Both rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis) and marjoram(Origanum majorana) are abundant in phenolic compounds,exhibiting exceptional antioxidant activity. This study aims to assess the impact of rosemary and marjoram extracts on the stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating. Sunflower oil supplemented with herbal extracts or butylated hydroxytoluene(BHA) at a concentration of 200 ppm was stored for six months under light and dark conditions at room temperature. Peroxide value(PV), p-anisidine value(An-V), and total oxidation(TOTOX) value were measured to monitor lipid oxidation progression. A significant difference(P < 0.05) was observed between light and dark storage for all studied samples regarding oxidation parameters. The ethanolic extract of rosemary exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to BHA and other extracts. Furthermore,sunflower oil supplemented with the ethanolic extract of rosemary underwent weekly treatment at 100°C for 30min over four consecutive weeks. Although all oxidation indicators increased during repeated heating, the addition of rosemary and marjoram extracts as well as BHA significantly reduced these indicators. These findings demonstrate that both rosemary extracts and marjoram extracts can serve as natural antioxidants in edible oils.

Five stems of rapeseed with abundant black microsclerotia were collected from Huangyuan County of Qinghai Province, China, and fungal isolates were obtained from the stems. They were identified based on morphology,molecular features and specific PCR detection. The results showed that the 10 fungal isolates belonged to Verticillium longisporum lineage A1/D3. One of the 10 isolates(HW7-1) was tested for virulence on three species of rapeseed, including B. napus Zhongshuang 9, B. rapa Qingyou 9 and B. juncea Tayou 2 by conidia inoculation of HW7-1 on roots of young seedlings. Control seedlings were inoculated with V. dahliae conidia or water alone. The seedlings of these treatments were transplanted in culture mix and incubated in a growth chamber(20°C). Results suggested that the control seedlings of three cultivars appeared quite healthy, while the seedlings inoculated with HW7-1 turned yellowing leaves, seedling stunting or even death after 22 days post-inoculation. V. longisporum was re-isolated from he yellow leaves, thus fulfilling Koch?s postulates. Moreover, compared to the control treatments,inoculation with HW7-1 caused flowering delay and seed yield reduction on Tayou 2 with production of microsclerotia on the stems. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. longisporum lineage A1/D3 on rapeseed in northwestern China.

The use of biochar can have several effects on plant germination,depending on raw material,preparation method and application dose.However,the molecular mechanisms that lead to those results have yet to be elucidated.The aim of this research was to improve the understanding of these mechanisms by characterizing the metabolic effects of sugarcane bagasse biochar on soybean germination.Three types of biochars were prepared by pyrolysis at 300~°C (SCB300),400~°C (SCB400) and 600~°C (SCB600).Then,each one was mixed into sand at 1%,3%,5%(w/w) dose,respectively.The experiment was performed in 8 days of incubation,when the number of germinated seeds and the average radicle length were determined.To evaluate the metabolome,the dry biomass (DB) was subjected to extraction with a mixture of methanol-d4and D_2O (1:1 v/v).The extracts were submitted to metabolomics analysis by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.The Relative Germination,Relative Average Radicle Growth and Germination Index increased in all treatments compared to control.On the other hand,the DB increased in all treatments,except for SCB300,at doses of 1%and 3%w/w.Seven metabolites (alanine,asparagine,acetic acid,citric acid,glycerol,fatty acids and sucrose) were identified and quantified in DB extracts as the most influential finding for the separation of treatments.Taken together,these results strongly suggested that biochars accelerated the catabolism of triacylglycerols to sucrose and induced a slight osmotic stress.

