为摸索猪粪和菌渣堆肥生产有机肥技术，在自然发酵条件下，设计猪粪和菌渣9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4 4种不同比例（湿质量比）进行高温堆肥试验，研究了堆肥过程中温度、pH值、有机碳、发芽指数及养分氮、磷、钾的动态变化。结果表明，堆体温度在第3天即达50℃以上，保持高温25～32 d后开始下降，其中6:4处理高温期比9:1处理长7 d；4个处理pH值都呈先快速上升、之后下降并趋于稳定的趋势，pH值在6.83～8.62间变化；有机碳(质量分数)总体上呈下降之势，至堆肥结束4个处理分别下降了16.3%、14.5%、13.6%和11.9%，菌渣比例提高可减少堆体有机碳的损失；除6:4处理外，其他处理发芽指数分别于23、33和47 d达80%以上，同一时期菌渣比例越高堆体提取液对植物的毒害作用越强；氮磷钾总养分（质量分数）前期（约19 d）呈基本持平或少量下降，随后持续上升，堆肥结束4个处理分别为5.93%、5.57%、5.64%和5.13%。6:4处理氮磷钾总养分在堆肥大部分时期（45 d内）≤5.0%，其他处理在21～25 d后均≥5.0%。综合考虑堆肥质量和堆期等因素，利用猪粪和菌渣为原料规模化生产机肥，猪粪和菌渣适宜的比例为8:2。同时，因猪粪和菌渣C/N均较低，建议适当增加米糠等C/N高的添加料，进一步提高堆肥效率。

This study aims to assess the effect of EM application on the composting process of rice straw with goat manure and green waste and to evaluate the quality of both compost treatments. There are two treatment piles in this study, in which one pile was applied with EM and another pile without EM. Each treatment was replicated three times with 90 days of composting duration. The parameters for the temperature, pH, TOC and C/N ratio, show that decomposition of organic matter occurs during the 90-day period. The t-test conducted shows that there is a significant difference between compost with EM and compost without EM. The application of EM in compost increases the macro and micronutrient content. The following parameters support this conclusion: compost applied with EM has more N, P and K content (P < 0.05) compared to compost without EM. Although the Fe in compost with EM is much higher (P < 0.05) than in the compost without EM, for Zn and Cu, there is no significant difference between treatments. This study suggests that the application of EM is suitable to increase the mineralization in the composting process. The final resultant compost indicated that it was in the range of the matured level and can be used without any restriction.

The effects of temperature on microbial communities and mass reduction in composting were studied by comparing the mesophilic process with the thermophilic process of cattle manure-rice straw composting for 21 d. The respiratory quinone content (indicator of microbial biomass) continuously increased in the mesophilic process, but in the thermophilic process, it was much higher after 3 d and then decreased to the same level as that in the mesophilic process after 21 d. The diversity of quinones increased continuously in both the mesophilic and thermophilic processes with a higher value in the thermophilic process. The mesophilic microbial community was characterized by the predominance of ubiquinones and menaquinone (MK-8), which correspond to Proteobacteria and fungi. The thermophilic microbial community was characterized by the dominance of MK-7 in the initial period, and increases in the amounts of menaquinones with long and partially-saturated side chains in the later period, corresponding to Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, respectively. DNA fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S ribosomal RNA genes also confirmed that diversity of microbial communities increased but differently in the two processes. Our results suggest that mesophilic composting is more effective for mass reduction in cattle manure composting than thermophilic composting because of the higher decomposition activity of the microbial community characterized by the predominance of Proteobacteria and fungi.

