Cerasus humilis is a woody shrub with increasing economic importance. Due to its high oil content in seed with desired fatty acid(FA) composition, C. humilis has been considered as a potential woody oilseed crop in China. However, FAs accumulation and related molecular mechanisms of FA biosynthesis in C. humilis seed have not been elucidated well. In this study, oil contents and FA compositions of developing C. humilis seed were analyzed. The total oil content in mature seed reached 48.7% while unsaturated FA concentration reached a high level of 96.2%. Three c DNA libraries of C. humilis developing seed were constructed at the beginning and 2 fast oil-accumulation stages, followed by Illumina sequencing with the platform of HiSeq~TM 2000. Differentially expressed unigenes(DEGs) were identified during the respective seed development stages to investigate transcription dynamics. Among DEGs, 82 unigenes were identified as being closely involved in de novo FA and triacylglycerol(TAG) biosynthesis. Surprisingly, among DEGs involved in TAG biosynthesis, expression of unigenes encoding GPATs(glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) were relatively low and unigenes encoding LPAATs(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase) were highly expressed, suggesting that LPAAT contributed more in storage lipids metabolism in C. humilis seed. Genes encoding DGAT2(diacylgycerol acyltransferase2) were the most highly expressed while expression of DGAT1 was very low, suggesting DGAT2 was the dominant DGAT which catalyzed TAG biosynthesis. To verify these results,10 unigenes were selected and their expression patterns were analyzed by quantitative RTPCR. These data provided comprehensive information for understanding the molecular mechanism of FA and TAG biosynthesis in C. humilis seed.

Sunflower seed meal peptide as one sort of bioactive peptide has intensively application prospects. However, preparation of low salt peptide from sunflower seed meal with high efficiency remains a challenge. In this study, single and compound proteases were optimized to hydrolyze protein. Results showed that hydrolysis at pH 7.0 by proteases resulted in ash content in the range of 5.66%-7.37% and small peptides. Among all hydrolysis processes, sequential hydrolysis of Alcalase with Flavourzyme and Alcalase with Protamex showed higher nitrogen recovery ratio(67.66% and 66.49%, respectively). Furthermore, biological activities of peptides were investigated by testing their ABTS(2,2-azinobis(3-ethylben-zothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activity, DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging activity and angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitory activity. Peptide hydrolyzed by Alcalase with Papain presented the highest antioxidant activity, followed by Alcalase with Protamex, with ABTS scavenging rate as 63.01% and 31.75%, and DPPH scavenging rate as 56.04% and 28.06%, respectively. Synchronously, peptide hydrolyzed by Alcalase with Protamex and Alcalase with Alcalase had the highest ACE inhibitory activity(56.74%, 56.76%). In conclusion, hydrolysis by proteases Alcalase with Protamex at pH 7.0 was the most effective method for the preparation of low salt peptide from sunflower seed meal, which could be an alternative for anti-oxidants and anti-vasoconstrictor.

Megacopta cribraria(Hemiptera: Plataspidae) continually outbreaks due to suitable photoperiod in recent years. Effect of photoperiod on growth, development and reproduction of M. cribraria were assessed in this study. Results indicated that developmental duration, nutrient accumulation efficiency, and adult fecundity of M. cribraria were significantly different under 6 photoperiodical conditions. Developmental duration of nymph stage gradually tended to be shorter as day time increase. Body weights of 5 th instar nymphs for 16 h and 4 h day time photoperiods were 5.2 mg and 4.6 mg, respectively. Moreover, longevity of adults tended to be longer as day time increase. However, for the short day photoperiod(4 L:20 D and 8 L:16 D), population showed no reproductive behaviors. Index of population trend increased with photoperiod extension and adults showed stronger reproductive capacity and longer longevity. This research identified the favorable photoperiodical conditions before outbreak. It may provided reference for ecological adaptability of M. cribraria, and contribute to the scientific basis for forecasting and controlling of M. cribraria.

Melanin involves in various biological functions, widely used in cosmetic, pharmacology medicine and other fields. However, melanin application is limited due to low productivity and high cost. In this work, melanin extraction method from rapeseed meal(RSM) was explored. Effects of hydrochloric acid(HCl) concentration, ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and time, and solid-liquid ratio were evaluated systematically. According to results of single factor experiment and Box-Behnken experiment, the optimum extraction conditions of melanin from RSM were as follows: HCl concentration, 0.5 mol/L; ethanol concentration, 70%; extraction temperature, 40 o C; extraction time, 1 h; solid liquid ratio, 1/4 g/mL. Under these conditions, extraction yields of crude melanin(CM) and purified melanin(PM) were 9.00% and 1.44%, respectively. Compared with synthetic melanin(SM) from Sigma, the relative purities of CM and PM were 7.82% and 29.57%, respectively. Moreover, feedstuff value of RSM residue was also improved after melanin isolation by significantly reducing glucosinolate content.

Nutmeg essential oil with volatile components is sensitive to oxygen, light, water and high temperature. Spray-drying is widely used as an encapsulation technique for improving compound stability during processing and storage. In this study, influence of encapsulated matrix on spray-dried nutmeg essential oil microcapsule was investigated using blends of maltodextrin and either gum Arabic(GA-MD), or octenyl succinic acid modified starch(OSA-MD) as wall materials. Characteristics of spray-dried powders from these 2 wall materials were evaluated and compared. Powder property analysis indicated that GA-MD microcapsules presented larger size, higher moisture and poorer flowability compared with OSA-MD microcapsules. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis showed that both GA-MD and OSA-MD microcapsules improved the stability of nutmeg essential oil. However, GA-MD microcapsules exhibited higher storage stability than OSA-MD microcapsules. This research provided theoretical foundation for wall material choice of microcapsule and nutmeg essential oil utilization in food industry.