The study explored the influence of defatted flaxseed gum powder(DFGP) on the stability and quality of sesame paste by measuring and analyzing its composition, color, texture, particle size, centrifugal oil separation rate,rheological properties, and microstructure. The results showed that the moisture and polysaccharide content of sesame paste was increased as the DFGP increased. Additionally, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the sesame paste was improved, while the presence of particles with small particle size(1–100 μm) was decreased.The rate of oil precipitation was reduced by 28.99% when the amount of DFGP was 6%. The sesame paste samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, demonstrating shear thinning. As the shear rate increased, the apparent viscosity of sesame paste gradually decreased. Both the storage modulus(G') and the loss modulus(G'') increased as the shear frequency increased. The microstructure observation revealed that protein and oil were evenly distributed in the sesame paste system, and the addition of DFGP enhanced the bonding between oil and protein.This study can provide valuable references for high-quality sesame paste products in the food industry.

The objective of this study was to determine the differences of aroma and taste in three black sesame originsbefore and after processing via flavor and widely metabolomics. By analyzing the sensory characteristics and metabolites of raw and treated black sesame from China, Vietnam, and Myanmar, treated Chinese sesame have the most significant change in hardness after thermal processing, low viscosity and was easy to chew. The electronic nose could distinguish between raw and treated sesame due to the aroma distribution. The reason of treated sesame from China was “fragrant” is due to the highest content(2545.50 μg/kg) of total pyrazines including 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine. 933 metabolites were detected via a wide targeted metabolomics in the taste of raw and treated sesame. Based on the analysis of metabolites related to bitterness, 145 substances were selected. The main bitter contributors may be amino acids,dipeptides and organic acids.

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is a thermophilic crop, and low temperature leads to a significant reduction in annual yields. Despite a few cold tolerant germplasms or cultivars have been discovered and developed, molecular mechanisms governing peanut cold tolerance is poorly understood. Identification of keys genes involved in cold tolerance is the first step to address the underlying mechanism. In this study, we isolated and characterized 157genes with potentials to confer cold tolerance in peanut by using a yeast functional screening system. GO(Gene ontology) and KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) enrichment analysis of these genes revealed that ribosome and photosynthesis proteins might play essential roles in peanut cold response. Transcriptome results indicated that 60 cold tolerance candidate genes were significantly induced or depressed by low temperature.qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that several candidate genes could be also regulated by salt or drought stress.Individual overexpression of two UDP-glycosyltransferases(AhUGT2 and AhUGT268) in transgenic yeast cells could enhance their tolerance to multiple abiotic stress. In conclusion, this study advances our understanding of the mechanisms associated with the cold stress responses in peanut, and offers valuable gene resources for genetic improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crops.

Milk thistle(Silybum marianum) is a crucial medicinal plant containing a large amount of oil.In the study,the changes in storage oil during seed germination and seedling transition from heterotrophic phases were investigated.The results showed that seed oil decreased from 19.53% to 0.88% on the 7th day of seedling development.Oil hydrolysis continued until the 4th day of germination with a low slope,but then increased the use of oils in seed germination end seedling growth metabolism.The results indicated that the quantitative changes in fatty acids,presented at lower amount,were relatively higher than dominant fatty acids.There were decreasing phenolic content in the developing seedlings,but overall,lowest level of total phenolic content can be attributed to the control(30.52 mg·100 g·Oil~(-1)).In contrast,the maximum peroxide value(2.58 meq·kg Oil~(-1)) in the developing seedling was observed on the last day of the experiment.The results showed that there was a significant correlation between saturated fatty acid,unsaturated fatty acid,and lipase activity.However,the correlation between lipase activity and polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher than between lipase activity and monounsaturated fatty acids(R~2=90% and R~2=77%,respectively).Therefore,the lipolysis process acts selectively in milk thistle oils.According to the results,C12:0 exhibits a greater impact on the early seedling growth rather than on the germination process and is one of the determining factors in the transition from heterotroph to autotroph.Also,it can be a marker for TAGs breakdown.

