杂交育种是果树育种的重要途径，但枣树因其坐果率低、种子含仁率低等特性，限制了枣树杂交育种的进展。为了提高枣树杂交育种的效率，以‘冬枣’、‘早脆王’、‘蜂蜜罐’3个枣树品种为研究对象，对不同枣树品种的坐果规律进行调查，并对提高冬枣坐果率和种子含仁率的方法进行研究。结果表明：3个品种枣树均具有相似的坐果规律，坐果率由高到低依次为南部外围、南部内膛、北部外围和北部内膛；不同枝龄的坐果率由高到低依次为多年生、2~3年生和1年生；果实在枣吊上分布的位置主要集中在3~7节位；花序的1~2级花坐果率最高；盛花期是施肥以及环剥处理提高坐果率的关键时期；喷施2,4-D、赤霉素和硼酸均可提高坐果率，但喷施2,4-D和赤霉素会降低含仁率，而喷施硼酸可提高含仁率。
Abstract
Cross-breeding is an important way for fruit breeding, but the low fruit setting and seed yield rate of jujube fruit limit the progress of jujube crossbreeding. In order to improve the Ziziphus jujuba hybridization breeding efficiency, in this study, we chose three different cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba, ie ‘Dongzao’, ‘Zaocuiwang’ and ‘Fengmiguan’ as targets, to investigate the fruit setting rules and improve the fruit setting rate among these three cultivars. The results showed that, three varieties of jujube fruit all had similar fruit setting laws. The fruit setting percentage varies in fruit spurs from different angles, with southern outside the highest, then followed by the southern inside, the northern outside and the northern inside orderly; the fruit setting percentage of perennial branches is the highest, then is 2 to 3 years, with 1 year as the lowest; the fruit mainly distributes between 3rd to 7th node in shedding shoot of jujube and its fruit setting percentage can be significantly improved by watering, fertilization and girdling treatments in the full-bloom stage. Spraying 2,4-D butylate, gibberellin and boric acid can increase fruit setting percentage significantly, but spraying 2,4-D butylate and gibberellin can decrease the percentage of kernel, while the treatment of boric acid can improve the percentage of kernel.
关键词
枣；坐果率；坐果规律；杂交育种
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Key words
Chinese jujube; fruit setting rate; fruit setting rules; hybridization breeding
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