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探地雷达技术在土壤性质探测应用中的研究进展
Research Progress of Application of Ground Penetrating Radar Technology in Soil Properties Detection
探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR)作为一种快速、无损的中小尺度近地传感技术,因其具有信息量大、分辨率高、空间连续性好等优点在土壤性质探测中得到广泛应用。在系统介绍探地雷达在探测土壤性质原理的基础上,概述了正演模拟方法与目前应用广泛的土壤介电模型,归纳了探地雷达技术在土壤性质(土壤含水量、土壤质地、土壤层次、土壤压实、土壤盐分)探测中的应用研究现状。并讨论了该技术在实地应用中存在的问题与局限性:实地探测影响因子复杂,难以分离,数据解译复杂且具有主观性,大部分研究仅停留在定性或半定量阶段等。最后针对探地雷达在土壤学领域的应用情况,提出了其不足与展望:随着信号处理技术的不断发展与理论研究的日益成熟,探地雷达在土壤特性探测中仍然是一个有潜力的工具。旨在为探地雷达在土壤性质探测应用中的研究提供参考。
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is recognized for its rapid, non-invasive technology in medium and small-scale near-earth sensing. It has been widely applied in soil property analysis due to its considerable data richness, high resolution and excellent spatial continuity. This article presented a comprehensive review of the principles underlying GPR’s use in soil property detection, elaborated on forward simulation methods and the prevalent soil dielectric models in use. It summarized the current advancements in applying GPR technology for assessing various soil properties, including moisture content, texture, stratification, compaction, and salinity. Additionally, the paper discussed the challenges and limitations in the field applications: the influence factors of field detection were complex, and the data interpretation was complex and subjective, most of the researches only stayed in the qualitative or semi-quantitative stage. Concluding perspective, the article pointed out that with ongoing advancements in signal processing and theoretical research, GPR held significant potential for future innovations in soil characteristic exploration. This work aimed to serve as a valuable resource for ongoing and future studies on the application of GPR in soil property investigation.
探地雷达 / 土壤性质 / 正演模拟 / 土壤介电模型 {{custom_keyword}} /
ground penetrating radar / soil properties / forward modeling / soil dielectric model {{custom_keyword}} /
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Belowground properties strongly affect agricultural productivity. Traditional methods for quantifying belowground properties are destructive, labor-intensive and pointbased. Ground penetrating radar can provide non-invasive, areal, and repeatable underground measurements. This article reviews the application of ground penetrating radar for soil and root measurements and discusses potential approaches to overcome challenges facing ground penetrating radar-based sensing in agriculture, especially for soil physical characteristics and crop root measurements. Though advanced data-analysis has been developed for ground penetrating radar-based sensing of soil moisture and soil clay content in civil engineering and geosciences, it has not been used widely in agricultural research. Also, past studies using ground penetrating radar in root research have been focused mainly on coarse root measurement. Currently, it is difficult to measure individual crop roots directly using ground penetrating radar, but it is possible to sense root cohorts within a soil volume grid as a functional constituent modifying bulk soil dielectric permittivity. Alternatively, ground penetrating radarbased sensing of soil water content, soil nutrition and texture can be utilized to inversely estimate root development by coupling soil water flow modeling with the seasonality of plant root growth patterns. Further benefits of ground penetrating radar applications in agriculture rely on the knowledge, discovery, and integration among differing disciplines adapted to research in agricultural management.
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Experiments have been performed to investigate the dielectric properties of contaminated sand. The separate real and imaginary parts of a dielectric constant were investigated in the frequency range of 75 kHz to 12 MHz. The contaminated soils exhibit different complex dielectric dispersion from the uncontaminated soils. The variation in the real dielectric constant can be explained by a polarization mechanism while that in the imaginary dielectric constant by ionic conductivity loss mechanism. The differences of the dielectric behavior with contaminant types suggest that the monitoring of complex dielectric constant has the potential to classify contaminants. The additional analysis for the imaginary part of the dielectric constant can be recommended to obtain the clear information about the state of ionic contaminants in subsurface.