为摸索猪粪和菌渣堆肥生产有机肥技术，在自然发酵条件下，设计猪粪和菌渣9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4 4种不同比例（湿质量比）进行高温堆肥试验，研究了堆肥过程中温度、pH值、有机碳、发芽指数及养分氮、磷、钾的动态变化。结果表明，堆体温度在第3天即达50℃以上，保持高温25～32 d后开始下降，其中6:4处理高温期比9:1处理长7 d；4个处理pH值都呈先快速上升、之后下降并趋于稳定的趋势，pH值在6.83～8.62间变化；有机碳(质量分数)总体上呈下降之势，至堆肥结束4个处理分别下降了16.3%、14.5%、13.6%和11.9%，菌渣比例提高可减少堆体有机碳的损失；除6:4处理外，其他处理发芽指数分别于23、33和47 d达80%以上，同一时期菌渣比例越高堆体提取液对植物的毒害作用越强；氮磷钾总养分（质量分数）前期（约19 d）呈基本持平或少量下降，随后持续上升，堆肥结束4个处理分别为5.93%、5.57%、5.64%和5.13%。6:4处理氮磷钾总养分在堆肥大部分时期（45 d内）≤5.0%，其他处理在21～25 d后均≥5.0%。综合考虑堆肥质量和堆期等因素，利用猪粪和菌渣为原料规模化生产机肥，猪粪和菌渣适宜的比例为8:2。同时，因猪粪和菌渣C/N均较低，建议适当增加米糠等C/N高的添加料，进一步提高堆肥效率。

为考察超高温快速堆肥提高畜禽粪便处理效率的可行性及其产物农田施用效果，以鸡粪（chicken manure，CM）、猪粪(pig manure，PM)、奶牛粪(dairy manure，DM)和稻壳为发酵原料，监测其在85 ℃、发酵24 h前后的理化特性和嗜热微生物数量变化，并采用盆栽试验研究了鸡粪为主要原料的快速堆肥产物对小白菜出苗和生长的影响。结果表明，超高温发酵24 h后粪便中病原菌数量和含水率达到有机肥质量标准，70 ℃能生长的高温微生物数量提高2个数量级。超高温快速堆肥后，CM，PM，DM浸提液可溶性有机碳质量分数分别增加了46.5%、22.9%和42.6%，挥发性脂肪酸质量分数分别增加了37.2%，31.2%和56.8%。超高温快速堆肥对CM，PM，DM总氮、总磷、总钾含量影响不大，但游离氨基酸质量分数分别增加79.2%，58.1%，74.6%；总腐殖质质量分数分别增加了27.6%，3.4%，27.3%。CM，PM中铵态氮质量分数分别上升了114.6%，40.6%（P<0.001），因而降低了种子发芽指数和小白菜出苗率。但出苗后，施用超高温快速堆肥产物的小白菜地上部生物量最高，分别比施用纯化肥、腐熟有机肥高出20.4%（P>0.05）和51.9%（P<0.05）。可见超高温快速堆肥（85 ℃，24 h）提高畜禽粪便处理效率是可行的，其产物施入土壤能减少无机氮肥的施用，但不宜用于育苗，施用时应根据土壤和作物类型，采用合理的施用量和施用方法。

We examined physicochemical and biological parameters in order to assess their effectiveness as stability and maturity indicators during the forced-aeration composting process of chicken manure mixed with different amounts of sawdust, yielding initial C/N ratios of 12, 18 and 28. The composting mixture with initial C/N ratio of 28 maintained the temperature exceeding 55 degrees C for more than 3d, but the period with temperature above 55 degrees C in the bottom layer of the composting mixtures with initial C/N ratios of 12 and 18 did not meet the requirement of pathogen destruction. The final electrical conductivity in three composting mixtures did not exceed the limit value of 3000microScm(-1) for stable composts. Only the final NH(4)(+)-N of composting mixture with an initial C/N ratio of 28 did not exceed the limit value of 400mgkg(-1) to be considered a stable compost. The NO(3)(-) content in the three composting mixtures increased with the composting time, and a more pronounced increase was found in the composting mixture with an initial C/N ratio of 28. The final specific oxygen uptake rate was 2.38, 2.35, 0.70mgh(-1)g(-1) organic matter for composting mixtures of initial C/N ratio of 12, 18 and 28, respectively, which suggested a higher stability in composting mixture of initial C/N ratio of 28. The final germination index in composting mixture of initial C/N ratio of 28 was 94%; however, the germination indices in the composting mixtures of initial C/N ratio of 12, 18 were never over 80%.