Pest is one of the important factors affecting soybean yield and quality. Until now, 404 species on soybean have been known based on literature review and a large scale survey. More than 20 key pests occur every year and are causing serious damage. In 3 different ecoregions(Northern ecoregion, Huang-Huai-Hai ecoregion and Central south ecoregion), pests occurrence and damage styles show a variety of regional characteristics. Soybean pests occurrence from north to south were shown as follow: from large pests to small pests, from chewing pests to sucking pests, from low reproductive rate and less generation pests to high reproductive rate and more generation pests. Soybean pest management is mainly based on resistant breeding, combining with monitoring, plant quarantine, cultural, biological, physical, mechanical and chemical controls in China. Although pesticides play an important role in practice, the absence of reasonable use has threatened sustainability of China's soybean production. Soybean integrated pest management is not the only strategy, and it still needs improvement and development, but it's the best alternative for pest control. It can be expected that integrated pest management will remain as the main strategy for soybean pest control in future. Further innovation of green prevention and control technology will also become a focus of future research in view of new pest problems brought about by crop restructuring, agricultural system change and global climate change. Integration of above technologies will reduce the harm of pests and production costs as well as improving soybean production capacity. In this review, research progress of Chinese soybean pest and its management was summarized and some suggestions were provided to adapt for soybean pest management under current situation.

A field study was set up to compare dry matter accumulation and grain yield of 3 different types of film mulching, namely FFC(full film muched on tiny ridges covered with soil), PFC(full film muched covered with soil), and PF(full film muched with no cover). The experiment was laid out in a complete random design with 3 replications at northwest(34°40′N, 105°06′E) of China. This study determined that(1) film mulching treatment increased leaf area and dry matter accumulation of oil flax in semi-arid areas;(2) accumulation of dry matter under PFC treatment was markedly higher than other treatments except anthesis stage;(3) average grain yield of oil flax under film mulching treatment was 52.67%-60.33% higher than flat plot without mulched or ridge(CK) treatment;(4) grain yield of oil flax was substantially correlated with plant height, grain number and 1,000 kernels weight. This study demonstrated that film mulching has significant effects on crop grain yield improvement in the northwest of China.

To investigate the impact of dietary supplementation of different omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs) resources on PUFAs enrichment in hen eggs, two supplemental materials, flaxseed and oil-extracted microalgal residue of heterotrophic Schizochytrium, were added to the diet of laying hens in 3 groups. Results showed that supplementation with flaxseed and Schizochytrium residue gave rise to the increased, but different n-3 PUFAs levels in egg yolk, mainly α-linolenic acid(ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). The ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs was reduced in all groups. After 14 days feeding of supplied PUFAs resources, n-3 PUFAs contents reached a plateau, and then remained constant during further supplementation in 3 experimental groups. Both the highest ALA level and DHA level were achieved in flaxseed group and microalgae group, reaching up to 353.69(±68.15) mg/egg and 301.41(± 26.76) mg/egg respectively. Moreover, the n-3 PUFAs enrichment efficiency was relatively low in flaxseed group when compared to other 2 groups. Laying rates of hens before entering peak production period could be improved by adding flaxseed but was not obviously affected by Schizochytrium residue. The egg weight, on the other hand, had no relationship with dietary supplementation. Thus, supplementation of flaxseed or Schizochytrium residue into standard feed offers an alternative choice for the production of n-3 PUFAs enriched eggs.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester(CAPE), a natural and rare ingredient with several biological activities, was successfully synthesized from caffeic acid(CA) and phenylethanol(PE) by microwave assistant coupled with ionic liquids(ILs) catalysis. Four ILs, acted as both solvent and catalyst in this chemical synthesis, were optimized. Among them, [Bmim][PF_6] was the best with the highest CA conversion. 95% conversion was achieved under substrate molar ratio 4:1(PE/CA, n/n), IL content 7:1(IL/CA, w/w), microwave power 200 W, at 135 o C for 7 min. This study might be attributed to developing new chemical reaction system to produce caffeic acid derived esters.

<正>Professor Chunyun Guan,born in Jingzhou,Hubei Province in 1938,is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering,chairman of the Academic Committee of Hunan Agricultural University,and the former president of the University.

Rapeseed(Brassica napus) is the second largest oil crop in the world. However, transformation efficiency of rapeseed still needs to be improved. To evaluate non-procedural factors(e.g. explants, section of explant, marker genes and number of exogenous genes) effects on transformation efficiency, 6-day-old hypocotyl explants from in vitro grown seedlings were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium strain GV3101 harboring a binary vector using optimized transformation procedure. Results showed that normal maturing variety ‘Zhongshuang 6(ZS6)' had the highest overall capacity to produce rooted shoots among 5 common varieties and 6 early maturing varieties, with green callus induction rate 81.45% and shoot regeneration rate 21.66%. Early maturing variety 14 M645 has relatively high regeneration rate(4.69%) and one of the shortest growth periods(107.54 d). Data showed that choosing neomycin phosphotransferase II gene(NPTII) as selectable marker led to the best transformation rate(17.38%). Selecting upper hypocotyl segments near cotyledon as explant provided the higest transformation efficiency, with regeneration rate of 25.59% when using NPTII as selectable marker and 22.19% for Bar. B. napus transformed with single gene showed higher transformation frequency than vectors with multiple genes, highlighting difficulty of multiple gene transformation. This work helped to further improve genetic transformation of B. napus by optimizing factors that impact transformation efficiency, and it would ultimately improve research in transgenic B. napus varieties with commercial potential.