Peanut cultivation in China spans various ecological zones, each with unique environmental conditions. Identifying suitable peanut varieties for these regions has been challenging due to significant phenotypic variations observed across environments. This study, based on a comprehensive analysis of 256 peanut varieties, selected nine representative varieties(Huayu23, Yuanza9102, Silihong, Wanhua2, Zhonghua6, Zhonghua16, Zhonghua21,Zhonghua215, Zhonghua24) for cultivation in five distinct ecological zones including Chengdu, Hefei, Nanjing,Shijiazhuang, and Wuhan. The yield and quality related phenotypic traits of these varieties were thoroughly assessed, revealing a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Principal component analysis(PCA) effectively distinguished varieties based on yield and quality traits. Strong correlations were observed between specific traits, such as seed size and quality components. The G × E interaction was evident, as some varieties consistently performed better in certain environments. Varieties with lower coefficient of variation(CV)values exhibited stable trait expression, making them reliable choices for broad cultivation. In contrast, varieties with higher CV values displayed greater sensitivity to environmental fluctuations, potentially due to specific genetic factors. Two high oleic acid varieties, Zhonghua24 and Zhonghua215, demonstrated remarkable stability in oleic acid content across diverse environments, suggesting the presence of genetic mechanisms that buffer against environmental variations. Overall, this study underscores the importance of selecting peanut varieties based on their adaptability and performance in specific ecological zones. These findings provide valuable insights for peanut breeders and farmers, facilitating informed decisions for improved crop production and quality.

Ascorbate peroxidase(APX) is a crucial H2O2scavenger that utilizes ascorbic acid as an electron donor and plays a significant role in plant stress resistance. This study aims to identify and characterize the Brassica napus L. APX gene family through genome and transcriptome sequencing, while also revealing their expression profile under low-temperature stress via transcriptome and proteome analysis. The results indicate the presence of 18 genes with three different conserved domains distributed in Brassica napus L., which can be classified into three major branches based on phylogenetic analysis. Eleven members were predicted to have the low-temperature response component(LTR). Most APX genes exhibit up-regulated transcriptional expression under low temperature stress,particularly APX2, APX4, APX12, and APX18. In terms of proteomics data, only six members(APX2, APX4, APX8,APX12, APX17, and APX18) showed temporal specificity in their expression patterns. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the complexity of the APX family in the functional characterization of its genes for future research.

Inappropriate use of fertilizers is one of the major production constraints in sesame. Studies on N fertilizer optimization on sesame were conducted at Humera Agricultural Research Center(Hu ARC) under rain fed and irrigation conditions. Thirteen(13) N doses were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design(RCBD)during 2016–2018 for rainfed conditions and 2017 to 2019 for irrigation conditions. The study was conducted with objective to optimize N fertilizer use for sesame. In the rainfed condition, the results demonstrated a prolonged duration to reach 50% flowering with higher nitrogen(N) application rates. The application of 52.5–110kg N ha~(-1)resulted in significantly higher seed yield, while lower(18 kg N ha~(-1)) and higher(156 kg N ha~(-1)) doses of N led to reduced seed yield. Under irrigation conditions, superior seed weights and maximum seed yield were observed at 64 and 75 kg N ha~(-1), whereas lower N doses resulted in diminished seed yield. The agronomic efficiency of N fertilizer(N-AE) was found to be highest at the rate of 64 kg N ha~(-1)under both growing conditions.The partial budget analysis revealed that applying 64 kg N ha~(-1)for rainfed cultivation and between 64 and 75 kg N ha~(-1)for irrigated sesame production yielded greater net profit, MRR, and residual ranking. Therefore, it is recommended to apply a rate of 64 kg N ha~(-1)for rainfed sesame cultivation and between 64 up to 75 kg N ha~(-1)for the irrigated sesame inorder to increase the productivity of this crop.

