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PDF(1793 KB)
PDF(1793 KB)
不同种植密度对寒地水稻浅土层热效应的影响
Planting Density Affects the Thermal Effect in Shallow Soil of Cold Region Rice
为了提高人们对寒地水稻浅土层热效应特征变化的认知度。试验在大田条件下,以‘空育131’为试验材料,设置行株距30×8 cm (D1)、30×10 cm (D2)、30×12 cm (D3)、30×14 cm (D4)、30×16 cm (D5) 5个密度水平,分析不同种植密度对浅土层热效应的影响。结果表明,各土层温度在抽穗期达最高值,灌浆后开始下降,且温差缩小,其中以10 cm土层温度稳定性最高。受种植密度影响,高密度处理下土温白天增温快,夜间最低,昼夜温差大,最高日平均温度出现的早,其中D1、D2处理在10 cm、15 cm土温变化上几乎同步。相比之下,各土层Tmax、Tmin出现时间随土层的加深而向后推迟,生育期内Tavg、Tmax、Tmin与气温极显著正相关,而Tmax-min则随密度的增加有减小的趋势,主要表现在分蘖期和成熟期,且作用效果随密度增加而增大。产量以D2处理最高,表现为9.27 t/hm 2,较D1、D5处理增幅13.5%~14.6%。说明适宜密度条件能够实现对浅土层热效应的科学调控,并获得产量的提高。
The objective is to improve people’s awareness of the thermal effect change in shallow soil of rice in cold region. The experiment was carried out in field, and ‘Kongyu131’ was used as the experimental material. Five planting densities were set up, including 30×8 cm (D1), 30×10 cm (D2), 30×12 cm (D3), 30×14 cm (D4) and 30×16 cm (D5), respectively. The effects of different planting densities on the thermal effect of shallow soil were analyzed. The results showed that the temperature of all soil layers reached the highest value at heading stage, and began to decrease after grain filling, and the temperature difference was reduced. The temperature stability of 10 cm soil was the highest. Under the influence of planting density, the soil temperature of high density treatment increased rapidly during the day, the temperature at night was the lowest, and the temperature difference between day and night was large, and the highest daily average temperature appeared earlier. The soil temperature of D1 and D2 treatments changed almost synchronously in 10 cm and 15 cm soil layers. In contrast, the occurrence time of Tmax and Tmin in different soil layers was postponed with the deepening of soil depth. Tavg, Tmax and Tmin were positively correlated with air temperature during the whole growth period, while Tmax-min tended to decrease with the increase of density. The main effects were at tillering stage and filling stage, and the effect increased with the density. D2 treatment had the highest yield of 9.27 t/hm 2, increased by 13.5%-14.6% compared with D1 and D5 treatments. It showed that the appropriate density condition could realize the scientific regulation of the thermal effect of shallow soil layer and improve the yield.
寒地水稻 / 密度 / 热效应 / 产量 {{custom_keyword}} /
rice in cold region / density / thermal effect / yield {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 不同生育时期土温与气温日变化相关分析 |
| 生育时期 | 土层深度 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 返青期 | 5 cm | 0.9731** | 0.9549** | 0.9543** | 0.9435** | 0.9422** |
| 10 cm | 0.9231** | 0.9320** | 0.9366** | 0.9303** | 0.9302** | |
| 15 cm | 0.9193** | 0.9240** | 0.9272** | 0.9295** | 0.9272** | |
| 分蘖期 | 5 cm | 0.9409** | 0.8378** | 0.7916** | 0.7621** | 0.7468** |
| 10 cm | 0.5366* | 0.5540* | 0.2300 | - 0.1300 | - 0.1900 | |
| 15 cm | - 0.3900 | - 0.4359* | - 0.5665** | - 0.6898** | -0.7887** | |
| 生育转换期 | 5 cm | 0.9233** | 0.8319** | 0.8094** | 0.7836** | 0.7750** |
| 10 cm | 0.4375* | 0.4629* | 0.3900 | 0.3224 | 0.2877 | |
| 15 cm | 0.1449 | 0.1200 | - 0.0235 | - 0.1893 | -0.4012** | |