To set a distinction method for sesame cultivars,110 sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)germplasms were collected from China,Cuba,the former Soviet Union,Mozambique,Japan,and the United States.Materials were characterized for various agro-morphological traits at 3 locations in China(Wuhan,Zhumadian and Shijiazhuang)during 2005 and 2006.34 traits were observed.Yield-related traits showed wide range of phenotypic variability.Number of nodes to the first flower,initial flowering,leaf length,leaf width,leaf length/width ratio at initial flowering,lobe incision of basal leaf,petiole length of basal leaf,branch number,plant height,capsule length,capsule width,1000-seed weight,seed oil content,and seed crude protein content were scored according to grades 3,4,5,6 and 7.Stem hairiness,leaf color,flower hairiness,color on outer side of corolla,pink color on inner side of lower lip,anther filament color,and capsule hairiness ranged from few(light)to more(heavy)and were scored according to the minimal descriptors 1,2 and 3.Number of flowers per leaf axil,pink color on inner side of corolla,enations on back side of a leaf,petiole color,number of carpels per capsule,plant growth type,stem branching,main stem color at maturity,capsule color at maturity,capsule dehiscence at maturity,seed shape,and seed coat texture varied little and were scored according to two grades,either 1 and 2 or 1 and 9.The 5 seed coat colors white,yellow,brown,grey and black,were scored as 1,2,3,4,and5 respectively.Based on traits variability,a set of 34 minimal descriptors was suggested for characterization of sesame for distinctness,uniformity and stability(DUS),and was recommended in national agriculture standard NY/T 2434-2013.

Sesame( Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop in tropical and sub-tropical areas,but recent seed shortages for consumption have occurred. To address this,study objectives were to characterize and classify sesame phenotypic traits; disease and drought resistance; and germplasm constituents( i. e.,oil,protein,and sesamin content) through accession classification using principle component analysis at the Oil Crops Research Institute( OCRI),CAAS. This organization maintains a total of 5,426 sesame accessions,of which 5,218 originated from China( representing 29 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions,except for Ningxia,Qinghai,and Taiwan),and 208 derived from 24 countries including Asia,Africa,Europe,South America,and North America. A total of 110 randomly selected sesame accessions and cultivars were seeded at OCRI between May 20 and June 10,2005-2006. All accessions produced 8 to 55 g of seed per plant. All tested sesame accessions were successfully grown at the Oil Crops Research Institute( OCRI),CAAS. Accessions were classified into 4 discrete clusters. Variance analysis and principal component analysis revealed a high degree of variability among the accessions based on phenological,morphological,and reproductive traits. These traits can be used to effectively distinguish accessions and to improve breeding programs for high-yielding sesame cultivars.

The important agronomic traits of seed size and seed oil content in oilseed rape were affected by maternal effect. The maternal tissue endosperm,generated by fertilization of the diploid central cell in the female gametophyte,is essential for embryo and seed development. Imprinting is primarily restricted to the endosperm of flowering plants and is associated with differential DNA methylation of parental alleles. Therefore,it is necessary to find out whether the endosperm influences these traits. If so,whether DNA methylation participated in these processes? To answer these questions,isolation of pure liquid endosperm qualified for extraction genomic DNA and RNA was the prerequisite. However,it was not easy to conduct this isolation due to endosperm is encapsulated by tiny seed coat and it adjoins to developing embryo. This research adopted a procedure for isolation pure lipid endosperm from 25 DAF( days after flowering) ovules of Brassica napus and improved procedure for subsequent DNA extraction. With the optimized procedures,we successfully extracted genomic DNA of liquid endosperm from 500 mg ovules with high concentration( ≥2. 5μg/μl,200μl) and high purity,which were proved by the subsequent analysis.

Peanut cultivation in China spans various ecological zones, each with unique environmental conditions. Identifying suitable peanut varieties for these regions has been challenging due to significant phenotypic variations observed across environments. This study, based on a comprehensive analysis of 256 peanut varieties, selected nine representative varieties(Huayu23, Yuanza9102, Silihong, Wanhua2, Zhonghua6, Zhonghua16, Zhonghua21,Zhonghua215, Zhonghua24) for cultivation in five distinct ecological zones including Chengdu, Hefei, Nanjing,Shijiazhuang, and Wuhan. The yield and quality related phenotypic traits of these varieties were thoroughly assessed, revealing a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Principal component analysis(PCA) effectively distinguished varieties based on yield and quality traits. Strong correlations were observed between specific traits, such as seed size and quality components. The G × E interaction was evident, as some varieties consistently performed better in certain environments. Varieties with lower coefficient of variation(CV)values exhibited stable trait expression, making them reliable choices for broad cultivation. In contrast, varieties with higher CV values displayed greater sensitivity to environmental fluctuations, potentially due to specific genetic factors. Two high oleic acid varieties, Zhonghua24 and Zhonghua215, demonstrated remarkable stability in oleic acid content across diverse environments, suggesting the presence of genetic mechanisms that buffer against environmental variations. Overall, this study underscores the importance of selecting peanut varieties based on their adaptability and performance in specific ecological zones. These findings provide valuable insights for peanut breeders and farmers, facilitating informed decisions for improved crop production and quality.

Soybean(Glycine max), the primary source of high-quality plant protein, plays a crucial role as a grain and oil crop in China. Harnessing the full potential of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean production holds immense significance for agriculture and ecology alike. Zhongdou 63, a newly developed early-maturing summer soybean cultivar in 2021, exhibits remarkable traits such as high yield, superior quality, multi-resistance, and wide adaptability. In this study, eight distinct rhizobia strains from diverse regions were meticulously screened to identify highly effective strains specifically suited for Zhongdou 63. The aboveground biomass, plant height,chlorophyll content, root length, nodule number, and nodule dry weight of Zhongdou 63 were measured and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The results demonstrated that Y63-1 is a predominant strain of Zhongdou 63. Subsequently, we conducted further investigations on the broad-spectrum nodulation characteristics of Y63-1. Ten representative soybean cultivars were individually inoculated with Y63-1 and subsequently analyzed for nodule numbers and nodule dry weight in their symbiotic systems with rhizobia. The findings revealed that Y63-1 effectively formed nodules with all ten soybean varieties tested. In summary, our current study identified highly efficient broad-spectrum Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain Y63-1 as the predominant strain in Zhongdou 63 and provided a theoretical foundation for enhancing yield potential not only in Zhongdou 63 but also in other varieties through inoculation with highly efficient rhizobia in production.