Two field experiments were conducted during the main seasons of 2021/2022 at the Research and Production Station of National Research Centre in Egypt to investigate the effects of farmyard manure(FYM) and boron on Canola growth, yield, oil yield, and quality. The results unequivocally demonstrated that the combined application of FYM at a rate of 14.4 ton ha-1with a foliar spray of boron at 100 ppm positively influenced plant characteristics, leading to enhanced growth rates and higher yields compared to the control group. Moreover, this integrated approach significantly improved nutrient content by enhancing levels of oil content, carbohydrates,proteins, phenolics, flavonoids, and total soluble sugars. These findings provide compelling evidence that utilizing farm manure along with boron can effectively enhance Canola properties in newly reclaimed soils while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

The presence of acidic soil in rural areas poses difficulties for agricultural production. One factor regulating soil pH is the overuse of inorganic fertilizer. The increased use of fertilizers in soybean production not only raises sustainability concerns but also contributes to soil acidity. Therefore, the use of organic fertilizer could offer a solution for addressing both issues related to soil acidity and sustainability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the manipulation of soil pH using organic fertilizer for soybean production under acidic stress. The planting medium, consisting of a mixture of topsoil, rice husk charcoal, and organic fertilizer(in a ratio of 2:1:1),was supplemented with 0.5 g of NPK fertilizer as a basal treatment in each planting medium. To regulate the soil acidity to pH 4, we added FeSO4and allowed the mixture to incubate for 30 days. The results demonstrate that the application of three types of organic fertilizers chicken manure(P1), oil palm empty bunch fertilizer(P2), and vermicompost(P3) positively impacts the growth of three soybean varieties. The findings indicate that the application of P2 organic fertilizer can increase vegetative growth almost 50% in soybeans on acidic soil,including plant height, leaf count, and root length. Meanwhile, applying P3 organic fertilizer can boost reproductive growth responses in soybeans on acidic soil, such as pod number(from around 0-4 unit to 42–51 unit),grain number(from around 0-5 unit to 88–90 unit), and grain weight(from around 0–0.37 g to 12–25 g). Organic fertilizer has the potential to regulate soil pH, promoting higher yields of soybeans under acidic stress.

Oil palm germplasm collected from Angola,Africa in 1991 were subjected to genetic variability potential studies The collection was planted in the form of open-pollinated families as trials at the Malaysian Palm Oil Board(MPOB) Kluang Research Station,Johor,Malaysia,in 1994.Dura palms from 52 families and tenera palms from 44families of MPOB-Angola were evaluated for their bunch yield and bunch quality components.The objectives o this study were to determine the genetic variability among the families and performance of MPOB-Angola germplasm for yield improvement.The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant difference between the dura and tenera families for most of the traits,suggesting the presence of high genetic variability which is essential for breeding programmes.Among the duras,family AGO 02.02 displayed the best yield per formance,with a high fresh fruit bunch,oil yield and total economic product at 240.40,29.46 and 37.93 kg palm~(-1)year~(-1),respectively.As for the teneras,family AGO 03.04 recorded the highest FFB yield and oil yield a249.25 and 45.22 kg palm~(-1)year~(-1),respectively.Besides that,several families with big fruit sizes or producing a mean fruit weight of 14–17 g were also identified.Both dura and tenera from AGO 01.01 recorded the highest oi to bunch (O/B) of 17.76%and 28.65%,respectively.These findings will facilitate the selection of palms from the MPOB-Angola germplasm for future breeding programmes.

Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) plays a crucial role in Ethiopian agriculture,serving both subsistence and commercial purposes.However,our understanding of the extensive genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian sesame remains limited.To address this knowledge gap,we genotyped 368 Ethiopian sesame germplasms,categorizing into four distinct breeding groups:Accessions,landraces,improved varieties,and wild types,using a comprehensive set of 28 polymorphic markers,including 23 simple sequence repeat(SSR) and five Insertion-Deletion(InDel) markers.These markers ensured robust genomic representation,with at least two markers per linkage group.Our results unveiled substantial genetic diversity,identifying a total of 535 alleles across all accessions.On average,each locus displayed 8.83 alleles,with observed and expected heterozygosity values of 0.30 and 0.36,respectively.Gene Diversity and Polymorphic Information Content(PIC) were recorded at 0.37 and 0.35.The percentage of polymorphic loci varied significantly among breeding groups,ranging from8.00% to 82.40%,indicating high diversity in accessions(82.4%),moderate diversity in improved varieties(31.20%) and landraces(29.60%),and limited diversity in wild types(8.00).Analysis of Molecular Variance(AMOVA) results emphasized significant genetic differentiation among populations,with substantial diversity(P<0.001) within each population.Approximately 8% of the entire genetic diversity could be attributed to distinctions among populations,while the larger proportion of genetic diversity(92%) resided within each individual sesame population,showcasing heightened diversity within each group.Our study's findings received support from both Bayesian clustering and Neighbor-joining(NJ) analysis,reaffirming the credibility of our genetic structure insights.Notably,Population structure analysis at its highest Δk value(k=2) revealed the existence of two primary genetic clusters,further subdivided into four sub-populations at k=4.Similarly,NJ analysis identified two prominent clusters,each displaying additional sub-clustering.In conclusion,our research provides a comprehensive understanding of genetic groups,subpopulations,and overall diversity within Ethiopian sesame populations.These findings underscore the significant genetic diversity and population structure within Ethiopian sesame germplasm collections.This genetic richness holds promise for breeding and conservation efforts,highlighting the importance of preserving genetic diversity to ensure adaptation to changing environments and meet the needs of farmers and consumers.

Reactive oxygen species(ROS) play a key role in a variety of biological processes, such as the perception of abiotic stress, the integration of different environmental signals, and the activation of stress response networks. Salt stress could induce an increased ROS accumulation in plants, disrupting intracellular redox homeostasis, leading to posttranslational modifications(PTMs) of specific proteins, and eventually causing adaptive changes in metabolism.Here, we performed an iodo TMT-based proteomic approach to identify the sulfenylated proteins in B. napus root responsing to salt stress. Totally, 1 348 sulfenylated sites in 751 proteins were identified and these proteins were widely existed in different cell compartments and processes. Our study revealed that proteins with changed abundance and sulfenylation level in B. napus root under salt stress were mainly enriched in the biological processes of ion binding, glycolysis, ATP binding, and oxidative stress response. This study displays a landscape of sulfenylated proteins response to salt stress in B. napus root and provides some theoretical support for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of redox regulation under salt stress in plants.

Soybean(Glycine max), the primary source of high-quality plant protein, plays a crucial role as a grain and oil crop in China. Harnessing the full potential of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean production holds immense significance for agriculture and ecology alike. Zhongdou 63, a newly developed early-maturing summer soybean cultivar in 2021, exhibits remarkable traits such as high yield, superior quality, multi-resistance, and wide adaptability. In this study, eight distinct rhizobia strains from diverse regions were meticulously screened to identify highly effective strains specifically suited for Zhongdou 63. The aboveground biomass, plant height,chlorophyll content, root length, nodule number, and nodule dry weight of Zhongdou 63 were measured and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The results demonstrated that Y63-1 is a predominant strain of Zhongdou 63. Subsequently, we conducted further investigations on the broad-spectrum nodulation characteristics of Y63-1. Ten representative soybean cultivars were individually inoculated with Y63-1 and subsequently analyzed for nodule numbers and nodule dry weight in their symbiotic systems with rhizobia. The findings revealed that Y63-1 effectively formed nodules with all ten soybean varieties tested. In summary, our current study identified highly efficient broad-spectrum Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain Y63-1 as the predominant strain in Zhongdou 63 and provided a theoretical foundation for enhancing yield potential not only in Zhongdou 63 but also in other varieties through inoculation with highly efficient rhizobia in production.