| 拔节孕穗期 | 5 cm | 0.9105** | 0.8123** | 0.7721** | 0.7192** | 0.7606** |
| 10 cm | 0.3700 | 0.3980* | 0.2900 | 0.1600 | 0.2100 | |
| 15 cm | 0.0200 | 0.0100 | - 0.1600 | - 0.3700 | - 0.0887 | |
| 抽穗期 | 5 cm | 0.8169** | 0.6913** | 0.6362** | 0.6082** | 0.5990** |
| 10 cm | 0.1735 | 0.2052 | 0.0922 | - 0.0447 | - 0.0173 | |
| 15 cm | - 0.1868 | - 0.2184 | - 0.3912 | - 0.5772** | - 0.3116 | |
| 灌浆初期 | 5 cm | 0.8422** | 0.7122** | 0.6629** | 0.6365** | 0.6183** |
| 10 cm | 0.2331 | 0.2447 | 0.1487 | 0.0283 | 0.0335 | |
| 15 cm | - 0.1131 | - 0.1456 | - 0.3092 | - 0.4908* | - 0.2644 | |
| 灌浆盛期 | 5 cm | 0.9002** | 0.7605** | 0.7502** | 0.7404** | 0.6480** |
| 10 cm | 0.2825 | 0.2449 | 0.1594 | 0.0728 | - 0.0283 | |
| 15 cm | - 0.1364 | - 0.2315 | - 0.4407* | -0.6415** | - 0.3326 | |
| 灌浆末期 | 5 cm | 0.9474** | 0.8608** | 0.8508** | 0.8617** | 0.7321** |
| 10 cm | 0.5698** | 0.5033* | 0.4860* | 0.4725* | 0.2898 | |
| 15 cm | 0.3102 | 0.1885 | 0.0557 | - 0.1109 | 0.1136 |
表2 不同土层Tavg、Tmax、Tmin和Tmax-min与气温变化的相关分析 |
| 土深 | 土温 | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 cm | Tavg | 0.9087** | 0.9053** | 0.9023** | 0.8989** | 0.8962** |
| Tmax | 0.8798** | 0.8604** | 0.8667** | 0.8520** | 0.8525** | |
| Tmin | 0.9001** | 0.8949** | 0.8943** | 0.8934** | 0.8915** | |
| Tmax-min | - 0.0883 | - 0.0200 | - 0.0781 | - 0.1382 | - 0.0155 | |
| 10 cm | Tavg | 0.8936** | 0.8929** | 0.88969** | 0.8863** | 0.8835** |
| Tmax | 0.8820** | 0.8824** | 0.8774** | 0.8717** | 0.8630** | |
| Tmin | 0.8841** | 0.8835** | 0.8824** | 0.8811** | 0.8782** | |
| Tmax-min | - 0.1414 | - 0.0480 | - 0.0883 | - 0.1292 | - 0.0583 | |
| 15 cm | Tavg | 0.8843** | 0.8827** | 0.8778** | 0.8726** | 0.8776** |
| Tmax | 0.8820** | 0.8770** | 0.8706** | 0.8633** | 0.8705** | |
| Tmin | 0.8840** | 0.8762** | 0.8733** | 0.8704** | 0.8731** | |
| Tmax-min | - 0.1411 | - 0.0954 | - 0.1311 | - 0.1706 | - 0.0949 |
表3 不同密度对水稻产量构成及产量的影响 |
| 处理 | 有效茎数/(个/m2) | 每穗粒数/个 | 每穗粒重/g | 结实率/% | 千粒重/g | 产量/(t/hm2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | 687.6 aA | 61.5 c | 1.20 dC | 75.56 cC | 25.88 b | 8.16 bB |
| D2 | 692.5 aA | 63.9 bc | 1.33 cB | 80.14 bB | 26.08 ab | 9.27 aA |
| D3 | 642.3 bA | 63.5 b | 1.43 bA | 85.61 aA | 26.48 a | 8.94 aAB |
| D4 | 589.1 cB | 66.1 a | 1.46 abA | 84.45 aA | 26.29 ab | 8.66 abAB |
| D5 | 544.8 dC | 68.2 a | 1.51 aA | 83.25 aA | 25.72 b | 8.11 bB |
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针对部分地区水稻生产中氮肥用量过高及水稻移植密度越来越低的状况，选择2个早稻和2个晚稻品种为试验材料，设置施氮水平和移植密度互作试验，分析两因素及其互作对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明，氮水平和移植密度对水稻产量有显著影响，但其互作效应不显著； 氮水平、移植密度及其互作对氮素利用率的影响均达显著水平。其中，低氮水平处理平均氮素利用率比高氮水平增加2.1%～5.6%； 高密度的氮素利用率比低密度增加10.1%～45.7%。说明提高移植密度，减少氮肥用量，既可通过大幅度增加有效穗来实现高产，又能显著提高氮素利用率。在资源日益短缺、生产成本渐高及面源污染越来越严重的形势下，密植少氮应是值得推广的水稻栽培技术。在本试验条件下，早稻移植密度在29.3～36.0万穴/hm2的基础上施N 153.1～169.4 kg/hm2、晚稻移植密度在23.1～30.0万穴/hm2的基础上施N 161.5～190.1 kg/hm2氮素是高产高效节氮的合理组合。
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图1 不同密度对水稻分蘖期和拔节期浅土层温度的影响图2 不同密度对水稻抽穗期和灌浆期浅土层温度的影响图3 不同密度对不同土层Tavg、Tmax的影响图4 不同密度对不同土层Tmin和Tmax-min的影响
表1 不同生育时期土温与气温日变化相关分析表2 不同土层Tavg、Tmax、Tmin和Tmax-min与气温变化的相关分析表3 不同密度对水稻产量构成及产量的影响/
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