High oleic acid rapeseed oil offers superior nutritional and health benefits, but its mass production is limited due to poor resistance and slightly lower yield. Photosynthesis serves as the foundation of biological survival and closely correlates with crop resistance to stresses, yield, and quality. To identify photosynthesis-related genes,transcriptome sequencing was conducted on high oleic acid rapeseed Gaoyousuan No. 1 and low oleic acid rapeseed Xiangyou 15 resulting in the identification of a total of 9396 differentially expressed genes(4669 upregulated and 4727 down-regulated). From these genes nine candidate genes were screened using GO and KEGG analysis with BnGLO4 being selected for cloning purposes. The BnGLO4 gene fragment has a length of 1161bp with an ORF sequence of 1092 bp encoding a theoretical isoelectric point of p I 7.60; it encodes an unstable lipid-soluble protein localized in peroxisomes without transmembrane structural domains or signal peptides. Its amino acid sequence homology was highest with that of Bna A01G0355200ZS, Bna A01G0355600ZS,Bna A05G0410400ZS, Bna C01G0441800ZS, and Brassica rapa(XP＿0091171 45.1), Brassica napus(CDY39100.1),Brassica cretica(KAF3533604.1) and Brassica oleracea var. oleracea(XP＿0136106 44.1) belonging to the same cruciferous family.The BnGLO4 gene may be associated with responses to abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, and temperature extremes along with photosynthesis and growth in rapeseed plants. The expression levels of the GLO4 gene(Bna A01G0355200 ZS) were highest in filaments while being higher at each stage in seeds and siliques with the highest expression level at day 14 in seeds. Expression was significantly upregulated after 3 h of salt stress treatment, reaching a maximum at 12 h before slightly decreasing at 24 h. The findings of this study lay a foundation for further investigation on photosynthesis and stress response in high oleic rapeseed.

The sunflower has the potential to be a highly competitive crop owing to its diversity market and the valuable oil it produces. Nevertheless, the amount of sunflower seed oil – a key factor for the crushing industry – is affected by genotype and environment, which sometimes is difficult to predict. The paper analyzes the theoretical principles of sunflower growth in Ukraine, highlights the current trends in the sowing of this crop, the influence of climatic factors of the environment on the prospects of the oilseed sunflower yield. The results of the research are presented for 3 years(2014–2016), during the authors conducted a grain quality observatory at the regional level,taking into account the climatic conditions of sunflower growth in different natural zones of Ukraine(from 45°to51°north latitude and from 22°to 37°east longitude). Additionally, the research includes the coefficient of significance of the deviation from long-term climatic indicators, which makes it possible to forecast sunflower yield in the future. The analyzed data was obtained from the commercial fields with a minimum area of 40 ha in all Ukrainian regions except Crimea peninsula, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. The results obtained in research show the great diversity of oil content index as per both latitude and longitude meaning. If we consider the entire country, this survey shows that the seed oil content can change dramatically from year to year: e.g. 47.5% in one year versus 45.7% in another year. Regionally, these changes have a completely different dynamic with a gradual decrease in seed oil content in the southern part of the country. The main goal of the research was to identify the best sunflower growing areas in Ukraine according to the oil content index.

There is a constant search for biomaterials from natural products like plants for food and industrial applications.The work embodied in this report aimed at investigating the effects of microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction(MAE and SE) techniques on the functional physicochemical quality characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed oil and proteins extracts. M. oleifera seeds were ground to fine powders and oil was extracted by microwave-assisted and soxhlet extraction techniques using petroleum ether. Quality attributes including yield percent, moisture content,iodine, saponification, specific gravity, viscosity, p H, thiobarbituric acid, acid and peroxide values were measured. Mineral and vitamin contents, chemical/functional groups, fatty acid(FA) composition, and reducing power of the oil were evaluated. Metabolomics of protein extracted from the defatted powders were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). M. oleifera oil from MAE and SE methods had good yield(34.25 ± 0.0%,28.75 ± 0.0%), low moisture content(0.008 ± 0.0%, 0.011 ± 0.0%), non-drying and unsaturated, moderately saponified, less dense(0.91 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.02 g m L~(-1)), had Newtonian flow, were weakly acidic, showed good content of FAs, recorded strong potential for long shelf-life, showed stability against oxidative rancidity and enzymatic hydrolysis, had very rich deposits of micro-and macro-nutrients as well as water-soluble and lipidsoluble vitamins, and functional groups in the oil were reflective of its content of long-and medium-chain triglycerides(LCT and MCT). Monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids(MUFA and SFA) were detected and the oil has excellent ferric ion reducing power. NMR metabolomic assay revealed the presence of nine essential amino acids(EAAs) in the protein extract. MAE technique is a feasible and acceptable alternative for high throughput extraction of M. oleifera oil with high yield and excellent quality attributes. The study revealed that MAE did not impart any remarkable advantage(s) on the physicochemical properties of M. oleifera seed oil and protein compared to SE technique.

