2004年至今，在国家支农政策的推动下，农业种植结构大幅度调整，粮食产量连续增加，而且启动了全国测土配方施肥项目。采用2008年的农户调研数据与2001年进行对比，揭示了我国粮食生产体系中化肥效率的变化。结果表明，过去7年中小麦和玉米的单位面积化肥用量分别增加5.4%和29.0%，而水稻减少4.3%。全国粮食作物化肥消费总量增加1.3×10⁶ t，但占全国化肥消费总量的比重从68%下降到50%。用PFP（粮食产量除以化肥用量）表征化肥效率，发现三大粮食作物的化肥效率大小排列顺序为水稻＞小麦＞玉米; 7年中小麦和水稻的化肥偏生产力分别从10.6 kg/kg增加到11.9 kg/kg, 13.9 kg/kg增加到15.7 kg/kg, 玉米的化肥偏生产力从13.8 kg/kg下降到11.5 kg/kg。我国农业种植结构调整对化肥施用量影响较大。粮食作物向优势主产区集中以及机械和管理措施的改善有利于进一步提高粮食作物化肥效率，但经济作物播种面积仍在大幅增加，这将对全国化肥效率变化带来变数。

以“莱芜大姜”为试材，研究了等量施肥条件下，沟灌常规施肥（CK）、滴灌常规施肥（T1）、水肥一体化（T2）对生姜生长， 叶片H₂O、CO₂交换参数等的影响。结果表明，不同处理生姜地上部茎叶干物质量无显著差异，但T1、T2处理的地下根茎干物质量分别较CK增加11.15%和16.95%。水肥一体化可显著提高生姜叶片色素含量和净光合速率（Pn），降低蒸腾速率（Tr），提高水分利用效率（WUE）。生姜根茎膨大期（9月16日），T1、T2处理叶片叶绿素含量和Pn分别比CK高6.77%、 8.99%和10.21%、16.23%; 生姜发棵期（8月20日），T1、T2处理叶片的Tr分别比CK低10.19%和9.42%; T1、T2处理的WUE无显著差异，但显著高于CK， 8月26日9:00达峰值时， T1、T2的WUE分别比CK高23.83%和28.74%。 T1、T2处理的灌溉水生产效率分别比CK高132.06%和146.79%; 肥料偏生产力分别高12.54%和17.94%。

为探究水肥一体化技术对陕西省不同生态区苹果生产的影响, 分别选取渭北旱塬区和关中平原区典型'红富士'苹果园, 研究了相同肥料用量的NPK传统施肥[NPK(C)]、NPK水肥[NPK(F)]和肥料用量减半的NPK水肥[1/2NPK(F)]对苹果产量、品质、肥料利用效率、果实养分吸收和果园经济效益的影响。结果表明, 因不同生态区环境条件和果园自身土壤和肥力等存在差异, 水肥一体化技术对苹果生产的影响也不同。渭北旱塬区果园, 与NPK(C)相比, NPK(F)处理苹果增产13.0%, 果实硬度增加10.6%, 糖酸比提高19.1%, 化肥偏生产力(PFP)由18.2 kg?kg^-1提高至36.3 kg?kg^-1, 果实N、P和K养分吸收量分别增加36.0%、75.3%和44.8%; 1/2NPK(F)处理对苹果生产的影响基本不显著。关中平原区果园, 与NPK(C)相比, 1/2NPK(F)使苹果增产26.2%, 糖酸比提高16.9%, PFP从27.2 kg?kg^-1提高至68.7 kg?kg^-1, 果实N、P和K养分吸收量分别增加41.8%、98.9%和58.9%; 然而, NPK(F)处理苹果仅增产14.1%, 果实养分吸收无显著增加, 品质亦无明显改善。经济收益方面, 在相同肥料用量下, 采用水肥一体化技术可使渭北旱塬区和关中平原区果园分别增收1.55万元?hm^-2和3.65万元?hm^-2; 当肥料用量减半时, 收益增加分别为0.21万元?hm^-2和7.28万元?hm^-2。总体而言, 在陕西渭北旱塬区和关中平原区果园采用水肥一体化技术均能显著提高苹果产量和改善品质, 但其效果存在明显差异, 实践中需因地制宜, 根据果园实际情况, 采用适宜的水肥用量以求达到高产、高效和优质的目标。

以模拟、实验为基础，研究了GM（1，1）模型的适用范围．按照发展系数阈值，明确界定了GM（1，1）模型的有效区、使用区、不宜区和禁区．

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate utilization of applied nitrogen (N) and irrigation water to squash in response to method of fertilizer application and rates of fertigation N. The following treatments were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications: zero N (N0), 50 (N1), 100 (N2) and 150 (N3) mg N L^–1 in the irrigation water (IW). Additional soil application treatment (NS) equivalent to N2 was included. The fertilizers were either injected into IW by means of an injection pump for the fertigation treatments or applied directly to the soil followed by irrigation for the soil application treatment. Squash was planted in plots with four rows per plot. Each plant row had its own irrigation line and each plant its own dripper. Irrigation was applied to replenish 80% of the Class A pan evaporation twice a week. Neutron probe readings were taken before and after each irrigation at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 cm soil depth. ¹⁵N labeled fertilizers were applied to microplots which contained four plants within each plot. At harvest, plant samples were taken from the microplots for the ¹⁵N measurements and from the mainplot for yield determination and chemical analysis. Nitrogen uptake and % of N derived from fertilizers (%Ndff) increased with fertigation compared to soil application treatment. N uptake dff had a similar trend as the Ndff. Fertilizer N utilization efficiency (FNUE) by fruits as determined ¹⁵N was lower with the soil application than with fertigation treatments and tends to decrease with increasing N fertigation rates. FNUE values calculated by the difference method were higher than those determined by ¹⁵N data. All components of FNUE except the recovery efficiency decreased with the soil application method and with increasing fertigation N rates. FNUE correlated positively with squash yield in both seasons but was stronger in the second season. Water consumption increased with increasing N rates. Water use efficiency increased with N application and was higher with fertigation treatment. Water depletion was maximum in the 30 cm topsoil, suggesting the depth of maximum roots growth. It was concluded that yield, FNUE and WUE increased with N fertigation compared to soil application. The difference method tends to give higher FNUE values under relatively less favorable climatic conditions compared to those measured by ¹⁵N data. Overall, the results indicate that fertigation is a more efficient technique for fertilizer application to squash.

为推动微生物肥料在果树生产中的应用，实现果园优质高效和可持续生产，笔者总结了国内报道的有关微生物肥料研究与应用的文献资料，介绍了微生物肥料概念和分类，概述了微生物肥料在果树上的效应研究，展望了微生物肥料在果树生产上的应用前景，建议今后果园应大力推广应用微生物肥料。