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不同除草剂组合对麦田杂草发生和小麦产量的影响
Effect on Weed Occurrence and Wheat Yield: Different Herbicide Combinations
为了解不同除草剂组合对麦田杂草发生状况和小麦产量的影响,于2016—2017年选用高产小麦品种‘淮麦43号’进行大田试验,共设置了5个除草处理（T1：人工拔草、T2：5%唑啉草酯+50%异丙隆+15%双氟·氯氟吡、T3：4%啶磺草胺+50%异丙隆+15%双氟·氯氟吡、T4：4%啶磺草胺+15%双氟·氯氟吡和T5：15%炔草酯+50 g·L双氟磺草胺）,以不除草为对照(CK)。结果表明,与对照相比,施用除草剂后均显著降低了单位面积杂草的发生数目和重量,其中T3和T4表现较好的防除效果,达到90%以上。小麦的产量随着杂草数量和重量的增加而降低。同对照相比,除草后小麦产量均显著增加,其中T2和T3的小麦产量与T1（人工除草）处理增产幅度最大,其次为T4,T5增产的幅度最小。从生理指标分析,T1、T2和T3处理的小麦叶面积指数、干物质积累量、叶片光合速率以及籽粒中吲哚-3-乙酸、赤霉素和玉米素+玉米素含量较高,T4和T5的上述生理指标增加较小。这可能是T4和T5处理小麦产量增加幅度较小的重要原因。
To investigate the effect of different herbicide combinations on weed occurrence and wheat yield, a field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2017 with a high-yield wheat cultivar ‘Huaimai 43’, and five weed control treatments were set up, including manual weeding (T1), 5% pinoxaden+50% isoproteron+15% florasulam·fluroxypyr-mepthyl (T2), 4% pyroxsulam+50% isoproteron+15% florasulam·fluroxypyr-mepthyl (T3), 4% pyroxsulam+15% florasulam·fluroxypyr-mepthyl (T4), 15% clodinafop-propargyl+50 g·L florasulam (T5) and non-weeding treatment as control check (CK). The results showed that, compared with CK, the occurrence amount and dry matter of weed per unit area were significantly reduced after the application of herbicides, especially T3 and T4 showed better control effects, which was up to over 90%. The yield of wheat decreased with the increase of the amount and weight of weed. Compared with CK, wheat yield was markedly increased after weed control, and the yield increase of T1, T2 and T3 was the most, followed by T4, and T5 was the least. Moreover, physiological indexes showed that T1, T2 and T3 exhibited a higher increase in LAI, dry matter accumulation, leaf photosynthetic rate and contents of IAA, GA1+GA4, and Z+ZR in grains of wheat, while T4 and T5 showed a low increase in the above physiological indexes, which could be an important reason for the low increase in wheat yield under T4 and T5 treatments.
小麦 / 杂草 / 除草剂 / 小麦产量 / 生理响应 {{custom_keyword}} /
wheat / weed / herbicide / wheat yield / physiological response {{custom_keyword}} /
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Recent advances in crop research have the potential to accelerate genetic gains in wheat, especially if co-ordinated with a breeding perspective. For example, improving photosynthesis by exploiting natural variation in Rubisco's catalytic rate or adopting C(4) metabolism could raise the baseline for yield potential by 50% or more. However, spike fertility must also be improved to permit full utilization of photosynthetic capacity throughout the crop life cycle and this has several components. While larger radiation use efficiency will increase the total assimilates available for spike growth, thereby increasing the potential for grain number, an optimized phenological pattern will permit the maximum partitioning of the available assimilates to the spikes. Evidence for underutilized photosynthetic capacity during grain filling in elite material suggests unnecessary floret abortion. Therefore, a better understanding of its physiological and genetic basis, including possible signalling in response to photoperiod or growth-limiting resources, may permit floret abortion to be minimized for a more optimal source:sink balance. However, trade-offs in terms of the partitioning of assimilates to competing sinks during spike growth, to improve root anchorage and stem strength, may be necessary to prevent yield losses as a result of lodging. Breeding technologies that can be used to complement conventional approaches include wide crossing with members of the Triticeae tribe to broaden the wheat genepool, and physiological and molecular breeding strategically to combine complementary traits and to identify elite progeny more efficiently.
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以玉米品种登海11为材料, 分别进行大田和温室试验, 观察灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA3)含量变化及其与胚乳发育和籽粒灌浆的关系。结果显示, 籽粒最大胚乳细胞数目、最大胚乳细胞增殖速率及平均速率、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和百粒重表现为果穗下部籽粒>中部籽粒>上部籽粒。在胚乳细胞活跃增殖期或活跃灌浆期, 籽粒Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量以果穗下部籽粒最高, 中部籽粒其次, 上部籽粒最低。GA3含量则为果穗上部籽粒>中部籽粒>下部籽粒。两个试验的结果趋势一致。胚乳细胞增殖速率和籽粒灌浆速率与籽粒Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量呈极显著正相关, 与籽粒GA3含量呈显著负相关。说明玉米果穗上部籽粒轻主要是由于这些籽粒的胚乳细胞增殖速率小, 导致其胚乳细胞数少, 这与其灌浆期较低的Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量及较高的GA3含量有密切关系。
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Cell number and cell division activity in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperms are possibly regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and its source in the roots. This study tried to find the possible correlations among them. Six rice genotypes were grown in nutrient solution. Two patterns of endosperm cell division, synchronous and asynchronous, were observed among the genotypes based on the cell division rate of superior and inferior spikelets. Contents of zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) were much higher than those of N6-isopentenyladenine (iP) and N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPR) in both endosperms and roots. Changes in Z + ZR levels in endosperms were significantly correlated with those in roots, and both were very significantly correlated with the cell division rate. Changes in iP + iPR contents in the roots were not significantly correlated with those in the endosperms and the cell division rate. When roots were treated with kinetin, endosperm cell number and grain weight were increased. Such enhancement was more significantly achieved by the root kinetin treatment than by spraying kinetin on leaves and panicles. The results suggest that the cell number and cell division activity in rice endosperms are regulated by cytokinin levels in the endosperm and that root-derived Z + ZR play a pivotal role.
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