Safflower is widely cultivated and used as a dual-purpose medicinal oil worldwide. This research used the incoPat patent database to search the global safflower patents for nearly 20 years, aiming to reveal the development process and current situation of the safflower industry in China and around the world by analyzing patent application trends, patent technology characteristics, advantageous industries and regions, patent quality, etc. The analysis shows that safflower patent applications are generally increasing, and the period 2010-2016 is characterized by the rapid development of patent applications. The technical features of global patents are mainly concentrated in pharmaceutical preparations, cosmetics, food and health care, various beverages, animal feed,safflower cultivation and harvesting equipment, and safflower seed oil. During the rapid development of patent applications, safflower was further developed in cosmetics, edible oil, and harvesting equipment. In addition,patent applications in rheumatism and bone diseases have increased, with the potential for development. China is the leading region for researching and developing medicinal safflower patents, especially Shandong and Henan provinces. Foreign patents are more focused on the value development of safflower seed oil in food and chemicals.Compared to the major countries and organizations that apply for safflower patents on a global scale, the quality of Chinese safflower patents is medium, and more awareness of patent protection is required. This paper provides suggestions for the subsequent development of the safflower industry, summarizes and analyzes the development trend of safflower patents, and provides new ideas to obtain innovative patent results.

Groundnut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is a high economic value oil crop commonly grown in low-land semi-arid areas of Ethiopia. The crop production is constrained by low soil fertility; however, the nutrient management practice has been given low attention. This study was therefore conducted during the main cropping season of 2015/2016 at Babile and Fedis sites of East Hararghe, Ethiopia to evaluate the growth, nodulation, and yield response of groundnut varieties to the application of combined mineral nitrogen, phosphorus, and vermicompost fertilizers,and zinc. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three varieties(Ba-ha-Gudo, Ba-ha-Jidu, and Roba);three fertilizers combinations(0: 0 kg N: P_2O_5ha~(-1)with no VC, 46: 46 kg N: P_2O_5ha~(-1)with no VC, and 46: 46 kg N: P_2O_5ha~(-1)with 2.5 t VC ha~(-1)); and three rates of Zn(0, 5, and 10 kg Zn ha~(-1)) in a randomized complete block design at both sites. The growth, nodulation, yield components, and yield data were subjected to analysis by SAS.The result revealed that plant height was significantly affected by variety and fertilizers combination, the number of branches plant-1affected by the interaction of variety and fertilizers combination while canopy spread and nodulation parameters were affected by the interaction of variety, fertilizers combination, and Zn rate. Pod plant-1and hundred seed weight, dry biomass, pod and seed yields, and seed oil content were significantly affected by the interaction of variety, fertilizers combination, and Zn rate. The highest dry biomass(7.26 t ha~(-1)),pod(3.13 t ha~(-1)), seed(2.16 t ha~(-1)) yields and seed oil content(51.3%), net benefit($1704.2 ha~(-1)) with a marginal rate of return of 242% were obtained from variety Ba-ha Gudo received the combined application of 46:46 kg N: P_2O_5ha~(-1)and 2.5 t VC ha~(-1)with 5 kg Zn ha~(-1). Therefore, it can be concluded that the Ba-ha Gudo variety is preferably produced using the combined application of 46: 46 kg N: P_2O_5ha~(-1)and 2.5 t VC ha~(-1)with 5kg Zn ha~(-1)for high productivity in the study sites and similar agro-ecologies.

Peanut seeds are ideal bioreactors for the production of foreign recombinant proteins or secondary metabolites.Seed-specific promoters(SSPs) can direct the expression of genes specifically in seeds to avoid undesirable effects associated with constitutive expression. However, few SSPs have been identified in peanut. Previous studies have shown that some allergen-encoding genes encode seed storage proteins or exhibit seed-specific/preferential expression. In this study, we characterized allergen-encoding genes from across the genomes of Arachis species to explore seed-specific genes. We found that at least 9 out of 16 identified peanut allergen-encoding genes were expressed specifically in the seeds or were preferentially expressed. A 1493-bp promoter fragment of allergen gene Ara h 1(we named it AHSSP6) was isolated from cultivated peanut genome. cis-element analysis showed that three RY repeat elements which usually exsisted in seed or embryo specific promoter sequence were also present in AHSSP6 sequence. Histochemical analysis showed AHSSP6 could drive the expression of a β-glucuronidase(GUS) reporter gene specifically in the seeds or cotyledon tissue of transgenic Arabidopsis, while not in other tissues. These findings indicated that these promoters of allergen genes were candidate SSPs, and AHSSP6 was a novel SSP which could be potentially utilized in peanut improvement.

The International Symposium on Lipid Science and Health(ISLSH), which was organized annually by Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(OCRI-CAAS) since 2016, has gained a strong reputation and attracted hundreds of delegates from around the world for discussion of lipid research trends and advances every year, to promote research and academic exchanges in the fields of lipid science and health. The 5 th International Symposium on lipid Science and Health was successfully held in Wuhan, China, from October 23 rd to 25 th, 2020, to celebrate the 60 th anniversary of OCRI-CAAS. The two-day symposium gathered wellknown experts specialized in lipid science to share the current state of lipid research with emphasis on aspects covering:(1) lipid profiling and characterization,(2) lipid preparation and modification,(3) lipid improvement and regulation, and(4) lipid nutrition and health. The symposium was conducted by a combination of on-site and network meeting. More than 250 distinguished delegates from academia and industry participated in the on-site multidisciplinary meeting, and thousands of scholars attended the virtual event. This paper is as a record of the symposium proceedings and a brief summary of the advances and trends in 4 aspects of lipid science and health.

Payenapara lleloneura Kurz.(Kan-zaw), an endemic medicinal plant only found in Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar,is widely used in the treatment of various cancer and different ailments. In the present research, the seeds were phytochemical investigated for their nutritional potential for their use as functional foods or novel diet oil resources. Nutritional evaluation showed that the seeds are rich in fats and carbohydrates(soluble sugars and starch). Fatty acid analyses showed that the seeds accumulate very rich α-eleostearic acid(α-ESA, 18:3Δ9 cis,11-trans,13 trans), an important conjugated fatty acid, up to more than 70 % of total fatty acids. The seed oil derived from the Kan-zaw tree contains approximately 3.25 % β-eleostearic acid(18:3Δ9 trans,11 trans,13 trans), an unusual conjugated fatty acid that imparts a potent anticancer application and industrially important drying qualities to Kan-zaw oil. Physicochemical properties of the Kan-zaw seeds were examined; petroleum ether(60–90C) extract of seed oils were also investigated for the saponification value, iodine value and estimation of acid value. Further,the present study investigated cytotoxic potential of ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform Kan-zaw seed extracts and commercial Kan-zaw oil against human cervical cancer cell line(HeLa). The Kan-zaw extracts and oil have shown significant anticancer activity on HeLa cells.