The impact of low-quality irrigation water on plant development has garnered significant attention from researchers. In light of this, two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance, yield, oil production and composition, as well as active constituents of Rocket(Eruca sativa Mill) cultivated in calcareous soil under saline water irrigation. Foliar sprays containing condensed molasses soluble(CMS), zinc(Zn), and boron(B) alone or in combination were used for irrigation. The data obtained from measuring various parameters of Rocket following foliar spraying with CMS, Zn, B or their combinations demonstrated that most treatments resulted in a significant increase in these parameters. The highest values for most measurements were observed when foliar application included all three components(CMS + Zn + B), resulting in a seed yield of 184.6 g/m~2and an oil content of 675.3 kg/ha. Compared to the control group, the macronutrient content of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca increased by 34.4%, 56%, 42%, 45%, and 39% respectively in the seeds treated with these components.Furthermore, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics flavonoids, and antioxidants showed increases of 24%, 34%,21%, 43%, and 28% respectively compared to the control group. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis identified ten components present in the seed oil characterized by higher unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 81.28% to92.28% and lower saturated fatty acids ranging from 6.72% to 8.21%. Therefore, foliar spray application including CMS, zinc, and boron can help alleviate salinity effects on Rocket plants grown under saline water irrigation conditions while improving growth, yield, oil production, and nutritional content such as total carbohydrates, proteins, and macronutrients levels.

Soil salinity is one of the major environmental constraints that limits crop yield and nearly 7% of the total area worldwide is affected by salinity. Salinity-induced oxidative stress causes membrane damage during germination and seedling growth. Indian mustard is a major oilseed crop in India and its production and productivity are severely affected by salt stress. Breeding Brassica cultivars for salinity tolerance by conventional means is very difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, understanding the molecular components associated with salt tolerance is needed to facilitate breeding for salt tolerance in Brassica. In this investigation, quantitative trait loci(QTLs)associated with salt tolerance were identified using F_(2:3)mapping population developed from a cross between CS52(salinity tolerant) and RH30(salinity sensitive). Parents and F_(2:3)were evaluated under controlled and salinity stress conditions for 14 morpho-physiological traits for two consecutive generations(F_2 and F_(2:3)),explaining proportion of the phenotypic variance under control condition. Simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers were used for mapping studies. A genetic linkage map based on 42 simple sequence repeats(SSRs) markers was constructed covering 2298.5 cM(Haldane) to identify the loci associated with salt tolerance in Brassica juncea.Forty-one SSRs showing polymorphism in the parents(CS52 and RH30) were mapped on 8 linkage groups(C1–C8). One marker(nga 129) did not map to any of the linkage group and was excluded from mapping. Linkage group 5(C5; 317.9 cM) was longest and linkage group 1(C1, 255.0 cM) was shortest. Further, we identified 15QTLs controlling 8 traits using F_(2:3)population. These QTLs explained 12.44–60.63% of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score range of 3.62–5.97. Out of these QTLs, QMI4.1 related to membrane injury showed 51.28%phenotypic variance with a LOD score of 3.34. QTL QBYP8.1 related to biological yield per plant showed 60.63%phenotypic variance at a LOD score of 3.62. The highest LOD score of 5.97 was recorded for QTL related to seed yield per plant(QSYP4.1). Major QTLs were QTL for biological yield per plant(QBYP8.1), QTL for siliquae per plant(QSP4.1), QTL for primary branches(QPB4.1), QTLs for seed per siliqua(QSS4.1, QSS4.2), QTL for seed yield per plant(QSYP4.1), and QTL for membrane injury(QMI8.1) which showed more than 50% phenotypic variance. These QTLs identified in our study need to be confirmed in other populations as well so that these can be used in marker-assisted selection and breeding to enhance salt tolerance in Brassica juncea.

