为了探讨不同堆肥方式（农民堆肥、厌氧堆肥、混合堆肥和好氧堆肥）对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素损失和留存的影响，以奶牛粪便为堆肥原料，在64 天的堆肥过程中考察和比较了不同堆肥方式对N2O和NH3排放、渗滤液、其他形式的氮损失，以及对氮素留存的影响。结果表明：堆肥结束时，农民堆肥、厌氧堆肥、混合堆肥和好氧堆肥氮损失量分别占总氮量的27.9%、7.0%、30.0%和25.1%，但农民堆肥的腐熟度仅为65.9%，其他3 种堆肥方式均达到了腐熟标准(＞80%)；NH3是奶牛粪便堆肥过程中氮素损失的主要贡献者，NH3排放量最大的是好氧堆肥，其造成的氮损失占总氮量的22.5%，其次为混合堆肥(16.6%)，而厌氧堆肥NH3排放引起的氮损失率最少，仅为7.5%；堆肥过程中N2O造成的氮损失相对较少，占总氮量的0.06%~0.11%；渗滤液的氮损失率为1.5%~12.0%，农民堆肥渗滤液氮损失率最大，好氧堆肥渗滤液氮损失量最小；其他形式的氮损失率为1.0%~10.2%，好氧堆肥的其他形式氮损失率最小，而厌氧堆肥最大。与其他堆肥方式相比，好氧堆肥不仅能够满足堆肥产品的腐熟度要求，而且有利于减少氮素损失和留存氮素。
Abstract
To investigate the effect of different composting methods (farmer compost, anaerobic compost, mixed compost and aerobic compost) on nitrogen loss and conservation during manure composting, faeces of dairy cattle was used to study and compare the effect on nitrogen loss by N2O and NH3 emissions, leachate and other forms of nitrogen loss and nitrogen conservation. The results showed that the nitrogen loss rate was 27.9%, 27.0% , 30.0% and 25.1% of farmer compost, anaerobic compost, mixed compost and aerobic compost, respectively, after compost. Except farmer compost (65.9%), others reached the required maturity standard (＞80% ); NH3 emission was the main contributor to nitrogen loss, aerobic compost had the largest NH3 emission, which accounted for 22.5% of the total nitrogen loss amount, then was mixed compost (16.6%), while anaerobic compost had the least (7.5%). Cumulative N loss via N2O emissions was less, which accounted for 0.06% to 0.11% of the total; 1.5%-12.0% of initial nitrogen was lost through leachate, farmer compost had the largest leachate loss, while aerobic compost had the smallest; nitrogen loss in other forms was 1.0% to 10.2%, aerobic compost had the lowest nitrogen loss in other forms, while anaerobic compost had the highest. Aerobic compost could meet the requirement of maturity standard and benefit to nitrogen loss reduction and nitrogen conservation.
关键词
堆肥;奶牛粪便;氮素损失;氮素保存
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Key words
compost; dairy manure; nitrogen loss; nitrogen conservation
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