In the present study, biochar combined with a higher dosage of zeolite (Z) and biochar (B) alone were applied as additives for dewatered fresh sewage sludge (DFSS) composting using 130-L working volume lab-scale reactors. We first observed that the addition of a mixture of B and Z to DFSS equivalent to 12%B+10% (Z-1), 15% (Z-2) and 30% (Z-3) zeolite (dry weight basis) worked synergistically as an amendment and increased the composting efficiency compared with a treatment of 12%B alone amended and a control without any amendment. In a composting reactor, the addition of B+Z may serve as a novel approach for improving DFSS composting and the quality of the end product in terms of the temperature, water-holding capacity, CO2 emissions, electrical conductivity, water-soluble and total macro-nutrient content and phytotoxicity. The results indicated that during the thermophilic phase, dissolved organic carbon, NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N increased drastically in all biochar amended treatments, whereas considerably low water-soluble nutrients were observed in the control treatment throughout and at the end of the composting. Furthermore, the maturity parameters and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) indicated that compost with 12%B+15%Z became more mature and humified within 35days of DFSS composting, with the maturity parameters, such as CO2 evolution and the concentration of NH4(+)-N in the compost, being within the permissible limits of organic farming in contrast to the control. Furthermore, at the end of composting, the addition of higher dosage of biochar (12%) alone and 12% B+Z lowered the pH by 7.15 to 7.86 and the electrical conductivity by 2.65 to 2.95mScm(-1) as compared to the control, while increased the concentrations of water-soluble nutrients (gkg(-1)) including available phosphorus, sodium and potassium. In addition, greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the treatment of 150kgha(-1) biochar combined with zeolite and that of 12%B alone improved the yield of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa chinensis L.). The highest dry weight biomass (1.41+/-0.12g/pot) was obtained with 12%B+15%Z amended compost. Therefore, 12%B+15%Z can be potentially applied as an amendment to improve DFSS composting.

对不同畜禽粪便在堆肥过程中各种含氮化合物的动态变化进行了研究，结合综合性腐
熟度评价指标——种子发芽指数（GI），探讨了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中与氮有关的腐熟度评价
指标.结果表明：随着堆肥的进行，除奶牛粪外，其它畜禽粪便的全氮（TN）含量均呈先下
降而后平稳变化趋势，奶牛粪则呈先增加而后平稳变化趋势；各种畜禽粪便中，碱解性氮（
HN）含量先增后降；NH₄⁺-N含量先下降而后保持平稳；NO₃^--N含量则持续增
加；NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N迅速降低.堆肥腐熟度指标中，除综合性评价指标GI值外，HN/
TN和NH₄⁺-N/TN也可作为评价畜禽粪便腐熟程度的优选指标，而NO₃^--N/TN只能作为一般性评价指标.根据综合性评价指标GI值达到腐熟要求的标准（GI>0.50），除仔猪粪外，其它畜禽粪便在HN/TN<20.77％、NH₄⁺-N/TN<10.06％及NO₃^--N/TN>0.38％时基本达到腐熟要求.

以鸡粪和麦秸为原料，在静态通气条件下，研究了堆腐过程堆体温度及氧化还原酶活性变化。结果表明，添加微生物菌剂后，堆体不同部位温度均高于CK(不加微生物菌剂)处理，且升温阶段持续时间较短。微生物菌剂处理堆料50℃以上的持续时间为14～20 d，CK处理50℃以上的持续时间7.5～10 d；添加微生物菌剂处理的过氧化氢酶活性在第1～26 d均大于CK处理；堆料中添加菌剂处理在堆腐中期的脱氢酶活性大于CK处理；添加菌剂处理在堆肥的第5～28 d，多酚氧化酶活性大于CK处理的活性；说明微生物菌剂可促进有机物的降解及其降解产物的转化。添加菌剂处理在堆腐30 d后E₄/E₆(为胡敏酸在465 nm与665 nm波长下吸光值的比值)比值为1.57～1.68，CK处理为2.16～2.41，表明添加菌剂能促进腐殖质的缩合和芳构化。