The exploitation of neglected niger accessions plays a crucial role in future breeding programs aimed to enhance the quality. Present study evaluated the genetic variation in nutritional and nutraceutical compositions of 30indigenous niger accessions originating from Eastern Ghats of India, and compare them with three improved varieties of the locality. The proximate compositions(g/100 g) showed significant variations, with moisture ranging from 1.36 g to 4.95 g, ash from 1.06 g to 5.45 g, fat from 28.53 g to 44.11 g, protein from 8.84 g to 18.18g, carbohydrate from 11.21 g to 35.09 g, fiber from 16.32 g to 26.62 g, and energy from 407.32 kcal to 526.84kcal. Niger seeds are rich in phenol 41.10–82.20 mg/g, flavonoid 5.32–15.98 μg/g, antioxidant 13.59–31.08%across the accessions. Principal component analysis revealed that the first two axis explained 41.8% of the total variation, indicating significant differences among genotypes. The heritability and genetic advance in percent of mean(GAM) ranged from 61.11% to 99.91% and 12.5%–89.1% among the traits across the populations. High heritability and GAM recorded in vitamin C, ash content, antioxidant capacity, flavonoid and phenol suggests that these traits may be important for niger breeding program. Altogether, some indigenous niger accessions such as Mangardora, Ganjeipadar and Kolabnagar had exceptionally rich in fat, protein and energy contents and are nutritionally superior compared to improved variety of the locality. Further, exceptional rich in flavonoid,antioxidant capacity and vitamin C was recorded in Manahar, Badapada and Mahadeiput. These nutrition rich accessions have ample opportunities for future breeding programs aimed to enhance the quality and hold great potential in food industry for making high value functional food.

Two field experiments were conducted in the main seasons of 2021/22 at the farmers' farm in two districts of southwest Ethiopia to investigate the effects of lime and phosphorus on groundnut yield and yield components,employing four levels of lime(0, 2, 4, and 6t CaCO_3 ha~(-1)) and phosphorus(0, 46, 69, and 92 kg P_2O_5 ha~(-1))arranged in factorial RCBD design with three replications. Data on the yield and its components were collected and subjected to an ANOVA using SAS software. The result demonstrated that plant height, number of branches,canopy spread, and shelling percentage were affected significantly by liming while effective nodule number, total peg, matured pod, and pod yield of groundnut significantly influenced by the main factors and their interactions.The combined application of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_2O_5 ha~(-1)resulted in the highest number of effective nodules(147.23 plant~(-1)), total pod(72.6 plant~(-1)), mature pod(62.4 plant-1), pod yield(4.49 t ha~(-1)), oil content(50.6%)and protein content(33.1%) whereas the lowest values of these parameters were seen in plots where neither lime nor phosphorus was applied. Therefore, it is advised that groundnut growers in the study areas, and similar agroecologies, apply the combination of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_2O_5 ha~(-1).

Oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) is an allotetraploid(AACC,2n=38) crop,valued for its edible oil and protein content.seed yield and nutritional composition of rapeseed are influenced by its yield and oil quality traits.However,the genetic basis of yield-related and oil-quality traits remain ambiguous.A panel of 266 diversified oilseed rape accessions was genotyped using 223 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers covering all 19 chromosomes to identify significant markers associated with yield and quality traits.Twelve yield-related and six quality traits were investigated in two consecutive years(2014 and 2015),with three replications in two environments(Changshun,CS;and Qinghe,QH).Using the model GLM with population structure and kinship(Q+K),a total of 25 significant SSR markers(P <0.001) were detected to be associated with these twelve yield-related and six quality traits,explaining 4.56%-19.17% of the phenotypic variation for each trait.Based on these markers,BnaA03g23490D, BnaC09g46370D,BnaA07g37150D,BnaA01g32590D, and BnaC09g37280D were identified as pleiotropic genes controlling multiple traits.These candidate genes illustrated the potential for the genetic understanding of yield and oil quality traits.Most importantly,these significant markers can be used for marker-assisted breeding of oilseed rape in different environments.