Camelina is an oilseed crop which is being commercially produced globally as feedstock for biodiesel. Being a non-edible oil bearing low input crop owing to its low fertilizer and water requirement, fits well for biofuel production. In India, targets for biofuel blending has been set by New Biofuel Policy-2018 and to meet these targets efforts are being made to harness the potential of available feedstock in the country. Among these feedstock, contribution of short gestation oilseed bearing crop has been very important. Camelina has been introduced in India during 2009–10 as experimental crop by DIBER, DRDO. Since then various efforts have made to standardize the production technology of this crop under various agro-climatic regions of the country, crop improvement, oil quality analysis and development of high energy by-products. Camelina has various advantages to offer for Indian biofuel sector. This paper reviews the potential of this crop for Indian Biofuel scenario.

Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is one of the most concerns in peanut production in China. Applying nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains, based on competitive exclusion, has been proved to be a promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin contamination in pre-harvest peanuts. Two non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains collected in China, which have been proved effectively reducing aflatoxin in the laboratory, were mixed with high aflatoxin producer to the soil in peanut growing season. The two non-aflatoxigenic strains significantly(P < 0.05) reduced aflatoxin contamination in peanut kernels under both normal and drought stresses in two fields. Compared to control, the total aflatoxin(sum of aflatoxin B1 and B2) was reduced 26.7–99.12% in field 1, and 84.96–99.33% in field 2. The aflatoxin was reduced 84.96–99.33% under drought stress in two fields. The present study indicated the non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains could be potential biocontrol agents for reducing aflatoxin contamination under field condition.

Sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop in China and is grown in rotation with potato in the northern parts of China, including Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. In 2014, diseased samples of sunflower(variety 3638 C) with black sunken lesions on bracts and stems of sunflower were collected in Wuchuan, Hohhot(41050 N, 111270 E) and Chahaeryouyihouqi,Wulanchabu(41520 N, 11300 E), Inner Mongolia, China. We used morphological and molecular techniques to identify the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined phylogenetic dataset using the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(gpd) and Alternaria major allergen gene(Alt a1) was done to support the morphological identification. In addition, PCR was performed with specific primers targeted on Alt a1 and calmodulin genes of A. solani and A. tomatophila. The results showed that HaAs7 gave an amplicon of the expected size(164 bp) with A. solani-specific primers, however, no band was observed with the A. tomatophilaspecific primers. The opposite pattern of PCR result(483 bp) was obtained with DNA of HaAt4 as template,indicating that HaAs7 is A. solani and HaAt4 is A. tomatophila. Furthermore, evaluation the pathogenicity of the recovered Alternaria isolates and their potential as causal agents of Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower was done.Pathogenicity tests showed that A. solani and A. tomatophila tested could be capable of causing Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower. Till now, nine species of Alternaria have been reported causing Alternaria leaf blight of sunflower, this is the first report that A. solani and A. tomatophila as causal pathogens for Alternaria leaf blight on sunflower.

Aflatoxins(AFs) are a group of secondary metabolites belonging to polyketide-derived furanocoumarins produced by Aspergillus fungi. As one type of mycotoxins, AFs are the most carcinogenic and toxic compounds for human and animal health, which might lead to serious contamination on agricultural products including peanut, maize and milk. Moreover, AF contamination in food chain was difficult to be controlled. This review summarizes the research progress on the types, producers and properties of AFs, gene clusters, AF biosynthesis and genetic regulation in major Aspergillus fungi, aiming to provide comprehensive information for developing cost-effective strategies on control of AF contamination in agriculture production and consequent food chain.

Plant organelle(plastid and mitochondrial) genomes contain substantial information for plant evolution and adaptation.Therefore,it's important to reveal plant whole-genome sequences including plastid and mitochondrial genomes.To decode these sequences,it is required to efficiently separate organelle genomic DNA from nucleus genome,which is difficult and laborious.In this study,an efficient procedure was established to obtain plant organelle genomes without extraction of plastid and mitochondria.Organelle DNA was extracted from three materials including Sinapis arvensis var.'Yeyou 18',a cytoplasmic male sterile line(Nsa CMS) and its corresponding maintainer line 'Zhongshuang 4'. DNA was sequenced by Roche 454 FLX+ and Illumina Miseq platforms.Organelle genomes were assembled using the generated reads and public organelle genome sequences.This research presented a procedure that efficiently assembled organelle genomes and subsequent fill gaps by extending the consensus contig terminals.This method enabled us to assemble plant plastid and mitochondrial genomes simultaneously.The obtained organelle genomes could accelerate understanding of mitochondrial rearrangements and laid a foundation for further study of Sinapis arvensis evolution and sterility gene of Nsa CMS.

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N(nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed(Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency(NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 N application rates in soil(0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency(NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency(NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained.Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil(0.05 g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil(0.3 g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.

