions transportation from roots to branches and leaves increased in Grade I-III salinity soil environment, and this capacity was inhibited in Grade IV salinity soil environment. The values of K+/Na+and Mg2+/Na+in roots and branches increased first and then decreased. K+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ value in leaves had little variation, and the Ca2+/Na+ value in the roots and leaves varied greatly. The salt adaptation mechanism of mature E. angustifolia is mainly achieved by the accumulation of Na+ in roots and the enhanced selective absorbing capacity of K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in leaves, and also related to the relatively stable selective transport capacity of K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+in branches.
土壤盐度等级 / 矿质离子平衡 / 离子吸收和分配 / 选择性运输 / 盐离子积累 / 盐适应 {{custom_keyword}} /
soil salinity grade / mineral ion homeostasis / ion absorption and distribution / selective transportation / salt ion accumulation / salt adaptation {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 同一矿质离子的含量在根、枝和叶之间的相关系数 |
器官 | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
根 | 枝 | 根 | 枝 | 根 | 枝 | 根 | 枝 | ||||
枝 | 0.466 | 0.258 | 0.264 | -0.209 | |||||||
叶 | 0.440 | 0.799** | 0.174 | -0.189 | 0.361 | -0.408 | -0.020 | 0.185 |
表2 根、枝和叶内各矿质离子之间的相关系数 |
矿质 离子 | 根 | 枝 | 叶 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | Na+ | K+ | Ca2+ | |||
K+ | -0.375 | 0.117 | 0.019 | ||||||||
Ca2+ | 0.028 | -0.044 | 0.034 | 0.673 * | 0.714 ** | -0.342 | |||||
Mg2+ | 0.285 | -0.261 | 0.083 | -0.141 | -0.065 | 0.018 | -0.320 | 0.143 | -0.167 |
注:**表示在P=0.01水平上相关性极显著,*表示在P=0.05水平上相关性极显著。下同。 |
表3 不同盐度等级林地大果沙枣树体内矿质离子由根向枝、叶传输的选择性运输系数 |
土壤盐度等级 | SK+,Na+ | SMg2+,Na+ | SCa2+,Na+ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
根-枝 | 枝-叶 | 根-叶 | 根-枝 | 枝-叶 | 根-叶 | 根-枝 | 枝-叶 | 根-叶 | |||
I级 | 4.67 a | 0.55 a | 2.58 a | 2.03 a | 0.63 a | 1.27 a | 0.36 a | 2.52 a | 0.92 a | ||
II级 | 2.54 b | 0.36 a | 0.91 a | 2.77 a | 0.15 a | 0.42 b | 0.28 a | 2.84 a | 0.81 a | ||
III级 | 29.11 a | 0.35 a | 10.24 a | 8.11 a | 0.36 a | 2.89 a | 1.05 a | 2.32 b | 2.45 a | ||
IV级 | 9.22 a | 0.64 a | 5.91 a | 4.60 a | 0.41 a | 1.89 a | 1.52 a | 2.38 a | 3.62 a |
表4 大果沙枣树各器官对土壤矿质离子的选择性运输系数 |
土壤盐度等级 | SK+,Na+ | SMg2+,Na+ | SCa2+,Na+ | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
土-根 | 土-枝 | 土-叶 | 土-根 | 土-枝 | 土-叶 | 土-根 | 土-枝 | 土-叶 | |||
I级 | 17.75 a | 82.98 b | 45.82 a | 3.77 b | 7.66 b | 4.79 a | 19.25 a | 7.02 b | 17.68 ab | ||
II级 | 99.89 a | 253.56 a | 90.94 a | 15.81 a | 43.73 a | 6.56 a | 54.20 a | 15.39 a | 43.75 a | ||
III级 | 8.59 a | 249.98 a | 87.90 a | 1.96 b | 15.86 b | 5.66 a | 5.46 a | 5.76 c | 13.36 ab | ||
IV级 | 17.28 a | 159.28 ab | 102.06 a | 2.06 b | 9.47 b | 3.89 a | 2.57 a | 3.90 c | 9.30 b |
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Plants are confronted on a regular basis with a range of environmental stresses. These include abiotic insults caused by, for example, extreme temperatures, altered water status or nutrients, and biotic stresses generated by a plethora of plant pathogens. Many studies have shown that the cellular responses to these environmental challenges are rather similar, which might be why plants resistant to one stress are sometimes cross-tolerant to others. To understand this phenomenon and to be able to take full advantage of it in agriculture, we must determine whether the individual biochemical pathways that make up the responses to each external stimulus are activated by unique, overlapping or redundant signalling systems. We discuss the potential role of signalling molecules, such as calcium and activated oxygen species, in underlying cross-tolerance.
