为探究基于改性基质材料研制的缓释尿素的氮素释放和形态转化特征，笔者通过室内淋溶和土壤培养试验，分析其氮素淋失、氨挥发及氮素形态转化特征。结果表明：砂柱淋溶试验中，普通尿素在第2次淋溶时氮素累积释放率达98.9%，而缓释尿素处理为62.4%。土柱淋溶试验中，缓释尿素前3次氮素淋溶量显著低于普通尿素处理，之后缓释尿素氮素淋溶量总体上高于普通尿素处理；缓释尿素累积氮素淋溶量(144.3 mg N)与普通尿素处理(146.9 mg N)无显著差异。缓释尿素和普通尿素处理的氨挥发速率均在第3天达到峰值，但缓释尿素可使氨挥发损失显著降低41.6%。尿素中的改性基质材料对氮素形态转化无明显影响。因此，该新型缓释尿素的作用机理主要是材料中的网状结构对养分的吸附而表现出保肥效果。
Abstract
To explore the nitrogen release and transformation process of a new matrix-based slow-release urea which was produced based on modified organic-inorganic composite materials, laboratory leaching and incubation experiments were conducted to analyze the nitrogen leaching, ammonia volatilization and nitrogen transformation characteristics. Results showed that compared with common urea, matrix-based slow-release urea reduced nitrogen leaching ratio and increased the supply time of available nitrogen. In sand leaching experiment, cumulative nitrogen leaching ratio in common urea treatment reached 98.9% at the 2nd leaching, while that in matrix-based slow-release urea treatment was 62.4%. In soil leaching experiment, leached nitrogen in matrix-based slow-release urea treatment during the 1st-3rd leaching was significantly lower than that in common urea treatment, and thereafter leached nitrogen in matrix-based slow-release urea treatment were generally greater than that in common urea treatment; the cumulative nitrogen leaching amount in matrix-based slow-release urea treatment (144.3 mg N) had no significant difference with that in common urea treatment (146.9 mg N). Ammonia emission peaked at the 3rd day after fertilization in both common urea and matrix-based slow-release urea treatment. However, cumulative ammonia emission in matrix-based slow-release urea treatment was significantly decreased by 41.6% compared with that in common urea treatment. The modified matrix materials had no effect on nitrogen transformation. Matrix-based slow-release urea reduced nitrogen loss from leaching and ammonia emission, and the mechanism is mainly attributed to the mesh structure of functional materials which can adsorb nutrient such as nitrogen.
关键词
缓释尿素; 淋溶; 氨挥发; 氮素转化
{{custom_keyword}} /
Key words
slow-release urea; leaching; ammonia volatilization; nitrogen transformation
{{custom_keyword}} /
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] Geng J B, Ma Q, Zhang M, et al. Synchronized relationships between nitrogen release of controlled release nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen requirements of cotton[J]. Field Crops Research, 2015, 184: 9–16.
[2] 朱兆良, 金继运. 保障中国粮食安全的肥料问题[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19(2): 259–273.
[3] 杜建军, 毋永龙, 田吉林, 等. 控/缓释肥料减少氨挥发和氮淋溶的效果研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2007, 21(2): 49–52.
[4] 章明清, 姚宝全, 李娟, 等. 福建菜田氮、磷积累状况及其淋失潜力研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(1): 148–155.
[5] Li Q, Yang A, Wang Z, et al. Effect of a new urease inhibitor on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization in wheat in north and northwest China[J]. Field Crops Research, 2015, 175: 96–105.
[6] 王素萍, 李小坤, 鲁剑巍, 等. 控释尿素在水及不同类型土壤中的养分释放特征[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(3): 636–641.
[7] Zhou Z J, Du C W, Li T, et al. Biodegradation of a biochar-modified waterborne polyacrylate membrane coating for controlled-release fertilizer and its effects on soil bacterial community profiles[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015, 22(11): 8672–8682.
[8] Riley N G, Zhao F J, McGrath S P. Availability of different forms of sulphur fertilisers to wheat and oilseed rape[J]. Plant and Soil, 2000, 222(1): 139–147.
[9] 张晓冬, 史春余, 隋学艳, 等. 基质肥料缓释基质的筛选及其氮素释放规律[J]. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(2), 62–66.
[10] Ni X Y, Wu Y J, Wu Z Y, et al. A novel slow-release urea fertiliser: Physical and chemical analysis of its structure and study of its release mechanism[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2013, 115(3): 274–282.
[11] 邱冠男, 吴跃进, 王永国, 等. 新型高效控失复合肥对黄淮海地区小麦产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2010, 26(18): 186–191.
[12] 陶林海, 丁维军, 吴林, 等. 新型缓释尿素对拟南芥生长和遗传毒性的影响研究[J]. 生物学杂志, 2013, 30(5): 54–58.
[13] Tian G M, Gao J L, Cai Z C, et al. Ammonia volatilization from winter wheat field top-dressed with urea[J]. Pedosphere, 1998, 8(4): 331–336.
[14] 鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析法[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000: 125–130.
[15] 中国国家环保局. 水和废水监测分析方法 (第四版)[M]. 北京: 环境科学出版社, 2002.
[16] Han K, Zhou C J, Wang L Q. Reducing Ammonia Volatilization from Maize Fields with Separation of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Water in an Alternating Furrow Irrigation System[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2014, 13: 1099–1112.
[17] 李映延, 刘双营, 赵秀兰, 等. 秸秆-膨润土-聚丙烯酰胺对砂质土壤吸附氮素的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(7): 111–116.
[18] 胡小凤, 王正银, 孙倩倩, 等. 缓释复合肥料在不同pH值紫色土中氨挥发特性[J]. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(6): 100–103.
[19] 杨阳, 李娜, 王林权, 等. 垄作对降低黄土高原南部冬小麦田氨挥发风险的影响[J]. 环境科学研究, 2015, 28(3): 431–439.
[20] Yang Y, Zhou C J, Li N , et al. Effects of conservation tillage practices on ammonia emissions from Loess Plateau rain-fed winter wheat fields[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 104: 59–68.
[21] Xu S T, Zhang L, Zhou L, et al. Effect of synthetic and natural water absorbing soil amendments on soil microbiological parameters under potato production in a semi-arid region[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2016, 75: 8–14.
[22] Watson C, Singh Y, Iqbal T, et al. Short-term effects of polyacrylamide and dicyandiamide on C and N mineralization in a sandy loam soil[J]. Soil Use and Management, 2016, 32: 127–136.
{{custom_fnGroup.title_cn}}
脚注
{{custom_fn.content}}