为了探讨接种复合菌剂对果树枝条堆肥过程的影响，以猪粪和果树枝条为试验材料，研究了复合菌剂对高温好氧堆肥过程的温度、酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明，接种复合菌剂在堆肥前期提高堆肥温度，比对照处理高温期（高于55℃）持续时间多 3d，促进堆料的腐熟。接种菌剂还能有效地提高果树枝条堆肥过程中酶活性，纤维素酶、漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶活性在堆肥过程中分别比CK处理提高15.0%～19.8%、1.0%～11.0%、4.1%～26.8%、4.0%～22.2%。Biolog 微平板法测定结果表明，接种复合菌剂显著提高了堆肥中微生物的平均每孔颜色变化率（average well color development），并改变了高温期和降温期微生物对6大类碳源的利用；主成分分析表明，复合菌剂主要在高温期发挥作用，对堆料中微生物起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类和氨基酸类。

In this work, the mesoporous SBA-15 and a series of modified catalysts based on it, such as Al-SBA-15 and Ni/Al-SBA-15, were synthesized and used for eliminating the char formation during the depolymerization of hydrolyzed lignin. The temperature, time and solvent effects on the lignin depolymerization were also investigated. Results showed that the repolymerization was effectively suppressed over SBA-15 due to its well-ordered pore structure and large pore size. The addition of Al and Ni elements in SBA-15 could improve the lignin depolymerization performance and saturate the instable intermediates. Ethanol was found to be more effective in suppressing repolymerization than other solvents. 81.4% liquefaction degree and 21.90wt% monomer yield was achieved, and no obvious char was observed after the depolymerization of hydrolyzed lignin in ethanol solvent at 300 degrees C for 4h over Ni/Al-SBA-15(20) catalyst.

以猪粪和菌渣为主要原料,过磷酸钙和石灰作为pH调节剂,设计8个不同pH值的堆肥处理,研究堆肥初始pH值与堆肥腐熟进程及理化性状的关系。结果表明,在本试验条件下,随着堆肥初始pH值的提高,堆肥升温速率、最高温度和有机物降解率均上升。然而,pH值的提高导致堆肥中N$\begin{array}{c}{H}_4^{+}\end{array}$-N的积累量下降,堆肥产品中氮素损失上升。综合考虑堆肥效率和产品质量等因素,建议畜禽粪便堆肥中添加石灰量不要超过堆料鲜质量的0.6%或添加过磷酸钙量不要超过堆料鲜质量的5.2%。堆肥初始pH值在6.42~6.83之间有利于减少氮素损失和提高堆肥效率。

Four types of inoculation methods were studied during the composting of municipal solid wastes and dry grass (MSWG). The methods included a control group as well as initial-stage, two-stage, and multi-stage inoculations. Fulvic acids were extracted from the composting materials and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The results showed that inoculation of microbes in MSWG enhanced the biodegradation of aliphatics, proteins, and polysaccharides. The inoculation also increased the molecular weight, humic- and fulvic-like compound content, as well as humification degree of the composting products. The inoculation of microbes in MSWG significantly improved composting process and efficiency. The improvement efficiency was in the order of initial-stage < two-stage < multi-stage inoculations. Inoculation of microbes based on composting organic matter composition and temperature enhanced composting efficiency.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) compost contains a significant amount of humic substances. In this study, the compost consisted of residual MSW with the metal, plastic and glass removed. In order to enhance degradation processes and the degree of composting humification, complex microorganisms (Bacillus casei, Lactobacillus buchneri and Candida rugopelliculosa) and ligno-cellulolytic (Trichoderma and White-rot fungi) microorganisms were respectively inoculated in the composting process. During the MSW composting, humic acid (HA) was extracted and purified. Elements (C, N, H, O) and spectroscopic characteristics of the HA were determined using elementary analyzer, UV, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and fluorescence spectroscopy. The elements analysis, UV, FTIR and fluorescence spectra all led to the same conclusion, that is inoculations with microbes led to a greater degree of aromatization of HA than in the control process (CK) with no inoculation microbes. This indicated that inoculation with microbes in composting would improve the degree humification and maturation processes, in the following order: lingo-cellulolytic>complex microorganisms>CK. And mixed inoculation of MSW with complex microorganisms and lingo-cellulolytic during composting gave a greater degree of HA aromatization than inoculation with complex microorganisms or lingo-cellulolytic alone. But comparing with the HA of soil, the HA of MSW compost revealed a lower degree of aromatization.