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In pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants the effect of short-term salt stress and recovery on growth, water relations and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes was studied. Leaf growth was interrupted by salt addition. However, during recovery, growth was restored, although there was a delay in returning to control levels. Salt stress brought about a decrease in osmotic potential and in stomatal conductance, but at 48 h and 24 h post-stress, respectively, both parameters recovered control values. In pea leaves, a linear increase in the Na+ concentration was observed in salt treated plants. In the recovered plants, a slight reduction in the Na+ concentration was observed, probably due to a dilution effect since the plant growth was restored and the total Na+ content was maintined in leaves after the stress period. A significant increase of SOD activity occurred after 48 h of stress and after 8 h of the recovery period (53% and 42%, respectively), and it reached control values at 24 h post-stress. APX activity did not change during the stress period, and after only 8 h post-stress it was increased by 48% with respect to control leaves. GR showed a 71% increase after 24 h of salt stress and also a significant increase was observed in the recovered plants. A strong increase of TBARS was observed after 8 h of stress (180% increase), but then a rapid decrease was observed during the stress period. Surprisingly, TBARS again increased at 8 h post-stress (78% increase), suggesting that plants could perceive the elimination of NaCl from the hydroponic cultures as another stress during the first hours of recovery. These results suggest that short-term NaCl stress produces reversible effects on growth, leaf water relations and on SOD and APX activities. This work also suggests that both during the first hours of imposition of stress and during the first hours of recovery an oxidative stress was produced.
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Salinity and waterlogging interact to reduce growth of poorly adapted species by, amongst other processes, increasing the rate of Na(+) and Cl(-) transport to shoots. Xylem concentrations of these ions were measured in sap collected using xylem-feeding spittlebugs (Philaenus spumarius) from Lotus tenuis and Lotus corniculatus in saline (NaCl) and anoxic (stagnant) treatments. In aerated NaCl solution (200 mM), L. corniculatus had 50% higher Cl(-) concentrations in the xylem and shoot compared with L. tenuis, whereas concentrations of Na(+) and K(+) did not differ between the species. In stagnant-plus-NaCl solution, xylem Cl(-) and Na(+) concentrations of L. corniculatus increased to twice those of L. tenuis. These differences in xylem ion concentrations, which were not caused by variation in transpiration between the two species, contributed to lower net accumulation of Na(+) and Cl(-) in shoots of L. tenuis, indicating that ion transport mechanisms in roots of L. tenuis were contributing to better 'exclusion' of Cl(-) and Na(+) from shoots, compared with L. corniculatus. Root porosity was also higher in L. tenuis, due to constitutive aerenchyma, than in L. corniculatus, suggesting that enhanced root aeration contributed to the maintenance of Na(+) and Cl(-) 'exclusion' in L. tenuis exposed to stagnant-plus-NaCl treatment. Lotus tenuis also had greater dry mass than L. corniculatus after 56 d in NaCl or stagnant-plus-NaCl treatment. Thus, Cl(-) 'exclusion' is a key trait contributing to salt tolerance of L. tenuis, and 'exclusion' of both Cl(-) and Na(+) from the xylem enables L. tenuis to tolerate, better than L. corniculatus, the interactive stresses of salinity and waterlogging.
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