To facilate breeding process of Brassica napus,a microspore culture and molecular marker-assisted screening combined system were proposed in this research.At early flowering stage,F_1 offspring of hybridized combination HY15 A × HF06 was used as donor for microspore culture to analyze effects of colchicine concentration on embryogenic and diploid rates of microspore.Treatment with 50 mg/L colchicine resulted in embryogenic rate of3.56 embryos/bud,which was substantially higher than control(0.78 embryos/bud).A total of 1,387 embryos and 862 single plants were obtained after induction culture.Ploidy detection was performed for the regenerated plants by flow cytometry.Diploid rates of microspores treated with 50 mg/L and 70 mg/L colchicine were 17.2%and 21.0% respectively,which was significantly higher than control(10.5%).Totally 108 single plants that doubled successfully were randomly selected and screened using molecular marker BE10.Approximately 54 of108 plants generated a 305 bp amplification product,whereas the other 54 plants showed a 398 bp band,thereby satisfying 1:1 separation ratio(x_(0.05)~2=0.0093).These coincided with field identification results.Findings of this study indicated that homozygous breeding material could be obtained by microspore culture in a short time,thereby remarkably accelerate breeding.

In order to identify effects of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) on soil nitrogen morphological characteristics and grain yield of oil flax,a two-factor experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in typical semi-arid and hilly-gully area of Loess Plateau with 3 replicates in 2013 and 2014.Two levels of N application included 150 kg/hm~2(N_2) and 75 kg/hm~2(N_1).P application included 150 kg P_2 O_5/hm~2(P_2) and 75 kg P_2 O_5/hm~2(P_1).Temporal and spatial variation of soil nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~-N) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N)contents in 0-60 cm soil layer,and relationship between soil NO_3~-N accumulation(SNA) and grain yield of oil flax were analyzed.Results showed that SNA increased with evaluated N application rate in different soil layers(0-20 cm,20-40 cm and 40-60 cm).With the increased P application,SNA increased at N_1 level but decreased at N_2 level.SNA under N_2 P_1 treatment increased by 73.33% in 2013 and 74.97% in 2014 respectively,compared with control treatment(CK) at maturity stage.Grain yield of oil flax also increased by 44.27% in 2013 and56.55% in 2014,compared with CK under the same treatment.Correlation analysis showed that SNA in different soil layers were respectively positively correlated with grain yield.In conclusion,this research suggested that the optimal fertilizer application rate was 150 kg N/hm~2 and 75 kg P_2 O_5/hm~2 in the Northwest of China.

Triacylglycerols(TGs) are the main constituents(95%-98%) of plant oil with high nutritional value. They are usually determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS) which takes a relatively long time during chromatographic separation. Therefore, in this study, a method about fast determination and quantification of TGs in plant oil based on MALDI-TOF-MS(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) was established. OCNT(oxidized carbon nanotube) and CNT(carbon nanotube) were firstly used as matrix of MALDI-TOF-MS for TGs identification. Satisfyingly, OCNT showed good ionization efficiency, especially when used with CHCA(α-Cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid). Sandwich method was optimized to solve the problem that how matrix and sample were deposited to the plate well and to improve ionization efficiency. Nine calibration curves were established for TGs quantification analysis in plant oil. To verify the accuracy of this method, relative content(%) of fatty acids(FAs) calculated from TGs in peanut oil, rapeseed oil, and soybean oil, respectively, by MALDI-TOF-MS were compared with that calculated from FAMEs(fatty acid methyl esters)by gas chromatography. In general, the results were relatively consistent, proving that this method was convenient, fast and accurate for the determination of main TG molecular species in plant oil.

China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world, but harvesting mechanization was still backward, and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production. To obtain optimum harvesting date for winter rape in the Yangtze River Valley of China, artificial simulated combine harvesting and artificial two-stage harvesting were adopted to find correlations between harvesting date, rape variety, seed oil content, protein content, grain moisture rate, rapeseed straw moisture content, rapeseed unthreshing rate, grain drop loss rate, thousand seeds weight(TSW), and harvesting economic coefficient(HEC). Analysis of variance showed that rapeseed oil content, protein content and TSW were correlated with rape variety; HEC was correlated with harvesting method and rape variety. Rape variety was the dominant factor of rapeseed oil content, protein content,TSW and HEC. Grain moisture rate, un-threshing rate, grain drop loss rate and straw moisture content were correlated with harvesting method and date. Harvesting date was the dominant factor of rapeseed moisture rate, un-threshing rate, grain drop loss rate and straw moisture rate. Single factor tests further proved that harvesting date had less impact on rapeseed oil content, protein content, TSW and HEC. It showed little correlation with rapeseed quality except grain moisture rate. The optimum harvesting date could be known by change in straw moisture content. The combined harvesting should be carried out during the grain moisture content of 15%-20% with TSW stabilized in the highest level. The twostage harvesting cutting should be carried out at the grain moisture content of 35%-40%.This research offered a reference to harvesting method and date for rape cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley.

Two field experiments were conducted in the main seasons of 2021/22 at the farmers' farm in two districts of southwest Ethiopia to investigate the effects of lime and phosphorus on groundnut yield and yield components,employing four levels of lime(0, 2, 4, and 6t CaCO_3 ha~(-1)) and phosphorus(0, 46, 69, and 92 kg P_2O_5 ha~(-1))arranged in factorial RCBD design with three replications. Data on the yield and its components were collected and subjected to an ANOVA using SAS software. The result demonstrated that plant height, number of branches,canopy spread, and shelling percentage were affected significantly by liming while effective nodule number, total peg, matured pod, and pod yield of groundnut significantly influenced by the main factors and their interactions.The combined application of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_2O_5 ha~(-1)resulted in the highest number of effective nodules(147.23 plant~(-1)), total pod(72.6 plant~(-1)), mature pod(62.4 plant-1), pod yield(4.49 t ha~(-1)), oil content(50.6%)and protein content(33.1%) whereas the lowest values of these parameters were seen in plots where neither lime nor phosphorus was applied. Therefore, it is advised that groundnut growers in the study areas, and similar agroecologies, apply the combination of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_2O_5 ha~(-1).