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The rapid high-precision and nondestructive determination of shallow soil water content (SWC) is of vital importance to precision agriculture and water resource management. However, the low-frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology currently in use is insufficient for precisely determining the shallow SWC. Therefore, it is essential to develop and use a high-precision detection technology to determine SWC. In this paper, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the use of a high-frequency GPR antenna to determine the SWC of loamy sand, clay, and silty loam. We collected soil samples (0–20 cm) of six soil types of loamy sand, clay, and silty loam and used a high-frequency (2-GHz) GPR antenna to determine the SWC. In addition, we obtained GPR data and images as well as characteristic parameters of the electromagnetic spectrum and analyzed the quantitative relationship with SWC. The GPR reflection two-way travel times and the known depths of reflectors were used to calculate the average soil dielectric permittivities above the reflectors and establish a spatial relationship between the soil dielectric permittivity ( ε ) and SWC ( θ ), which was used to estimate the depth-averaged SWC. The results show that the SWC, which affects the attenuation of wave energy and the wave velocity of the GPR signal, is a dominant factor affecting the soil dielectric permittivity. In addition, the conductivity, magnetic soil, soil texture, soil organic matter, and soil temperature have substantial effects on the soil dielectric permittivity, which consequentially affects the prediction of SWC. The correlation coefficients R2 of the “ θ ~ ε ” cubic curve models, which were used to fit the relationships between the soil dielectric permittivity ( ε ) and SWC ( θ ), were greater than 0.89, and the root-mean-square errors were less than 2.9%, which demonstrate that high-frequency GPR technology can be applied to determine shallow SWC under variable hydrological conditions.
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We explore a new approach to evaluate the effect of soil electromagnetic parameters on early-time ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals. The analysis is performed in a time interval which contains the direct airwaves and ground waves, propagating between transmitting and receiving antennas. To perform the measurements we have selected a natural test site characterized by very strong lateral gradient of the soil electrical properties. To evaluate the effect of the subsoil permittivity and conductivity on the radar response we compare the envelope amplitude of the GPR signals received in the first [Formula: see text] within [Formula: see text]-wide windows, with the electrical properties ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) determined using time-domain reflectometry (TDR). The results show that the constitutive soil parameters strongly influence early-time signals, suggesting a novel approach for estimating the spatial variability of water content with GPR.
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土壤分层信息,特别是表土层结构,对土地生产力具有重要影响,是评价土壤质量的一个重要指标。为了快速、准确地获取土壤分层信息,本文利用探地雷达对分层土壤进行了回波信号采集,并分别在时域和频域分析土壤层位置和层厚信息。首先在信号预处理的基础上,借助包络检波方法确定在土壤分层界面在时域上的位置;然后获取电磁波速度,得到土壤分层厚度。考虑到土壤介电常数与电磁波在土壤中传播速度的相关性,采用短时傅里叶变换方法(Short-time Fourier Transform,STFT)获取各土壤层时频域特征值,并利用回归分析建立特征值与介电常数之间的数学关系,实现对各土壤层的介电常数估算,从而计算出电磁波传播速度,进而确定土壤各层厚度。为验证算法的有效性,分别对理想模拟实验环境和农田环境进行了探地雷达实验,结果表明利用包络检波对探地雷达回波信息进行分析,土壤层检出率达到94.5%,借助STFT谱分析进行探地雷达回波速度估计,对于70 cm深度以上土层厚度计算误差大都保持在10%以下,但随着土壤深度的增加,误差变大。总体来说,本方法能有效识别浅层土壤的分层信息,可应用于实际生产中耕层厚度的估测。
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The dependence of the dielectric constant, at frequencies between 1 MHz and 1 GHz, on the volumetric water content is determined empirically in the laboratory. The effect of varying the texture, bulk density, temperature, and soluble salt content on this relationship was also determined. Time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to measure the dielectric constant of a wide range of granular specimens placed in a coaxial transmission line. The water or salt solution was cycled continuously to or from the specimen, with minimal disturbance, through porous disks placed along the sides of the coaxial tube.
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A multiplexing time domain reflectoinetry (TDR) system for real‐time monitoring of volumetric soil moisture content was developed. The system was tested at a remote field site in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire. The average value of soil moisture content in the top 500 mm of soil was measured every 4 hours for 1 year at 12 locations within a 12‐ by 18‐m plot. The system functioned well except when the air temperature dropped below −15°C, which caused the data logger tape recorder to stop. Calibrations run on undisturbed soil cores did not compare well with published curves developed for mineral soils, probably because of high soil organic matter content. The standard error of estimate of soil moisture content, indicated by the calibrations, was 0.02 cm3/cm3. The standard deviation of repeated moisture content measurements made in the field was 0.003 cm3/cm3. The effect of cable length on the TDR signal was investigated. It was found that long cables tend to attenuate the signal, ultimately making the measurement impractical. However, cable length had little effect on the calibration up to a length of 27 m. The coefficient of variation of the moisture content measurements taken at any given time ranged from 0.12 to 0.21 during the test period. As predicted by a stochastic analysis of soil moisture flow in heterogeneous soil, the spatial variability of the measurements decreased as average soil moisture increased.
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