Brassica napus(B. napus) is a globally significant oilseed crop, making a substantial contribution to both human oil and livestock feed production. Enhancing seed weight is crucial for improving rapeseed yield; however, only a limited number of seed weight-related genes have been functionally validated in B. napus thus far. UBIQUITINSPECIFIC PROTEASE 15(UBP15) belongs to the ubiquitin protease pathway and plays a maternal role in prolonging seed development in Arabidopsis. The potential utilization of UBP15 for enhancing seed yield in B. napus has remained unexplored until now. In this study, we identified the orthologs of UBP15 in B. napus and investigated its functionality using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. We generated mutant plants with multiple editing types targeting Bnaubp15s and successfully isolated T-DNA-free homozygous mutant lines that exhibited edits across four homologs of BnaUBP15 in T2 generation plants. Our preliminary data demonstrated that mutation of Bna UBP15s significantly reduced seed size, seed weight, and plant height while noticeably increasing the number of primary branches. These findings not only provide crucial evidence for further elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of seed weight and size by BnaUBP15s but also offer promising novel germplasm for enhancing plant architecture.

The microbial agent ARC-BBBE demonstration trials were conducted in four provinces in the main peanutproducing areas of the Huang-huai-hai plain of China. The results revealed that the application of ARC-BBBE led to a 1.09–1.70 fold increase in the number of nodules in the treatment group at the demonstration site compared to the control group. Moreover, the nodule weight in the treatment group was 0.80–3.32 times higher than that of the control group, and nitrogenase activity per plant showed a significant enhancement by 1.00–2.83fold compared to controls. Additionally, notable improvements were observed in terms of increased fresh weight of whole plants, well-filled pod numbers, and enhanced growth performance; ultimately resulting in a harvest yield increase ranging from 9.46% to 49.04%.The abundance of Aspergillus flavus in rhizosphere soil was determined by the dilution spread plate method, and the inhibition rate was up to 86.7%. The application of ARC-BBBE in the significant peanut-producing areas of Huang-huai-hai has effects of promoting growth, nodulation, and increasing production. At the same time, it has the effect of inhibiting and controlling soil Aspergillus flavus, which provides a new green and low-carbon way to promote the high-quality development of the peanut industry.

High oleic acid rapeseed oil offers superior nutritional and health benefits, but its mass production is limited due to poor resistance and slightly lower yield. Photosynthesis serves as the foundation of biological survival and closely correlates with crop resistance to stresses, yield, and quality. To identify photosynthesis-related genes,transcriptome sequencing was conducted on high oleic acid rapeseed Gaoyousuan No. 1 and low oleic acid rapeseed Xiangyou 15 resulting in the identification of a total of 9396 differentially expressed genes(4669 upregulated and 4727 down-regulated). From these genes nine candidate genes were screened using GO and KEGG analysis with BnGLO4 being selected for cloning purposes. The BnGLO4 gene fragment has a length of 1161bp with an ORF sequence of 1092 bp encoding a theoretical isoelectric point of p I 7.60; it encodes an unstable lipid-soluble protein localized in peroxisomes without transmembrane structural domains or signal peptides. Its amino acid sequence homology was highest with that of Bna A01G0355200ZS, Bna A01G0355600ZS,Bna A05G0410400ZS, Bna C01G0441800ZS, and Brassica rapa(XP＿0091171 45.1), Brassica napus(CDY39100.1),Brassica cretica(KAF3533604.1) and Brassica oleracea var. oleracea(XP＿0136106 44.1) belonging to the same cruciferous family.The BnGLO4 gene may be associated with responses to abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, and temperature extremes along with photosynthesis and growth in rapeseed plants. The expression levels of the GLO4 gene(Bna A01G0355200 ZS) were highest in filaments while being higher at each stage in seeds and siliques with the highest expression level at day 14 in seeds. Expression was significantly upregulated after 3 h of salt stress treatment, reaching a maximum at 12 h before slightly decreasing at 24 h. The findings of this study lay a foundation for further investigation on photosynthesis and stress response in high oleic rapeseed.