DHA-enriched eggs have gained popularity due to their unique nutritional value, but their flavor can be challenging for some consumers to accept. The study analyzed the correlation of lipids and flavors in DHA-enriched egg yolks using comprehensive lipidomics and volatile compound analysis. The results showed that 411 lipids were detected in two egg yolk samples. Among them, 148 lipid species, including 48 DHA-containing lipids, were significantly higher in DHA-enriched egg yolks than in Common ones(P < 0.05). Furthermore, of the 24 volatile compounds detected, the contents of benzaldehyde, heptanal, hexanal, decanal and 2-nonanone in DHA-enriched egg yolks were significantly higher than in Common egg yolks(P < 0.05). The “fishy” smell characteristic of DHAenriched egg yolks was mainly caused by volatile aldehydes, which may be produced through the hydrolysis of lipids in the egg yolk to free fatty acids and further oxidation. Analysis of the correlation network diagram revealed that phospholipids containing docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), linoleic acid, or oleic acid chains were the main contributors to the characteristic flavor of DHA-enriched egg yolks. Overall, this study explored the effect of different lipids on the flavor of DHA-enriched egg yolks and provided a theoretical basis for the production and improvement of DHA-enriched eggs.

The chlorophyll content has a direct effect on photosynthesis of crops. In order to explore a quick and convenient method for estimating the chlorophyll content of Brassica napus and facilitate efficient crop monitoring, we measured the actual value of chlorophyll with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll detector, and collected aerial images of B. napus with an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) carrying a RGB camera in this study. The total number of 270samples collected images were divided into regions according to the planting conditions of different B. napus varieties in the field. Then, according to the empirical formula, there were 36 colors' characteristic parameters calculated and combined. To estimate the chlorophyll content of rape, 189 samples were included in the modeling set, while the other 81 samples were enrolled in the validation set for testing the accuracy of this model. After the combination of R(red), G(green) and B(blue) color channels, the results showed that the color characteristics B/(R + G), b, B/G,(G-B)/(G + B), g-b were highly connected with the measured value of chlorophyll SPAD, and the correlation coefficient between the combination based on B/(R + G) and SPAD value was 0.747. With R2= 0.805,RMSE = 3.343, and RE = 6.84%, the regression model created using random forest had superior outcomes, according to the model comparison. This study offers a new method for quickly estimating the amount of chlorophyll in rapeseed and a workable reference for crop monitoring using the UAV platform.

Water deficit is a limiting factor in sesame cultivars yield, thus identification of genetic mechanisms of sesame traits under water stress conditions is essential to development of water stress tolerant genotypes. Hence, the triple test cross(TTC) analysis in F_2 population of the sesame cross(NA_(76)× NA_(54)) was used. Since, 30 TTC families with their 13 respective parents were evaluated during the summer season 2020 under two irrigation treatments. i.e., normal irrigation with 5952.38 m~3 hm~(-2) of applied water, and water stress with 2976.19 m3 hm~(-2) of applied water. This was implemented at the experimental field of Kafr El Hamam/Sharkia, Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center(ARC), Egypt. Additive(D) and dominance(H) gene actions as well as epistatic and its two components of additive × additive, additive × dominance plus dominance ×dominance were involved in the inheritance of all studied traits under both irrigation treatments and their combined analysis. The degree of dominance(H/D)~(0.5) verified the presence of partial dominance in most cases.The correlation coefficient between sums(additive) and differences(dominance) was non-significant, showing that dominant genes between lines were ambidirectional. The moderately water stress tolerant TTC families as the best selected families were found in families 22, 25, 10, 12, and 15. Therefore, postponing selection in these selected families to later segregating generations for all studied traits would be effective to exploit the positive effects of additive × additive epistasis.

Castor bean(Ricinus communis L.) is an economically important non-edible oilseed crop. Its seed oils are rich in hydroxy fatty acid, which are highly valuable with a wide range of industrial applications. Sucrose transportation is critical in regulating the growth, development and oilseed yield in castor bean. The transporters or carriers(SUTs or SUCs) play a central role in orchestrating sucrose allocation and aiding in plant adaptation to diverse stresses. In this study, based on castor bean genome, three RcSUCs(RcSUC2, RcSUC3 and RcSUC4) were identified and characterized. The expressional profiles of RcSUCs in different tissues such as leaf, stem, root, phloem and seed tissues exhibited a distinct divergence of gene expression, suggesting that the functions of RcSUC2, RcSUC3 and RcSUC4 are differentiated into long or short-distance transportation among tissues. Additionally, under abiotic stresses including hot temperature, low temperature, drought and salt stresses, the sugar allocation among leaf, stem and roots was tested. The expressional changes of Rc SUCs in leaf, stem and root tissues were associated with sugar transportation and allocation. Taken together, the differential expression of Rc SUCs among tissues responsing to abiotic stress suggested functional differences in sucrose transport and redistribution in different tissues. This study is helpful to understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms of sucrose transportation and allocation among tissues in heterotrophic oilseeds, and could provide clues for genetic improvement and optimization of cultivation practices.

High-fat diet(HFD) could induce obese and microbial dysbiosis, the latter of which has great impact on host health. Dietary polysaccharides are well known to have a wide range of biological benefits for bowel health. In this study, we investigated the effects of rapeseed polysaccharide(RSP) on overweight and gut microbiota in highfat-diet(HFD) fed rats. RSP effectively alleviated the hyperglycemia and lipid metabolic disorder in serum, which was found closely related to the modulation of intestinal microbiota. Supplementation of RSP regulated the intestinal microbiome by increasing the proportion of butyrate acid producer Blautia(P < 0.05), Dorea(P < 0.01)and Akkermansia genus and inhibiting the growth of bacterial species associated with inflammation such as unclassified Ruminococcaceae(P < 0.05). Moreover, the restoration of total short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs), especially propionate and butyrate might be an important strategy for mitigating HFD induced metabolic disorders.Our results suggested that RSP is a potential prebiotic for preventing obese induced HFD through regulating the gut microbiota.